lecture overview insight therapies behavior therapies biomedical therapies therapy & critical...
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Lecture Overview
• Insight Therapies• Behavior Therapies• Biomedical Therapies• Therapy & Critical Thinking
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
Introductory Definitions
• Psychotherapy: techniques employed to improve psychological functioning & promote adjustment to life
• Three major approaches to therapy:– Insight (personal understanding)– Behavior (maladaptive behaviors)– Biomedical (mental illness & medical
treatments, such as drugs)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
Four Major Forms of Insight Therapy
• Psychoanalysis/psychodynamic
• Cognitive
• Humanistic
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
Insight Therapies: Psychoanalysis/Psychodynamic
• Psychoanalysis: Freudian therapy designed to bring unconscious conflicts into consciousness
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
Insight Therapies: Psychoanalyis/Psychodynamic
• Five major techniques of psychoanalysis:
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
Insight Therapies: Psychoanalysis/Psychodynamic
Evaluation of psychoanalysis: limited applicability: expensive, difficult with psychotic individuals
• Psychodynamic Therapy: briefer, more directive, yet still dealing with unconscious
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
Insight Therapies: Cognitive
• Cognitive Therapy: focuses on faulty thinking & beliefs
– Improvement comes from insight into negative self-talk (internal dialogue)
– Cognitive Restructuring: process of changing destructive thoughts or inappropriate interpretations
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
Insight Therapies: Cognitive (Continued)
• Albert Ellis’s Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT): eliminates emotional problems through rational examination of irrational beliefs
• Aaron Beck’s form of Cognitive-Behavior Therapy works to change both thoughts & behaviors
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
Cognitive Behavior Therapy
• First change way of thinking• Then slowly change behavior• Reward changed behavior
• Feedback from new behavior helps to change thoughts
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
Beck’s Cognitive-Behavior Therapy
• Depressive thought patterns: – selective perception– overgeneralization– magnification– all-or-nothing thinking
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
Insight Therapies: Cognitive (Continued)
• Evaluation of cognitive therapy • Pro: Considerable success with a range
of problems• Con: Criticized for overemphasizing
rationality, ignoring unconscious dynamics, minimizing importance of the past, etc.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
• Humanistic therapy: Rogers emphasizes client’s natural tendency to become healthy & productive
• Techniques include:– empathy– unconditional positive regard– genuineness– active listening
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
Client-Centered Therapy:
Insight Therapies: Humanistic (Continued)
• Evaluation of humanistic therapy
• Pro: Evidence for success
• Con: Basic tenets, such as self-actualization, difficult to test scientifically
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
Behavior Therapies• Behavior Therapy: group of techniques based
on learning principles used to change maladaptive behaviors
• Three foundations of behavior therapy:– classical conditioning– operant conditioning– observational learning
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
Behavior Therapies: Classical Conditioning
• Systematic Desensitization: gradual process of extinguishing a learned fear (or phobia) by working through a hierarchy of fearful stimuli while remaining relaxed
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
Behavior Therapies: Classical Conditioning
– Aversion Therapy: pairing an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus with a maladaptive behavior
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
Behavior Therapies: Operant Conditioning
• Operant conditioning techniques used to INCREASE adaptive behaviors:
• Shaping: successive approximations of target behavior are rewarded; includes role-playing, behavior rehearsal, assertiveness training
• Tokens: symbolic rewards used to immediately reinforce desired behavior
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
Behavior Therapies: Operant Conditioning
• Operant conditioning techniques used to DECREASE maladaptive behaviors:
• Extinction: withdrawal of attention • Punishment: adding or taking away
something (e.g., time-out)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
Behavior Therapies: Observational Learning
• Modeling: watching & imitating models that demonstrate desirable behaviors
• Participant Modeling: combining live modeling with direct & gradual practice
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
Behavior Therapies (Continued)
• Evaluation of behavior therapies:
• Pro: Strong evidence for success with a wide range of problems
• Con: Questioned & criticized for generalizability. What about thoughts and feelings?
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
Biomedical Therapies
• Biomedical Therapy: uses physiological interventions, such as drugs, to treat psychological disorders
– Psychopharmacology
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
1. Antianxiety (increases relaxation, reduces anxiety & muscle tension)
2. Antipsychotic (treats hallucinations & other symptoms of psychosis)
3. Mood Stabilizer (treats manic episodes & depression)
4. Antidepressant (treats symptoms of depression) 5. Stimulants (used to treat attention deficits)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
Major categories of drugs:
Therapy & Critical Thinking: Gender & Cultural Diversity
• Cultural differences:
– Therapies in individualistic cultures emphasize independence, the self, & control over one’s life.
– Therapies in collectivist cultures emphasize interdependence.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
Therapy & Critical Thinking: Evaluating & Finding Therapy
• Forty to 80 % who receive therapy are better off than people who do not.
• Guidelines for Finding a Therapist: • take time to “shop around.”• if in a crisis, call 24-hour hotlines or college
counseling centers.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010