lecture community interactions

8/2/2019 Lecture Community Interactions

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Forest of New GuineaForest of New Guinea

Community includes nine species ofCommunity includes nine species of

pigeons that partition the foodpigeons that partition the food

supplysupply

Pigeons disperse seeds of the treesPigeons disperse seeds of the trees

that provide their food (fruit)that provide their food (fruit) These are just a few of the manyThese are just a few of the many

interactions that shape thisinteractions that shape this

c mm nitcommunit


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New Guinea Crowned PigeonNew Guinea Crowned Pigeon

www.worldwildlife.org/newguinea/spec_pigeons.c


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CommunitiesCommunities

Dont confuse meanings ofDont confuse meanings of

communitycommunity
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Factors ShapingFactors Shaping

Community StructureCommunity Structure

Climate and topographyClimate and topography

Available foods and resourcesAvailable foods and resources

Adaptations of species in communityAdaptations of species in community

Species interactionsSpecies interactions

Arrival and disappearance of speciesArrival and disappearance of species

Physical disturbancesPhysical disturbances
http://www.worldwildlife.org/http://www.worldwildlife.org/http://www.worldwildlife.org/http://www.worldwildlife.org/http://www.worldwildlife.org/http://www.worldwildlife.org/http://www.worldwildlife.org/http://www.worldwildlife.org/http://www.worldwildlife.org/http://www.worldwildlife.org/http://www.worldwildlife.org/http://www.worldwildlife.org/http://www.worldwildlife.org/http://www.worldwildlife.org/http://www.worldwildlife.org/http://www.worldwildlife.org/http://www.worldwildlife.org/http://www.worldwildlife.org/http://www.worldwildlife.org/http://www.worldwildlife.org/http://www.worldwildlife.org/http://www.worldwildlife.org/


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Realized &Realized &

Fundamental NichesFundamental Niches Fundamental nicheFundamental niche

Theoretical niche occupied in theTheoretical niche occupied in the

absence of any competing speciesabsence of any competing species

Realized nicheRealized niche

Niche a species actually occupiesNiche a species actually occupies

Realized niche is some fraction of theRealized niche is some fraction of thefundamental nichefundamental niche
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Species InteractionsSpecies Interactions

Most interactions are neutral; haveMost interactions are neutral; have

no effect on either speciesno effect on either species

Commensalism helps one speciesCommensalism helps one species

and has no effect on the otherand has no effect on the other

Mutualism helps both speciesMutualism helps both species
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CommensalismCommensalism

The commensal shrimpThe commensal shrimpPericlimenesPericlimenesimperatorimperatorononChromodoris tinctoriaChromodoris tinctoria,,Koumac, NewKoumac, New

Caledonia, Oct, 1993.Caledonia, Oct, 1993.

www.seaslugforum.netwww.seaslugforum.net

Photo: Bill Rudman.Photo: Bill Rudman.
http://www.worldwildlife.org/http://www.worldwildlife.org/http://www.worldwildlife.org/http://www.worldwildlife.org/http://www.worldwildlife.org/http://www.worldwildlife.org/http://www.worldwildlife.org/http://www.worldwildlife.org/http://www.worldwildlife.org/http://www.worldwildlife.org/http://www.worldwildlife.org/http://www.worldwildlife.org/http://www.worldwildlife.org/http://www.worldwildlife.org/http://www.worldwildlife.org/http://www.worldwildlife.org/http://www.worldwildlife.org/http://www.worldwildlife.org/http://www.seaslugforum.net/http://www.seaslugforum.net/http://www.seaslugforum.net/


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AlligatorAlligator


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Parasite Cattle TickParasite Cattle Tick

-
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SymbiosisSymbiosis

Living together for at least some partLiving together for at least some part

of the life cycleof the life cycle

Commensalism, mutualism, andCommensalism, mutualism, and

parasitism are forms of symbiosisparasitism are forms of symbiosis
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MutualismMutualism

Both species benefitBoth species benefit

Many examples in natureMany examples in nature

Some mutualisms are obligatory;Some mutualisms are obligatory;

partners depend upon each otherpartners depend upon each other
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Yucca and Yucca MothYucca and Yucca Moth

