lecture designing interactive_ubiquitous_is_part_2

Co-funded by the European Union

Semantic CMS Community

Designing Interactive Knowledge-supported Ubiquitous Information Systems

Results from theIKS AmI Case

Copyright IKS Consortium1

LecturerOrganization

Date of presentation

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Copyright IKS Consortium

Introduction of Content Management

Foundations of Semantic Web Technologies

Storing and Accessing Semantic Data

Knowledge Interaction and Presentation

Knowledge Representation and Reasoning

Semantic Lifting

Designing Interactive Ubiquitous IS

Requirements Engineering for Semantic CMS

Designing Semantic CMS

Semantifying your CMS

Part I: Foundations

Part II: Semantic Content Management

Part III: Methodologies

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Situational Design Method for Information Systems (SiDIS)


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Identification of Problem and

Needs

Design of Solution based on Scenarios,

Use cases, Requirements

etc.

Development of Solution

Evaluation of Solution and

Specification of Design Theory

It’s Thursday morning. Anna get site-specific weather information when she is brushing her teeth in the bathroom.

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SiDIS Task 4: Evaluation of diagrammatic CMs

Will services represented in Pre-Artifacts be accepted by future users?

Pre-Artifacts are evaluated to generate preliminary implications regarding user acceptance

Usage of mock-ups at early stage of design process Focus on information objects delivered by services that are

represented in Pre-Artifacts

Outcome: Preliminary implications for design of IS regarding user acceptance

Involved stakeholders: Potential early adopters of IS, domain experts


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Application of SiDIS Task 4 in IKS

111 potential early adopters participated in evaluation

Subjects came from 3 countries in Europe: Germany, Switzerland and Turkey

Pre-Artifacts were presented with the help of a mock-up, i.e. a midget bathroomwith dolls, and a slideshow that exemplifiedthe information delivered by services


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After presentation of situations covered by Pre-Artifacts, participants had to rate the relevant services within questionnaire


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Rank Situation Service Intention to Use Perceived FitNo Name Mean SD Mean SD

1. 6 4 Personalized Music Service

6.28*** 0.87 6.07***

1.13

2. 1 1 Weather Information Service

5.64*** 1.54 4.87***

1.69

3. 6 5 Personalized News Collage Service

5.11*** 1.94 4.84***

1.83

4. 1 2 Event Recommendation Service

4.65*** 1.69 4.12 1.65

5. 11 6 Adaptive News Service 4.17 1.85 3.88 1.82

6. 1 3 Ticket Order Service 3.82 1.73 3.47** 1.77

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SiDIS Task 5: Derivation of formal propositional CMs

How can diagrammatic representations of situations be processed by the future system?

Translation of Pre-Artifacts into propositional CMs Manual, automatic or semi-automatic translation possible Creation of specifications for later system designs (Wand

et al., 1995) and machine-processable CMs that can be verified (Bera et al., 2010)

Outcome: Library of formalized design patterns Involved stakeholders: Knowledge engineers


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SiDIS Task 5:Use of Web Ontology Language (OWL)

Use of computational ontologies for conceptual modeling by means of a pattern-based approach (Clark et al., 2000, Gangemi, 2005)

Pros Web Ontology Language (OWL) is implementable, which means

OWL ontologies are machine-readable, and thus computational. OWL constructs are independent, i.e. classes can exist

independent of instances or properties and properties are independent of classes.

Verification: OWL allows inferences and automated reasoning support.


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SiDIS Task 5: Approach – Use of Web Ontology Language (OWL)

Cons no clear rules how to map from domain information as

represented by Pre-Artifacts to OWL constructs similar to the intended propositional CMs

How to generate propositional CM based on propositional Pre-Artifact Patterns?


