legitimacy and theory of political consciousness: evaluating political act of aggression

8/19/2019 Legitimacy and Theory of Political Consciousness: Evaluating Political Act of Aggression

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Refulk 3 • Hssuk 0 • 0===080J ]ef Tdh ]uo @bb

HTTG: ?44?-=920 J]T]@, `g epkg `ddkss jeurg`f

_ksk`rda @rthdfk Epkg @ddkss

Jeurg`f eb ]efhthd`f Tdhkgdks &

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Taenrh, J ]ef Tdh ]uo @bb ?=02, 3:0

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Fkihthl`dy `gc Sakery eb ]efhthd`f Degsdheusgkss: Kv`fu`thgi ]efhthd`f @dt

eb @iirksshegLkach Taenrh*

Ckp`rtlkgt eb ]efhthds ̀ gc ]ahfesepay, Brkk [ghvkrshty eb Okrfhg, Ikrl`gy

@ostr`dt

]efhthd`f `dt e ìirkssheg a`s okkg irewhgi kspkdh`ffy hg Lhccfk-K`stkrg deugtrhks. ]sydaefeiy a`s `fw`ys okkgprkskgtkc tak celhg`gt kxpf`g`theg er `dts e ìirkssheg, ykt, skkhgi tak `g`fyshs e chkrkgt rkihlks, ht a`s get`ccrksskc pefhthd`f ̀ iirkssheg. Shs p`pkr hs ̀ g ̀ ttklpt te kxpf`hg dekrdheg ̀ gc pefhthd`f ̀ dt e ̀ iirkssheg. Ht hs ckshigkc`s `g hgtkrchsdhpfhg`ry stucy e pefhthds, psydaefeiy `gc pahfesepay, usks r`theg`f-gerl t̀hvk prhgdhpfks te degcudt òka`vher`f-pefhthd`f `g`fyshs e `dts e ìirkssheg o`skc eg tak chsdhpfhg`rhfy ireugcs hg pahfesepahd`f rk`seghgi `gchs e kxpf`g`tery g`turk. Ht hs `ddelp`ghkc oy tak gkw tkrlhgefeihks: `g @gxhkty-@iirkssheg-Aypetakshs `gc ` Skery e ]efhthd`f Degsdheusgkss. Lerkevkr, taksk twe gkw degdkpts whff ok `ssksskc whta r`theg`f-gerl`thvk prhgdhpfks `gc

ler`f shighffd`gdk te cklegstr`tk tak v`fhchty e tarkk chlkgshegs e fkihthlhzkc pefhthd`f pewkrs `gc pefhthd`f `dts.F`tkr, pefhthd`f ̀ gxhkty whff ok hgtrecudkc ̀ s egk e tak `dters ta`t d`g ok `kdtkc oy tak fkvkf e pefhthd`f degsdheusgkss`gc fkvkf e r`theg`f-gerl t̀hvk prhgdhpfks hg ` pewkr rkf`theg er hg `g `dt,ta`t degskqukgtfy saews egk e tak erhihgse st`tk‘s dekrdheg, tak hffkihthl`tk ̀ dt e ̀ iirkssheg.

Nkywercs: @iirkssheg> Fkihthl`dy> @gxhkty> Aul`g rhiats> ]efhthd`fdegsdheusgkss> _`theg`f-gerl`thvk prhgdhpfks

Hgtrecudtheg

]efhthd`f takerhks `gc hckefeihks `rk `riuòfy tak eugc`thegs epefhthd`f pewkr rkf`thegs ^0\, tak predkss e kxkrdhsk e pewkr oktwkkg

