led meters specificationrdso.indianrailways.gov.in/works/uploads/file/led spec.pdf · 2019. 10....

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Issued on:xx/xx/20xx Spec. No. RDSO/2011/EL/SPEC/00xx/Rev(0)

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Government of India Ministry of Railways

Finalized Draft

Specification

for

LED Based Bar graph type Ammeters & Voltmeters

for

AC Tap Changer Electric Locomotives

Specification no: RDSO/2011/EL/SPEC/00xx-(Rev-0)

Issued on xx/xx/20xx

Prepared by Checked by Issued by

SSE/SE&AM & ADE/SE&AM

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vuqla/kku vfHkdYi vkSj ekud laxBu ekuduxj] y[kuÅ & 226011

RESEARCH DESIGNS AND STANDARDS ORGANISATION

MANAKNAGAR, LUCKNOW - 226011

Approved by Signature

EDSE(C)

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C O N T E N T S

SL NO. D E S C R I P T I O N PAGE NO

1. GENERAL 4 – 7

2. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION 8 – 11

3. INSPECTION 12

4. CLIMATIC & ENVIORNMENTAL CONDITION 13

5. TESTS 14-15

6. ORDERING INFORMATION 16

Annexure-I Mounting Dimensions, Display arrangement & Scale marking for LED based Combined Meter Panel for WAGM4 Locos

--

Annexure-II

Mounting Dimensions, Display arrangement & Scale marking for LED based Combined Meter Panel for WAG5H,WAG7 &

WAP4 Locos

--

Annexure-III Schematic arrangement & Mounting Dimensions for transducer for LED based combined meter panel

--

Annexure-IV Temperature Cycle for Burn-in Test --

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Status of Revision

S. N. Date of Revision Page No. Revision Reasons for Revision

1. - All 0 First Issue.

2.

3.

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CHAPTER 1

GENERAL

1.0 SCOPE & OBJECT

1.0.1 At present moving iron/moving coil type analog meters are being used in the electric locomotives for traction motor Voltage, current, OHE voltage display on driver desk. These

types of meters are having inherent problems of limited resolution, parallax, non-liner scale,

zero-drift & sensitiveness to external magnetic fields. These types of meters are having accuracy of the order of 1.5% of full scale deflection. Nowadays, technology of LED bar

graph type meters is available and besides giving a better aesthetic look and visibility, these type of meters are far more accurate and do not suffer from the inherent limited resolution,

parallax, non-liner scale, zero-drift & sensitiveness to external magnetic fields. Purpose of this specification is to develop LED based bar graph type ammeters & voltmeters for AC tap

changer electric locomotives

1.0.2 This specification covers requirements of LED based Bar graph type Ammeters & Voltmeters

for Electric Locomotives.

1.0.3 The specification covers basic features of equipments. It is the responsibility of the

manufacturer/supplier to develop circuit/detail design to meet the requirements of this specification.

1.1 DEFINITIONS:

For the purpose of this specification, the following definitions shall apply:

1.1.1 Tenderer /Supplier/ Manufacturer

The Firm or Company who submits the offer for supply of item as per this specification.

1.1.2 Purchaser

Indian Railways

1.1.3 RDSO

Research Designs and Standards Organization, Ministry of Railway, Manak Nagar, Lucknow – 226011

1.1.4 Inspecting Officer

A person nominated by the purchaser to inspect the equipment on his behalf or the

representative of the Inspecting Officer so nominated.

1.1.5 Contractor

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Any Firm or Company with whom the order for supply of the equipment has been placed or

intends to be placed.

1.2 CONTRACTOR’S RESPONSIBILITY:

The contractor’s responsibility will include the following:

1.2.1 Supply of detailed instruction for installation of the equipment on the locomotive. For this

purpose the supplier shall also depute his representative during installation of the first two equipments in the locomotive at each location (CLW /Shed /Workshop).

1.2.2 Commissioning, testing & field trials of the prototype equipment in service. The supplier shall arrange to carry out detailed test & field trial jointly with RDSO.

1.2.3 The supplier shall separately quote for special tools, testing jigs, application

software/hardware and instruments, which may be required for troubleshooting and maintenance of the system.

1.2.4 The supplier shall separately quote for spares, which may be required for satisfactory maintenance of the equipments for a period of 1 year after completion of warranty period.