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SiDIS Task 5:Approach of Generating Propositional CM


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Creation of Pre-Artifact Model = “vocabulary”of Pre-Artifact patterns (basic entities and relations of AISM)

Import of Pre-Artifact Model by each pattern ontology

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Specified object properties by

ServiceInteraction, RoleInteraction and RoleUsesIO pattern

Each pattern imports Pre-Artifact Model Specification of pattern-specific object

properties through inheritance structures Definition of sub properties of generic object

properties imported from the model super-properties and concepts of Pre-

Artifact Model remain unchanged

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Clear assignments of object properties to specific patterns

Support by modeling guidelines - canalization of modeling options

Incremental modeling of propositional CM by importing patterns step by step according to the requirements of the Pre-Artifact

Super properties of Pre-Artifact Model filled automatically

Sub properties by three patterns regarding individual of type InterfaceService: PersonalizedWeatherService

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Translation of 17 Pre-Artifacts into propositional CMs OWL files

Modeling in 5 steps similar to procedure of defining Pre-Artifacts

Exemplary modeling of aforementioned Pre-Artifact It's Thursday morning. I get site-specific weather

information when I am brushing my teeth in the bathroom.

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Generating empty OWL file Required Pre-Artifact Patterns can be imported by their URL

Start of modeling according to 5 steps Import of RoleInteraction Pattern

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Instantiation of relevant concepts of pattern Instances of Role: User, PersonalizedWeatherAssistant Instance of R-Interaction to represent interaction between

roles

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Pattern offers specific object properties “initiatesR_ Interaction” and “finalizesR_Interaction” that inherit from super-properties

<owl:ObjectProperty rdf:about="http://im.dm.hs-furtwangen.de/ontologies/preartifacts/2010/RoleInteraction# initiatesR_Interaction">

<rdfs:domain rdf:resource="http://im.dm.hs-furtwangen.de/ontologies/ami-case/preartifacts/PA-Model.owl#Role"/>

<rdfs:range rdf:resource="http://im.dm.hs-furtwangen.de/ontologies/ami-case/preartifacts/PA-Model.owl#R_Interaction"/>

<rdfs:subPropertyOf rdf:resource="http://im.dm.hs-furtwangen.de/ontologies/ami-case/preartifacts/PA-Model.owl#initiatesInteraction"/></owl:ObjectProperty>[…]<Model:Role rdf:about=" http://im.dm.hs-PA1A.owl#PersonalizedWeatherAssistant">

<rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Thing"/><RoleInteraction:initiatesR_Interaction rdf:resource="http://im.dm.hs-

furtwangen.de/ontologies/preartifacts/2010/RoleInteraction#R_Interaction1"/></Model:Role>

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Super properties of Pre-Artifact Model are filled automatically Further imports of Pre-Artifact Patterns Role Uses IO and Service

Interaction Final representation of interface service Personalized

WeatherService:

<Model:InterfaceService rdf:about="#PersonalizedWeatherService"><rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Thing"/><RoleUsesIO:supportsCreation rdf:resource="#Creation_1"/><RoleUsesIO:interfaceServiceTakesRole

rdf:resource="#PersonalizedWeatherAssistant"/><RoleInteraction:supportsR_Interaction rdf:resource="#R_Interaction1"/><ServiceInteraction:finalizesS_Interaction

rdf:resource="#S_Interaction_3"/><ServiceInteraction:finalizesS_Interaction

rdf:resource="#S_Interaction_4"/></Model:InterfaceService>

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SiDIS Task 6: Formalization of System Design


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How does the architecture of the future system look like?

Formalization of system design based on library of design patterns analysis of layers of propositional CMs

Service System and Social System Which services shall be provided by the intended system? Which internal services need to deliver information objects? Which information objects are required by each internal service Which interface services take a role in an interaction with the

user? Which interface services are used by users to interact? Which service interactions take place?

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SiDIS Task 6: Formalization of System Design


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Information Sphere Which information objects have to be requested from external services? Which information objects have to be created by the system itself? How about format and storage of information objects (data

infrastructure)?

