Learning objective Learning objective

• Be able to prepare software for data presentation and description

Objective and consideration of data Objective and consideration of data presentationpresentation

• ObjectiveTo communicate the information with the viewer

• Requirement Clear Simple Self Explanation

Presenting Categorical DataPresenting Categorical Data

TABLE• SINGLE TABLE• CROSS-TABLE

GRAPH• BAR• PIE

STATISTICS• PERCENT• RATIO

Anemia Data(1= anemia; 2=non anemia)

1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 21 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 21 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 21 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 1

HOW MUCH IS THE PREVALENCE ?

One Categorical Variable (uni-variate)One Categorical Variable (uni-variate)

What is the prevalence of anemia among pregnant women?Variable : AnemiaTable : Single frequency distribution Statistic : PercentGraph : Bar or Pie

Categories Frequency Percent

Anemia 59 25,5

Non Anemia 172 74,5

Total 231 100,0

The prevalence of anemia among pregnant women is about 25,5%

Table 1. Frequency distribution of anemia among pregnant women in Bali 2008

Source: Bali Health Division

One Categorical Variable…cont)One Categorical Variable…cont)

Graph 1. Pie chart of anemic status of pregnant womens in Bali 2008

Graph 1. Bar chart of anemic status of pregnant womens in Bali 2008

0

20

40

60

80

Pregnant women

AnemiaNon Anemia

Source: Bali Health Division Source: Bali Health Division

DATA ANEMIA (1= anemia; 2=non anemia)

GIANYAR:1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 21 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 KARANGASEM: 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 21 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 2

HOW MUCH IS THE PREVALENCE ?

Two Categorical Variables (bi-variate)Two Categorical Variables (bi-variate)What is the prevalence of anemia among pregnant women in each district?Variable : Anemia and DistrictTable : Cross-Tabulation Statistics : Percent (specific prevalence), RatioGraph : Bar (clustered or stacked bar)

Anemia Non Anemia TotalGianyar : count row%

3324,4%

10275,6%

135100%

Krgasem : count row%

2627,1%

7072,9%

96100%

Total : count row%

5925,5%

17274,5%

231100%

Table 2. Cross tabulation of districts and anemic status of pregnant women in 2008

Bar ChartBar ChartClustered Bar Stacked Bar

DATA CHD (1= CHD; 2=non CHD)

SMOKING:1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 21 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 NON SMOKING: 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 21 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2

DOES SMOKING RELATED TO CHD ?

Two Categorical Variables (bi-variate)Two Categorical Variables (bi-variate)

Does smoking increase the risk for CHD?Variable : smoking (independent) and CHD (dependent)Table : Cross-Tabulation Statistic : Percent, Ratio (RR or OR)

Smoking CHD Non CHD TotalYes : count colm%

8585%

2525%

11055%

No : count colm%

1515%

7575%

9045%

Total : count colm%

100100%

100100%

200100%

Table 3. Cross-tabulation of smoking and CHD

Odd RatioOdd Ratio

Disease + Disease - Total

Expose+ A B A+B

Expose - C D C+D

Total A+C B+D n

Table 2 x 2

BCAD

DBCA

OddOdd

OddRatio

DB

DBDDBB

DEPDEPOdd

CA

CACCAA

DEPDEPOdd

disease

disease

disease

disease

//

)/()/(

)|()|(

)/()/(

)|()|(

)(

)(

)(

)(

Odd Ratio

Odd Ratio for Case-ControlOR = 1, equal oddOR > 1, increasing the oddOR < 1, decreasing the odd

INTERPRETATION

OR = (85 x 75)/(25 x 15) = 17

Smoking CHD Non CHD TotalYes : count colm%

8585%

2525%

11055%

No : count colm%

1515%

7575%

9045%

Total : count colm%

100100%

100100%

200100%

The odds of CHD among smoker 17 times higher then non smoker

RELATONSHIP SMOKING AND CHD

Table 3. Cross-tabulation of smoking and CHD

Prevalence Ratio andPrevalence Ratio andRelative RiskRelative Risk

Disease + Disease - Total

Expose+ A B A+B

Expose - C D C+D

Total A+C B+D n

Table 2 x 2

)/()/(..

)(

)(

)(exp

)(exp

DCCBAAPRatauRR

DCCIncidence

BAAIncidence

ose

ose

PR or RR

PR: for Cross-Sectional DesignRR: for Cohort Design

INTERPRETATIONRR = 1, equal riskRR > 1, increasing the riskRR < 1, decreasing the risk

RR = 0,77 / 0,17 = 4,5

INTERPRETATION The risk of CHD among smoker 4,5 times higher then non smoker

RELATONSHIP SMOKING AND CHD

Smoking CHD Non CHD TotalYes : count row%

8577%

2523%

110100%

No : count row%

1517%

7583%

90100%

Total : count row%

10050%

10050%

200100%

Table 4. Cross-tabulation of smoking and CHD

Presenting Continuous DataPresenting Continuous Data

TABLE• SINGLE TABLE

GRAPH• HISTOGRAM• LINE• SCATTER DIAGRAM

• FREQUENCY• TENDENCY CENTRAL: Mean, Median Modus• VARIABILITY: Range, SD, Variation Coefficient