`g ùtaerhty `gc suojkdt. Okdùsk chkrkgt pefhthd`f takerhks `ppfydegtr`ry prhgdhpfks, tak fkihthl`dy e pefhthd`f `dthegs, `s jucikcoy takhr gerls `gc kkdthvkgkss ^?\, hs `g eg-iehgi `gc degtkgtheuschsdussheg. Sk usk e chkrkgt prhgdhpfks fk`cs te chkrkgt pr`dthd`fkxkrdhsks suda `s, `dquhshtheg, predkcurks `gc tak pr`dthdk e pefhthd`fpewkr. Ber hgst`gdk, wkstkrg pefhthd`f takerhks t`nk er ir`gtkc ta`tpefhthd`f fkihthl`dy hs o`skc eg tak prhgdhpfks e aul`g rhiats, takdegdkpt e ‑pewkr te‘ vhz . tak lutu`f `pprkdh`theg e rhiats, `gc takrhiats e dhthzkgs `gc ievkrglkgts wahda hs tak degdkpt e ‑pewkr e‘,vhz . tak ler`f shighffd`gdk e df`hlhgi te ̀ rhiat. Tuda prhgdhpfks hg geg-wkstkrg pewkr rkf`thegs `rk get uffy `pprkdh`tk, taus tak sevkrkhigtyrkfyhgi lkrkfy eg egk degdkpt e pewkr: tak degdkpt e ‑pewkr evkr‘wahda hlpfhks celhg`theg. Sk wkstkrg prhgdhpfks er ` fkihthl`tkpewkr rkf`theg hs get egfy vht`f er durrkgt pefhthd`f rkf`thegs, hgdfuchgi

tak òhfhty te skdurk `gc te ckvkfep pk`dk, out `fse te rkdeighzk `gc`ccrkss tak hffkihthl`tk st`tk ̀ gc takhr hgstrulkgts. Ihvkg tahs prklhsk,wk d`g gerl`thvkfy `gc klphrhd`ffy `sskss ‑pefhthd`f `dts e ìirkssheg‘,er st`tk‘s dekrdheg wahda `rk `riuòfy `g hgstrulkgt e kvkry pefhthd`fpewkr. Hgckkc, suda degtrhoutheg rkkrrhgi lestfy te tak leckrgùtaerht`rh`g/tet`fht`rh`g st`tks hg tak Lhccfk K`st `gc Gerta @rhd`wahda a`vk okkg uskc dekrdheg er pefhthd`f ìirkssheg hg takhr pewkrrkf`thegs.0 Lerkevkr, ht hs hlpert`gt te chsthgiuhsa fkihthl`tk `gchffkihthl`tk pefhthd`f ̀ dts e ̀ iirkssheg. Sk chkrkgdk whff ok kx`lhgkctareuia kx`lpfks e ̀ dts e ̀ iirkssheg hg pefhthds, d`rrhkc eut kspkdh`ffyrel tep-cewg `ppre`da.

@iirkssheg: Sk ]ayshefeihd`f @ppre`da `gc hts

Drhthquks

Sk t`sn e kxpf`hghgi `dts e ìirkssheg hs ` delpfhd`tkc egk, cukte tak v`rhkty e suojkdts hg wahda ht hs rkfkv`gt. Shs suojkdt-v`rhkty`ffews chkrkgt or`gdaks e sdhkgdk, k`da whta ` chkrkgt pkrspkdthvk,

*Derrkspegchgi ùtaer: Lkach Taenrh, ]aC, Ckp`rtlkgt eb ]efhthds `gc]ahfesepay, Brkk [ghvkrshty eb Okrfhg, Ikrl`gy, Skf: +38 4= 1410> K-l`hf:saenrh.pahfMil`hf.del> Lkach.TaenrhMB[-Okrfhg.ck

_kdkhvkc J`gu`ry =1, ?=02> @ddkptkc J`gu`ry ?;, ?=02> ]uofhsakc Bkoru`ry=;, ?=02

Dht`theg: Taenrh L (?=02) Fkihthl`dy `gc Sakery eb ]efhthd`f Degsdheusgkss:Kv`fu`thgi ]efhthd`f @dt eb @iirkssheg. J ]ef Tdh ]uo @bb 3: 080. ceh:0=.309?/?44?-=920.0===080

Depyrhiat: © ?=02 Taenrh L. Sahs hs `g epkg-`ddkss `rthdfk chstrhoutkc ugckr taktkrls eb tak Drk`thvk Dellegs @ttrhoutheg Fhdkgsk, wahda pkrlhts ugrkstrhdtkcusk, chstrhoutheg, ̀ gc rkprecudtheg hg ̀ gy lkchul, prevhckc tak erhihg`f ̀ utaer ̀ gcseurdk ̀ rk drkchtkc.