Physical Object System How will the interaction of user and system be realized? How will information objects be presented? How is the I/O behavior of the system? Does the system need information about the available physical objects?

Outcome: Specification of system design Involved stakeholders: Computer scientists

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SiDIS Task 6:Approach of setting up the System Architecture

Performing the following steps, based on the answers to the questions on the prior slides: Realization of Service System as independent software modules,

which perform the required functionalities Realization of software modules for the User Interaction based on

the requirements of the Social System Information Objects stored as Knowledge Models for the

representation to the user in the appropriate situations Physical Object System realized by several sensing,

interpretation and output modules

Encapsulation of functionalities required for the management of the UIS in additional software modules


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Application of SiDIS Task 6 in IKS:Modules of Designed System in High-Level Logical Architecture


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Application of SiDIS Task 6 in IKS:Conjoint Modules of IKS Semantic CMS and AmI Case System


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IKS Semantic CMSArchitecture

AmI Case SystemLogical Architecture

The blue marked modules indicate modules that exist in both architectures

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SiDIS Task 7:Implementation of Formalized System Design


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Coding!

Formalized system design is transformed into machine-processible code modules in system design realized as software components

Use of propositional CMs as knowledge models for the physical situation management

Information Objects stored as knowledge models for the interaction with the user

UIS code has to be linked with hardware components integrated in the physical environment

Outcome: Prototype of information system Involved stakeholders: Computer scientists

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Application of SiDIS Task 7 in IKS: Management of Information Objects and Physical Situation

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Context Ontology Network as knowledge representation of Information Objects Propositional CMs and Current Situation representation as knowledge

representation for the evaluation of the appropriate situation in the UIS Determination of current and upcoming situation based on semantic rule sets

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Application of SiDIS Task 7 in IKS:IKS Stack Components IKS VIE^2:

Used on the User Interaction layer to enable the user to not only view content items in the bathroom, but also browse semantically referenced resources, i.e. information about actors or the director in case of movie event suggestions

Apache Stanbol Entity Hub,Apache Stanbol CMS Adapter,Apache Stanbol Reengineer and Apache Stanbol Rules:

Used in the Knowledge Access, Content Retrieval & Knowledge Extraction Pipeline and Rules & Reasoning layers to retrieve contents from external content and knowledge sources, lift them on a semantic level and refactor them to be represented as AmI ODPs


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Application of SiDIS Task 7 in IKS:IKS Stack Components


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Apache Stanbol Enhancer:

Used in Content Retrieval & Knowledge Extraction Pipeline and Rules & Reasoning to enable the system to prepare the semantic enhanced contents required by VIE^2

Apache Stanbol Ontology Manager:

Used on the Knowledge Repository layer to enable the persistent storage and browsing of knowledge representations by the system or the user by using the Store sub component; the OntoNet sub component is also implicitly used by other components for reasoning and refactoring issues

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Implementation according to OSGi standard 7 IKS Stack/Apache Stanbol components could be re-used for the

realization of the UIS 4 developer teams from Turkey, Italy and Germany • 500 kg of furniture

• 15 sqm bathroom• 5x3 meter walls• 50 liter wall paint• 18 sqm floor• 3 microphones• 2 sound systems• 2 projectors & 3 sqm

projection foil• 1 touch screen• 1 camera• 1 MS Kinect• 2 sensor boards with 4

touch- & 6 distance sensors

• 2 PCs, 1 Mac Mini• app. 100 meter of cable

…

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SiDIS Task 8: Evaluation of solution


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Does the prototype fit to the natural incentives and motivation of potential end users?