Example of an obligatory mutualismExample of an obligatory mutualism

Each species of yucca is pollinatedEach species of yucca is pollinated

only by one species of mothonly by one species of moth

Moth larvae can grow only in thatMoth larvae can grow only in that

one species of yuccaone species of yucca
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Yucca Moth CaterpillarYucca Moth Caterpillar

www.bobjensenphtography.com
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http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/


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developing on a Pinus strobusdeveloping on a Pinus strobus

seedling under controlledseedling under controlled

environment.environment.
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CompetitionCompetition

Interspecific - between speciesInterspecific - between species

Intraspecific - between members of theIntraspecific - between members of the

same speciessame species

Intraspecific competition is most intenseIntraspecific competition is most intense

Ri Ott A id E h OthRi er Otters A oid Each Other


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River Otters Avoid Each OtherRiver Otters Avoid Each Other

Thus Reducing IntraspecificThus Reducing Intraspecific

CompetitionCompetition

www.sms.si.edu
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Elephants Exclude CompetitorsElephants Exclude Competitors

www.save-the-elephants.org


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Competitive Exclusion PrincipleCompetitive Exclusion Principle

When two species compete forWhen two species compete for

identical resources, one will be moreidentical resources, one will be more

successful and will eventuallysuccessful and will eventually

eliminate the othereliminate the other
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Competitive Exclusion ExptCompetitive Exclusion Expt

Paramecium caudatum

Paramecium aurelia
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Keystone SpeciesKeystone Species

A species that can dictate communityA species that can dictate community

structurestructure

Removal of a keystone species canRemoval of a keystone species can

cause drastic changes in acause drastic changes in a

community; can increase or decreasecommunity; can increase or decrease

diversitydiversity
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Lubchenco ExperimentLubchenco Experiment

Tidepools Rocks exposed at high tide

Periwinkles promote or limit diversity in different habitats


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Resource PartitioningResource Partitioning

Apparent competitorsApparent competitors

may actually havemay actually have

slightly differentslightly different

nichesniches

Species may useSpecies may use

resources in aresources in adifferent way or timedifferent way or time

Minimizes competitionMinimizes competition

and allowsand allows
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PredationPredation

Predators are animals that feed on otherPredators are animals that feed on other

living organismsliving organisms

Predators are free-living; they do notPredators are free-living; they do not

take up residence on their preytake up residence on their prey


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Predator-Prey CyclesPredator-Prey Cycles

Predator and prey populations mayPredator and prey populations may

show an apparent correspondenceshow an apparent correspondence

PREY

POPULATION

PREDATOR

POPULATION
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Variation in CyclesVariation in Cycles

An association in predator and preyAn association in predator and prey

abundance does not always indicateabundance does not always indicate

a cause and effect relationshipa cause and effect relationship

Variations in food supply andVariations in food supply and

additional predators may alsoadditional predators may alsoinfluence changes in prey abundanceinfluence changes in prey abundance


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Prey DefensesPrey Defenses

CamouflageCamouflage

Warning colorationWarning coloration

MimicryMimicry

Moment-of-truth defensesMoment-of-truth defenses
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ParasitismParasitism

Parasites drain nutrients from theirParasites drain nutrients from their

hosts and live on or in their bodieshosts and live on or in their bodies

Natural selection favors parasites thatNatural selection favors parasites that

do not kill their host too quicklydo not kill their host too quickly


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Types of ParasitesTypes of Parasites

MicroparasitesMicroparasites

MacroparasitesMacroparasites

Social parasitesSocial parasites

ParasitoidsParasitoids


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Micro and MacroparasitesMicro and Macroparasites

Human tapeworm Trypanosome, malaria


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Social ParasitesSocial Parasites

Once limited to grasslands, brown - headed cowbirds have extended theirOnce limited to grasslands, brown - headed cowbirds have extended their

range to all 48 contiguous states and Canada. They are a major threat torange to all 48 contiguous states and Canada. They are a major threat to

songbirds.songbirds.

Of 220 species known to have beenparasitized by Brown-headed Cowbirds,and 144 have raised young Brown-headed Cowbirds successfully.

http://www.birds.cornell.edu/bfl/speciesaccts/parasites.html


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ParasitoidsParasitoids

Chemical communication: ButterflyChemical communication: Butterfly


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Chemical communication: ButterflyChemical communication: Butterfly

anti-aphrodisiac lures parasiticanti-aphrodisiac lures parasitic

waspswaspsMale butterflies of the genus,Male butterflies of the genus, PierisPieris, pass an, pass ananti-aphrodisiac during mating to females.anti-aphrodisiac during mating to females.

