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Figure 5.2a The Internal Organization in Representative Bones

epiphysis

diaphysis

metaphysis

medullary cavity filled with yellow bone marrow (fat)(hollow in shaft)

spongy (cancellous) bone – filled with red bone marrow (hemopoietic)

compact bone

hyaline cartilage (articular)

periosteum

Epiphyseal growth plate


Figure 3.19 Anatomy and Histological Organization of Bone (Part 1 of 2)

spongy bone

compact bone

veinartery

in central canal

concentric lamellae

trabeculae

osteon

perforating canal

central canal


Figure 3.19 Anatomy and Histological Organization of Bone (Part 2 of 2)

periosteum

canaliculi

osteocytesIn lacunae

matrix

centralcanal

osteon

interlamellarbone


Figure 3.20 MembranesMucous secretion

Epithelium

Lamina propria(areolar tissue)

Transudate

Mesothelium

Areolar tissue

Epithelium

Areolar tissue

Dense irregularconnective tissue

Articular (hyaline) tissue

Synovial fluid

Capsule

Capillary

Adipocytes

Areolar tissue

Epithelium

Bone

Synovialmembrane

Synovial membranesline joint cavities andproduce the fluid withinthe joint.

The cutaneousmembrane, the skin,covers the outersurface of the body.

Serous membranes linethe ventral bodycavities (the peritoneal,pleural, and pericardialcavities).

Mucous membranesare coated with the secretions of mucousglands. Mucousmembranes line mostof the digestive andrespiratory tracts andportions of the urinaryand reproductive tracts.


Figure 9.1 Structural Organization of Skeletal Muscle

Epimysium

Muscle fascicle

Endomysium

Perimysium

Nerve

Muscle fibers

Blood vessels

SKELETAL MUSCLE(organ)

MUSCLE FASCICLE(bundle of cells)

Perimysium

Muscle fiber

Endomysium

Epimysium

Blood vesselsand nerves

Endomysium

Perimysium

Tendon

MUSCLE FIBER(cell)

Mitochondria

Sarcolemma

Myofibril

AxonSarcoplasm

Capillary

Endomysium

Myosatellitecell

Nucleus


Figure 3.22a Histology of Muscle Tissue

Nuclei

muscle fiber

striations

Skeletal Muscle Tissue


Figure 3.22b Histology of Muscle Tissue

nuclei

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

cardiacmuscle

cells

intercalateddisc

striations


Figure 3.22c Histology of Muscle Tissue

Smooth Muscle Tissue

nucleus

smooth muscle

cell


Figure 3.23a Histology of Neural Tissue

Brain

Spinal cord

Cell body

Axon

Nucleus ofneuronNucleolus

Dendrites

Diagrammatic view of a representative neuron


Figure 6.1a The Axial SkeletonSKELETAL SYSTEM

APPENDICULAR SKELETON

(see Figure 7.1)

AXIAL SKELETON 80

Skull andassociated

bones

Thoraciccage

Vertebralcolumn

Skull

Associatedbones

Auditoryossicles

Cranium

Face

Hyoid

Sternum

Ribs

Vertebrae

Sacrum

Coccyx

29

25

26

14

24

24

8

6

1

1

1

1

Anterior view of the skeletonhighlighting components of theaxial skeleton; the flowchartindicates relationships amongthe axial components.

126

206


Skull

Ribs

Lumbarvertebrae

Sacrum

Coccyx

Anterior (left) and posterior (right) views of the bones of the axial skeleton

Thoracicvertebrae

Cervicalvertebrae

Skull

Ribs

Lumbarvertebrae

Sacrum

Coccyx

Sternum

Ribs

Figure 6.1b The Axial Skeleton


Figure 6.3c The Adult Skull (Part 1 of 2)

Lateral view of the bones of the adult skull

Parietal bone(2)

Frontal bone(1)

Temporalbone

(2)

Occipital bone

(1)

CRANIAL BONES

Sphenoid bone (1)

Ethmoid bone (1)

E

E

EEE


Figure 6.3c The Adult Skull (Part 1 of 2)

Lateral view of the bones of the adult skull

FACIAL BONES

Nasal bone (2)

Lacrimal bone (2)

Maxilla (2)

Mandible (1)Zygomatic bone (2)

Zygomatic bones


Figure 6.16b The Nasal Complex, Part I

Nasal bone

Ethmoid

Frontal sinuses

Frontal bone

Maxilla(hard palate)

Sphenoid

Superior

MiddleInferior Nasal

conchae

Palatine bones (2)

Palatine bones

Vomer


Figure 18.10b Bones of the Middle Ear

Malleus

Incus

Stapes

Auricle(external

ear)

