lecture guide to accompany abnormal psychology/2edisorders trauma- and stressor-related disorders...

ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY/2e

Brian L. Burke Fort Lewis College

Sarah E. Trost

Cardinal Stritch University

Terri A. deRoon-Cassini Medical College of Wisconsin

Douglas A. Bernstein

University of South Florida

LECTURE GUIDE to accompany

© 2016 Academic Media Solutions

Chapter 1 Identifying, Detecting, and Classifying

Mental Disorders: M.A.P.S. of the Territory


Mental disorders have been defined as: Deviations from social expectations Conditions that mental health professionals treat Labels for disliked actions Subjective distress or unhappiness Dysfunctions that cause harm

Identifying Mental Disorders: What Are They?


The DSM-5 Definition Cultural context Distress/disability Individual dysfunction of psychological, biological or

developmental processes ◦ Cognition ◦ Emotion regulation ◦ Behavior

Identifying Mental Disorders: What Are They?


1. How have mental disorders been defined

throughout history? 2. How does the DSM-5 define mental disorders?

Section Review: Identifying Mental Disorders


Three Steps 1. Gather information 2. Organize and process information to form a clinical

description 3. Compare description using a nosology to arrive at a

diagnosis

Assessment and Diagnosis


Reliability and Validity Reliability ◦ Test-retest reliability ◦ Internal consistency ◦ Interrater reliability

Validity ◦ Content validity ◦ Predictive validity ◦ Concurrent validity ◦ Construct validity



Correct Diagnosis vs. Diagnostic Errors True positive ◦ Sensitivity

True negative ◦ Specificity

False positive False negative



1. What are the three major steps in assessment and diagnosis?

2. What kinds of reliability and validity are especially important when using assessment tools?

3. What are the two kinds of correct diagnostic conclusions?

4. What are the two kinds of diagnostic errors?

Section Review: Assessment and Diagnosis


1. Life Records E.g., school grades, court records, police reports,

medical records 2. Interviews Structured interview ◦ Mental Status Examination (MSE) ◦ Social history

Assessment Tools: How Do Health Professionals Detect Mental Disorders?


1. Life Records 2. Interviews 3. Psychological Tests Intelligence tests Neuropsychological tests Personality tests



1. Life Records 2. Interviews 3. Psychological Tests 4. Observations 5. Biological Measures Neurodiagnostic procedures




Table 1.4 Some Neurodiagnostic Procedures (p. 19)


Figure 1.5 Mapping the Geography of the Brain (p. 20)

(a) CT scan (b) MRI

Sources: (a) Santibhavanak P/Shutterstock.com. (b) Triff/Shutterstock.com.


Figure 1.5 Mapping the Geography of the Brain (p. 20)

(c) PET scan (d) fMRI

Sources: (c) Jens Maus (Langner) (http://www.jens-langner.de) (d) John Graner, Neuroimaging Department, National Intrepid Center of Excellence, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, 8901 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda, MD 20889, USA. .

1. What are the five main sources of assessment data? 2. What are the unique strengths of each of these

sources?

Section Review: Assessment Tools


History of the DSM DSM-I: 1952 DSM-II: 1968 DSM-III: 1980; DSM-III-R: 1987 DSM-IV: 1994; DSM-IV-TR: 2000 DSM-5: 2013

Diagnostic Classification: How Do Health Professionals Categorize Mental Disorders?


Diagnosis involves: Specific operational criteria for each disorder A polythetic approach Assessment of ◦ Medical conditions ◦ Exposure to stressors ◦ Overall functioning ◦ Comorbidity with other mental disorders




DSM-5 Diagnostic Categories Neurodevelopmental disorders Elimination disorders Disruptive, impulse-control, and

conduct disorders Schizophrenia spectrum and other

psychotic disorders Bipolar and related disorders Depressive disorders Anxiety disorders Obsessive-compulsive and related

disorders Trauma- and stressor-related

disorders

Dissociative disorders Somatic symptom and related

disorders Feeding and eating disorders Sleep-wake disorders Sexual dysfunctions Gender dysphoria Substance-related and addictive

disorders Neurocognitive disorders Personality disorders Paraphilic disorders Other mental disorders


