lecture 240 ecology - sum 2009
TRANSCRIPT
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EcologyWhat is it?
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Ecology• Hierarchy of Organization
- Individual
- Population - # of individuals in given area- Counity ! all "iota in an area- Ecosyste ! all "iota a"iotic factors- $andscape ! ultiple ecosystes over
large area- %iosphere ! all life on Earth
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Ecology
&utecology' study interrelations of
individuals (ith environent
)ynecology' study of counities
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%asic )cientific Principles
• $a( of Conservation of *atter
• +st $a( of ,herodynaics Energy.
*atter cannot "e created nor destroyed/rather it can only "e transfored
Energy cannot "e created nor destroyed/rather it can only "e converted in for
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%asic )cientific Principles
• 0nd $a( of ,herodynaics
When converting energy/ al(ays losesoe energy as heat
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*a1or Ecosyste Processes
+. Energy 2lo( 3 energy oves through
syste0. 4utrient Cycling 3 cheical eleents
recycled in syste
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Energy 2lo(
• )olar energy ! priary energy source
fig 567/ p6 80.Of incoing solar radiation'
99: a"sor"ed
58: reflected al"edo.
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)olar Energy
• Of solar radiation a"sor"ed'
- ;00: (ater cycle- nearly all transfor to heat
radiates
eissivity' relative a"ility of Earth torelease energy e6g6/ radiate heat into
space< lin= to glo"al (aring.
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)olar Energy
• ,iny aount of solar energy into
photosynthesis > 6+:.
photosynthesis P4).' use solar energy toconvert CO0 H2O into sugar< "y-product
3 O0
priary production' all organic atterresulting fro P4)< ra( aterial for other
organiss gross production vs6 net
production.
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Energy 2lo( in Counities
food chain' se@uence of organiss lin=ed
"y energy nutrient flo(
trophic level' feeding levelAposition of
organis in food chain
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,rophic $evels
Producer' autotrophs. anchor of chain<
produce all organic atter for other
organiss
Priary consuer' directly consue
producers 3 her"ivores
Heterotrophs consuers.
)econdary consuer' consue her"ivores
,ertiary Buaternary consuers' consue
secondary tertiary consuers/
respectively
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,rophic $evels
ecoposers' detritus feeder. consue
and convert dead aterial for use "y
producers
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2ood We"s
food (e"' interconnected food chains< all
trophic interactions in counity
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Huan Ipacts
Ecosyste siplification' eliination of
species fro food (e"s via huan
alterations to land
EDaple' verte"rate counities in ag6
landscapes
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Energy 2lo( %et(een ,rophic
$evelsoes +: of energy transfer fro +
trophic level to another?
4o6 ee"er 0nd $a( of ,herodyn6
ange 7-0: transference usually ;+:.
Fraphical representation of energytransference in food (e" 3 energy
pyraid
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Energy 2lo( %et(een ,rophic
$evelsWhy such lo( efficiency?
,hree easons'+. Escape "ehaviorAprotective
colorationAunavaila"le aterial
0. Indigesti"le aterial5. Cellular respiration
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Bioaccumulation = Biomagnification
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4utrient Cycles
What does the $a( of Conservation of
*atter state?
• circular flo( of cheicals 3 recycling
• Inputs relationship to energy flo(?
• Water/ Car"on (C), 4itrogen 4./
Phosphorus P./ )ulfur ).
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Car"on Cycle
• Car"on 3 "uilding "loc= of life
• eservoirs 3 atosphere/ ocean/
organiss• High rate of eDchange inAout reserves
• &ny relation to glo"al (aring?
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4itrogen 2iDation
,ypes
+. atospheric fiDation via lightening
or sunlight< 4O5 as precipitation ppt.0. "iological fiDationG via soil (ater
"acteria "lue-green algae.< 4H5<
legues root nodulesWater Buality 4itrates
)oil Condition 2ertilizers
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Phosphorus Cycle
• Water Buality Phosphorus
• Eutrophication' increase in nutrient
content of la=es
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)oe Ecological Principles
Individual
• $a( of ,olerance' organiss can
tolerate a range of conditions "eyond(hich they die
• e6g6/ teperature/ nutrients
• age-dependent/ 4&
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Where does ha"itat fit?
Ha"itat' hoe< area having necessary
resources food/ (ater/ cover. and
environental conditions tep6/ ppt. thatallo(s organis to live reproduce
our ha"itat 3 ?????
What if ha"itat is drastically changed ordestroyed?
• *ove/ &dapt/ or ie
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Properties of Counities
+. )pecies ichness 3 # species in a co6
0. )pecies Evenness 3 relative a"undance of
different species
5. )pecies iversity 3 richness evenness
e6g6/ 2our species &/%/C/. in 0 differentcounities
Co + ! 07& 07% 07C 07
Co 0 ! J& +% +C +
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What Happens in a
Counity?+. Copetition' individuals contest over a
resource food/ space/ (ater/ atesK. !
a1or factor deterining structure
http'AAfr6truveo6coA,he-accoon-and-,(o-House-PetsAidA080++9908
http://fr.truveo.com/The-Raccoon-and-Two-House-Pets/id/2429116624http://fr.truveo.com/The-Raccoon-and-Two-House-Pets/id/2429116624
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What Happens in a
Counity?
