lecture-7 prepared under qip-cd cell project - iitg.ac.in · thrust from an existing engine ......
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Jet Propulsion
Lecture-7
Ujjwal K Saha, Ph. D.Department of Mechanical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
Prepared underQIP-CD Cell Project
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Thrust AugmentationWater Injection Afterburning
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Thrust from an existing engine
Raising FPR: Additional Fan Stage, Addl. Weight.Addl. turbine stage with further power extraction
Raising CPR : High RPM of compressor or additional compressor stage.
Raising BPR : Diameter increases, weight increasesAddl. power extraction in turbine.Ground clearance decreases.
Raising TIT : Redesign of blades especially at the inlet.Improved cooling method.
TIT
CPRF
BPR
CPRF
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Thrust Augmentation: (increase of F )
Two alternatives :TIT (TO3)
Increase of Redesignam
Temporal increase of Thrust:
Take-off
Climb
Acceleration (From M<1 to M>1)
Combat maneuvers
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Schemes:1) Liquid injection2) Afterburning
Liquid Injection: Used to raise the take-off thrust.* water is sprayed into the compressor inlet. * compressor inlet temperature reduced.
Evaporation of water dropletsExtraction of heat from the airflow.Cooling of the airflow density
mass flow
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General Practice :
Water + Methanol
Lowers the freezing point of water
Burns as it reaches the Combustor
Turbine inlet temperature is restored
Power is restored
(without fuel flow adjustment)
∴
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Penalty :1) System makes the engine very heavy2) Compressor blade erosion (when the system is
activated), Compressor stall.3) Methanol and jet fuel have different burning
characteristics.
( ) ( )0.5B Balcohol jet fuelη η=
Water/ Air Ratio:1 lb - 100 lb (0.454 kg to 45 kg)5 lb - 100 lb (2.25 kg to 45 kg)
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Attractive features :
* Power can be Restored (at high H)* Power can be Boosted (10 to 30%)
On a hot day
Power Rating :Wet Thrust (injection ON)Dry Thrust (injection OFF)
. Compressor inletWater injection
Compressor diffuser case
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ALLISON J33 TURBOJET ENGINE
SPECIFICATIONS
Compressor: Single-stage centrifugal Turbine: Single axial Weight: 1,795 lbs. Thrust: 4,600 lbs. (5,400 lbs. with water/alcohol injection) Maximum RPM: 11,750 Maximum Operating Altitude: 47,000 ft.
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Afterburning :
to augment thrust during
take-off
climb
combat performance
Increased power
From a larger engine
Frontal areaWeightSFC
High
Reheat
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Method :
Burning of fuel in jet pipe Turbine and
propelling nozzle
Effected by unburnt O2 of exhaust gas
Temperature increase
Velocity of jetincreases
F increases
2000 KJP
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F 110 129
F 100 229
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Design : Flame concentration along the axis
Turbine discharges gas along the wall.Typically, the Mach number at the Turbine exit, M = 0.50Diffuser to reduce the Mach No. from M = 0.25 to M=0.30
Nozzle : Variable Area Two Position Large to suit change in
density resulting from large change in temperature
Due to high Tdensity
Area increase to suit the increase in volume of gas stream
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Comparison :
Engine 1: AB OFF
Engine 2: Without AB
Less efficiency
Pressure loss due to presence of burner & stabilizing devices
Added restriction in the jet pipe
Also high overall weight
AB Increases high SFCLimited for short period
Additional Fuel added for required temp. ratioNoisy exhaust (objectionable)
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AB also used in Turbofan engines
The exact increase in thrust depends uponMaximum AB Temperature Bypass Ratio Type of Stream/Streams
Mixed Type Non-Mixed Type
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Applications: PW 100 (Mixed Flow Turbofan)
GE J79 Turbojet Engine (Variable Area Nozzle)
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Applications: Olympus engine (Concorde) M= 0.9 to 1.4
15-20% increase in take-off FDry Thrust = 139.4 kN; Afterburning = 169.2 kN
Objectionable :Noisy Exhaust
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AB incurs an increase of SFCOperated for short duration
Time saved
Time
Alti
tude
with A
B w/o AB
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0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7Reheat
before N
before N
S
T
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SummarySummary
oo Thrust from an existing engineThrust from an existing engine
oo Increase of Thrust for short durationIncrease of Thrust for short durationWater Injection, AfterburningWater Injection, Afterburning
oo Afterburning (Turbojet, Turbofan) Afterburning (Turbojet, Turbofan)
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References1. Hill, P.G., and Peterson, C.R., (1992), Mechanics and
Thermodynamics of Propulsion, Addison Wesley.2. Saravanamuttoo, H.I.H, Rogers, G.F.C, and. Cohen, H, (2001), Gas
Turbine Theory, Pearson Education.3. Oates, G.C., (1988), Aerothermodynamics of Gas Turbine and Rocket
Propulsion, AIAA, New York.4. Mattingly, J.D., (1996), Elements of Gas Turbine Propulsion, McGraw
Hill.5. Cumpsty, N.A., (2000), Jet Propulsion, Cambridge University Press.6. Bathie, W.W., (1996), Fundamentals of Gas Turbines, John Wiley.7. Treager, I.E., (1997), Aircraft Gas Turbine Engine Technology, Tata
McGraw Hill. 8. Anderson, J. D. Jr., (2000), Introduction to Flight, 4th Edition, McGraw
Hill. 9. M.J.L.Turner, (2000), Rocket and Spacecraft Propulsion, Springer.10. Sutton, G.P. and Biblarz, O., (2001), Rocket Propulsion Elements,
John Wiley & Sons.11. Zucrow, M.J., (1958), Aircraft and Missile Propulsion, Vol. II, John
Wiley.12. Barrere, M., Jaumotte, A., Veubeke, B., and Vandenkerckhove, J.,
(1960), Rocket Propulsion, Elsevier.
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