lecture1 by dr. m. g. sharma, phd, iit kharagpur dean telecom aegis school of telecom...
TRANSCRIPT
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Lecture1by Dr. M. G. Sharma, PhD, IIT KharagpurDean Telecom Aegis School of Telecom
Email:[email protected]
Introduction to Voice, Data and Computer
Communications
Aegis School of Telecommunication www.aegisedu.org/telecomsystemsI.htm
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Aegis School of Telecommunication
www.aegisedu.org/telecomsystemsI.htm
Information & Communication Generation and transfer of
information is critical to today’s businesses and social life
Flow of information both mirror and shape organizational structures
Networks are the enabling technology for this process
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Aegis School of Telecommunication
www.aegisedu.org/telecomsystemsI.htm
The “Manager’s Dilemma”
Technology is necessary for competitiveness
Cost of technology has decreased Reliance on technology has
increased Number of choices have increased Choices are both more difficult and
more important
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Aegis School of Telecommunication
www.aegisedu.org/telecomsystemsI.htm
Events in History 1837 - Telegraph is invented 1876 - Telephone is patented (Alexander Graham Bell) 1877 - Bell company is formed 1885 - AT&T is founded 1951 - Long distance direct-dialing 1970 - MCI is allowed to provide long distance service 1984 - Breakup of AT&T; start of cellular phone service 1996 - Telecommunications Competition and
Deregulation Act - deregulates U.S. telephone system Refer to telecom history PPT on Telecom Systems I
course page
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Aegis School of Telecommunication
www.aegisedu.org/telecomsystemsI.htm
Telecommunication
Telephone/ Telecommunication network. Engineered to deliver real-time voice. Also world-wide. Low delay but more expensive. Users identified but telephone number Uses
electricity to transmit messages Speed of electricity dramatically extends reach
Sound waves: ~670 mph Electricity: ~186,000 (speed of light)
Bandwidth= information-carrying capacity of a channel
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Aegis School of Telecommunication
www.aegisedu.org/telecomsystemsI.htm
The original invention
Telephone was patented by G. Bell in 1876
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Aegis School of Telecommunication
www.aegisedu.org/telecomsystemsI.htm
The handset
Electro-magneticspeaker
Carbon powdermicrophone(now replacedby electronicallyamplified device)
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Aegis School of Telecommunication
www.aegisedu.org/telecomsystemsI.htm
The voice channel
50 V
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Aegis School of Telecommunication
www.aegisedu.org/telecomsystemsI.htm
The voice channel
50 V
Inductive loaded lines for improving
long distance transmission
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Aegis School of Telecommunication
www.aegisedu.org/telecomsystemsI.htm
Voice Communication
Connection Oriented Communication Connection establishment : Signaling Connection usage : Conversation Connection termination : Signaling
Additional signaling during conversation Billing Escape for call transfer Interrupt for incoming call while in conversation Escape for switching between calls
Calling Line Identification
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Aegis School of Telecommunication
www.aegisedu.org/telecomsystemsI.htm
The Telephone Network
In 1878, the Bell Telephone company opened its first switching office (in New Haven, CT).
Each user would connect to the local switching office. When a user wanted to make a call,
s/he rang to the office, and would be manually connected to the other end.
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Aegis School of Telecommunication
www.aegisedu.org/telecomsystemsI.htm
The Telephone Network
For one telephone to be able to talk with another telephone, a direct connection between the two telephones was needed. Within one year, cities were covered
with a wild jumble of wires!
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Aegis School of Telecommunication
www.aegisedu.org/telecomsystemsI.htm
The Telephone Network (cont’d)
To allow for long-distance calls, switching offices (switches) were connected .
Several connections can go through inter-switch trunks simultaneously.
At some point, there were too many connections between switching offices!
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Aegis School of Telecommunication
www.aegisedu.org/telecomsystemsI.htm
Thus, a second-level hierarchy was added.
The current telephone system has five levels of hierarchy.
The Telephone Network (cont’d)
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Aegis School of Telecommunication
www.aegisedu.org/telecomsystemsI.htm
Computer Network
Provide access to local and remote resources.
Collection of interconnected end systems: Computing devices (mainframes,
workstations, PCs, palm tops) Peripherals (printers, scanners,
terminals).
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Aegis School of Telecommunication
www.aegisedu.org/telecomsystemsI.htm
Data Communication
Adding storage overcomes time constraints
Store-and-forward communication E-mail, voice mail, facsimile, file
transfer, WWW
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Aegis School of Telecommunication
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Business Information Requirements Voice Data Image Video
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Aegis School of Telecommunication
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Voice Outside Services
Public telephone Networks Local National
Private On site
Private Branch Exchange (PBX) On premise switching facility Interconnects telephone with public telephone system
Off Site Centrex – provides same service but equipment
located at telephone office
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Aegis School of Telecommunication
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Analog Voice Communication Primarily used for transmission of human
voice (telephony) Microphone captures voice vibrations,
converts them to waves than can be expressed through variations of voltage
Examples Telephone (3000Hz) Hi-Fi Sound (15,000Hz; approximate range of
human ear) Compact Disc (20,000Hz for each of two
channels)
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Aegis School of Telecommunication
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Digital Voice Communication For good representation, must sample
amplitude at a rate of at least twice the maximum frequency
Measured in samples per second, or smp/sec Telephone quality: 8000smp/sec, each
sample using 8 bits 8 bits * 8000smp/sec = 64kbps to transmit
CD audio quality: 44000smp/sec, each sample using 16 bits 16 bits * 44000smp/sec = 1.41mbps to transmit
clearly
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Aegis School of Telecommunication
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Converting Images
Break image up into small units More units means more detail Units called pixels
Use photocell to read each unit, assign value
How can we represent those units electrically?