This chemical, benzyl cyanide, renders theThis chemical, benzyl cyanide, renders the

mated females less attractive to othermated females less attractive to othermales.males.

This strategy tends to maximize the matingThis strategy tends to maximize the mating

males chances of getting their genes intomales chances of getting their genes into

the next generation.the next generation.

Or so it was thought.Or so it was thought.
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The Butterfly and its Parasitoid,The Butterfly and its Parasitoid,

WaspWasp

The Wasp highjacks the SexualThe Wasp highjacks the Sexual
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The Wasp highjacks the SexualThe Wasp highjacks the Sexual

Communication Signal of theCommunication Signal of the

ButterflyButterflyThe female wasps are attracted to theThe female wasps are attracted to theanti-aphrodisiac of the mated femaleanti-aphrodisiac of the mated femalebutterflies.butterflies.

Often they will hitch a ride on theOften they will hitch a ride on thefemale butterfly.female butterfly.

When butterfly lays her eggs, theWhen butterfly lays her eggs, the

wasp inserts her egg into thewasp inserts her egg into thebutterfly egg.butterfly egg.

The larval wasp eats its host alive.The larval wasp eats its host alive.
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A Serve Limitation on the Butterfly PopulationsA Serve Limitation on the Butterfly Populations

This parasitism constrains the the butterflyThis parasitism constrains the the butterflypopulations.populations.

If this fascinating strategy is wide spread inIf this fascinating strategy is wide spread innature, it could severely constrain thenature, it could severely constrain theevolution ofevolution of

sexual communicationsexual communication

between hosts.between hosts.

The wasp is tiny (.5 mm)The wasp is tiny (.5 mm)It is located below the eyeIt is located below the eye

Of the butterfly.Of the butterfly.

NATURE|VOL433|17 FEBRUARY 2005| page 704

Bloodsucking leech spendsBloodsucking leech spends
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Bloodsucking leech spendsBloodsucking leech spends

month up Hong Kong hiker'smonth up Hong Kong hiker's

nosenoseHONG KONG (AFP) - A Hong KongHONG KONG (AFP) - A Hong Kongwoman hiker who washed her face inwoman hiker who washed her face in

a freshwater streama freshwater stream unwittinglyunwittingly

returned home with a leechreturned home with a leechembedded in her left nostril.embedded in her left nostril.

Doctors finally managed to remove itusing a nasal spray to anaesthetise

the five-centimetre-long (two-inch)bloodsucker a month after it hadinvaded her nostril. 4/15/05
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SuccessionSuccession

Change in the composition of speciesChange in the composition of species

over timeover time


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Types of SuccessionTypes of Succession

Primary succession - newPrimary succession - new

environmentsenvironments

Secondary succession -Secondary succession -

communities were destroyedcommunities were destroyed

or displacedor displaced


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Secondary SuccessionSecondary Succession

Over time, old fields are graduallyand naturally converted to matureand healthy forests.example:Westminsters forests.


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Pioneer SpeciesPioneer Species

Species that colonize barren habitatsSpecies that colonize barren habitats

Lichens, small plants with brief lifeLichens, small plants with brief life

cyclescycles

Improve conditions for other speciesImprove conditions for other species

who then replace themwho then replace them


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Climax CommunityClimax Community

Stable array of species that persistsStable array of species that persists

relatively unchanged over timerelatively unchanged over time

Succession does not always moveSuccession does not always move

predictably toward a specific climaxpredictably toward a specific climax

community; other stablecommunity; other stable

communities may persistcommunities may persist


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Cyclic ChangesCyclic Changes

Cyclic, nondirectional changes alsoCyclic, nondirectional changes also

shape community structureshape community structure

Tree falls cause local patchiness inTree falls cause local patchiness in

tropical foreststropical forests

Fires periodically destroy underbrushFires periodically destroy underbrushin sequoia forestsin sequoia forests
http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/


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Restoration EcologyRestoration Ecology