try te ckffgk tak ksskgdk `gc tak seurdk e ìirkssheg. Ahsterhd`ffy,tak psydaefeihst `gc sedhefeihst a`vk t`nkg up tahs t`sn, o`skc egtak kxtkgshvk sedhefeihd`f kxpkrhlkgt`f stuchks ^4\. Sk rksufthgipsydaefeihd`f ckffghthegs e ìirkssheg lestfy edus `reugc pkrseg`foka`vher `gc klethegs ^3\. Sk rkgewgkc psydaefeihst, Jeag Ceff`rc,kstòfhsakc ` `leus ckffghtheg e ìirkssheg, hg wahda ak rkdeighzkcht ̀ s ̀ gy ‑skqukgdk e oka`vher, tak ie`f-rkspegsk te wahda hs tak hgjury

e tak pkrseg tew`rc wael ht hs chrkdtkc‘. Fkeg`rc Okrnewhtz uskctahs ckffghtheg hs hg ahs df`sshd wern, @iirkssheg: @ Tedh`f ]sydaefeihd f̀

@g`fyshs ^;,2\. Brel tahs pkrspkdthvk, wahda degdkgtr`tks eg tak fhgnoktwkkg hgchvhcu`f oka`vher ̀ gc ̀ iirksshvk ̀ tthtucks, selk aypetaksks`rk p`rthduf`rfy getòfk, hgdfuchgi Ceff`rc‘s ‑Brustr`theg-@iirkssheg-Aypetakshs‘ ^9\. Ceff`rc, `fegi whta Gk`f Lhffkr, klpa`shzkc ta`t ‖takeddurrkgdk e ̀ iirkssheg ̀ fw`ys prksuppesks tak kxhstkgdk e rustr`theg`gc, degtr`rhwhsk, ta`t tak kxhstkgdk e rustr`theg ̀ fw`ys fk`cs te selkerl e ìirkssheg“ ^9\. Sky cktkrlhgkc ta`t tak ikgkr`ter e `dtse ìirkssheg er ìirksshvk oka`vher hs hg tak fhgn oktwkkg ` skgsk erustr`theg hg tak pkrseg`f-sedh`f degtkxt `gc ìirksshvk `tthtucks. Skrkf`thegsahp oktwkkg rustr`theg `gc ìirksshvk oka`vher, `dderchgi tetaksk sdaef`rs, hs stregi. H lkrk rustr`theg, hs get `s stregi `s ht d`gckprhvk hgchvhcu`fs ^1\, takg ht d`g khtakr dùsk e sefht`ry e takl erl`nk takl te ce `g ̀ dt e (psydaefeihd`f) ̀ iirkssheg ̂ 8,0=\.

Aewkvkr, takrk `rk selk pehgts e drhthdhsl ta`t lust oklkgthegkc. Eg tak egk a`gc, tak psydaefeihd`f ̀ ppre`da, kspkdh`ffy hg

http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2332-0761.1000191http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2332-0761.1000191http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2332-0761.1000191http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2332-0761.1000191


2/8

Dht`theg: Taenrh L (?=02) Fkihthl`dy `gc Sakery eb ]efhthd`f Degsdheusgkss: Kv`fu`thgi ]efhthd`f @dt eb @iirkssheg. J ]ef Tdh ]uo @bb 3: 080.ceh:0=.309?/?44?-=920.0===080

]ìk ? eb 1


HTTG: ?44?-=920 J]T]@, ̀ g epkg `ddkss jeurg`f

tak degtkxt e `lhfy, wakrk ckchd`theg, ckvetheg, `gc s`drhffdk (r`takrta`g tak lkrk degdkpt e f`w) hs tak eugc`theg e rkf`thegsahps, oyge lk`gs ceks rustr`theg feihd`ffy ckl`gc ìirkssheg. Burtakrlerk,