1.2.5 The supplier may be required to enter into a maintenance contract with the user railway for

repair/maintenance of the equipment and shall separately indicate repair charges for the

equipment.

1.2.6 The design of the equipment shall be developed as per requirement given in this specification. The detailed design shall be submitted to RDSO for scrutiny and approval

before commencing of the manufacturing. Here “approval” means the “approval of design features” only. The suppliers shall be fully responsible for performance of complete system.

1.2.7 MODIFICATIONS

The supplier shall be responsible for carrying out all the modifications, which may arise due to bad design or manufacturing defect, necessary for satisfactory performance of the

equipment, at his own cost during the period of warranty. The decision of RDSO with regard

to fixing the responsibility (for bad design or manufacturing defect) shall be final and binding on the supplier. Moreover, modification, if any required on the basis of the

experience gained during the field trials of prototype equipment, shall be incorporated by the supplier without any extra cost. Such modification shall be finalized in consultation with

RDSO.

1.2.8 INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS:

Installation instruction shall be provided in acceptable form e.g. instruction card/manual.

These instructions shall include the method of inter connection, type of cable and grade of cable, maximum resistance and whether the cable is screened. Details of any special

precaution necessary shall also be stated.

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1.2.9 INSTRUCTION MANUAL:

The manufacturer/ supplier shall supply sufficient copies of instruction manual. This shall include system description and operating, maintenance, calibration and Troubleshooting

manual. List of spares with part no./tech. specification shall also be included. Number of copies to be supplied shall be 10% of the number of equipment ordered, subject to a

minimum of 2 copies per order.

1.2.10 TRAINING OF INDIAN RAILWAYS PERSONNEL:

The supplier shall arrange for free of cost training to Indian Railway’s personnel in

operation, maintenance covering Installation, Commissioning, Maintenance and

troubleshooting of the system.

1.3 INFRINGEMENT OF PATENT RIGHTES:

Indian Railways shall not be responsible for infringement of patent rights arising due to similarity

in design, manufacturing process, use of components, used in design, development and

manufacturing equipment and any other factors which may cause such dispute. The responsibility to settle any dispute lies with the manufacturer.

1.4 DOCUMENTATION:

The tenderer must submit the following information with the offer in printed form and neatly compiled in a booklet form. Offer with incomplete information may not be considered.

i. Detailed technical description of the equipment offered.

ii. Details of semiconductor devices used and their specification and data sheet.

a) Mechanical drawings of complete system with details of dimensions, mounting arrangement and weight shall be provided.

b) System description, Block Circuit Diagram, details of major components/equipments,

circuit description, working principle and salient features. The details of

microprocessor/micro controller used, functional block description of PCBs used, control system hierarchy, protocol used and interfacing.

c) MOU (Memorandum of understanding) with the collaborator, wherever applicable.

d) QAM (Quality assurance manual)

e) Test protocol with procedure of testing.

f) ISO 9000 certification.

g) Bill of Material (BOM) for bough out parts/components of the equipment offered.

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1.5 RAILWAYS’ RESPONSIBILITY:

Railway will be responsible for followings:

1.5.1 The 3 sq mm cable for connecting the meters from locomotive circuitry. Cables other than this,

required if any, shall be in scope of supply.

1.5.2 Labour, consumables and electrical energy required for erection, testing & commissioning of

System.

1.5.3 The wages and allowances as well as the cost of the travel to and from the place of training for

railway personnel.

1.6 REFERENCE TO VARIOUS SPECIFICATIONS:

(i) IEC-60571(1998-02) General requirements and tests for electronic equipment used on Rail vehicles. (Second Edition)

(ii) IEC-60077 :Railway applications – electric equipment for rolling stock

(iii) IEC-61000 : Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) (iv) IEC-60529 : Degrees of protection provided by enclosures (Code IP)

(v) RDSO spec no ELRS/SPEC/SI/0015 for “Reliability of Electronics used in Rolling stock application”

(vi) CLW specification Nos.: CLW/ES/I-21 & CLW/ES/I-26 for “Measuring Instruments for 25 KV AC

Electric Locomotives” (vii) ASTM F 1755M: “Requirements for design, construction, performance, and testing of solid state

bar-graph type indicating meters.

