legal and financial solutions for household waste management
DESCRIPTION
LEGAL AND FINANCIAL SOLUTIONS FOR HOUSEHOLD WASTE MANAGEMENT. Jean-Pierre HANNEQUART Directeur Général IBGE / Président ACR+ KIEV,25-26 NOVEMBER 2013. PLAN. A/ LEGAL FRAMEWORK THE BASIC LEGAL OBLIGATIONS FOR WASTE THE WASTE HIERARCHY PRINCIPLE THE WASTE PREVENTION PRINCIPLE - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
LEGAL AND FINANCIAL
SOLUTIONS FOR
HOUSEHOLD WASTE
MANAGEMENT
Jean-Pierre HANNEQUART
Directeur Général IBGE / Président ACR+
KIEV,25-26 NOVEMBER 2013
PLAN
A/ LEGAL FRAMEWORKTHE BASIC LEGAL OBLIGATIONS FOR WASTE
THE WASTE HIERARCHY PRINCIPLETHE WASTE PREVENTION PRINCIPLE THE WASTE RECYCLING/RECOVERY TARGETS
B/ ECONOMIC FRAMEWORKGLOBAL VIEW ON ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTSECONOMICS INSTRUMENTS AT PRODUCT LEVELECONOMICS INSTRUMENTS AT WASTE LEVELTHE EXTENDED PRODUCER RESPONSABILITY
A / LEGAL FRAMEWORK
Event Title, Date
Waste Framework Directive
(2008/98/EC)
Waste Streams
Waste Treatment Operations
Framework Legislation
Waste Shipment Regulation
(EEC/259/93)
Incineration Directive
(2000/76/EC)
Landfill Directive (1999/71/EC)
recycling standards(future, based on
WFD)
Sewage Sludge
(75/439/EEC)
Batteries & Accumulator
s(2006/66/EC)
Packaging & Packaging
Waste(94/62/EC)
PCBs, PCTs (96/59/EC)
End-of-Life Vehicles
(2000/53/EC)
Electrical & Electronic Equipment
(2000/96/EC)
Mining Waste
(2003/319/EC)
Restrictions on the Use of Hazardous
Substances in WEEE (2002/95/EC)
GLOBAL LEGAL
VIEW ON EU
WASTE LAW
.
BASIC LEGAL OBLIGATIONS (1)
Waste management without endangering human health, harming the environment and:
Without risk to water, air, soil, plants or animals Without causing a nuisance (noise, odours) Without adversely affecting countryside or places of special interest
Prohibition of abandonment, dumping, uncontrolled disposal of waste
Permit requirement for waste treatment facilities
Traceability of hazardous waste
Waste Management Plans by Member States
BASIC LEGAL OBLIGATIONS (2)
THE WASTE HIERARCHY PRINCIPLE (1)
(Article 4 /Directive 2008/98)
The following waste hierarchy shall apply as a priority order (a) prevention; (b) preparing for re-use; (c) recycling (d) other recovery, e.g. energy recovery; and (e) disposal.
PREVENTION
PREPARING FOR RE-USE
RECYCLING
RECOVERY
SAFE DISPOSAL
WASTE
PRODUCT (NON-WASTE)
ORDER OF PRIORITIES =BEST ENVIRONMENTALOUTCOME ( LIFE CYCLE THINKING)
THE WASTE HIERARCHY PRINCIPLE (2)
THE WASTE HIERARCHY PRINCIPLE (3)
…priority order…in legislation and policy… (art.4/Directive 2008/98)
==> legally binding hierarchy for treatment investments
==> legally binding hierarchy for waste subventions
THE WASTE HIERARCHY PRINCIPLE (4)
…priority order…except…If it’s not “ the best overall environmental outcome”If it’s “ justified by life-cycle thinking” (art.4§2 / Directive 2008/98)
LCA is a tool used to evaluate the potential environmental impactsof a product, process or activity throughout its entire life cycle by quantifying the use of resources and environmental emissions
LCT can and should be applied to waste management as an essential complement to the waste hierarchy in view of its ability to integrate all the variables that influence the environmental performance
PREVENTION MUST BE QUANTITATIVE & QUALITATIVE PREVENTION INCLUDES THE RE-USE OF PRODUCTS
Article 3 (12) / DIRECTIVE 2008/98 :
“Waste Prevention" means …measures taken before waste is created …including the re-use of products that reduce:
a) the quantity of waste
b) the adverse impacts of generated waste
c) the content of harmful substances in the waste
THE WASTE PREVENTION PRINCIPLE
(1)
3 RE-USE LEVELS
THE WASTE PREVENTION PRINCIPLE (2)
Strict avoidance
Reduction at source
Re-use
Recycling
Incineration
Land filling
Waste prevention
Waste minimization Waste disposal
Products/ Materials Waste
Prepare for re-use
WASTE PREVENTION IS NOT « MINIMIZATION OF WASTE »
THE WASTE PREVENTION PRINCIPLE (3)
Article 11 (Directive 2008/98)
Member States shall take measures, as appropriate, to promote the re-use of products and preparing for re-use activities, notably by encouraging the establishment and support of re-use and repair networks, the use of economic instruments, procurement criteria, quantitative objectives or other measures.