IS is evaluated by traditional empirical studies laboratory experiments field experiments

Outcome: feedback for earlier design phases laboratory experiments: understanding of adoption (ease of use,

utility, risk, task-technology fit, etc.), purchase intentions field experiments: usage behavior, social influence, behavioral

change Involved stakeholders: Computer scientists, end users

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55 subjects have evaluated 6 services in a lab experiment with constructs from Technology Acceptance research (e.g., Davis 1989)

Subjects had to play through the 3 Situations from SiDIS Task 4

IK point Mirror

• Weather Information Service• Event Recommendation Service• Ticket Order Service• Personalized News Collage Service• Adaptive News Service

IK point eScreen

IK point Shower

• Personalized Music Service• Personalized News Collage Service• Adaptive News Service

Interaction Border(touch-sensitive)

• Personalized News Collage Service• Adaptive News Service

Array microphoneArray microphone

Array microphoneSpeaker

SpeakerDistance sensorDistance sensor

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Mean values, standard deviation (in parentheses) and results of one-sample t-tests are shown below; Significance: * = p < .05 / ** = p < .01 / *** = p < .001

Results: Personalized Music Service is ranked highest

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Results from Interviews:

The widgets on the touchscreen are distracting. The mirror as such should be the

“main functionality” in the bathroom. Thus the content should be placed more in

the periphery (23)

There was no design or concept behind the content presentation, e.g., the widgets

on the touchscreen seemed to be positioned without any layout in mind; the IKS

logo should be smaller and more semi-transparent to reduce distraction (10)

Weather information was too lean (e.g., no information about rain probability,

moisture, forecast, morning, noon, afternoon, etc.) (9)

The positioning of the widgets on the touchscreen should be more flexible (9)

Size of the projection on the wall screen was too small (7)

More information about price and category of when ordering a ticket (6)

Note: the number in parentheses reflects the number of subjects that gave this feedback

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Wrap-up


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Design Method for interactive knowledge-supported Ubiquitous Information Systems Situational Design Method for Information System (SiDIS)

Consists of 4 phases covering 9 tasks according to Design Method pattern (Hevner et al., 2004; March & Smith, 1995; Pfeffers et al., 2006; Rossi & Sein, 2003; Kuechler & Vaishnavi, 2008)

Bases on 3 types of Conceptual Models (CMs): Narrative CMs of situations Diagrammatic CMs (Pre-Artifacts) Propositional CMs

Closing gap between qualitative requirements (cf. narratives) and formal, machine-processable structures (cf. propositional CMs)

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Literature on SiDIS


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Maass, W. & Janzen, S.: Pattern-Based Approach for Designing with

Diagrammatic and Propositional Conceptual Models, 6th

International Conference on Design Science Research in

Information Systems and Technology, DESRIST 2011, Milwaukee,

Wisconsin, USA, 2011.

Janzen, S., Kowatsch, T. & Maass, W.: A Methodology for Content-

Centered Design of Ambient Environments, DESRIST 2010: Global

Perspectives on Design Science Research, St. Gallen, Switzerland,

2010.

Maass, W. & Varshney, W.: A Framework for Smart Healthcare

Situations and Smart Drugs. SIG-Health Pre-AMCIS Workshop at

the 15th Americas Conference on Information Systems (AMCIS

2009). San Francisco, USA.

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Further Publications


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Walls, J.G., Widmeyer, G.R., Sawy, O.E.: Building an information system design theory for vigilant eis. Information Systems

Research 3(1) (1992) 36-59

Markus, M.L., Keil, M.: If we build it, they will come: Designing information systems that people want to use. Sloan Management

Review 35 (1994) 11-25

Markus, L.M., Majchrzak, A., Gasser, L.: A design theory for systems that support emergent knowledge processes. MIS Quarterly

26(3) (2002) 179-212

Pries-Heje, J., Baskerville, R.: The design theory nexus. MIS Quarterly 32(4) (January 2008) 731-755

Hevner, A.R., March, S.T., Park, J., Ram, S.: Design science in information systems research. MIS Quarterly 28(1) (2004) 75-105

March, S.T., Smith, G.F.: Design and natural science research on information technology. Decis. Support Syst. 15(4) (1995) 251-