Natural restoration of a damagedNatural restoration of a damaged

community can take a very long timecommunity can take a very long time

Active restoration is an attempt toActive restoration is an attempt to

reestablish biodiversity in an areareestablish biodiversity in an area

Ecologists are actively working toEcologists are actively working torestore reefs, grasslands, andrestore reefs, grasslands, and

wetlandswetlands
http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/


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Restoration EcologyRestoration Ecology

http://www.planetdrum.org/toc.htm


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Community InstabilityCommunity Instability

Disturbances can cause a communityDisturbances can cause a community

to change in ways that persist even ifto change in ways that persist even if

the change is reversedthe change is reversed
http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/


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Species IntroductionsSpecies Introductions

Introduction of a nonindigenousIntroduction of a nonindigenous

species can decimate a communityspecies can decimate a community

No natural enemies or controlsNo natural enemies or controls

Can outcompete native speciesCan outcompete native species


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Santa Cruz Fox and Feral PigsSanta Cruz Fox and Feral Pigs

Species interactions


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Exotic SpeciesExotic Species

Species that has left its home rangeSpecies that has left its home range

and become established elsewhereand become established elsewhere

Becomes part of its new communityBecomes part of its new community

Can have beneficial, neutral, or harmfulCan have beneficial, neutral, or harmfuleffects on a communityeffects on a community

D t W Ab t th W lkiDont Worry About the Walking
http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/


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Dont Worry About the WalkingDont Worry About the Walking

Catfish!Catfish!

3.1 meter Burmese Python, Everglades NP
http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/


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Predators in ParadisePredators in Paradise

EVERGLADES NATIONAL PARK, Florida (CNN)EVERGLADES NATIONAL PARK, Florida (CNN)(10/22/04) -- A dangerous intruder has invaded(10/22/04) -- A dangerous intruder has invaded

Everglades National Park, and it's putting the nativeEverglades National Park, and it's putting the native

wildlife at risk.wildlife at risk.

Shirt ofmissing

camper!


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How Big Do They Get?How Big Do They Get?

http://www.cnn.com/2004/TECH/sciencehttp://www.cnn.com/2004/TECH/science

Python Invasion Spawns CottagePython Invasion Spawns Cottage
http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/http://www.cnn.com/2004/TECH/science/10/22/predators.in.paradise/http://www.cnn.com/2004/TECH/science/10/22/predators.in.paradise/http://www.cnn.com/2004/TECH/science/10/22/predators.in.paradise/http://www.cnn.com/2004/TECH/science/10/22/predators.in.paradise/http://www.cnn.com/2004/TECH/science/10/22/predators.in.paradise/http://www.cnn.com/2004/TECH/science/10/22/predators.in.paradise/


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Python Invasion Spawns CottagePython Invasion Spawns Cottage

IndustryIndustry Python-Tracking Puppy Trains toPython-Tracking Puppy Trains to

Patrol EvergladesPatrol Everglades Stefan LovgrenStefan Lovgren

forfor National Geographic NewsNational Geographic News

February 3, 2005February 3, 2005 In their growing battle against giantIn their growing battle against giant

pythons that have invaded the Floridapythons that have invaded the Florida

Everglades, national park officials thereEverglades, national park officials therehave recruited an unlikely ally: a beaglehave recruited an unlikely ally: a beaglepuppy nicknamed "Python Pete."puppy nicknamed "Python Pete."
http://www.cnn.com/2004/TECH/science/10/22/predators.in.paradise/http://www.cnn.com/2004/TECH/science/10/22/predators.in.paradise/http://www.cnn.com/2004/TECH/science/10/22/predators.in.paradise/http://www.cnn.com/2004/TECH/science/10/22/predators.in.paradise/http://www.cnn.com/2004/TECH/science/10/22/predators.in.paradise/http://www.cnn.com/2004/TECH/science/10/22/predators.in.paradise/http://www.cnn.com/2004/TECH/science/10/22/predators.in.paradise/http://www.cnn.com/2004/TECH/science/10/22/predators.in.paradise/http://www.cnn.com/2004/TECH/science/10/22/predators.in.paradise/http://www.cnn.com/2004/TECH/science/10/22/predators.in.paradise/http://www.cnn.com/2004/TECH/science/10/22/predators.in.paradise/http://www.cnn.com/2004/TECH/science/10/22/predators.in.paradise/http://www.cnn.com/2004/TECH/science/10/22/predators.in.paradise/http://www.cnn.com/2004/TECH/science/10/22/predators.in.paradise/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/