Article 29:
Member States shall establish… waste prevention programmes no later than 12 December 2013.
THE WASTE PREVENTION PRINCIPLE (4)
( WASTE PREVENTION PROGRAMMES)
Member States shall determine appropriate and specific qualitative or quantitative benchmarks for waste prevention measures in order to monitor and assess the progress of the measures and may determine specific qualitative or quantitative targets and indicators…others than those fixed by “comitology”… (art.29 /directive 2008/98)
3 CONCEPTS ARE REQUIREDBENCHMARKS = comparisons of performances and methods with the goal of assessing and improving waste prevention TARGETS = objectives for levels of performanceINDICATORS = instruments for measurement and verification of targets
«Benchmarking» is a legal obligation: Member States «shall» build both «qualitative or quantitative» standards
Some quantitative targets and indicators could be harmonized: this must be done by a European regulatory procedure
THE WASTE PREVENTION PRINCIPLE (5)
Waste Type & Activity Generation (kg/hab./y) Potential waste reduction(kg/hab./y)
1 BIO-WASTE 220 40
• Green scaping 90 10
• Smart gardening
• Act against food waste 30 10
• Home, community & on-site composting 100 20
2 PACKAGING 150 25
• Encouraging refillable/returnable bottles 35 12
• Promoting tap water 6 2
• Encouraging reusable bags 2 1
• Fight against excess packaging 107 10
3 PAPER WASTE 100 15
• Reducing unwanted & unaddressed mail 15 4
• Encourage dematerialisation through ICT 75 9
• Reducing kitchen, tissue and towel paper 10 2
4 BULKY WASTE 52 12
• Promote clothes & other textiles waste prevention 15 4
• Promote furniture waste prevention 20 4
• Promote WEEE prevention 17 4
5 NAPPIES & OTHER WASTE 78 8
• Swap to reusable nappies and incontinence pads 18 2
• Other municipal waste prevention strategies 60 6
TOTAL 600 100
Which targets ?
THE WASTE PREVENTION PRINCIPLE (6)
EU BENCHMARK-10 (of 90) kg
EX: BIOWASTE PREVENTION VIA GREEN GARDENING
THE WASTE PREVENTION PRINCIPLE (7)
EX: ACT AGAINST FOOD WASTAGE(food = 20-30% of total CO2 emissions)
EU BENCHMARK-10 (of 30) kg
THE WASTE PREVENTION PRINCIPLE (8)
EX: COMPOSTING AT SOURCE(individuals, neighbourhood, green areas)
EU BENCHMARK-20 (of 100) kg
THE WASTE PREVENTION PRINCIPLE (9)
Country Bottled Water Consumption per Person in Leading Countries, 2004 (in liters)
Packaging weightkg/pers/year
Italy 183.6 6,1
Belgium & Luxembourg 148.0 4,9
France 141.6 4,7
Spain 136.7 4,6
Germany 124.9 4,2
Switzerland 99.6 3,3
Cyprus 92.0 3,1
Czech Republic 87.1 2,9
Austria 82.1 2,7
Portugal 80.3 2,7
EU BENCHMARK-2 (of 6) kg
EX: PACKAGING WASTE PREVENTION VIA TAP WATER PROMOTION
THE WASTE PREVENTION PRINCIPLE (10)
EX: PAPER WASTE PREVENTION VIA THE REDUCTION OF UNWANTED MAIL
EU BENCHMARK-4 (of 15) kg
THE WASTE PREVENTION PRINCIPLE (11)
EX: OFFICE DEMATERIALISATION
EU BENCHMARK-9 (of 75) kg
THE WASTE PREVENTION PRINCIPLE (12)
PARTICIPATE IN THE EUROPEAN WEEK FOR WASTE REDUCTION
Engagements labeled as “EWWR actions” through a registration process based on common criteria across Europe
Themes include:
Too much waste
Better production
Better consumption
A longer life for products
Less waste thrown away
Organizers include:
Andorra-Vlaanderen (BE), Brussels Gewest (BE), Wallonie (BE), Estonia, France, Ireland, Italië, Portugal, Catalonia (ES), Gipuzkoa (ES), Asturias (ES), lles Balears (ES), Valencia (ES), Navarra (ES), Zweden, Greater London (UK), Belfast (UK), Wales (UK), Scotland (UK) and more!