,ypes of Copetition
&. Interspecific' copetition "et(een
different species/ e6g6/ "lue 1ay chic=adeecopete for sunflo(er seed at feeder
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What Happens in a
Counity?,ypes of Copetition
%. Intraspecific' copetition (ithin the sae
species/ e6g6/ 0 oryD "o"cats copete for
space
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Principle of Copetitive
EDclusion FauseLs eDperients.
• ,(o species (hich copete for sae
resource cannot coeDist in sae place at
sae tie• Iplications 3 different locations or
different ties
• elates directly to niche concept
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4iche Concept
4iche' functional role MoccupationN.
position spatial teporal. of a species
in its counity• Principle of Copetitive EDclusion 3 0
species cannot occupy the sae niche
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What Happens in a
Counity? cont6.0. Predation' one species consues another
species
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)oe Ecological Principles
Counity
• %iological )uccession' teporal
se@uence of one counity replacinganother< predicta"le
• Priary vs6 )econdary
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,errestrial %ioes
• %ioes - distinguished priarily "y their predoinant plants and associated (ith particular
cliates6
! Feographic and seasonal variations in teperature and
precipitation are fundaental coponents6
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)oil ' 2oundation of ,errestrial
%ioes• )oil is a copleDiDture of living and
non-living aterial6
! Classification "asedon vertical layering
soil horizons.
• )oil Profile 3
snapshot of soil
structure in a constantstate of fluD
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)oil Horizons
• O horizon' Organic $ayer freshly fallen
organic aterial - ost superficial layer
• & horizon' *iDture of inerals/ clay/ silt andsand
• % horizon' Clay/ huus/ and other aterials
leached fro & horizon - often contains plantroots
• C horizon' Weathered parent aterial
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,ropical ainforests
• $ittle teperature variation
"et(een onths
• Organiss add verticaldiension
• Har"or staple foods and
edicines for (orldLs huan
populations - increasinglyeDploited
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,ropical ry 2orest
• Cliate ore
seasonal than
tropical rainforest
• Heavily settled "y
huans (ith
eDtensive clearing
for agriculture
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,ropical )avanna
• Cliate alternates(et A dry seasons
! 2ire dependent
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esert
; 0: of earthLs landsurface
• Water loss usually
eDceeds precipitation
• Huan intrusionincreasing
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*editerranean Woodland
)hru"land Chaparral.• &ll continents
eDcept &ntarctica
• Cliate cool
oist in fall/(inter/ and spring<hot dry insuer
• 2ire-resistant plants due to fireregie
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,eperate Frassland
• Periodic droughts• )oils tend eDtreely
nutrient rich and deep
• oinated "y
her"aceous vegetation• War season grasses
tall grass vs6 short
grass.
• $arge roaingungulates
! %ison vs6 cattle
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,eperate 2orest
• 2ertile soils ! $ong gro(ing
seasons doinated
"y deciduous
plants
! )hort gro(ing
seasons doinated
"y conifers• *any a1or huan
population centers
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%oreal 2orest ,aiga.
• 4orthern Heisphere
! ; ++: of earthLs
land area
• ,hin/ acidic soils lo(
in fertility
• Fenerally doinated
"y evergreen conifers
• Historically/ lo(
levels of huan
intrusion
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,undra• Covers ost of lands
north of &rctic Circle
! Cliate typically cool
dry< short suers
• $o( decoposition rates
• Huan intrusion
historically lo(/ "ut
increasing as resources
"ecoe scarce
! What type of
increased use?
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rN dt
dN =
−=
K
N rN
dt
dN +
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ensity-dependent Effects
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Who Cares?
Why "other discussing these odels?
*etapopulations )ource-sin= Populatons
highlight the iportance of'
• ha"itat landscape fragentation
• connectivity "et(een isolated
populations• genetic diversity
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Ha"itat 2ragentation• Process of "rea=ing contiguous unit into
saller pieces< area distance
coponents
• $eads to'
> renant patch size
edge'interior ratios
patch isolation
> connectivity• Counity Ecosyste processes
altered
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Ha"itat 2ragentation• 2irst-Order Effects' fragentation leads
to change in a speciesL a"undance andAor
distri"ution
• Higher-Order Effects' fragentationindirectly leads to change in a species
a"undance andAor distri"ution via
altered species interactions
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Ha"itat 2ragentation• area-sensitive species' species that
re@uire iniu patch size for daily
life re@uireents
• Edge effects' influence of factors frooutside of a patch
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Edge Effects• Ha"itat surrounding a patch can'
- change a"iotic conditions< e6g6/ tep6
- change "iotic interactions/ e6g6/
predation
EDaple of nest predation 3 edge effect of
approDiately 7 into forest patch
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Conservation Iplications• &ll ha"itats are MislandsN
• ,he Minternal eDternal threatN
•evelop anage reserve aslandscapesAecosystes lin=ed "y
oveent of species etapop6
concepts.
• evelop strategies for countering edge
effectsKKpredator control?????