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Nile MonitorsNile Monitors

Recently (Sept. 2005) a smallRecently (Sept. 2005) a small

population of around 1000 Nilepopulation of around 1000 Nile

Monitors have begun to rise in theMonitors have begun to rise in the

area around Cape Coral Florida. Theyarea around Cape Coral Florida. Theyare most likely the offspring of a feware most likely the offspring of a few

Monitors let free by local petMonitors let free by local pet

owners.owners. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile_monitorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile_monitor


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Nile MonitorNile Monitor

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile_monitor

Wis Considers Legalizing CatWis Considers Legalizing Cat


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Wis. Considers Legalizing CatWis. Considers Legalizing Cat

HuntingHunting

Recently in the news (4/15/05)


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Wis. Residents Seek Legalized Cat HuntingWis. Residents Seek Legalized Cat HuntingFeral cats, which volunteers have been feeding forFeral cats, which volunteers have been feeding for

the past 10 years, feed in Anoka, Minn., Feb. 21,the past 10 years, feed in Anoka, Minn., Feb. 21,

2005. A new Wisconsin plan would declare free-2005. A new Wisconsin plan would declare free-

roaming wild cats an unprotected species, just likeroaming wild cats an unprotected species, just like

skunks or gophers. Anyone with a small-gameskunks or gophers. Anyone with a small-game

license could shoot the cats at will, legally.license could shoot the cats at will, legally. TheTheproposal gets tested April 11 at the Wisconsin Conservationproposal gets tested April 11 at the Wisconsin Conservation

Congress spring hearings, where outdoor enthusiasts gather inCongress spring hearings, where outdoor enthusiasts gather in

every county to vote on hunting and fishing issues.every county to vote on hunting and fishing issues.(AP Photo/St. Paul Pioneer(AP Photo/St. Paul PioneerPress, Joe Rossi)Press, Joe Rossi)


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Africanized Killer Flea InvasionAfricanized Killer Flea Invasion

ATLANTAPanic is spreading among American dogATLANTAPanic is spreading among American dogowners, following the Center for Veterinary Medicine'sowners, following the Center for Veterinary Medicine's

Monday announcement that the arrival of a deadly mutantMonday announcement that the arrival of a deadly mutant

strain of Africanized killer fleas is imminent.strain of Africanized killer fleas is imminent.


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Crossed Texas Border in 2004Crossed Texas Border in 2004

Bred in Brazil at the Sao Paulo Animal ResearchBred in Brazil at the Sao Paulo Animal ResearchFacility in the late '60s,Facility in the late '60s, Ctenocephalides canisCtenocephalides canis

africanusafricanus is a crossbreed of the common Northis a crossbreed of the common North

American flea and an African variant that infestsAmerican flea and an African variant that infests

the tough hides of bull elephants. The Sao Paulothe tough hides of bull elephants. The Sao Pauloentomologists never meant to release the mutantentomologists never meant to release the mutant

fleas into the wild, but a 1974 fire at the lab led tofleas into the wild, but a 1974 fire at the lab led to

the dangerous subspecies' escape. In the past 30the dangerous subspecies' escape. In the past 30

years, Africanized fleas spread from Brazil toyears, Africanized fleas spread from Brazil to

South and Central America and on to Mexico.South and Central America and on to Mexico.

RED LIONFISHRED LIONFISH


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Pterois volitansPterois volitans

http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/Gallery/Descript/RedLionfish/RLionfish.html


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Endangered SpeciesEndangered Species