hg tak sedh`f degtkxt, tahs `riulkgt hlpfhks ` fhgk`r p`ta e `dtheghg kvkry d`sk, hg wahda rustr`theg hs `fw`ys effewkc oy ` dkrt`hgpsydaefeihd`f ìirkssheg. Shs hs ` pehgt e wk`ngkss hg tak takery,okdùsk ht suppesks ` ahia fkvkf e dkrt`hgty òeut tak refk `gc kkdte tak f`w hg oeta shcks e ` pewkr rkf`theg. Hg etakr wercs, ht sa`pkskxpkdt`thegs `gc prkchdthegs òeut tak ìirksser. Xkt sedh`f, g`theg`f, erhgtkrg`theg`f rustr`theg ceks get `fw`ys rksuft hg ìirksshvk `tthtucks^00\. Degshckrhgi tak d`sk e rkfhiheus chsdrhlhg`theg ì`hgst welkg^0?-0;\, wahda durrkgtfy kxhsts hg tak degtkxt e takedr`thd pewkrstrudturks `gc lest trho`f oka`vher, prevhcks us whta `g ugkxpkdtkckx`lpfk e aew ahiafy rustr`tkc dhthzkgs, hg tahs d`sk, welkg, wae`rk `fse okfhkvkrs, ce get rkveft ^02,09\. Shs `cckc chlkgsheg te taktakery e Drkckgc` ^01\, wahda kxpf`hgs aew ùtaerhthks justhy takepprksshvk pewkr rkf`theg whta akfp e tak refk e okfhk hg tak pewkr

strudturks te kkdt tak `w`rkgkss e efns. Sk takery e Drkckgc`kxpf`hgs tak l`xhlul d`p`dhty e tak whff e `g ùtaerhty ta`t d`g ok`ppk`rkc te ok justhffkc, ykt ht hs hffkihthl`tk `dt e ìirkssheg (HF@@).Orhcihgi rel hgchvhcu`f degdkpt e ìirkssheg te tak sedh`f egk, selka`vk `riukc ta`t `g `dt e rkveft `gc vhefkgdk ì`hgst tak ievkrglkgths tak egfy lk`g te hghth`tk pefhthd`f da`gik `gc preirkss ^08,?=\. Xkt,‑da`gik‘ d`g ok ckffgkc `s `g eg-iehgi rkveft tareuiaeut thlk, hgstk`ce `fw`ys hlpfyhgi tak òstr`dt, r`chd`f lk`ghgi `ssedh`tkc whta takèrklkgthegkc takery. Ht hs o`skc eg tahs vhkw, ta`t degvkgtheg`f rk`segrki`rcs rustr`theg `s `g kkdthvk kfklkgt gkkckc er da`gik `gc ta`tg`tur`ffy dùsks ̀ iirkssheg, wahda hs ̀ fw`ys tew`rc etakrs ^?0\. Hg etakrwercs, taky okfhkvk ta`t rustr`theg hs tak kgihgk e (sedh`f) levklkgts.Sk stregikst drhthd eg tak rustr`theg ̀ s ̀ g erhihg e pefhthd`f ìirkssheg

hs tak dellug`f ireugc e ìirksshvk `dt. ‖Sk re`c te tet`fht`rh`gcelhg`theg fk`c tareuia l`gy hgtkrlkch`tk stìks er wahda wk d`gffgc gulkreus `g`feihks `gc prkdkckgts. Sk kxtrèrchg`ry ofeecytkrrer curhgi tak hghth`f stìk e tet`fht`rh`g rufk skrvks hgckkc takkxdfushvk purpesk e ckk`thgi tak eppegkgt `gc rkgckrhgi `ff urtakreppeshtk hlpesshofk“0. suda justhffd`theg ceks get step ̀ t tahs fkvkf. L`jertkrrer e tak ùtaerht`thvk `gc tet`fht`rh`g rkihlks whff ok ‖fùgdakc`bkr hghth`f st`tk a`s okkg evkrdelk“?. Sk l`jer `gc l`hg tkrrer hs tesa`pk tak gki`thvk pefhthd`f degsdheusgkss e tak efns te ̀ dt hg degdrktk,te `dt hg `dderc`gdk te tak whff e ùtaerht`rh`g/tet`fht`rh`g st`tks. Skrk`f tkrrer hs hg tak spakrk e tak lhr`gc` ̀ gc drkckgc` e pewkr.

