“1994 was the first year without Lenin. The Communist Party and the Soviet people continued their creative work of building socialism under Comrade Stalin’s leadership. Comrade Stalin rallied the Party around its Central Committee and mobilised for the struggle to build socialism in

the USSR” Stalin 1947

Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3

Ruling alliance

Opposition faction

Key issues Industrialisation debateFuture of the revolution

Industrialisation debate

Future of the revolution

Industrialisation debate

Future of the revolution

Left opposition (Trotsky)

Right opposition (Bukharin, Rykov & Tomsky)

United opposition (Trotsky, Zinoviev & Kamenev)

New Opposition (Zinoviev & Kamenev)

Stalin Duumvirate (Bukharin & Stalin)

Triumvirate (Zinoviev, Kamenev & Stalin)

Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3

Ruling alliance Triumvirate (Zinoviev, Kamenev & Stalin)

Duumvirate (Bukharin & Stalin)

Stalin

Opposition faction Left opposition (Trotsky) New Opposition (Zinoviev & Kamenev)

United opposition (Trotsky, Zinoviev & Kamenev)

Right opposition (Bukharin, Rykov & Tomsky)

Key issues Industrialisation debate

Future of the revolution

Industrialisation debate

Future of the revolution

Industrialisation debate

Future of the revolution

Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3

Ruling alliance Triumvirate (Zinoviev, Kamenev & Stalin)

Duumvirate (Bukharin & Stalin)

Stalin

Opposition faction Left opposition (Trotsky) New Opposition (Zinoviev & Kamenev)

United opposition (Trotsky, Zinoviev & Kamenev)

Right opposition (Bukharin, Rykov & Tomsky)

Key issues Industrialisation debate

Future of the revolution

Industrialisation debate

Future of the revolution

Industrialisation debate

Future of the revolution

To what extent did Stalin use the same methods to destroy all his opponents? E.g. Ideological methods, manipulation of the party machine, devious tactics. How far do you agree that Stalin’s ability to manipulate the Party machine was the key to his success in the leadership struggle?

Stalin in power

The Revolution from above1928 - 41

What do you know about Stalin and the USSR during his time in power?

Stalin’s aims 1928 -1953: What did he want to achieve? What drove him? Was he successful?

• Modernise Soviet society & economy - creating a truly Communist and prosperous society

• Ensure the national security of the USSR (After the death of Lenin Stalin had called for ‘Socialism in One Country’ )

• Maintain his position as leader

What were Stalin’s main policies 1928 - 53?

• Collectivisation• The Five Year Plans• The Cultural Revolution (inc. the cult of personality

& policies towards women, religion, education & young people)

• The Purges• Leading USSR during ‘The Great Patriotic War’

(1941-45)

“Building socialism in the countryside.”

What economic problems were created by the NEP in the late 1920s?

Why did Stalin launch his collectivisation policy?

How far did collectivisation change over time?

How far did collectivisation meets its aims?

What economic problems were created by the NEP in the late 1920s?

• Using the source handout answer the question above.

Why did Stalin launch his collectivisation policy?Economic Aims

Ideological aims

Political aims

Grain procurement crisis 1927-9

What form did collectivisation take?How far did collectivisation change over time?

Radical policy

Radical policy reversed

Radical policy reintroduced

Emergency measures

Twenty –five

thousanders

“dekulakisation” - Liquidation of the

Kulaks

Forced collectivi

sation

Impact of forced

collectivisation ---> The

Party retreats/

“Dizzy with Success” --->

Policy suspended.

Collectivisation

resumesFamine

The collectivisation campaign in the USSR, 1930s. The slogan reads: "We kolkhoz farmers, on the basis of complete collectivisation, will liquidate the kulaks as a class." (THINK: Who is likely to have organised such a demonstration?)

What impact did collectivisation have?Positive Negative

Rural areas

Industrialisation + urbanisation

Political consequences.

Year

Number ofcollective

farms

Percent of farmsteads

in collective farmsPercent of sown area

in collective use

1927 14,800 0.8 –1928 33,300 1.7 2.31929 57,000 3.9 4.91930 85,900 23.6 33.61931 211,100 52.7 67.81932 211,100 61.5 77.71933 224,500 65.6 83.11934 233,300 71.4 87.41935 249,400 83.2 94.11936 – 90.5 98.21937 243,700 93.0 99.11938 242,400 93.5 99.81939 235,300 95.6 –1940 236,900 96.9 99.8

PRODUCTION:

Grain1928 = 73.3 million tons1934 = 67.6 million tons

Cattle1929 = 70.5 million 1934 = 42.4 million

Pigs1928 = 26 million

1934 = 22.6 million

Sheep and goats1928 = 146.7 million1934 = 51.9 million

How far did collectivisation meets its aims?Successes Failures

Economic Aims

Ideological aims

Political aims

HOW FAR IS IT ACCURATE TO DESCRIBE STALIN’S POLICY OF COLLECTIVISATION AS A FAILURE? (30 MARKS)

CONSEQUENCES?• 10,000,000 people exiled. • Those who remained endured hardship. Unrealistic

targets. Anger and resentment towards the government. This led to a DROP in productivity.

• The Kulaks were hard-working/successful, but had been exiled. Production fell.

• 1933 harvest was 9,000,000 tonnes less than that of 1926.

• Few farms acquired machinery. (too expensive).• BUT......by 1941 all farms were collective.

INDUSTRIALISATION?• Aim: to provide grain to export to raise funds for

industrialisation. • SUCCESS: more exported.• Standard of living fell for industrial workers. • FAILURE: urban workers no better off.• Unity between the peasants and workers?• FAILURE: urban workers (propaganda) anger at

peasants.• Growth of urban areas• SUCCESS: Urban population in cities grew.

POLITICAL CONSEQUENCES

• Surprisingly, the chaos united the Party behind their leader!

• Kulaks and peasants blamed for problems.• Many even supported the hard line against the

peasants.• Stalin achieved his personal ambition...Russia was

urbanised and grain procured was sold abroad. • BUT collectivisation was ruthless.