A species that is extremelyA species that is extremely

vulnerable to extinctionvulnerable to extinction

Close to 70 percent of endangeredClose to 70 percent of endangered

species have been negativelyspecies have been negatively

affected by exotic competitorsaffected by exotic competitors

Georgias Endangered andGeorgias Endangered and
http://ecos.fws.gov/species_profile/species_profile.html?spcode=Q2MPhttp://ecos.fws.gov/species_profile/species_profile.html?spcode=Q2RGhttp://ecos.fws.gov/species_profile/species_profile.html?spcode=Q23Dhttp://ecos.fws.gov/species_profile/species_profile.html?spcode=R006http://ecos.fws.gov/species_profile/species_profile.html?spcode=Q2MPhttp://ecos.fws.gov/species_profile/species_profile.html?spcode=Q2RGhttp://ecos.fws.gov/species_profile/species_profile.html?spcode=Q23Dhttp://ecos.fws.gov/species_profile/species_profile.html?spcode=R006http://ecos.fws.gov/species_profile/species_profile.html?spcode=Q2MPhttp://ecos.fws.gov/species_profile/species_profile.html?spcode=Q2RGhttp://ecos.fws.gov/species_profile/species_profile.html?spcode=Q23Dhttp://ecos.fws.gov/species_profile/species_profile.html?spcode=R006http://ecos.fws.gov/species_profile/species_profile.html?spcode=Q2R1http://ecos.fws.gov/species_profile/species_profile.html?spcode=Q21Phttp://ecos.fws.gov/species_profile/species_profile.html?spcode=Q2IAhttp://ecos.fws.gov/species_profile/species_profile.html?spcode=Q2I4http://ecos.fws.gov/species_profile/species_profile.html?spcode=Q21Bhttp://ecos.fws.gov/species_profile/species_profile.html?spcode=Q2VThttp://ecos.fws.gov/species_profile/species_profile.html?spcode=Q2HHhttp://ecos.fws.gov/species_profile/species_profile.html?spcode=Q2H9http://ecos.fws.gov/species_profile/species_profile.html?spcode=Q2ELhttp://ecos.fws.gov/species_profile/species_profile.html?spcode=Q1YThttp://ecos.fws.gov/species_profile/species_profile.html?spcode=Q2COhttp://ecos.fws.gov/species_profile/species_profile.html?spcode=Q1XLhttp://ecos.fws.gov/species_profile/species_profile.html?spcode=S019http://ecos.fws.gov/species_profile/species_profile.html?spcode=S015http://ecos.fws.gov/species_profile/species_profile.html?spcode=Q2B8http://ecos.fws.gov/species_profile/species_profile.html?spcode=Q293http://ecos.fws.gov/species_profile/species_profile.html?spcode=Q1TDhttp://ecos.fws.gov/species_profile/species_profile.html?spcode=Q1ST


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Georgia s Endangered andGeorgia s Endangered and

Threaten PlantsThreaten Plants Plants -- 22Plants -- 22 StatusListingStatusListingTAmphianthus, little (TAmphianthus, little (Amphianthus pusillusAmphianthus pusillus

))EERattleweed, hairy (Rattleweed, hairy (Baptisia arachniferaBaptisia arachnifera))EEConeflower,Coneflower,smooth (smooth (Echinacea laevigataEchinacea laevigata)TPink, swamp ()TPink, swamp (Helonias bullataHelonias bullata))EEQuillwort, black spored (Quillwort, black spored (

Isoetes melanosporaIsoetes melanospora))EEQuillwort, mat-forming (Quillwort, mat-forming (Isoetes tegetiformansIsoetes tegetiformans)TPogonia, small whorled ()TPogonia, small whorled (

Isotria medeoloidesIsotria medeoloides))EEPondberry (Pondberry (Lindera melissifoliaLindera melissifolia)TButton, Mohr's Barbara ()TButton, Mohr's Barbara (Marshallia mohriiMarshallia mohrii))EEDropwort,Dropwort,Canby's (Canby's (Oxypolis canbyiOxypolis canbyi))EEHarperella (Harperella (Ptilimnium nodosumPtilimnium nodosum))EESumac, Michaux's (Sumac, Michaux's (Rhus michauxiiRhus michauxii)TWater-plantain, Kral's ()TWater-plantain, Kral's (Sagittaria secundifoliaSagittaria secundifolia))EEPitcher-Pitcher-plant, green (plant, green (Sarracenia oreophilaSarracenia oreophila))EEChaffseed, American (Chaffseed, American (Schwalbea americanaSchwalbea americana))EESkullcap, large-flowered (Skullcap, large-flowered (

Scutellaria montanaScutellaria montana))EECampion, fringed (Campion, fringed (Silene polypetalaSilene polypetala)TSpiraea, Virginia ()TSpiraea, Virginia (Spiraea virginianaSpiraea virginiana))EETorreya, Florida (Torreya, Florida (Torreya taxifoliaTorreya taxifolia))EETrillium, persistent (Trillium, persistent (Trillium persistensTrillium persistens))EETrillium, relict (Trillium, relict (Trillium reliquumTrillium reliquum))EEGrass, TennesseeGrass, Tennesseeyellow-eyed (yellow-eyed (Xyris tennesseensisXyris tennesseensis))

http://www.endangeredspecie.com/states/ga.htm
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Nile Perch in East AfricaNile Perch in East Africa

Nile perch were introduced into LakeNile perch were introduced into Lake

Victoria as a food sourceVictoria as a food source

This predator ate native cichlids;This predator ate native cichlids;

drove many species to extinctiondrove many species to extinction

Now Nile perch species is close toNow Nile perch species is close tocrashingcrashing


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Nile PerchNile Perch

They have put tremendous pressureOn native species.