www.ewwr.eu
THE WASTE PREVENTION PRINCIPLE (13)
Waste Framework Directive
(2008/98/EC)
Waste Streams
Waste Treatment Operations
Framework Legislation
Landfill Directive (1999/71/EC)
Batteries & Accumulator
s(2006/66/EC)
Packaging & Packaging
Waste(94/62/EC)
End-of-Life Vehicles
(2000/53/EC)
Electrical & Electronic Equipment
(2000/96/EC))
THE WASTE RECYCLING/RECOVERY TARGETS(1)
ART 11 Recycling = any recovery operation by which
waste materials are reprocessed into products, materials or substances whether for the original or other purposes. It includes the reprocessing of organic material but does not include energy recovery and the reprocessing into materials that are to be used as fuels or for backfilling operations.
(Art. 11/DIRECTIVE 2008/98
« By 2020, the preparing for re-use and recycling of:
– 50% by weight of at least paper, metal, plastic and glass from household and possibly other origins as far as these waste streams are similar to waste from households;
– 70% by weight of non-hazardous construction & demolition waste
(… can include transition periods for Member States which, in 2008, recycled less than 5 % of either categories of waste ”)
THE WASTE RECYCLING/RECOVERY TARGETS (2)
Check presentation from EC
THE WASTE RECYCLING/RECOVERY TARGETS
(3)
Directive Year Recoverytargets
Recycling targets Collection targets
Landfill of biodegradable municipal waste
1999/31/EC 2006 Reduction to 75% of the amount generated in 1995
2009 Reduction to 50% of the amount generated in 1995
2016 Reduction to 35% of the amount generated in 1995
THE WASTE RECYCLING/RECOVERY TARGETS
(4)
Directive Year Recovery targets
Recycling targets
Collection targets
Packaging waste 1994/62/EC 2008 60% 55%
End-of-Life Vehicles 2000/53/EC 2006 85% incl. Reuse 80% incl. reuse 100%
2015 95% incl. Reuse 85% incl. reuse 100%
Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE)
2002/96/EC 2006 70 – 80%(differs acc. to WEEE
categories)
50 – 80% incl. reuse(differs acc. to WEEE
categories)
Min. 4 kg per inhabitant per year
Batteries and accumulators
2006/66/EC 2012 25%
2016 45%
Batteries and accumulators
2011 50–75% efficiency (differs acc.to battery type)
Tyres 1999/31/EC 2006 Zero landfill of tyres
THE WASTE RECYCLING/RECOVERY
TARGETS (5)
DIRECTIVE 94/62 amended by 2004/12 on «PACKAGING» 55% - 80% including min.:• 60% glass• 60% paper• 50% metal• 22,5% plastic• 15% wood
THE WASTE RECYCLING/RECOVERY
TARGETS (6)
LOOK AT LRAS PERFORMANCES
THE WASTE RECYCLING/RECOVERY
TARGETS (7)
B / ECONOMIC FRAMEWORK
Raw material taxes
Eco-taxes Green certificates
EPR fees
Deposit refunds
Waste collection taxes (PAYT)
Landfill taxes
Life cycle
Incineration taxes
Tax rebates
GLOBAL VIEW OF ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS
Tax rebates
Subsidies
Subsidies / Financial aids
Alternative currency
- property taxes
- waste service fees
- user-based fees
- …PAYT
ECONOMICS INSTRUMENTS AT WASTE LEVEL (1)
Cfr Bjuv-Sweden : WEIGHT-BASE FEE (kg/household/year)
1999 2000
Waste Collected 302 kg 245 Residual Waste 246 136 Recycled Waste 56 109
cfr. Dresden-Germany:BEFORE AND AFTER « PAYT »
2007 2008
Total 318 kg 281
Residual 228 148
Recyclables 90 133
Source : EUNOMIA/REICHENBACH
Cfr . FLANDERS +/-0.60 EUR per grey waste bags (1993-1996)
Separate waste +82 to +155 kg/inh/yResidual waste -22 to -140 kg/inh/y
PAYTexamples:
ECONOMICS INSTRUMENTS AT WASTE LEVEL (2)
Country Landfill Tax (€/t)
Incineration Tax (€/t)
Landfill Ban
Banned Materials / Wastes
Austria (87)/26 7 2004Biodegradability and other criteria
Finland 30 2005Biodegradable and compostable waste
Germany 2001Biodegradability and other criteria
Ireland 30In
consideration2009 Waste that is not pre-treated
Italy 262003/
2007Biodegradability and other criteria
Belgium-Flanders
60 71998/2000
Unsorted wastes, sorted and non-sorted wastes for recovery, combustible residual fraction from sorting, combustible wastes