1.7 DEVIATIONS: Any deviation from this specification with a view to improve the performance may be given due

consideration provided, full particulars with justification thereof, are furnished. It may, however,

be noted that due to limited availability of space in the locomotive and the necessity to ensure interchangeability with the existing measuring instruments increase in the overall mounting

dimensions shall not be allowed normally.

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CHAPTER 2

Technical Specifications

2.1 The display of measured parameter shall be through LED segments arranged from top to bottom

on a graduated scale. The LED segment corresponding to the scale value of actual magnitude of

the parameter being measured shall glow at the highest illumination while the illumination of LED segment, having highest illumination just previously, either gradually falls off to zero or gradually

falls off to the start of the scale in comet mode type of design. Color LEDs, as per schematic given in Annexure-I & II” shall be used for indicating the range of the parameter.

2.2 The equipment shall be capable of operating efficiently in spite of dust, dirt, mist, torrential rains, heavy sand or snow storms, presence of oil vapors and radiant heat etc., to which rolling stock is

normally exposed in service. The equipments shall be suitable for working efficiently & reliably under the “Climatic & Environmental Conditions” mentioned in this specification.

2.3 One unit of equipment shall consist of-

(a) One display panel with combined dial for the following. (i) Traction Motor Voltmeter (TM)

(ii) Traction Motor Voltmeter (TM) (iii) Ammeter for traction motor

(iv) Dual scale Auxiliary Voltmeter

All the above 4 meters shall be housed in a single panel with a single dial.

General arrangement and mounting dimensions shall be as per Annexure-I & II of this specification. However, the mounting arrangement may be changed as

per CLW requirement & approved drawings.

(b) Transducers with Isolation Amplifier, Power supply & connectors enclosed in a

separate enclosure (referred hereinafter as Transducer). Both the transducer

and panel are to be housed in metallic housing. General arrangement and

mounting dimensions shall be as per Annexure-III of this specification.

(c) Cables

(i) Power supply Cable with matching connector for display panel. (ii) Power supply Cable with matching connector for transducer

(iii) Interconnecting cable between display panel and transducer with matching connector

2.4 Two units shall be required per locomotive, one unit for each cab.

2.5 The range, scale, overall mounting dimensions graduations etc for meters shall be as follows.

(i) Traction Motor Voltmeter

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Parameter/Item Value/Type

Signal Point In series with 88 kΩ resistance across TM armature (88 kΩ resistance as per CLW spec CLW/ES/I-21 is not in scope of supply)

Scale Range 0 to 900 V

Colour of LEDs For WAM4 locos: As per Annexure-I

For WAG5,WAG7 & WAP4 locos: As per Annexure-II

Scale Graduation & Markings For WAM4 locos: As per Annexure-I For WAG5,WAG7 & WAP4 locos: As per Annexure-II

Resolution (Min) 25 Volt

(ii) Ammeter for traction motor


Signal Point 1500 A,60 mV shunt in series with TM (1500 A,60 mV shunt as per

CLW spec CLW/ES/I-21 is not in scope of supply)

Scale Range -1000 Amp through 0 to 1500 Amp

Colour of LEDs For WAM4 locos: As per Annexure-I


Scale graduation and markings For WAM4 locos: As per Annexure-I


Resolution(min) 100 Amp

(iii) Dual Scale Auxiliary Voltmeter


Signal Point Across a0-a1 terminal of loco transformer

Scale Range 0 t0 35 kV 0 to 600 V

Colour of LEDs For WAM4 locos: As per Annexure-I For WAG5,WAG7 & WAP4 locos: As per Annexure-II

Scale graduation and markings For WAM4 locos: As per Annexure-I


Resolution(Min) 1 kV

2.6 MIL grade MS circular connector of reputed make shall be used to connect meter panel with its

transducer and for battery power supply to meter panel and transducer.

2.7 The resolution of the equipment shall be calculated as under-

Resolution= Range of scale / No of LED segments on scale

2.8 The equipment shall be suitable to work on supply from locomotive battery which has 110V DC

Nominal, 130V DC Max, and 70V DC Min.

2.9 The background of the scale shall be white and scale graduation shall be in black. The

Red/Orange colored triangles shall be marked on scale for traction motor Voltmeter and Ammeter for Traction/Braking range as indicated in Annexure-I & II.