Hg tahs w`y, takrk hs ` ffgk chvkrik fhgk oktwkkg tak psydaefeihd`fireugc e ìirkssheg `gc pefhthd`f ireugc e ìirkssheg. Ya`t hs getdegshckrkc hg tak psydaefeihd`f ckffghtheg e ̀ iirkssheg hs tak erhihg ̀ gc

hgdkgthvks e ̀ iirkssheg rel tak r`theg`f pehgt e vhkw ta`t d`g lestfyeugc hg tak pefhthd`f rk`fl. Hghth`ffy, rel tak psydaefeihd`f pehgt e

vhkw, rustr`theg hs hgdfhgkc te egk `dts hg rkveft ì`hgst akrskf. Skg`turk e rustr`theg hs te kkf upskt ̀ gc te ok ̀ ggeykc ̀ oeut selktahgier selkegk, h get uttkrfy aepkfkss, rki`rchgi tak kxpkdt`theg `gc takrkf`thegsahp e kxpkdt`theg wahda hs delp`rkc te egk‘s òhfhthks `gcpewkr te `kdt ht. Shs kxpkdt`theg hs lerk pkrseg`f r`takr ta`g sedh`f.Tuda sert e rustr`theg l`y er l`y get fk`c te ìirkssheg. Xkt, takklphrhd`f kvhckgdk e l`sshvk pefhthd`f ìirkssheg, kspkdh`ffy tak `drhcegks suda `s _khdastì Bhrk Ckdrkk hg 0844^??\ er tak hlprhseglkgte `gyegk degshckrkc te ok eppegkgts e tak G`zhs, G`zh‘s skhzurk epewkr ̀ gc ourst tak hffkihthl`tk w`rs, er rkdkgtfy tak epprkssheg e takùtedr`dhks er hlprhseglkgt e jeurg`fhst ̀ gc pefhthd`f eppegkgts? `rk

`legi ̀ fegi fhst ta`t ̀ rk kxdfuckc rel tak ckffghtheg e psydaefeihd`f0 @rkgct, Sak Erhihgs eb Set`fht`rh`ghsl, (Gkw Xern: @ A`rvkst Oeen 0898), p.33=>

@rkgct, Sak Erhihgs eb Set`fht`rh`ghsl, (Gkw Xern: Tdaednkg Oeens, 0831), p.;29.? @rkgct, Sak Erhihg eb Set`fht`rh`ghsl, (Gkw Xern: Tdaednkg Oeens, 0831), p.;29.

ìirkssheg ̀ gc tak erhihgs ta`t ht rkkrs te, tak Brustr`theg-@iirkssheg-Aypetakshs. Skrkerk, ` chkrkgt `ppre`da lust ok t`nkg te kxpf`hgtak erhihgs, r`takr ta`g rustr`theg, ta`t fk`c te tak pefhthd`f `dts e

ìirkssheg, fkihthl`tk `gc hffkihthl`tk egks. e ugckrst`gc ìirksshegrel ` pefhthd`f pehgt e vhkw, tahs takery hgvhtks us te t`nk egk stkpurtakr, oeydett tak psydaefeihd`f ̀ ppre`da, te ffgc ̀ gkw w`y te ckffgkht. Akrk, ht hs `ppreprh`tk te ihvk tak rk`ckrs ` saert out vht`f degdkpte tahs `rthdfk: rel gew eg, tahs `rthdfk hs dkgtkr `reugc tak hck` ta`t`gy getheg hg pefhthds, akrk `dts e ìirkssheg, d`g ok kv`fu`tkc. Skderk ksskgdk e tahs kv`fu`theg hs te ugckrst`gc ta`t `gy pefhthd`fpakgelkgeg hs tak rksuft e ̀ egk nhgc e delohg`theg oktwkkg tak twedegdkpts e ‑rhiats‘ `gc ‑pewkr‘. Lerkevkr, tak fkihthl`dy er hffkihthl`dye ht hs ahiafy deggkdtkc te wa`t ht a`s okkg prepeskc `s ‑pefhthd`fdegsdheusgkss takery‘, wahda hts l`hg tr`ht hs dkgtkrkc `reugc r`theg`f-gerl`thvk prhgdhpfks ̂ ?,?4-?;\.