STATISTICS

PARITY DATA

1 0 2 1 0 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 0 2 2 2 1 0 0 2 0 1 2 2 1 2 0 2 4 1 3 2 1 2 0 1 0 0 1 2 1 21 1 2 2 0 2 0 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 3 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 0 3 1 2 2 0 1 1 2 2 0 1 3 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 0 0 1 2 2 1 2 3 1 2 0 1 2 3 21 1 2 2 3 2 3 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 4 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 0 0 1 2 2 2 1 1 3 2 0 1 0 0 2 2 1 3 2 1 1 2 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 40 1 2 3 0 2 5 1 3 1 2 2 1 2 1

HOW DO YOU DESCRIBE THIS DATA ?

One Continues DataOne Continues DataWhat is the parity of sample?Variable : ParityTable : Single frequency distribution Statistic : Mean, Range, SDGraph : Histogram, Line Chart

PARITY FREQUENCY PERCENT0 25 10,81 47 20,32 74 32,03 51 22,14 22 9,5

> 4 12 5,2TOTAL 231 100,0

STATISTICS• MINIMUM : 0• MAXIMUM: 5• MEAN : 3,15• SD : 1,3

Table 5. Frequency Distribution of parity among reproductive women in Bali 2008

TENDENCY CENTRALTENDENCY CENTRALmean, median, modusmean, median, modus

MEAN (AVERAGE) MEDIAN

Data: 0 1 2 3Mean = (X1+X2+X3+X4)/4 = 6/4 = 1,5

Data: 0 1 2 3Median = (x2+x3)/2 = 3/2 = 1,5

Data: 0 1 2 15Mean = (X1+X2+X3+X4)/4 = 18/4 = 4,5

Data: 0 1 2 15Median = (X2+X3)/2 = 3/2 = 1,5

• Distorted by outlier and Skewed data

• Not distorted by outlier and Skewed data

Normal distribution

Mean = Med=Mod

Mod Med Mean

Mean med Mod

Mod < Med < Mean

Mean<Med<Mod

DISVERSIONDISVERSIONVariance and Standard DeviationVariance and Standard Deviation

Data : 0 1 2 3Mean = 6/4 = 1,5

Mean 0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3

x1 (x1-Mean)

x2 (x2-mean)

x3

x4(x4-mean)

1

2

n

XXSD i

SD= (0-1,5)2+(1-1,5)2+(2-1,5)2+(3-1,5)2/(4-1) = 1,29

DISVERSIONDISVERSIONrange, percentile, quartilerange, percentile, quartile

Data : 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 4 7

RANGE = 7 – 0 =7Percentile 10 = 0Percentile 25 = 1Percentile 30 = 1Percentile 50 = 2Percentile 75 = 2,5Percentile 80 = 3

Quartile 1 = 1 (percentile 25)Quartile 2 = 2 (percentile 50)Quartile 3 = 2,5 (percentile 75)Quartile 4 = 7 (percentile 100)

FIRST QUARTILE

THIRD QUARTILE

MEDIAN

LOWER LIMIT

UPPER LIMIT

BOX PLOT

50%

25%

25%

Grouping DataGrouping Data

• Purpose- to meet the objective of study

- to make it simplerExample:

Age (year); grouping into 5 years interval: 0-4, 5-9, 10-14, 15-19, …. 85-.

Umur ibu

1 ,4 ,4 ,43 1,3 1,3 1,75 2,2 2,2 3,96 2,6 2,6 6,56 2,6 2,6 9,14 1,7 1,7 10,8

18 7,8 7,8 18,612 5,2 5,2 23,815 6,5 6,5 30,312 5,2 5,2 35,510 4,3 4,3 39,85 2,2 2,2 42,09 3,9 3,9 45,9

11 4,8 4,8 50,68 3,5 3,5 54,19 3,9 3,9 58,0

14 6,1 6,1 64,19 3,9 3,9 68,0

20 8,7 8,7 76,612 5,2 5,2 81,814 6,1 6,1 87,915 6,5 6,5 94,49 3,9 3,9 98,33 1,3 1,3 99,61 ,4 ,4 100,0

231 100,0 100,0

17181920212223242526272829303132333435363738394041Total

ValidFrequency Percent Valid Percent

CumulativePercent

klp_umur

9 3,9 3,9 3,946 19,9 19,9 23,851 22,1 22,1 45,951 22,1 22,1 68,070 30,3 30,3 98,34 1,7 1,7 100,0

231 100,0 100,0

15-1920-2425-2930-3435-3940-44Total

ValidFrequency Percent Valid Percent

CumulativePercent

Before grouping

After grouping

SPSS: calculate the statistics based on new categories and not based on the age data.

Before grouping After grouping