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2.10 Red flashing LED shall be provided on top of the array of LED segment for all meters. This LED

shall flash when the value of parameter being measured is above the scale range. Marking “Over Range” shall be made on the scale as indicated in Annexure-I & II.

2.11 Soft Orange LED shall be provided at ZERO marking of the scale. This LED shall continuously

illuminate to serve as a “Power On & 0” reference even in absence of a signal input.

2.12 The meter shall be provided with dimming controls to maintain appropriate brightness, legibility

and operator dark adaptation level automatically.

2.13 The equipment shall be suitable for mounting in any position between the horizontal and vertical

planes.

2.14 The meter panel shall be provided with a window of methyl methacrylate (MMA), polycarbonate (PC) or shatterproof glass. If the window is made of MMA OR PC, the external surface shall be

treated to resist scratching. The window shall be free from detrimental defects that would prevent the display from being easily read or from meeting the luminous distribution and color

requirements. Such defects include electrostatic effects, scratches, chips, cracks or craze.

2.15 The construction of the equipment shall be mechanically sound, free from evident mechanical

defects, suitable for the purpose for which they are intended and such as to give reasonable assurance of permanence in mechanical and electrical adjustments. Further, it shall be able to

withstand shock and vibrations which are normally encountered in locomotives without in anyway

impairing their accuracy. Suitably and adequately designed resilient rubber padding shall be provided between the base of the equipment and the housing and finally all along the edges of

the base of the complete equipment to enable it’s mounting on sheet steel panels, which are subjected to severe shocks and vibrations in service.

2.16 The casing of the equipment shall be so constructed that it is dust proof, weather proof and

insect proof. All reasonable precautions shall be taken in the design and manufacture of

equipment to prevent any fogging of the equipment glass.

2.17 Adequate provisions should be made in the design for suppression of internal transients, spikes and to withstand external transients, spikes and surges as per limits laid down in IEC-60571.

2.19 Minor deviations from specification, if any, can be mutually sorted out with RDSO during development stage if supported by justification on ground of technical superiority and better

reliability & maintainability.

2.20 For the electronic components used in the equipment, the suppliers shall use components and

systems of high reliability, suitable in every way for the application on rolling stock. In this connection, supplier is well advised to refer to "Rules for Electronic Equipments used on Rail

Vehicles IEC Publication 60571".

2.21 All the electronic cards should be suitably protected, enclosed and provided with mechanical dust proofing covers to avoid dust ingress and then mounted in a robust

metallic housing so that entire assembly is capable of withstanding shocks, vibrations,

electromagnetic induction and electrical surges etc. Electromagnetic compatibility of the entire

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system shall comply with provisions of IEC 61000. The equipment should withstand surge &

spikes as specified in IEC 60571.

2.22 All the components on PCBs should either be wave soldered or manual soldered or reflow

soldered/surface mounted devices should be mounted using SMT workstation and complied with clause no. 7 of specification no. ELRS/SPEC/SI/0015.

2.23 All ICs if mounted on the bases should be mounted on heavy duty sockets and provision should be made for tightening of the ICs on the base also complied with clause no. 6.1.3 of

specification no. ELRS/SPEC/SI/0015.

2.24 All electronic components and ICs used shall be selected after proper burn in and screening tests

and shall be adequately rated to withstand the service requirements. A quality assurance plan should be submitted by the supplier for approval of RDSO. It should be provided as per

specification no ELRS/SPEC/ SI/0015.

2.25 The equipment should function satisfactorily under the 25 kV AC electric traction. It should not be susceptible to malfunction due to interference from overhead traction power supply lines or

under abnormal conditions such as overloads and faults in the electrical traction circuits of the

locomotives.

2.26 Marking on the equipment shall comply with clause no. 9 of IS: 1248 (Pt 1 & 2). The manufacturer shall also indicate the month & year of manufacture and Serial No of equipment.

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CHAPTER 3

INSPECTION

3.1 The whole of the material or fittings used in the construction of the equipment shall be subjected

to inspection by the Inspecting authority and shall be to his entire satisfaction.

3.2 The inspecting authority shall have the power to:-

(i) Adopt any reasonable means he may consider necessary to satisfy himself that all the

materials or fittings specified are actually used throughout the construction.

(ii) Visit at any reasonable time and without previous notice, either contractor’s works or his

sub-contractor's works to inspect the manufacturing and the quality of the work at any

stage.