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Nile PerchNile Perch

Food fishFood fish
http://www.pbase.com/image/20235853


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Rabbits in AustraliaRabbits in Australia

Rabbits were introduced for food andRabbits were introduced for food and

huntinghunting

Without predators, their numbersWithout predators, their numberssoaredsoared

Attempts at control using fences orAttempts at control using fences or

viruses have thus far beenviruses have thus far been

unsuccessfulunsuccessful


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Rabbits in AustraliaRabbits in Australia


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Rabbits were huntedRabbits were hunted


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Th R i Mi d


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The Response is MixedThe Response is Mixed

Australia's foremost animal welfareAustralia's foremost animal welfareagency, the Royal Society for theagency, the Royal Society for the

Prevention of Cruelty to Animals,Prevention of Cruelty to Animals,

responded by warning that anyoneresponded by warning that anyonecaught causing pain and suffering tocaught causing pain and suffering to

a cane toad could be fined or jailed.a cane toad could be fined or jailed.

Animal welfare groups say the bestAnimal welfare groups say the bestway to kill them is to freeze them.way to kill them is to freeze them.


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Coqui & greenhouse frogs:Coqui & greenhouse frogs:


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Coqui & greenhouse frogs:Coqui & greenhouse frogs:

alien Caribbean frogs in Hawaiialien Caribbean frogs in Hawaii

Non-native Caribbean frogsNon-native Caribbean frogs* have become established in* have become established insome areas in Hawaii (*coqui and greenhouse frogs:some areas in Hawaii (*coqui and greenhouse frogs:EleutherodactylusEleutherodactylus spp. [spp. [notnottrue 'tree frogs', as some havetrue 'tree frogs', as some havecalled them]). They cause bothcalled them]). They cause both environmental problemsenvironmental problemsandand problems for peopleproblems for people. These creatures have a special. These creatures have a specialappeal to some people; however,appeal to some people; however, these frogsthese frogsare not native toare not native to HawaiiHawaii, and their existence in Hawaii, and their existence in Hawaiiposes a greatposes a great threat to native species in Hawaiithreat to native species in Hawaii..Although the call of the coqui is often beloved by residentsAlthough the call of the coqui is often beloved by residentsof the coqui's native habitat, theof the coqui's native habitat, the extremely loud noiseextremely loud noisethey make in Hawaii (presumably louder than in nativethey make in Hawaii (presumably louder than in nativehabitats because of higher concentrations of populations)habitats because of higher concentrations of populations)has been reported to be extremely annoying to numeroushas been reported to be extremely annoying to numerous

Hawaii residents and visitors. (For example, a recentHawaii residents and visitors. (For example, a recent articlearticlein a health-related magazine cites coqui as causingin a health-related magazine cites coqui as causingsleepless nights on the island of Oahu.)sleepless nights on the island of Oahu.)http://www.hear.org/AlienSpeciesInHawaii/species/frogs/#froghttp://www.hear.org/AlienSpeciesInHawaii/species/frogs/#frog

Coqui chorus ..

Bills Seek to MuffleBills Seek to Muffle
http://www.islandscene.com/health/2004/041006/noise/page2.asphttp://www.islandscene.com/health/2004/041006/noise/page2.asphttp://www.hear.org/AlienSpeciesInHawaii/species/frogs/http://www.hear.org/AlienSpeciesInHawaii/species/frogs/http://www.hear.org/AlienSpeciesInHawaii/species/frogs/http://www.islandscene.com/health/2004/041006/noise/page2.asp


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Bills Seek to MuffleBills Seek to Muffle

Isle FrogIsle Frog

The frog -- which subsists on the same diet of insectsas native birds -- could be the greatest threat to state'secosystem that anyone has ever seen before, Kim said.

http://starbulletin.com/2005/02/13/news/story12.html

Cuban Tree Frog Found InCuban Tree Frog Found In


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Cuban Tree Frog Found InCuban Tree Frog Found In

GeorgiaGeorgia

Butler's capture of a 4-inch Cuban treeButler's capture of a 4-inch Cuban treefrog in coastal Savannah has caused afrog in coastal Savannah has caused a

nervous stir among wildlife biologists innervous stir among wildlife biologists in

Georgia and Florida.Georgia and Florida.

