POLITICAL PARTY

ORGANIZED GROUP OF PEOPLE, THE AIM IS TO WIN GOVERNMENT POWER◦WIN POLITICAL OFFICE TO EXERCISE GOVERNMENT

POWER◦ORGANIZED WITH “CARD-CARRYING”MEMBERSHIP◦USUALLY BROAD ISSUE FOCUS◦UNITED THROUGH SHARED POLITICAL PREFERENCES

AND IDEOLOGY◦ INTEREST AGGREGATION- BRING VARIOUS ◦ INTEREST TOGETHER

SPECTRUM OF IDEAS AND BELIEFS

LEFT : LIBERTYEQUALITY, FRATERNITY, RIGHTS, PROGRESS, REFORM,

INTERNATIONALISM

RIGHT:AUTHORITY,HIERARCHY,ORDER,DUTIES,TRADITION,REACTION,NATIONALISM

IRON LAW OF OLIGARCHY

ELITE GROUP RESULTS FROM NEED FOR SPECIALIZATION

FORM COHESIVE GROUPRANK AND FILE GENERALLY DISPOSED TO

ACCEPT SUBORDINATION AND VENERATE LEADERS

Michels (1911)

Source: Comelec/wikie

NATIONAL POLITICAL PARTIES WITH HIGH PROBABILITY OF JOINING THE 2016 ELECTIONS

Nacionalista Party

Nationalist Party

NPManny Villar

1903

Filipino nationalism,liberal conservatism

none20 / 292

5 / 24

Oldest political party in the Philippines

Nationalist People's Coalition

NPC Eduardo Cojuangco, Jr.

1991 Social conservatism

none43 / 292

2 / 24

Offshoot of the Nacionalista Party; formerly known as Partido Pilipino

National Unity Party NUP Elpidio Barzaga

2011Social conservatism,Christian democracy

none24 / 292

0 / 24

Offshoot of the Lakas Kampi CMD

NATIONAL PARTIES

Philippine name

English name

Abbr. Leader Founded Ideology InternationalSeats in thelower house

Seats in the

upper house

Notes

Lakas–Christian Muslim Democrats

People Power-Christian Muslim Democrats

Lakas Ferdinand Martin Romualdez

2008

Christian democracy,Islamic democracy

Centrist Democrat International

14 / 292

2 / 24

Formerly known as Lakas Kampi CMD; merged from original Lakas–CMD and KAMPI

Liberal Party LP Joseph Emilio Abaya

1946

Classical liberalism,social liberalism

Liberal International, Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats

110 / 292

4 / 24

Originally the Nacionalista Party; member of the Aquino-LaurelUNIDO (1986)

United Nationalist Alliance

UNA Toby Tiangco

2012 (coalition), 2015 (party)

Conservatism, social conservatism

none 8 / 2925 / 24

Formerly an electoral alliance of thePMP and the PDP-Laban

DECLINE OF PARTIES

RISE OF SINGLE-ISSUE GROUPSSOCIAL MOVEMENTS

Philippine name

English

name Abbr. Leader

Founded

Ideology International

Seats in thelowe

r house

Seats in theupper hous

e

Notes

Akbayan

Citizens' Action Party

Akbayan Risa Hontiveros

1998

Social democracy

Progressive Alliance

1 / 292

0 / 24 Allied with the Liberal Party

Centrist Democratic Party of the Philippines

CDP Rufus Rodriguez

2012

Centrism none 1 / 292

0 / 24

Offshoot of Lakas–Christian Muslim Democrats

Kilusang Bagong Lipunan

New Society Movement

KBL Imelda Marcos

1978

National conservatism

none 1 / 292

0 / 24 Offshoot of the Nacionalista Party

Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino

Struggle of Democratic Filipinos

LDP Edgardo Angara

1998

Liberal conservatism

Centrist Democrat International

2 / 292

1 / 24

Former member of Corazon Aquino's UNIDO (1986)

Partido Demokratiko Pilipino-Lakas ng Bayan

Philippine Democratic Party-People's Power

PDP Laban

Aquilino Pimentel III

1982

Social justice

none 0 / 292

1 / 24

Former member of Corazon Aquino's UNIDO (1986)

