lecture animal nutrition

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LECTURE PRESENTATIONSFor CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION

Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Mic ae! L. Cain, "#e$en A. %asser&an, Pe#er '. Minors(y, Ro)er# B. Jac(son

* + -- Pearson E /ca#ion, Inc.

Lectures byErin Barley

Kathleen Fitzpatric

Ani!al Nutriti"n

Chapter #$


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Food is taken in, taken apart, and taken up in theprocess of animal nutrition In general, animals fall into three categories:

Herbivores eat mainly plants and algae Carnivores eat other animals Omnivores regularly consume animals as well

as plants or algae

Most animals are also opportunistic feeders


O%er%ie&' The Nee( t" Fee(


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Figure 41.1


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Video: hark !ating a eal

Video: "o#ster Mouth $arts
http://41_06lobstermouthparts_sv.mpg/http://41_06sharkeatseal_sv.mpg/


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C"ncept #$)$' An ani!al*s (iet !ust supply

che!ical ener+y, "r+anic !"lecules, an(essential nutrients %n animal&s diet pro'ides:

(hemical energy, which is con'erted into %)$ topower cellular processes

*rganic #uilding #locks, such as organic car#onand organic nitrogen, to synthesi+e a 'ariety oforganic molecules

Essential nutrients , which are re uired #y cellsand must #e o#tained from dietary sources



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Essential Nutrients )here are four classes of essential nutrients:

!ssential amino acids !ssential fatty acids

Vitamins Minerals



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%nimals re uire - amino acids and cansynthesi+e a#out half from molecules in their diet

)he remaining amino acids, the essential amino

acids , must #e o#tained from food inpreassem#led form Meat, eggs, and cheese pro'ide all the essential

amino acids and are thus /complete0 proteins


Essential Amino Acids


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Most plant proteins are incomplete in amino acidcomposition

Indi'iduals who eat only plant proteins need toeat specific plant com#inations to get all theessential amino acids

ome animals ha'e adaptations that help themthrough periods when their #odies demand

e traordinary amounts of protein



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Figure 41.-


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Essential Fatty Acids %nimals can synthesi+e most of the fatty acids

they need )he essential fatty acids must #e o#tained from

the diet and include certain unsaturated fattyacids 2i.e., fatty acids with one or more dou#le#onds3

eficiencies in fatty acids are rare



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Vitamins Vitamins are organic molecules re uired in the

diet in small amounts )hirteen 'itamins are essential for humans

Vitamins are grouped into two categories: fat5solu#le and water5solu#le



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)a#le 41.1


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Minerals Minerals are simple inorganic nutrients, usually

re uired in small amounts Ingesting large amounts of some minerals can

upset homeostatic #alance



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)a#le 41.-


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-ietary -e.iciencies Malnourishment is the long5term a#sence from

the diet of one or more essential nutrients



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Deficiencies in Essential Nutrients eficiencies in essential nutrients can cause

deformities, disease, and death /6olden 7ice0 is an engineered strain of rice

with #eta5carotene, which is con'erted to'itamin % in the #ody



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Figure 41.8


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9ndernutrition results when a diet does notpro'ide enough chemical energy

%n undernourished indi'idual will 9se up stored fat and car#ohydrates reak down its own proteins "ose muscle mass uffer protein deficiency of the #rain

ie or suffer irre'ersi#le damage


Undernutrition


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Assessin+ Nutriti"nal Nee(s 6enetic defects that disrupt food uptake pro'ide

information a#out human nutrition For e ample, hemochromatosis causes iron

#uildup without e cessi'e iron intake Insights into human nutrition ha'e come from

epidemiology, the study of human health anddisease in populations

;eural tu#e defects were found to #e the result ofa deficiency in folic acid in pregnant mothers



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Figure 41.4

RESULTS

Group

umber of infants!fetuses

studied

Vitamin supplements"e#perimental $roup%

o vitamin supplements

"control $roup%

&'&

()'

& ")*+,%

&( "-*.,%

/nfants!fetuses0it1 a neuraltube defect


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Fi 41


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Figure 41.

some produce 'itamins 6eces , including undigested material and

#acteria, #ecome more solid as they mo'ethrough the colon



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Feces are stored in the rectum until they can #eeliminated through the anus )wo sphincters #etween the rectum and anus

control #owel mo'ements



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C"ncept #$)#' E%"luti"nary a(aptati"ns ".%ertebrate (i+esti%e syste!s c"rrelate &ith(iet

igesti'e systems of 'erte#rates are 'ariationson a common plan

?owe'er, there are intriguing adaptations, oftenrelated to diet



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-ental A(aptati"ns

entition, an animal&s assortment of teeth, is onee ample of structural 'ariation reflecting diet )he success of mammals is due in part to their

dentition, which is speciali+ed for different diets ;onmammalian 'erte#rates ha'e less

speciali+ed teeth, though e ceptions e ist For e ample, the teeth of poisonous snakes are

modified as fangs for inBecting 'enom


Figure 41.1=


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Carnivore

Herbivore Omnivore

Molars9remolarsCanines/ncisors=ey


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St"!ach an( Intestinal A(aptati"ns

Many carni'ores ha'e large, e panda#lestomachs ?er#i'ores and omni'ores generally ha'e longer

alimentary canals than carni'ores, reflecting thelonger time needed to digest 'egetation