Other Factors that Influence Diagnosis Money and privacy Diversity and assessment bias Diversity and the expression of mental disorders Diversity and interactions between clients and

clinicians



1. What does it mean to say that the DSM has a polythetic approach to diagnosis?

2. What DSM-5 diagnostic categories are you most interested in learning about?

3. What other factors, especially those related to diversity, affect the diagnosis of mental disorders?

Section Review: Diagnostic Classification


Key Terms Prevalence vs. incidence

The Frequency of Mental Disorders: How Common Are They?


Notable Facts About one in four adults in the United States

experience a diagnosable mental disorder in a given year.

Lifetime prevalence of mental disorders is often related to demographic or social variables.

Many people with a history of mental disorders are considered “in remission.”

Many people do not receive treatment for mental disorders.



Notable Facts (continued)

Comorbidity is common. The average age of noticing the first symptoms of a

mental disorder is 16. The prevalence of mental disorders varies

considerably worldwide. Personality disorders and alcohol use disorders are

the most common disorders worldwide. Having a mental disorder in the developing world

can be especially difficult.



M = Medical Myths A = Attempted Answers P = Prejudicial Pigeonholing S = Superficial Syndromes

Our Textbook’s Four Guiding Principles: M.A.P.S.


M = Medical Myths ◦ Medications are not always the best treatment for most of

the disorders in the DSM ◦ The biological/medical model is only one narrow lens through

which we view disorders The medical model stresses the individual above the sociocultural

context

A = Attempted Answers ◦ Symptoms of disorders often arise as the person’s attempted

solution to a problem E.g., delusions may create meaning, compulsive behaviors may

reduce anxiety, rituals may manage discomfort



P = Prejudicial Pigeonholing ◦ Labeling produces stereotypes, prejudice, and harm ◦ Gender bias in the DSM

S = Superficial Syndromes ◦ We should aim to understand what causes disorders and how

best to treat them, and not just focus on how to spot disorders based on surface characteristics ◦ Mental disorders occur on a continuum, not in discrete

categories ◦ A focus on symptoms facilitates reliable diagnoses, but not

necessary valid diagnoses.



1. What are mental disorders? 2. How do health professionals detect mental disorders? 3. How do health professionals categorize mental

disorders? 4. How common are mental disorders in the United

States and worldwide? 5. What are four guiding principles to keep in mind

when studying abnormal psychology?

Key Questions



Ch. 1 Tables and Figures


Table 1.1 Structured Interviews Frequently Used to Assess Clinical Conditions


Table 1.2


Table 1.3 MMPI-2-RF Scales and Simulated Norms

Source: Ben-Porath & Tellegen, 2008/2011.


Table 1.3 (cont.)


Table 1.4 Some Neurodiagnostic Procedures


Table 1.5


Table 1.6 Prevalence of Specific Mental Disorders in Adults Worldwide


Figure 1.1 Correlations Showing Different Relationships Between Two Variables


Figure 1.2 A Sample Figure Completion Task From a Test of Cognitive Ability


Figure 1.3 Inkblot Such As Those Used in the Rorschach

Source: Dimec/Shutterstock.com.


Figure 1.4 MMPI-2-RF Profile

Source: Based on data from Nichols, 2006.


Figure 1.5 Mapping the Geography of the Brain

(a) CT scan (b) MRI

Sources: (a) Santibhavanak P/Shutterstock.com. (b) Triff/Shutterstock.com.


Figure 1.5 Mapping the Geography of the Brain

(c) PET scan (d) fMRI

Sources: (c) Jens Maus (Langner) (http://www.jens-langner.de) (d) John Graner, Neuroimaging Department, National Intrepid Center of Excellence, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, 8901 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda, MD 20889, USA.


Figure 1.6 A DSM-5 Diagnosis of Gollum from The Hobbit and Lord of the Rings

Source: Mawardi Bahar/Shutterstock.com.

lecture guide to accompany abnormal psychology/2edisorders trauma- and stressor-related disorders...

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