lecture outline - san diego miramar collegefaculty.sdmiramar.edu/bhaidar/bhaidar 210a web...
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Lecture Outline• Defining life by properties of being alive (7)
• Order and the structural hierarchy levels in the livingworld– Ascending/up & descending/down– Emergence of life– Homeostasis
• Unifying themes– Form and function– Cell Theory & types of cells– Genetic material- DNA– Scientific Method and approaches
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Properties of Living Organisms
(1) Order
(2) Reproduction
(3) Growth anddevelopment
(4) Energyprocessing
(7) Evolutionary adaptation
(6) Regulation
(5) Interact with the environment
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Properties of Living Organisms• Order• Reproduction• Growth and development• Energy processing or transformation• Interaction with environment• Regulation to maintain internal conditions –
Homeostasis• Evolutionary adaptation
• Ordered organization of the living worldo Levels of structural hierarchyo ascending vs. descending-o emergent properties
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Levels of Order in the Living World
– Organized into structural hierarchical levels– Ascending vs. Descending– Each level builds on the level below it– Interaction between components of each level
of the structural hierarchy leads to the emergence of new properties
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Atoms/Elements
Molecules
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organism
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biosphere
Chemical world
BiologicalWorld
Non-livingViruses: organized structure of biomolecules
Living
Ascending
Descending
Organization of Life (4 mins)
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Figure 1.2_1
Biosphere
Madagascar
Ecosystem: Forest in
Madagascar
Community:All organisms in
the forest
Population:Group of ring-tailed
lemurs
Organism: Ring-tailed lemur
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Figure 1.2_2
Organism: Ring-tailed lemur
Organ system: Nervous system
Organ: Brain
Tissue: Nervous tissue
Nerve
Spinal cord
Brain
Organelle: Nucleus
Cell: Nerve cell Nucleus
Atom
Molecule: DNA
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Emergent Properties
Biological systems are much more than the sumof their parts
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Regulation of internal conditions
Biological processes are self-regulating by feedback mechanisms
- Negative feedback – to maintain internal
conditions (Homeostasis)
- Positive feedback - accelerate
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Negative Feedback – Thermoregulation
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https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-body-structure-and-homeostasis/a/hs-body-structure-and-homeostasis-review
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Living organisms interact with their environment transforming energy
Decomposers
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Living organisms interact with their environment transforming energy
Ecosystem
O2
SunlightProducers (such as plants)
Consumers (such as animals)
O2
Heat
CO2
Chemical energy (food)
CO2
Water and minerals taken up by tree roots
Cycling of chemical nutrients
Decomposers (in soil)
Matter is recycled and energy flows
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Electronic information
recognized by Player
Music is produced
Analogy: Gene Expression
Genetic information
recognized by Cell machinery
Protein is produced
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Sperm cell
Nuclei containing DNA
Egg cell
Fertilized egg with DNA from both parents
Embryo cells withsame copies of inherited DNA
Offspring with traits inherited fromboth parents
Growth & Development
Unspecialized cells
Different specialized
cells
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Evolutionary Adaptation of populationsPopulations: groups of organisms belonging to the
same species
Populations• Genetic diversity• Under influence of external factors• Differential reproductive success
(Natural Selection)
Populations adapt to their surrounding and evolvehttp://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/tdc02.sci.life.evo.howreally/evolving-ideas-how-does-evolution-really-work/
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Biological Themes
• Form/structure and Function• The Cell Theory & Types of cells• Genetic Material- DNA
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Structure or form fits function at all levels of the biological organization
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Biological Themes/ The cell Theory
• A cell is the basic unit of biological structure and function
• All cells arise from preexisting cells
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Two Types of cells on earth differ in size and complexity
– Prokaryotic cells: DNAis not surrounded by amembrane
– Eukaryotic cells: membrane-enclosed organelles, including a DNA-containing nucleus
Eukaryotic cellProkaryotic cell
Membrane Cytoplasm
DNA(no nucleus)
Membrane
Nucleus (membrane-enclosed)
DNA (throughoutMembrane-enclosed organelles nucleus) 1 µm
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Genetic Material/DNANucleus
DNA
Cell
- DNA directs all cell’s activities
- Genetic information must be duplicated before any cell divides
Nucleotide
A
C
T
A
T
A
C
C
G
T
A
G
T
A
DNA