266

Pfeffers, K., Tuunanen, T., Gengler, C.E., Rossi, M., Hui, W., Virtanen, V.e.a.: The design science research process: A model for

producing and presenting information systems research. In: Proceedings of the First International Conference on Design Science

Research in Information Systems and Technology (DESRIST 2006), Claremont, CA, USA (2006) 83106

Rossi, M., Sein, M.K.: Design research workshop: A proactive research approach. (2003)

Kuechler, W.L.J., Vaishnavi, V.K.: An expert system for dynamic re-coordination of distributed workows. Expert Syst. Appl. 34(1)

(2008) 551-563

Ross, P., Keyson, D.V.: The case of sculpting atmospheres: towards design principles for expressive tangible interaction in control

of ambient systems. Personal Ubiquitous Comput. 11(2) (2007) 69-79

Le Rouge, C.M., Niederman, F.: Information systems and health care xi: Public health knowledge management architecture

design: A case study. Communications of the Association for Information Systems 18 (2006)

Schmidt, A., Terrenghi, L., Holleis, P.: Methods and guidelines for the design and development of domestic ubiquitous computing

applications. Pervasive Mob. Comput. 3(6) (2007) 721-738

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Further Publications (cont.)


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Perrone, V., Bolchini, D., Paolini, P.: A stakeholders centered approach for conceptual modeling of communication-intensive

applications. In: SIGDOC '05: Proceedings of the 23rd annual international conference on Design of communication, New York, NY,

USA, ACM (2005) 25-33

Strömberg, H., Pirttila, V., Ikonen, V.: Interactive scenarios|building ubiquitous computing concepts in the spirit of participatory design.

Personal Ubiquitous Comput. 8(3-4) (2004) 200-207

Mackay, W.E.: The interactive thread: exploring methods for multi-disciplinary design. In: DIS '04: Proceedings of the 5th conference on

Designing interactive systems, New York, NY, USA, ACM (2004) 103-112

Maiden, N., Manning, S., Robertson, S., Greenwood, J.: Integrating creativity workshops into structured requirements processes. In:

DIS '04: Proceedings of the 5th conference on Designing interactive systems, New York, NY, USA, ACM (2004) 113-122

Buur, J., Jensen, M.V., Djajadiningrat, T.: Hands-only scenarios and video action walls: novel methods for tangible user interaction

design. In: DIS '04: Proceedings of the 5th conference on Designing interactive systems, New York, NY, USA, ACM (2004) 185-192

Chung, E.S., Hong, J.I., Lin, J., Prabaker, M.K., Landay, J.A., Liu, A.L.: Development and evaluation of emerging design patterns for

ubiquitous computing. In: DIS '04: Proceedings of the 5th conference on Designing interactive systems, New York, NY, USA, ACM

(2004) 233-242

Aaen, I.: Essence: Facilitating agile innovation. In: XP. (2008) 1-10

Alexander, C.: The timeless way of building. Oxford University Press, New York (1979)

Clark, P., Thompson, J., Porter, B.: Knowledge patterns. In: In Proc. of KR-2000, Morgan Kaufmann (2000) 591-600

Gangemi, A.: Ontology design patterns for semantic web content. In: Proceedings of the Fourth International Semantic Web

Conference, Springer (2005) 262-276

Y. Yoo, Computing in Everyday Life: A Call for Research on Experiential Computing, Mis Quart, 34(2) (2010) 213-231.

P. Chen, The Entity-Relationship Model--Toward a Unified View of Data, ACM Transactions on Database Systems, 1(1) (1976) 9-36.

Davis, F.D. (1989). Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use, and User Acceptance of Information Technology. MIS Quarterly,

13(3), 319-339.

lecture designing interactive_ubiquitous_is_part_2

Documents

eucopyright iks consortium

translation of preartifacts

preartifacts outcome

turkey preartifacts

application of sidis

creation of preartifact

domain information

propositional cms manual