PACMAN example
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Aegis School of Telecommunication
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Image Quality Issues More pixels=better quality More compression=reduced quality
“Lossy” gives from 10:1 to 20:1 compression “Lossless” gives less than 5:1
Less compression=reduced speed of transfer
Choices in imaging technology, conversion, and communication all affect end-user’s satisfaction
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Aegis School of Telecommunication
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Image Examples include pictures, medical
imaging Digital Angiography
1 MB per image x 20 images x 8 bits/byte=160 million bits
Time to transmit over 56kbps line 160Mb/56,000bps = 2857.14 sec
Compression techniques Lossy – allows a loss of information Problems for medical images where detail is
important
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Aegis School of Telecommunication
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Video Communication
Sequences of images over time Same concept as image, but with
the dimension of time added Significantly higher bandwidth
requirements in order to send images (frames) quickly enough
Similarity of adjacent frames allows for high compression rates
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Video Ex: TV, teleconference Black and White TV Signal
Frame resolution = 360 pixels by 280 pixels
At 30 frames /sec Each pixel can represent 256 shades of
gray therefore takes 8 bits for each pixel
(360pixels x 280 pixels) x 30 frames/sec x 8 bits/pixel = 24, 192, 000 bits
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Data Communication
In this context, we mean data stored on computers
Already digital, so no conversion necessary
Bandwidth usually affects speed, but not quality
Examples?
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Data Represented by finite alphabet, ex: text Transmitting a page of text 8”by 11” with 1
inch margins Each letter represented by a byte = 8 bits Double spaced page has 3 lines per inch
9in x 3lines/in = 27 lines per page Typically 10 char/inch
6in x 10 char/in = 60 char/line 60 char/line x 27 lines/page = 1,620 char/page x 8
bits /char = 12,960 bits/page To send a page over 56,000 bps line
12,960bits/56,000bps=.23 sec
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Transmission of Information Transmission and transmission
media e.g. twisted pair, fiber, wireless, coax
Communication Techniques encoding, interface, protocols
Transmission efficiency multiplexing, compression
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A Communications Model Source
generates data to be transmitted Transmitter
Converts data into transmittable signals Transmission System
Carries data Receiver
Converts received signal into data Destination
Takes incoming data
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Communications Tasks
Transmission system utilization
Addressing
Interfacing Routing
Signal generation Recovery
Synchronization Message formatting
Exchange management Security
Error detection and correction
Network management
Flow control
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Simplified Communications Model - Diagram
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Simplified Data Communications Model
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Aegis School of Telecommunication
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Networking Point to point communication not
usually practical Devices are too far apart Large set of devices would need
impractical number of connections Solution is a communications
network Wide Area Network (WAN) Local Area Network (LAN)
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Wide Area Networks Large geographical area Crossing public rights of way Rely in part on common carrier
circuits Alternative technologies
Circuit switching Packet switching Frame relay Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
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Circuit Switching Dedicated communications path
established for the duration of the conversation
e.g. telephone network
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Packet Switching Data sent out of sequence Small chunks (packets) of data at a
time Packets passed from node to node
between source and destination Used for terminal to computer and
computer to computer communications
Frame Relay, ATM
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Frame Relay Packet switching systems have
large overheads to compensate for errors
Modern systems are more reliable Errors can be caught in end system Most overhead for error control is
stripped out
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Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM Evolution of frame relay Little overhead for error control Fixed packet (called cell) length Constant data rate using packet
switching technique (Anything from 10Mbps to Gbps)
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Local Area Networks Smaller scope
Building or small campus Usually owned by same
organization as attached devices Data rates much higher Usually broadcast systems Now some switched systems and
ATM are being introduced
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LAN Configurations Switched
Switched Ethernet May be single or multiple switches
ATM LAN Fibre Channel
Wireless Mobility Ease of installation
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Metropolitan Area Networks MAN Middle ground between LAN and
WAN Private or public network High speed Large area
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Networking Configuration
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Aegis School of Telecommunication
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Communications Software TCP/IP Distributed Applications Client/Server Architectures &
Intranets
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Aegis School of Telecommunication
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Management Issues Doing Business on the Internet Network Management Network Security
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Communications Standards Importance Process Organizations
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Assignments Read the Data Transmission before coming
to class Give detail presentation on Indian Telecom
History three days Give Presentation on Telecommunication
Standards one week Give a presentation on Telcom Network
structure of BSNL (Land line and Mobile), RIL, TATA Telecom and Touch Tele, Air Tel, Idea (time one month)