lecturer: kristina meyer tutor: dr. josé crespotumor therapy with heavy ions summary • heavy ion...
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TumourTumour therapytherapywithwith heavyheavy ionsions
Lecturer: Kristina MeyerTutor: Dr. José Crespo
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Cancer situation
Physics of the ion beams
Process of the tumour radiotherapy
Outlook: Radiotherapy at Heidelberg: HICAT
Tumor therapy with heavy ions
Content
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Tumor therapy with heavy ions
Cancer Situation
• Germany (2005):The therapies fail at one third of the patients with localdisease (~ 70 000 people each year)
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Tumor therapy with heavy ions
Physical Dose Distribution I
• inverted dose distribution forheavy ions
• maximumenergy loss at the end of theparticle track
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Tumor therapy with heavy ions
Physical Dose Distribution II
v
Ion velocity in tissue
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Tumor therapy with heavy ions
Bethe-Bloch-Formula
me … electron massv … projectile velocityN … density of the electrons of the target materiale … elementary chargeI … mean ionisation potentialZeff … effective charge
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Tumor therapy with heavy ions
Physical Dose Distribution III
Penetration depth can bevaried bychanging theion energy
Maximum penetration depth: 30 cm ≙ 430 MeV/u
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Tumor therapy with heavy ions
Relative Biological Effectiveness
RBE illustrated for cell survival curves
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Tumor therapy with heavy ions
Track Structure
Protons: Locally correlated DNA damage can only be producedby increasing the macroscopicdose
Carbon ions: Many electron tracks areproduced that cause locallymultiply damaged sites withinthe DNA
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Tumor therapy with heavy ions
Survival Rate of Cells
Only the tumourcells are killed, thenormal tissue ispredominantlyundamaged
⇒ relevant for thetreatment of children and young people
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Tumor therapy with heavy ions
X-Rays vs. Ion Beams
Dose distribution of X-raysin the tissue
Dose distribution of ionbeams in the tissue
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Tumor therapy with heavy ions
Dose Distribution
Radiotherapy with X-rays Radiotherapy with ions
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Tumor therapy with heavy ions
Advantages of Carbon Ion Beams
Increased energy deposition at the end of theparticle trajectory
Increased relative biological effectiveness
Small broadening of the beam⇒ The beam can be localized to the tumour and the
surrounding tissue remains undamaged
Treatment of X-ray resistent , slow growingtumours (especially at sensitive regions like eyes, optical nerve and brainstem)
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Tumor therapy with heavy ions
Course of a disease
Tumor at the skull base
After the radio-therapy with ions
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Tumor therapy with heavy ions
Raster Scanning Process I
Schematic drawing of the intensity-controlled rasterscan
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Tumor therapy with heavy ions
Raster Scanning Process II
A cut through theirradiated tumourvolume:
Every layer is splitinto many linesand picture points(pixels or voxels)
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Tumor therapy with heavy ions
Positron-Emission-Tomography I
The carbon isotopes 10C and 11C are positron emitters
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Tumor therapy with heavy ions
Positron-Emission-Tomography II
⇒ Online-control of the carbon ion beam position
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Tumor therapy with heavy ions
Patient Positioning
Individually manufactured head mask and rigidimmobilization device
⇒ Ensures a repositioning accuracy of 1 - 2 mm
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Tumor therapy with heavy ions
Heavy Ion Cancer Therapy (HICAT)
The therapycenter at Heidelberg:
the second floor where theacceleratorsand therapyplaces areinstalled
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Tumor therapy with heavy ions
The Gantry (HICAT)
The gantry is a device to alignthe ion beamtowards thetumour fromdifferent directions.
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Tumor therapy with heavy ions
Technical Data of HICAT
4 x 106 (p), 1 x 1010 (He), 1 x 109 (C), 5 x 108 (O)
Maximum intensity
1 x 106 particles/extractionMinimal intensity
4 – 10 mm FWHMBeamBeam widthwidth
50 – 220 MeV/u (p, He)85 – 430 MeV/u (C, O)
Energy
20 – 300 mmWaterequivalent penetrationdepth
p, He, C, OIons
~ 60 m x 70 mFloor space
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Tumor therapy with heavy ions
Summary
• Heavy ion beams have several advantages, e. g. an inverted dose profile, a high relative biological effectiveness, a small beam width. They can be focussed on the tumourvolume very well.
• The raster scanning process enables a very precise three-dimensional scanning of the target volume and therefore an effective treatment.
• The PET ensures the online-control of the beam position. This control system and individually manufactured masksincrease the safety of the patients.
• HICAT is the first ion beam therapy center in Germany. 1000 people shall be treated each year.