Figure 41.1@


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Smallintestine Stomac1

Cecum

Carnivore

Colon"lar$eintestine%

Small intestine

Herbivore

Figure 41.1@a


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Figure 41.1@#


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3utualistic A(aptati"ns

Many her#i'ores ha'e fermentation cham#ers,where mutualistic microorganisms digestcellulose

)he most ela#orate adaptations for an

her#i'orous diet ha'e e'ol'ed in the animalscalled ruminants


ReticulumRumen& (Figure 41.1A


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Esop1a$us

Omasum3bomasum

/ntestine

5'

C" t #$)4' F (b i it + l t


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C"ncept #$)4' Fee(bac circuits re+ulate(i+esti"n, ener+y st"ra+e, an( appetite

)he intake of food and the use of nutrients 'arywith an animal&s diet and en'ironment



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Re+ulati"n ". -i+esti"n

!ach step in the digesti'e system is acti'ated asneeded )he enteric di'ision of the ner'ous system helps

to regulate the digesti'e process )he endocrine system also regulates digestion

through the release and transport of hormones


Figure 41.1C


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Liver

Gallbladder

6ood

Stomac1

4uodenumof small intestine

Gastric ;uices

9ancreas

7ile

C1yme

& ( 5

Gastrin

CC=

=eyStimulation/n1ibition

HCO 5 < en2ymes

CC=Secretin

Secretinand CC=

Gastric ;uices

Figure 41.1Ca

&


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Liver

Gallbladder

6ood

Stomac1

4uodenumof small intestine

Gastric ;uices

9ancreas

&

Gastrin


Figure 41.1C#

(


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7ile

C1yme

CC=

HCO 5 < en2ymes

Secretin


(

CC=

Figure 41.1Cc


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Secretinand CC=

Gastric

;uices

5


R l i" " E S "


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Re+ulati"n ". Ener+y St"ra+e

)he #ody stores energy5rich molecules that arenot needed right away for meta#olism In humans, energy is stored first in the li'er and

muscle cells in the polymer glycogen ! cess energy is stored in adipose tissue, the

most space5efficient storage tissue


$l % i


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$lucose %omeostasis

* idation of glucose generates %)$ to fuelcellular processes )he hormones insulin and glucagon regulate the

#reakdown of glycogen into glucose )he li'er is the site for glucose homeostasis

% car#ohydrate5rich meal raises insulin le'els,which triggers the synthesis of glycogen

"ow #lood sugar causes glucagon to stimulatethe #reakdown of glycogen and release glucose


Figure 41.-

9ancreas


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Transport of $lucose into

body cellsand stora$eof $lucoseas $lyco$en

7rea8do0nof $lyco$enand releaseof $lucoseinto blood

Homeostasis>

+)?&&) m$ $lucose!&)) mL blood

Stimulus>7lood $lucose

level drops

belo0 set point*9ancreassecretes$luca$on*

Stimulus>7lood $lucose

level risesafter eatin$*

secretesinsulin*

R + l ti" " A tit ( C" ! ti"


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Re+ulati"n ". Appetite an( C"nsu!pti"n

*'ernourishment causes o#esity, which resultsfrom e cessi'e intake of food energy with thee cess stored as fat

*#esity contri#utes to dia#etes 2type -3, cancerof the colon and #reasts, heart attacks, andstrokes

7esearchers ha'e disco'ered se'eral of the

mechanisms that help regulate #ody weight

Figure 41.-1

Satiety


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Satiety center

G1relin

/nsulin

Leptin

9@@


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EA9ER/ME TFigure 41.--


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Obese mouse 0it1 mutantob $ene "left% ne#t to 0ild:typemouse

RESULTSGenotype pairin$

"red type indicatesmutant $enes%

3vera$e c1an$ein body mass "$%

of sub;ect

B*5

5B*+B*(

&'*.

9aired 0it1

ob ob , db db ob ob , db db




Sub;ect

4ue to pronounced 0ei$1t loss and 0ea8enin$< sub;ects in t1is pairin$ 0erere0ei$1ed after less t1an ei$1t 0ee8s*

Figure 41.--a


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Obese mouse 0it1 mutantob $ene "left% ne#t to 0ild:typemouse

Figure 41.--#

RESULTS


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RESULTS

Genotype pairin$

"red type indicatesmutant $enes%

3vera$e c1an$ein body mass "$%

of sub;ect

B*5

5B*+

B*(

&'*.

9aired 0it1





Sub;ect

4ue to pronounced 0ei$1t loss and 0ea8enin$< sub;ects in t1is pairin$ 0erere0ei$1ed after less t1an ei$1t 0ee8s*

Obesity an( E%"luti"n


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Obesity an( E%"luti"n

% species of #irds called petrels #ecomes o#eseas chicks> in order to consume enough proteinfrom high5fat food, chicks need to consume morecalories than they #urn


Figure 41.-8


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)he pro#lem of maintaining weight partly stemsfrom our e'olutionary past, when fat hoardingwas a means of sur'i'al

Indi'iduals who were more likely to eat fatty food

and store energy as adipose tissue may ha'e#een more likely to sur'i'e famines

Figure 41.9; 1


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Veins to 1eart

Mout1 Stomac1Esop1a$us

Lymp1atic system

Lipids

3bsorbed food"e#cept lipids%

Hepatic portal vein

3bsorbed0ater

Liver

Secretionsfrom salivary$lands

Secretionsfrom $astric$lands

Small intestineSecretions from liver

Secretions from pancreasRectum

3nusLar$eintestine

Figure 41.9; -


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lecture animal nutrition

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