(iii) To reject any materials or fittings that does not conform to the relevant standard

specifications or have not been manufactured in accordance with the approved practices. The rejected materials or fittings shall be marked in a distinguishable manner and shall

be disposed on in such manner as the inspecting officer may direct to avoid its inadvertent use in the product order as per this specification.

3.3 The manufacturer shall offer all the testing facilities free of charge to inspecting authority.

Testing of equipment and fittings shall, as far as possible be carried out at the works of the manufacturer. Testing of bought out components may also be carried out at sub-contractor's

premises, if so required. The contractor shall provide free of charge, such materials or fittings as may be required for testing whether at his own or his subcontractor's premises. The test for

which facilities are not available may be carried out at RDSO or any other approved laboratory for

which the testing charges shall be payable by the supplier.

3.4 All the equipments and the fittings required for test shall be selected by the inspecting officer and

the tests shall be carried out in his presence.

3.5 No material shall be packed or dispatched until it has been passed by the inspecting officer but

the contractor’s responsibility for its efficiency in every way, shall remain the same as if the work had been manufactured and tested by himself.

3.6 Should any part require alteration or any defect appear during the test or trial the contractor

shall without any extra charges make such alteration or rectify the defects to the satisfaction of the inspecting authority?

3.7 Copies of Maker's test certificate, guarantee for the performance of the equipment shall be supplied in duplicated along with the delivery of each unit.

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CHAPTER 4

CLIMATIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITION

4.1 The climatic and environmental conditions prevailing are as following:

� Atmospheric

temperature

Maximum temperature of metallic surface under the Sun: 75 degree

Celsius and in shade: 55 degree Celsius

Minimum temperature: - 10 degree Celsius (Also snow fall in certain areas during winter season)

� Humidity 100% saturation during rainy season

� Reference site conditions

i) Ambient temperature: 50 degree celsius

ii) Humidity: 100% iii) Altitude: 1776 m above mean sea level

� Rain fall Very heavy in certain areas.

� Atmospheric conditions

Extremely dusty and desert terrain in certain areas. The dust

concentration in air may reach a high value of 1.6 mg/m3. In many iron ore and coal mine areas, the dust concentration is very high affecting the

filter and air ventilation system.

� Coastal area

Humid and salt laden atmosphere with maximum pH value of 8.5,

Sulphate of 7 mg per liter, maximum concentration of chlorine 6 mg per liters and maximum conductivity of 130 micro Siemens /cm.

� Vibration

The vibration and shock levels recorded on various sub-systems in existing locomotives of IR are generally more than the limits given in IEC 61373

particularly at axle box, and traction motor Accelerations over 500 m/s2 have been recorded at axle box levels during

run. Vibrations during wheel slips are of even higher magnitude

High level of vibrations above 30g have been measured at traction motor on IR’s locomotives, which increase up to 50g with worn gear-pinion.

� Wind speed High wind speed in certain areas, with wind pressure reaching 150 kg/m2.

� Electromagnetic

pollution

High degree of electromagnetic pollution is anticipated in locomotive machine room, where the equipment shall be mounted. Necessary

precaution shall be taken in this regard.

4.2 Signal and Telecommunication Installations

The tracks over which the Locomotive propulsion system shall work may be equipped with AF

(Audio Frequency)/DC track circuits and AC track circuits at 83.33 Hz and at higher frequencies.

Similarly, other devices like axle counters, block instruments, point machines, etc., may also be used. On the communication network, control circuits and teleprinter circuits, VHF/UHF and

microwave circuits are used.

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CHAPTER 5

TESTS

5.1 Equipment shall be tested for functional and reliability performance as per details given below.

i) Functional test: Test program shall be finalized at design approval stage between firm and RDSO.

ii) Reliability test: As per RDSO spec no. ELRS/SPEC/SI/0015.

5.2 Following tests shall be carried out on the prototype unit as per relevant specification or

mutually agreed test program. Manufacturer shall bear the expenses of the tests.

