lecture_ch11

8/7/2019 lecture_ch11

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lecturech11 1/29



Lincoln & Slavery"My paramount object in this struggle is to save theUnion, and is not either to save or to destroy slavery.If I could save the Union without freeing any slave I

would do it, and if I could save it by freeing all theslaves I would do it; and if I could save it by freeingsome and leaving others alone I would also do that.What I do about slavery, and the colored race, I dobecause I believe it helps to save the Union; and

what I forbear, I forbear because I do not believe itwould help to save the Union. I shall do lesswhenever I shall believe what I am doing hurts thecause, and I shall do more whenever I shall believedoing more will help the cause."



I. Lincoln¶s Aims

P reserve the Union± Everything else secondary± Especially concerned about the border

states± Call for 75,000 volunteers

± Black volunteers rejected



II. Black Men Volunteer and Are

RejectedF ate of Union tied to issue of slaveryF ate of slavery tied to the outcome of war Black people understood beforenortherners

Anglo-African newspaper � New York, P hiladelphia, Boston� Black men offered their services



III. Union Policies toward

Confederate Slaves

No coherent policy to deal withUnion military commanders± More concern for slave owner¶s interests



³ Contraband´

G eneral Benjamin Butler ± F ortress Monroe, May 1861± Refused to return three runaway slaves± ³Contraband´

� Enemy property

F irst Confiscation Act, August 1861� John C. F remontG eneral David Hunter



Lincoln¶s Initial Position

Reluctant to move against slavery,1861± Border state loyalty± Supported compensated emancipation-

colonization

± Wanted to end slavery in border states,April 1862± Warned border states to accept

compensation or risk getting nothing, July1862



Lincoln Moves toward

EmancipationV ictory and Union tied to slavery issue± ³Strike at the heart of the rebellion´± Tells his cabinet, summer 1862± William Seward warns Lincoln to wait± Montgomery Blair feared fall elections



Lincoln Delays Emancipation

Waited for a victory on the battlefield± Northern defeats, spring and summer 1862

± The P eninsula Campaign± Seven P ines± Seven Days¶± Second Battle of Bull Run

Antietam± Justification for announcing emancipation



Black People Reject Colonization

Would not retreat from colonization± Liberia± Haiti± Black people not interested



IV. Preliminary Emancipation

White southerners ridiculed itMany white northerners had littleenthusiasm± Antiblack riots± Northern Democrats almost all opposed

� Denounced Lincoln and RepublicansMost black people gratified



V. Emancipation Proclamation

Limited to areas still in rebellionDid not include border statesChanges war goals± P reserve the Union± Make people free



Effects of Proclamation

on the South

Ended chance of foreign recognitionEncouraged± Slaves to flee± Slaves to resist



VI. Black Men

Fight for the Union

Emancipation P roclamation± Authorized black men to enlist± Union defeats and the need for manpower ± Thomas Wentworth Higginson± Robert G ould Shaw



Black Men

Fight for the Union (cont .)Discrimination and hostility± Segregated units

� White officers± Often held racist beliefs

± Lower pay scale� White privates $13/month� Black privates $10/month



Black Men

Fight for the Union (cont .)

Combat± Suffered disproportionately more casualties± Battery Wagner

� William H. Carney

± Olustee± The Crater



VII. Confederate Reaction to

Black SoldiersEnraged± Refused to recognize black men as

soldiers� Treat as rebellious slaves

G eneral Order Number 11

±F

ortP

illow Massacre� Union response� Union commanders angry



VIII. Black Men

in the Union NavyTradition of serving in the U.S. Navy,1790s± Integrated± Early 19th century many black sailors

� Attempts to ban them from the navy



IX. Liberators, Spies, and Guides

Black men and women± Robert Smalls± Harriet Tubman± Mary Elizabeth Bowser ± John Henry Woodson



X. Violent Opposition to Black

PeopleNew York City Draft Riot, July 1863± Draft

± Irish men angry� Black men had replaced Irish stevedores, June 1863� Rich white northerners could purchase an exemption� Riot lasted four days

± Colored Orphan Asylum± Churches± Republican and abolitionists houses destroyed



Violent Opposition to Black

People (cont .)Union troops and slaves± Often treated slaves horribly

� Rapes and assaults were not uncommon

± Others found compassion for enslavedpeople

� ³I have no heart in this war if the slaves cannotbe made free,´ a Union soldier wrote.



XI. Refugees

Thousands of black people escapedbondage± Some followed Union armies± Others struck out on their own

F aced re-enslavement or execution if caught



XII. Black People and

the ConfederacyConfederacy based on defense of slaveryBenefited from the labors of bondspeople± Toiled in fields

± Worked in factories± P ermitted more white men to serve in

military



Black People and

the Confederacy (cont .)Impressment of black people± Military demands for manpower

� Slave owners contributed slave labor ± Built fortifications

G overnment first asked then compelled± Registration and enrollment of free black people military

labor

³Twenty nigger law´± Exempted men who owned twenty slaves from

draft



Black People and

the Confederacy (cont .)Confederates enslave free black people± Davis counter proclamation

� ³All free negroes . . . shall be placed on theslave status and be deemed to be chattels. . .forever.´

� Ordered Confederate armies to capture free

black people in the North and enslave them.± Robert E. Lee, P ennsylvania 1863



Black Confederates

± F ree black people volunteeredservices� Show loyalty and gain white acceptance� Re-enslavement concerns� Southern leaders generally ignored

offers unless for menial labor



Black Confederates (cont .)

Small number of black men fight for CSA± Some black civilians profit if South wins

� John Wilson Buckner � William Ellison



Black Enlistments

G eneral P atrick Cleburne recommends,early 1864

±P

resident Davis cease and desist order ± Most southerners considered arming slavesappalling

± Defied southern assumptions� ³If slaves will make good soldiers our whole theory of

slavery is wrong.´--Howell CobbMarch 1865 Confederate Congress voted to enlist300,000

� Receive same pay as white soldiers� Slaves freed only with consent of owners and state

agreed



XIII. Conclusion

185,000 black soldiers and sailors served inthe Union military

± Most had been former slaves± Almost 40,000 died in combat or of diseaseduring the war

Abraham Lincoln and the shift in publicattitudes± White man¶s war ± Colonization± Enlistment± Appreciation

lecture_ch11

Documents