Belgium-Wallonia
3 2004 Various
ECONOMICS INSTRUMENTS AT WASTE LEVEL (3) Source:EUNOMIA
Country Landfill Tax
Incinera-tion Tax
Landfill Ban
Denmark 50 44 1997 Combustible wasteFrance 9.15 2002 ‘Ultimate Waste Flows’
The Netherlands 85 1996Various, incl household waste
Norway 40Pollutant
basedFrom mid-2009 Biodegradable waste
Sweden 43Varies with
energy generation
20022006
Combustible wasteOrganic waste
Czech Republic 16 1997: Paper, 2004: BMW
Estonia 8 2008 Unsorted wasteSlovakia 7.9Slovenia 2001
Spain - Catalonia 10 5 None
United Kingdom 56Under consideration by devolved administrations
ECONOMICS INSTRUMENTS AT PRODUCT LEVEL (1)
ECOTAXES
Examples:
Danish and Dutch taxes on packaging based on “environmental impacts”
Irish tax on plastic bags French VAT reduction on reuse products and activities Some local German taxes on one-way items
MANDATORY DEPOSIT:
examples Scandinavian systems on packaging
German deposit (2005-2006) on all one way containers for beer, water and soft drinks (except ecologically advantageous packaging)
ECONOMICS INSTRUMENTS AT PRODUCT LEVEL (2)
EXTENDED PRODUCER RESPONSIBILITY (EPR)
= a policy approach in which a producer’s responsibility for a
product is extended to the post-consumer stage of a product’s
life cycle (OECD)
Objectives:
•Design of environmentally sound products
•Integration of environmental costs
•Improved waste management and recycling
ECONOMICS INSTRUMENTS AT PRODUCT LEVEL (3)
Various EPR Schemes
• (Packaging )(Packaging )
• Batteries & accumulatorsBatteries & accumulators
• End-of-Life vehiclesEnd-of-Life vehicles
• Electric & electronic Electric & electronic
equipmentequipment
• (Packaging )(Packaging )
• Batteries & accumulatorsBatteries & accumulators
• End-of-Life vehiclesEnd-of-Life vehicles
• Electric & electronic Electric & electronic
equipmentequipment
• PackagingPackaging
• Batteries & accumulatorsBatteries & accumulators
• End-of-life vehiclesEnd-of-life vehicles
• Electric & electronic Electric & electronic
equipmentequipment
• PaperPaper
• PharmaceuticalsPharmaceuticals
• TextilesTextiles
• TyresTyres
• Waste oilsWaste oils
• PesticidesPesticides
• FurnitureFurniture
• ……
• PackagingPackaging
• Batteries & accumulatorsBatteries & accumulators
• End-of-life vehiclesEnd-of-life vehicles
• Electric & electronic Electric & electronic
equipmentequipment
• PaperPaper
• PharmaceuticalsPharmaceuticals
• TextilesTextiles
• TyresTyres
• Waste oilsWaste oils
• PesticidesPesticides
• FurnitureFurniture
• ……
EU DirectivesEU Directives
Some Member StatesSome Member States
ECONOMICS INSTRUMENTS AT PRODUCT LEVEL (4)
Packaging Directive
ELV Directive
BATTERIES Directive
WEEDirective
Shared responsibility
Ec. Operators have to:- put in place collection schemes
- reach quantitative reuse-recycling targets
Various EU
rules onEPR
• OR Management of returned products• OR Financial responsibility for such activities• OR Information about “re-usability” or “recyclability”• OR Design of products to reduce their environmental
impacts
WASTE FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE
Producers have to: - Reach collection targets- Finance information campaigns
Producers have to: - Reach (ind. or coll. ) collection targets- Consider waste mgt at the conception phase
- Finance household WEEE treatment
ECONOMICS INSTRUMENTS AT PRODUCT LEVEL (5)
Evolution of total contributions perceived for regulated EPR streams (except tires) in France, between 1992 and 2015
0
200 000 000
400 000 000
600 000 000
800 000 000
1 000 000 000
1 200 000 000
1 400 000 000
1 600 000 000
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Emballages > 90%
Packaging < 50%From 1,4 Bn collected+/- 700 M redistributed to municipalities (Total costs for MSW +/- 7 Bn)
ECONOMICS INSTRUMENTS AT PRODUCT LEVEL (6)
Gulledelle 1001200 Brussels32.2.775.76.02