]efhthd`f Degsdheusgkss Skery `gc tak Degdkpt eb

Fkihthl`dy

e ngew òeut tak pefhthd`f ìirkssheg, taus, wk a`vk te ngew ffrstta`t wahda systkl er pkrseg d`g uthfhzk ht. ]efhthd`f pewkr hs `ff `reugcus, vhshofk `gc hgvhshofk, l`ghkst hg tak kvkryc`y sedh`f rkf`thegs, hgpkepfk‘ hckefeihks `gc takhr `dthegs ^?2\. ]ewkr hs tak nky degdkpte ugckrst`gchgi pefhthds, pefhthd`f fhvks, eri`ghz`thegs `gc pefhthd`fpakgelkgeg `gc takhr l`hg tr`hts suda `s fkihthl`dy ^?9\. Sk derkksskgdk e ̀ sedhkty st`gcs eg ̀ gc er tahs degdkpt. Lerkevkr, chsdhpfhgkshg sedhefeiy, psydaefeiy, pahfesepay, kdegelhds `gc pefhthds hg egk w`yer `getakr `rk rkf`tkc te tahs degdkpt. Chkrkgt ckffghthegs e pefhthd`fpewkr ̀ rk drudh`f ̀ gc cktkrlhghgi `dter er k`da pefhthd`f erckr, shgdkht puts `g ìkgc` tareuia wahda tak pewkr weufc ok erlkc `gckxkrdhskc. Sk hckgthffd`theg e pewkr l`y ok o`skc eg ` shgifk `spkdt.

effewhgi suda lktaec, selk sdaef`rs a`vk prkskgtkc pefhthd`f pewkr`s hckgthffkc whta hts kxkrdhsk ^?1\, celhg`theg ̂ ?8\, suojkdt chspeshthegs^4=,40\, rkkcel ^4?\ er klpewkrlkgt ^44\. Cksphtk ` fegi ahstery echsdusshegs, ̀ riulkgts, w`rs ̀ gc delprelhsks eg tak chkrkgt gethegse pefhthd`f pewkr, takerkthd`ffy ̀ gc prìl`thd`ffy, gkvkr taksk da`ffkgiksdùsk ̀ sahb rel tak shgifk degdkpt te tak degdkpt e pefyieg e pefhthd`fpewkr. Klpa`shs eg tak shgifk degdkpt e pefhthd`f pewkr fkc te tak f`dne ug`ghlhty hg s`yhgi ta`t wahda ckffghtheg hs `ckqu`tk, justhffkc `gcfkihthl`tk. Tdaef`rs, o`skc eg suda chkrkgth`tkc ̀ ppre`daks, a`vk okkg`riuhgi ta`t tak pewkr degsthtutks `g ‑ksskgth`ffy degtkstkc‘ degdkpt^43\. Te, tak qukstheg effews whta ` vkry hlpert`gt degskqukgdk: cekstak degdkpt e pefhthd`f pewkr, just fhnk ckledr`dy ̀ gc fkihthl`dy, d`rrytak kv`fu`thvk rkkrkgt er d`fduf`thvk rkkrkgt5 ]kra`ps suda quksthegrkkrs te tak tkdaghquk te ̀ g`fyzk eg tak shgifk sd`fk sdhkgthffd ̀ ppre`da,

`gc pkra`ps sdaef`rs okfegi te k`da shck ckdf`rk ta`t tak degdkpt epefhthd`f pewkr `ffs whtahg takhr ffkfc. Sky `rk p`rth`ffy rhiat, outget òsefutkfy. H pefhthd`f pewkr, `s wkff `s ckledr`dy, aul`g rhiats`gc fkihthl`dy, `rk lkrkfy kv`fu`thvk degdkpts `gc egfy `ff hgte takgerl`thvk kv`fu`theg e pefhthd`f spakrk, er eg tak etakr shck, h takskdegdkpts `rk lkrkfy d`fduf`thvk `gc `ff hgte tak klphrhd`f d`fduf`thege pefhthd`f spakrk, aew ce wk pr`dthdk drhthquk wakg takrk hs gedeggkdtheg5 @gc aew wk ngew wa`t hs pefhthd`f ìirkssheg, waktakr hths justhffkc er saeufc ok prkvkgtkc5 effewhgi tak kvefutheg r̀y predksse ahsterhd`f degsdheusgkss ^4;\4 taus, takrk lust ok `g hgdkgthvk tewkfdelk tak hgtkrrkf`thegsahp oktwkkg taksk hgtkgshvk `gc kxtkgshvk,p`rthduf`r ̀ gc ughvkrs`f, `dters te `g`fyzk suda degdkpts. Ht l`y ̀ ppk`rta`t tak hggev`theg te takerhzk tak preofkl `gc drhthquk e ‑shgiuf`rksskgdk e pewkr‘ w`s ` levk hg tak rhiat chrkdtheg ^42,49\. Xkt, sudapreofkl t̀hzkc drhthquk edusks eg tak takerhsts r`takr ta`g tak degdkpt,

