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ByMudassar Zulfiqar

Mudssar.1983@gmail.com

University of central Punjab

Lecturer #22

Social inequality and social

classes

mailto:Mudssar.1983@gmail.commailto:Mudssar.1983@gmail.com

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Social inequality Social inequality is characterized by the existence of

unequal opportunities and rewards for different socialpositions or statuses within a group or society

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Dimensions of social inequality

Income

Wealth

Occupational prestige

Schooling

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Income Earning from work or investment

The richest 20% of families received 48.2% of allincome, while bottom 20% received only 3.9%(U.S.Census Bureau, 2010)

Very richest people now receive a much large

share of all income

1978, Highest-paid 0.1% of all earners receive, 2.7%of all income

2008,a share that is four time larger, 10% of allincome(Fox; Internal Revenue Service,2010)

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Wealth

Total value of money- outstanding debts

Bonds, real estate

The richest 20% of U.S. families own roughly 85% ofcountry s wealth

1 Rockefeller Family Standard Oil 2 Morgan Family J. P. Morgan & Co.

3 Ford Family Ford Motors

4 Harkness Family Standard Oil

5 Mellon Family Aluminum Company

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Occupational prestige

Work is an important source of social prestige

Evaluation kind of work

High prestige occupations?

Physicians

Lawyers Professors

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Social classAny group of people found in the same class

situation or same economic situation In U.S. approximately 15 to 20 percent are in the

poor, lower class

30 to 40 percent are in the working class

40 to 50 percent are in the middle class

1 to 3 percent are in the rich, upper class

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Upper class Comprising only 1 to 3 percent of the United States

population, the upper class holds 85 percent of thenation's wealth

upper-upper class

Aristocratic and high-society families with oldmoney

Live off the income from their inherited riches

lower-upper classWorking rich- get money by earning, new money-from investment, business venture

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Middle class These white collar workers have more money than

those below them on the social ladder, but lessthan those above them

upper middle class

Highly educated business and professional people,such as doctors, lawyers, stockbrokers, and CEOs

lower middle class

Less educated people such as managers, small

business owners, teachers, and secretaries

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Working class Minimally educated people-manual labor with little or

no prestige

working poor

Unskilled workers in the classdishwashers, maids,

and waitressesBlue collar workers

Skilled workers in this classcarpenters, plumbers,and electricians

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Difference Class Makes

Health Value and attitude

Politics

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Difference Class Makes

Health

Children born into poor and rich families havesame health?

Richer people live on average five year longer

(National centre for health statistics,2010)

Why?

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Values and attitudes

Old rich favor manner and taste, while new rich

using home, cars, airplanes as status symbols(Lareau, 2002;NORC,2009)

Affluent people are more tolerant than working class(Lareau, 2002;NORC,2009)

Politics

Do political attitude follow the class lines?

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By

Mudassar Zulfiqar

Mudssar.1983@gmail.com

Lecturer #23

Global stratification and Poverty

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Global Stratification

It is an uneven distribution of privileges,material rewards, opportunities, power,

prestige and influence among individuals and

groups

Pattern of social inequality as whole

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Global Stratification

A world where some live in comfort andplenty, while half of the human race liveson less than $2 a day, is neither just, nor

stable. President Bush

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Quotes

Almost half the worlds population lives onless than two dollars a day, yet even thisstatistic fails to capture the humiliation,powerlessness and brutal hardship that is the

daily lot of the worlds poor. Koffi Anan, UNSecretary General

`Today, across the world, 1.3 billion people liveon less than one dollar a day; 3 billion live on

under two dollars a day; 1.3 billion have noaccess to clean water; 3 billion have noaccess to sanitation; 2 billion have no accessto electricity. James Wolfe son, The OtherCrisis

, World Bank, October 1998

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Global StratificationHigh income countries

USA, Canada, Japan, Australia, United Kingdom,Norway

Middle income countries

Bulgaria, Albania, Ukraine, Latin America: Costa Rica, Brazil

Asia: China, Thailand, India

Middle East: Iran, Syria

Africa: Algeria, NamibiaLow income countries

Latin America: Haiti

Asia :Cambodia, Bangladesh,

Africa: Kenya, Ethiopia, Mali, Niger

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Global Stratification

High Income Countries

GDP of $12,000 per person Generally those first to industrialize

Account for 23% of the worlds population

Enjoy 79% of the world total income

Production based on factories, big machinery and technology Control the world financial market

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Global Stratificationo Middle-Income Countries

GDP of $2500 - $12,000 perperson

Most began to industrialize latein the 20th century.

Includes 61% of the worldspopulation

Only accounts for 21% of worldtotal income

Average standard of living

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Global Stratification Low Income Countries

GDP under $2500 per personMostly agricultural economies that have only

recently began to industrialize

Accounts for 17% of the worlds population

Produces only 1% of total incomeLow standard of living

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PovertyA poverty refers to the condition of not having the

means to afford basic human needs such asclean water, nutritition, health care, clothing andshelter

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Types of Poverty

Absolute

Poverty

Relative

Poverty

Absolute or extremepoverty is whenpeople lack the basicnecessities for survival.Example: They may be

starving, lack clean water,proper housing, sufficientclothing or medicines andbe struggling to stay alive

Relative poverty iswhen some peoples way

of life and income is somuch worse than the

general standard of living inthe country or region in whichthey live that they struggle tolive a normal life and toparticipate in ordinary

economic, social andcultural activities.

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Slavery Chattel slavery

Slavery imposed by the state

Child slavery

Debt bondage

Human trafficking

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No one shall be held in slavery orservitude; slavery and slave tradeshall be prohibited in all their form

(United Nation universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948)

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Explanation of Global Poverty

Technology

Population growth

World highest birth rate- Africa, populationdouble every 25 year, 43% people are under the

age of fifteen Cultural patterns

Social stratification

Gender inequality

Global power relationship

Colonialism

Neocolonialism

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