led it be: controlling plant production by led light€¦ · student challenge “design the...
TRANSCRIPT
Prof Dr Leo Marcelis
Chair group Horticulture & Product Physiology
Wageningen University, Netherlands. [email protected]
LED it be: controlling plant production
by LED Light
Greenhouse horticulture: more light
High pressure sodium lamps are still the standard
0
1000
2000
3000
1996 2001 2006 2011 2016
Area (
ha)
Year
0
20
40
60
1996 2001 2006 2011 2016
Pow
er (
W/
m2)
Year
Data from the Netherlands From: -Van der Knijff et al., 2006 -Van der Velden & Smit 2013 -2016: Preliminary estimate Van der Velden, Wageningen Economic Research (LEI)
Many new possibilities with LED
Energy efficient:
● HPS: 1.8 mmol/J
● LED: up to ±3 mmol/J
Spectrum
Direction (position)
Timing
little heat radiation; no NIR
High investment cost
Full control production process
Limited area
Anywhere
Independent of environment
Sustainable, but needs lot of electricity
Guarantee on quantity and quality
2-3 times higher costs
LEDs opens opportunities for vertical
farming
Energy usage in greenhouse tomato
Present situation
Target
HPS Lamps (80%) Light
Combined
Heating System (20%)
Heating + Humidity
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
Energy Input Energy Usage
An
nu
al e
ne
rgy
use
(M
J m
-2)
Next Generation Cultivation • Insulation • Humidity • Temperature 35% reduction
Additional saving if • LED reduces transpiration • LED reduces fungal
diseases higher humidity
60% reduction
by LED
Less light energy 100-150 MJ m-2 extra heating
Acknowledgement: Frank Kempkes
Energy usage in greenhouse tomato
Present situation
Target
HPS Lamps (80%) Light
Combined
Heating System (20%)
Heating + Humidity
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
Energy Input Energy Usage
An
nu
al e
ne
rgy
use
(M
J m
-2)
LED Lamps
Heating System
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
Energy Input
An
nu
al e
ne
rgy
use
(M
J m
-2)
Acknowledgement: Frank Kempkes
Target of LED it be 50% programme
Overall: 50% energy saving in greenhouses .
Savings by smart use of LEDs:
● 60% less electricity for lamps (=48% energy)
● 30% efficiency lamp
● 30% efficiency light use by plant
● 5-6% energy saving by control of air humidity
[already 40-60%)
30% higher light use efficiency
(aim of LED-it-be programme with 8 PhD candidates
and 3 Postdocs)
● 15% better light absorption (plant architecture, lamp position, spectrum)
● 10% higher photosynthesis
● 5% assimilate partitioning
● Humidity control: stomatal regulation, disease resistance
15% improvement light absorption
Open crop architecture (long internodes & petioles) +10% crop photosynthesis
Compact structure Open structure
Sarlikioti, de Visser, Marcelis, 2011, Ann. Bot.
Interlighting
Picture from Dueck et al.
15% improvement light absorption
Benefits of inter lighting: 1. Less light loss due to
reflection to roof 2. Better vertical light
distribution
Trouwborst, van Ieperen et al
15% improvement light absorption
Inter lighting – Promising, but further improvements needed: 1. Horizontal light
distribution? 2. Changed leaf orientation? 3. Light on lower side of leaf?
Interlighting:
How efficient is light on lower (abaxial)
side of leaf?
University of Naples Federico II
-2
2
6
10
14
0 500 1000 1500
Net
photo
synth
esis
(mm
ol
CO
2 m
-2 s
-1)
Incident PPFD (mmol m-2s-1)
Adaxial
Abaxial
Paradiso, Marcelis et al
Effect of adding Far red to Red+Blue LEDs
0 50 112 150 End of Day mmol m-2 s-1
Far red
Kalaitzoglou et al., unpublished
Effect of adding Far red to Red+Blue LEDs
0 50 112 150 End of Day mmol m-2 s-1
Far red
Kalaitzoglou et al., unpublished
Kalaitzoglou et al., unpublished
Better light absorption by changing
morphology?