People's Reform Party

PRP Miriam Defensor Santiago

1991

Feminism none 0 / 292

1 / 24

COMELEC REGULATORY EXPENDITURE LIMIT

Sec. 101. Limitations upon expenses of political parties. - A duly accredited political party may spend for the election of its candidates in the constituency or constituencies where it has official candidates an aggregate amount not exceeding the equivalent of one peso and fifty centavos (PhP 1.50) for every voter currently registered therein. Expenses incurred by branches, chapters, or committees of such political party shall be included in the computation of the total expenditures of the political party.

For candidates. - Ten pesos (P10.00) for President and Vice-President; and for other candidates Three Pesos (P3.00) for every voter currently registered in the constituency where he filed his certificate of candidacy: Provided, That a candidate without any political party and without support from any political party may be allowed to spend Five Pesos (P5.00) for every such voter; and

For political parties. - Five pesos (P5.00) for every voter currently registered in the constituency or constituencies where it has official candidates.

"Sec. 95. Prohibited contributions. - No contribution for purposes of partisan political activity shall be made directly or indirectly by any of the following:

Public or private financial institutions: Provided, however, That nothing herein shall prevent the making of any loan to a candidate or political party by any such public or private financial institutions legally in the business of lending money, and that the loan is made in accordance with laws and regulations and in the ordinary course of business;

Natural and juridical persons operating a public utility or in possession of or exploiting any natural resources of the nation;

Natural and juridical persons who hold contracts or sub-contracts to supply the government or any of its divisions, subdivisions or instrumentalities, with goods or services or to perform construction or other works;

Natural and juridical persons who have been granted franchises, incentives, exemptions, allocations or similar privileges or concessions by the government or any of its divisions, subdivisions or instrumentalities, including government-owned or controlled corporations;

and juridical persons who, within one year prior to the date of the election, have been granted loans or other accommodations in excess of P100,000 by the government or any of its divisions, subdivisions or instrumentalities including government-owned or controlled corporations;

Educational institutions which have received grants of public funds amounting to no less than P100,000.00;

Officials or employees in the Civil Service, or members of the Armed Forces of the Philippines; and

Foreigners and foreign corporations.

Election

year Administration Opposition

Ferdinand Marcos (KBL) was the incumbent.

Marcos was declared winner but was overthrown at the People Power Revolution days later. His

supporters were forced into opposition.

1986 Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (KBL) United Nationalist Democratic

Organization (UNIDO)

In 1992, UNIDO broke up and the Marcos loyalists coalesced with the other parties. Fidel V.

Ramos (Lakas-NUCD) won the presidential election and his supporters became the

administration coalition

1995 Lakas-Laban Coalition

Nationalist People's Coalition (NPC)-led

coalition

1998 Lakas-NUCD-UMDP

Laban ng Makabayang Masang

Pilipino (LAMMP, Struggle of Patriotic

Filipino Masses)

In 2001, Joseph Estrada was overthrown at the 2001 EDSA Revolution; his supporters were

forced into opposition.

2001 People Power Coalition (PPC) Puwersa ng Masa (PnM, Force of the

Masses)

2004

Koalisyon ng Katapatan at Karanasan sa

Kinabukasan (K-4, Coalition of Truth and

Experience for Tomorrow)

Koalisyon ng Nagkakaisang Pilipino (KNP,

Coalition of United Filipinos)

2007 TEAM Unity Genuine Opposition (GO)

In 2010, the anti-Arroyo forces were split into different parties: Aquino defeated Estrada and

eight others to lead the government under the Liberal Party.

2010 Lakas Kampi CMD Split into 3 coalitions (PMP, LP and NP)

In 2013, the main opposition party Lakas-CMD (formerly as Lakas-Kampi CMD), was weakened

following the arrest of Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo,

thus the Estrada-Binay group established the United Nationalist Alliance as the main opposition

party.

2013 Team PNoy (Liberal Coalition) United Nationalist Alliance

2016 Team PNoy (Liberal Coalition) 2016 United Nationalist Alliance