Since its discovery in Key West, Fla., inSince its discovery in Key West, Fla., in

the 1920s, the Caribbean frog has beenthe 1920s, the Caribbean frog has been

considered an unwanted predator thatconsidered an unwanted predator that

disrupts ecosystems by dining on nativedisrupts ecosystems by dining on nativespecies - including smaller tree frogs.species - including smaller tree frogs.

http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/10/21/tech/main650682.shtml

C b T FC b T F


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Cuban Tree FrogCuban Tree Frog

"They're (a) huge relative to our"They're (a) huge relative to ournative frogs," said John Jensen,native frogs," said John Jensen,Georgia's state herpetologist with theGeorgia's state herpetologist with the

Department of Natural Resources.Department of Natural Resources."Like pretty much all frogs,"Like pretty much all frogs, they eatthey eatanything they can catch and fit inanything they can catch and fit intheir mouths."their mouths."

http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/

Picture link
http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/10/21/tech/main650682.shtmlhttp://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/10/21/tech/main650682.shtmlhttp://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/10/21/tech/main650682.shtml


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A i S E lA i S E l


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Asian Swamp EelAsian Swamp Eel

Grow up to 3.5 ft long

Monopterus albus

It breathes air and can move across land. This gives itthe potential to spread rapidly and makes

control difficult.

http://cars.er.usgs.gov/Nonindigenous_Species/Swamp_eel_FAQ

K d i G iK d i G i


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Kudzu in GeorgiaKudzu in Georgia

Imported for erosion controlImported for erosion control

No natural herbivores, pathogens, orNo natural herbivores, pathogens, or

competitorscompetitors

Grows over landscapes and cannotGrows over landscapes and cannot

be dug up or burned outbe dug up or burned out

May turn out to have someMay turn out to have somecommercial usecommercial use

K dK d


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KudzuKudzu

Poem About Kudzu by JamesPoem About Kudzu by James


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Poem About Kudzu by Jamesy

DickeyDickey ALL:ALL: KudzuKudzu Japan invades. Far Eastern vinesJapan invades. Far Eastern vines

Run from the clay banks they areRun from the clay banks they are Supposed to keep from eroding.Supposed to keep from eroding.

Up telephone poles,Up telephone poles,Which rear, half out of leafageWhich rear, half out of leafage

As though they would shriek,As though they would shriek,Like things smothered by their ownLike things smothered by their ownGreen, mindless, unkillable ghosts.Green, mindless, unkillable ghosts.In Georgia, the legend saysIn Georgia, the legend saysThat you must close your windowsThat you must close your windows

At night to keep it out of the house.At night to keep it out of the house.

The glass is tinged with green, even so,The glass is tinged with green, even so, As the tendrils crawl over the fields.As the tendrils crawl over the fields. and so on and so on

http://www.breakoutofthebox.com/kudzu.htm

Di it b L tit dDi ersit b Latit de


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Diversity by LatitudeDiversity by Latitude

Diversity of most groups is greatest inDiversity of most groups is greatest intropics; declines toward polestropics; declines toward poles

Ant

diversity

Why Are TropicalWhy Are Tropical


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y py p

Species Rich?Species Rich?

Resources are plentiful and reliableResources are plentiful and reliable

Species diversity is self-reinforcingSpecies diversity is self-reinforcing

Rates of speciation are highest in theRates of speciation are highest in the

tropicstropics

Di t Eff tDistance Effect


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Distance EffectDistance Effect

The farther an island is from aThe farther an island is from a

mainland, the fewer speciesmainland, the fewer species

Closer islands receive moreCloser islands receive more

immigrantsimmigrants

Species that reach islands far fromSpecies that reach islands far frommainland are adapted for long-mainland are adapted for long-

distance dispersal and can move ondistance dispersal and can move on


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lecture community interactions

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