Example of blue light effects on morphology
Solar spectrum (plasma lamp) in climate chamber
Total intensity (100 mmol m-2 s-1)
Blue LED 0-50% and 100-50% solar spectrum
High blue fraction low light interception high leaf photosynthesis rate
0% Blue 5% Blue 30% Blue 50% Blue
10% improvement photosynthesis
Spectral effects
Spectrale effecten hangen af van bladkleur Rood blad: anthocyaan absorbeert groen licht, maar draagt niet bij aan fotosynthese
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
400 500 600 700 800
Ph
oto
syn
the
sis
eff
icie
nc
y
Wave length (nm)
Red leaf Green leaf
Absorbed light
Wavelength (nm)
400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750
Re
la
tive
q
ua
ntu
m flu
x
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
real sunlightartificial sunlightartificial shadelight
Unpublished data S.W. Hogewoning et al.
Paradiso et al., 2011
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750
Wavelength (nm)
Rel
ativ
e q
uan
tum
yie
ld
Incident light
Single leaf (observed)
Crop (modelled)
Wavelength (nm)
400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750
Re
la
tive
q
ua
ntu
m flu
x
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
real sunlightartificial sunlightartificial shadelight
Unpublished data S.W. Hogewoning et al.
Paradiso et al., 2011
10% improvement photosynthesis
Spectral effects smaller at canopy level
Dynamic photosynthesis
Response when lights are turned on.
Faster at high CO2
Kaiser et al., Ann. Bot (2016)
Lighting at moments of high efficiency
continuous monitoring photosynthesis
10% improvement photosynthesis
Plant sensors are available now.
Models used for upscaling sensor info of a leaf to
whole crop (Photosynthesis leaf is not equal to crop)
0
20
40
0 400 800 1200
Ph
oto
syn
the
sis
(mm
ol /
m2
flo
or
/ s
)
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0
20
40
0 400 800 1200
Ph
oto
syn
the
sis
(mm
ol /
m2
lea
f / s
)
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
leaf crop
5% improvement by better assimilate
partitioning
More fruits? Less leaves?
Yongran Ji et al., unpublished
53
35
22
27
25 38
0
20
40
60
80
100
Dry m
ass
(%
)
Fruit
Stem
Leaf
Red Red Blue Blue Farred
Comparing 40 tomato genotypes
under different light environments
Light spectrum affects growth and
morphology (pictures from 1 genotype)
100%R 88R/12B 100%B Control Control Extra FR
Ouzounis et al, unpublished
Total biomass
Response of some genotypes
Genotypes
2 3 1
Tota
l bio
mass (
g)
From: Ouzounis et al., Wageningen Univ.
Lesi
on
area
(m
m2)
0
20
40
60
80
WL WL+FRTreatment
a b
Ratio red to far red light may affect
susceptibility for botrytis (tomato)
RB RB+FR(30)RB+FR(50)0 30 50
Far red light (mmol m-2 s-1)
From: Courbier et al., Unpublished, Utrecht Univ.
Light on tomato fruit more vitamin C
0
12
24
36
48
L-A
scorb
ate
(mg/1
00 g
FW
)
Dark LightLight (300 mmol m-2 s-1) compared to darkness
higher vitamin C in
five cultivars
From: Ntagkas et al, unpublished
Ntagkas et al. 2016 acta Hort. 1134: 351-356
Post-harvest lighting
Cut lettuce, after 5 days
In darkness In light
From: Ernst Woltering
Conclusions
Light has many aspects
● Intensity
● Direction
● Spectrum
● Heat (energy)
All plant processes in control
● Photosynthesis, growth, development
● Quality
● Disease
● Health related compounds
Light should be in balance with other growth conditions
Thank you for
your attention !
Course on lighting:
7- 9 Feb 2018
12-14 Feb 2018
Student Challenge
“Design the Ultimate
Urban Greenhouse”
WWW.HPP.WUR.NL