Middle ear Inner ear


Figure 6.18a The Hyoid Bone

Mandible

Hyoid BoneThyrohyoid ligament

Thyroid Cartilage

Temporal bone


Figure 6.20a The Vertebral Column

Sacral

Lumbar – 5 vertebrae

Thoracic

CervicalCervical – 7 vertebrae

Sacral – 5 fused vertebrae

Lumbar

Thoracic – 12 vertebrae

Coccygeal – coccyx 3-5 fused vertebrae(Tailbone)

C1

C2

C3

C4

C5C6

C7T1

T2T3

T4

T5

T6

T7

T8

T9

T10

T11

T12

L1

L2

L3

L4

L5

SPINAL CURVES VERTEBRAL REGIONS


Figure 6.21a Vertebral Anatomy

Articular processes

Vertebral body

Vertebral body

Vertebral body

Spinous process

Inferior articular process

Transverse process

Superior articular process

Superior articular process

Transverse process

Inferior articular facet


Figure 6.21de Vertebral Anatomy

Superior articular facet

Spinous process



Figure 6.21de Vertebral Anatomy

Superior articular facet

Intervertebral foramen

Spinous process


Facet joint

Spinal nerves pass through vertebral canal


Figure 8.8b Intervertebral Articulations

Interertebral foramen

Spinal cord

Spinal nerve

End plate

Nucleus pulposis

Anulus fibrosis

Intervertebraldisc

Anulus fibrosis

Nucleus pulposis


Figure 6.27a The Thoracic Cage

Anterior view of the rib cage and sternum

T11

T12

T1

11

12

10

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Sternum

Manubrium

Body

Xiphoidprocess

Costal cartilages

Floating ribs (ribs 11–12)

True ribs(ribs 1–7)

False ribs(ribs 8–12)


Figure 6.27b The Thoracic Cage

Posterior view of the rib cage

True ribs(ribs 1–7)

False ribs(ribs 8–12) T12

T11

T10

T9

T8

T7

T6

T5

T4

T3

T2

T1

C7

1 12 2

3 3

4 4

5 5

6 6

7 7

8 8

9 9

10 10

11 11

12 12L1


Figure 7.1 The Appendicular SkeletonSKELETAL SYSTEM

AXIAL SKELETON APPENDICULAR SKELETON

(see Figure 6.1)

Clavicle 2

2

4

Scapula

Pectoralgirdles

Upperlimbs

Pelvicgirdle

Lowerlimbs

60

60

2

2

2

2

16

10

28

2

2

2

2

2

28

10

14

Humerus

Radius

Ulna

Carpalbones

Metacarpalbones

Phalanges

Hip bones

Femur

Patella

Tibia

Fibula

Tarsal bones

Metatarsalbones

Phalanges

Anterior view of the skeleton highlighting the appendicular components.The numbers in the boxes indicate the total number of bones of that typeor category in the adult skeleton.

Posterior view of the skeleton

Tibia

Fibula

Femur

Hipbone

Radius

Ulna

Humerus

Scapula

Clavicle

206

12680


Figure 7.4a Mobility of the Pectoral Girdle

Bones of the right pectoralgirdle, superior view

Sternoclavicularjoint

Manubriumof sternum

Clavicle

Scapula

Acromio-clavicular

joint


Figure 7.4b Mobility of the Pectoral Girdle

Alterations in the positionof the right shoulder thatoccur during protraction(movement anteriorly) andretraction (movementposteriorly)

Protraction

Retraction


Figure 7.4c Mobility of the Pectoral Girdle

Alterations in the position of the right shoulder that occur during elevation (superior movement) and depression(inferior movement). In each instance, note that the clavicle is responsible for limiting the range of motion (see Figure 8.5d,f).

Depression

Elevation


Figure 7.2a The Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb

Right upper limb, anterior view

Scapula

Humerus

Radius

Ulna

Carpalbones

Metacarpalbones (I to V)

Phalanges


Figure 7.8a The Bones of the Wrist and Hand

Anterior (palmar) view of the bones of the right wrist

Scaphoid

Radius

Capitate

Trapezium

TrapezoidHamate

Pisiform

Triquetrum

LunateRadius

Ulna

Scaphoid

Capitate

Trapezium

Trapezoid

III III IV

V III III IV

V

Hamate

Pisiform

Triquetrum

Lunate

Ulna


Figure 7.11a The Pelvis (Part 1 of 2)

Anterior view

SacrumIlium

Ischium PubisCoccyx

Sacrum

Arcuate line

Pectineal line

AcetabulumCoccyx

Pubic tubercleObturator foramen

Pubic crestPubic

symphysis

Iliacfossa

Iliac crest

Sacro-iliac joint

Ilium

Pubis

Ischium

Hipbone


Figure 7.9a The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb

Right lower limb, lateral view

Hip bone(coxal bones)

Femur

Patella

Tibia

Fibula

Tarsal bones

Metatarsal bones

Phalanges

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