SL

NO

TEST CLAUSE TYPE ROUT-

INE

1. Visual inspection IEC 60571.1 clause 10.2.1 � �

2. Tolerance & Dimension � �

3. Cooling IEC 60571clause 10.2.3 �

4. Insulation Resistance IEC 60571clause 10.2.9 � �

5. Di Electric � �

6. Vibration and shock IEC 60571clause 10.2.11 �

7. Performance test by fault

simulation

IEC 60571clause 10.2.2 � �

8. Supply over Voltages test IEC 60571.3 clause 12.2.7 �

9. Voltage Surge IEC 60571.1 clause 10.2.6.2 �

10. Electrostatic Discharge test IEC 60571.1 clause 10.2.6.4 �

11. Transient burst susceptibility test

IEC 60571.1 clause 10.2.7 �

12. Radio interference test IEC 60571.1 clause 10.2.8 �

13. Salt mist test IEC 60571.1 clause 10.2.10 �

14. Damp heat IEC 60571.1 clause 10.2.5 �

15. Dry heat up to 80 degree C IEC 60571.1 clause 10.2.4 �

16. Burn – in As per Burn-in cycle attached

as Annexure-IV

�

17. Functional Test As per test program to be

finalized during design approval stage

�

�

18. Test for protection against

dust and water

IEC 60529 clause 13 and 14 �

The following clarifications are issued on the tests above.

(a) Visual inspection and Tolerance & Dimension– The object of visual inspection is to

check that the equipment is free from defects and the equipment is as per approved drawing. Bill of materials shall be submitted. The make, rating of equipments, sub-

assemblies shall be checked with the details as per approved design. If a change are

needed in make or rating of important equipments, sub-assemblies, it shall be intimated and shall have approval of RDSO. Equipment with modified sub-assemblies

shall be given separate revision number. All the important dimensions shall be measured and shall be in permissible tolerance.

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(b) Insulation resistance and Dielectric test– The insulation resistance with 500 V megger shall not be less than 25 M ohms at 70% RH for all the circuits. The

dielectric test shall be carried out after earthing special cards if necessary before applying Dielectric voltage. The dielectric test to be carried out at a test voltage of

1500 V rms for 60 seconds. The leakage current shall be less than 1 mA.

(c) Burn in test– The cards used on the equipment shall be subjected to burn-in as per the temperature cycle in Annexure-IV. The cards shall be kept energized during the

test. Functional test of each card shall be carried out after the burn in test. This shall be part of internal test by manufacturer, whose results shall be submitted during

routine test.

5.3 The prototype unit shall be inspected by the engineers of RDSO at the factory premises or at

mutually agreed venue, where all the facilities shall be made available for carrying out the prototype test. The equipments shall be kept in field trials for a period of six months. The

RDSO engineers shall associate and witness the tests in the locomotive also till they are

successfully completed.

5.4 The individual equipments and sub-systems as may be necessary shall be type tested and routine tested in accordance with relevant IECs/ASTM.

5.5 Type test shall be performed to verify that product meets the requirements specified and

agreed upon between users & manufacturer. Subject to agreement between user and

manufacturer, some or all the type tests shall be repeated once in two years by RDSO and purchaser on sample basis so as to confirm the quality of the product. Type test shall be

repeated in following cases.

� Modification of equipment, which is likely to affect its function.

� Failure or variations established during type or routine test. � Resumption of production after an interruption of more than two years.

� At the time of indigenization, if the firm has supplied the product with foreign collaboration.

The type test shall be carried out for the equipment/sub-assembly indigenized. The type test on the full unit in the case of indigenization shall be considered only if there is major design

change.”

5.6 Routine tests are to be carried out to verify that properties of the product corresponding to those measured during type tests. Routine tests are to be carried out by the manufacturer on

each equipment.

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CHAPTER 6

ORDERING INFORMATION

Purchaser shall provide following information for purchase enquiry/order.

1. Type of the Locomotive: -----------------------------------

2. No. of Units ------------------------------------

(Note: Two units are required per loco)

Annexure—IV

0 C0

+25 C0

+70 C0

-25 C0

On

Off

1.4 2.1 5.2 5.5 9.1 9.4 12.5 13.2 15

Time (Hrs)

0.1=10 Min

1.55 5.27 5.42 9,17 9.32 12.57 13.12 14.41

Temperature CycleTemperature

in Degrees

BURN-IN TEST

LED meters SPECIFICATION.pdfAnnexure-I.pdfAnnexure-II.pdfAnnexure-III.pdfAnnexure-IV.pdf

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