lecture materials for amy warenda czura, ph.d. …chapter 1) lecture materials for amy warenda...
TRANSCRIPT
Introduction to A&P(Chapter 1)
Lecture Materials
for
Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D.
Suffolk County Community College
Eastern Campus
Primary Sources for figures and content:
Marieb, E. N. Human Anatomy & Physiology 6th ed. San Francisco: Pearson BenjaminCummings, 2004.
Martini, F. H. Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology 6th ed. San Francisco: PearsonBenjamin Cummings, 2004.
Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D. 1 SCCC BIO130 Chapter 1 Lecture Slides
Anatomy & Physiology = study ofcharacteristics
Common Characteristics Of Living Things:1. Organization: pattern that differs from
environment, involves regulation of internal conditions within limits
2. Responsiveness: (irritability), responding tochanges in environment.Adaptation = long term response
3. Growth and DifferentiationGrowth = increase in size/cell numberDifferentiation = specialization of cells to
perform particular functions4. Reproduction5. Movement
Internal –transport substances in bodyExternal – move around environment
6. Metabolism and ExcretionMetabolism = all chemical processes in
the body (building and breakingmolecules)
Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D. 2 SCCC BIO130 Chapter 1 Lecture Slides
“Form Follows Function”the shape of a structure is related to its use
Anatomy = study of internal and externalstructures of body and their relationshipsto each other: “Form”Gross Anatomy = macroscopic, see by eyeMicroscopic Anatomy = cell and molecule
level, need microscopeCytology = study of cellsHistology = study of tissues (groups of
specialized cells that work togetherto perform functions)
Physiology = study of how organism performfunctions: (“Function”)
Human Anatomy and Physiology = the studyof the form and function of the human body
Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D. 3 SCCC BIO130 Chapter 1 Lecture Slides
Levels of Organization(on handout)
The pattern of organization at the lower levelsdetermines both the characteristics and functions at the higher levels
Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D. 4 SCCC BIO130 Chapter 1 Lecture Slides
Homeostasis = “unchanging sameness”, themaintenance of a relatively constant internal environment, essential to life
Homeostatic Regulation(keeping within set limits)
1. Autoregulation (Intrinsic Regulation) – activities of a cell/tissue/organ/system adjust automatically in response to environmental change.
2. Extrinsic Regulation – results from activities of nervous or endocrine systems-Nervous system: directs rapid, short term,
specific responses-Endocrine system: works through
hormones, slow to act but long lastingeffects
Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D. 5 SCCC BIO130 Chapter 1 Lecture Slides
Homeostatic Regulation Mechanism:1. Receptor - sensor that detects
stimulus (change)2. Control/Integration Center - receives
and processes info from receptor3. Effector - cell/organ that responds to
direction from control center tooppose or enhance the stimulus
Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D. 6 SCCC BIO130 Chapter 1 Lecture Slides
Negative Feedback -oscillations around a set point -effector activated by control center
opposes stimulus -most common homeostatic
regulationtoo much X = ↓ Xtoo little X = ↑ X
e.g. body temperature:too hot, sweat to cooltoo cold, shiver to heat
“Normal” runs a range, no absoluteAmy Warenda Czura, Ph.D. 7 SCCC BIO130 Chapter 1 Lecture Slides
Positive Feedback -effectors respond by exaggerating or
enhancing the stimulus -typically used to deal with threat or stresse.g.
blood clotting: clotting causes more clotting until wound is plugged
birth: contractions promote morecontractions until delivery
Homeostasis use requires coordinated effortsof multiple organ systems: human body integrated to support life
Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D. 8 SCCC BIO130 Chapter 1 Lecture Slides
Anatomical Terms
Anatomical positionsupine = face upprone = face down
Body Regions:(on handout)
-Cephalic region = head-Cervical region = neck-Thoracic region = chest-Brachial region = arm-Antebrachial region = forearm-Carpal region = wrist-Manual region = hand-Abdominal region = belly-Lumbar region = lower back-Gluteal region = butt-Pelvic region = hips-Pubic region = anterior pelvis-Inguinal region = groin
Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D. 9 SCCC BIO130 Chapter 1 Lecture Slides
-Femoral region= thigh-Crural region= front of leg-Sural region=calf-Tarsal region= ankle-Pedal region= top of foot-Plantar region= sole of foot
Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D. 10 SCCC BIO130 Chapter 1 Lecture Slides
Abdominopelvic region = trunk of body, contains most of the organs
Clinicians divide it into 4 regions:
Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D. 11 SCCC BIO130 Chapter 1 Lecture Slides
Anatomist recognize 9 abdominopelvic regions:
Righthypochondriac
region
Right lumbarregion
Right inguinalregion
Epigastric
Hypogastric
Umbilical
Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D. 12 SCCC BIO130 Chapter 1 Lecture Slides
Directional Terms:(handout)
-Anterior = front-Posterior = back (behind)-Ventral = belly-Dorsal = back (spine)-Cranial/Cephalic = head-Caudal = tail-Superior = above (hyper)-Inferior = below (hypo)-Medial = toward the center-Lateral = away from center,
peripheral-Proximal = near the point
of attachment-Distal = away from the
point of attachment-Superficial = at the surface-Deep = farther from the
surface
Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D. 13 SCCC BIO130 Chapter 1 Lecture Slides
Planes of Section(handout)
1. Transverse plane =-cross section-right angle to long axis-superior and
inferior sections result
2. Frontal/Coronal plane-parallel to long axis-anterior and posterior
sections result3. Sagittal plane
-parallel to long axis -right and left sections
result
Transverse
Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D. 14 SCCC BIO130 Chapter 1 Lecture Slides
Body CavitiesVital organs suspended in chambers called
body cavitiesFunctions:1. Protect organs2. Permit changes in size & shape of organs
Two Major cavities:(handout)1. Dorsal body cavity2.Ventral body cavity
Dorsal body cavitydivided into:
1. Cranial cavity--brain2. Spinal cavity--spinal cord
Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D. 15 SCCC BIO130 Chapter 1 Lecture Slides
Ventral Body Cavity: divided by diaphragm into:1. Thoracic cavity-
-heart and lungs2. Abdominopelvic cavity-
-”guts” (viscera)
-Organs in ventral cavity are called viscera-Surrounded by serous membrane called
serosa:-Visceral serosa surrounds organ-Parietal serosa lines cavity
Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D. 16 SCCC BIO130 Chapter 1 Lecture Slides
Thoracic cavity1. Right and
Left Pleural cavities-contain lungs-serosa = pleura:
visceral pleura covers lungparietal pleura lines cavity
2. Pericardial cavity-contains heart-serosa = pericardium:
visceral pericardium covers heartparietal pericardium lines cavity
3. Mediastinum-division between pleural cavities-contains:
pericardial cavity (heart) esophagus,
trachea, thymus
Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D. 17 SCCC BIO130 Chapter 1 Lecture Slides
Abdominopelvic cavity most also peritoneal cavity = anything contained in peritoneum
(serosa of peritoneal cavity) if outside peritoneum = retroperitoneal1. Abdominal cavity Peritoneal:
-liver,-stomach,-spleen,-small intestine,-most of large
intestine Retroperitoneal:
-kidneys-pancreas
Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D. 18 SCCC BIO130 Chapter 1 Lecture Slides
2. Pelvic cavityRetroperitoneal:
-inferior large intestine,
-inferior urinary bladder,
-some reproductive organs
Peritoneal: -superior urinary
bladder, -ovaries, -uterus
Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D. 19 SCCC BIO130 Chapter 1 Lecture Slides