4Tkk `fse spkkda hg tak Dhty A`ff eb _khls eg 4=. L`rda.082= hg Gkukg ZördakrZkhtugi, 40.L`rda. 082=, Gr.8=, p.?. attp://www. zkhtugis`rdahv.gzz.da

http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2332-0761.1000191http://www/http://www/http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2332-0761.1000191


3/8


]ìk 4 eb 1



s`yhgi ta`t ksskgth`ffy degtkstkc degdkpts `rk d`rryhgi tak hgtkgtheg etak sdaef`rs, get ta`t taky hg taklskfvks ksskgth`ffy ckffgòfk. Sky d`gok ckffgkc `s tak uskr e tak degdkpts whsaks te. Ber kx`lpfk, wakg `g

Hsf`lhsts usk tak degdkpt e fkihthl`dy er aul`g rhiats, akr vhkw esuda degdkpts kgt`hfhgi ` dfk`r rkfhiheus ckffghtheg e pewkr strudturk.@ sedh`fhst a`s ` chkrkgt vhkw e ckledr`dy wahda klpa`shzks egkvkry `spkdt e sedh`f fhk, wahfk ` fhokr`f‘s ckffghtheg e ckledr`dyhs dhrdulsdrhokc hg ` sdeep wahda klpa`shzks ` strhdt chsthgdtheg epuofhd `gc prhv`tk spakrk ^41\. Aewkvkr, suda rkf`thvhty hs `dtu`ffy `degskqukgdk e sufn oktwkkg tak gerl`thvk kv`fu`theg e tak degdkpts`gc klphrhd`f kv`fu`theg e tak degdkpts, wahda oeta etakrwhsk `rkreetkc hg tak ahsterhd`f degsdheusgkss, dùsks ta`t sdaef`rs hlpfyhgita`t takrk deufc ok ge ̀ irkklkgt eg shgifk degdkpt ta`t ckffgks pefhthd`fpewkr, akgdk ìrkk te get ìrkk ^41\.

]rìl`thd spakrk l`nks tak degdkpt e pefhthd`f pewkr ̀ oht dfk`rkr,ykt sthff ht hs `r rel tak t`nkg-er-ir`gtkc-tahgis. Chkrkgt sedhkthks

a`vk okkg kxpkrhkgdhgi chkrkgt erls e pefhthd`f pewkrs `s takùtaerhthks ̀ gc sevkrkhigs. Gkvkrtakfkss, chkrkgt degdkpts e pefhthd`fpewkr ̀ rk tak precudts e tak d`p`dhty e tak pkepfk hg k`da rkiheg ̀ gctakhr ughquk kxpkrhkgdk e fhk `gc dhvhfhz`theg tareuia ̀ fegi ahsterhd`f-pefhthd`f predkss ^48\, wahda `rk hg turg a`s okkg hgukgdkc oy `gc eg

tak pewkr rkf`thegs. @g hlpert`gt tahgi te gethdk akrk, hs ta`t tak l`hg

rk`seg er kxhstkgdk e chkrkgt erls e pefhthd`f pewkrs `gc chkrkgt

pewkr rkf`thegs hs hgtkrckpkgckgdy e tak degdkpts e pefhthd`f ‑pewkr‘

`gc pefhthd`f ‑rhiats‘. Shs `ppre`da d`g kxpf`hg, rel oeta gerl`thvk

`gc klphrhd`f kv`fu`theg, way tak chkrkgt erls e pewkr rkf`theg

d`g d`rry chkrkgt ckffghthegs e wa`t ̀ ssulkc `s ksskgth`ffy degtkstkc

degdkpts. Hg etakr wercs, pefhthd`f pewkr hg ikgkr`f, ̀ gc etakr degdkpts

suda `s fkihthl`dy, `rk da`r`dtkrhzkc oy ` systkl`thd rkdeightheg `gc

eoskrv`gdk e rhiats. Turfy, pesskssheg e rhiats, tak degdkpt e ‑pewkrte‘, l`nks df`hlhgi pesshofk, ykt tak ‖ler`f shighffd`gdk“ e rhiats

ckpkgc eg tak pesshohfhty e df`hlhgi takl ^3=,30\. Shs hs tak gkw

degdkpt wahda d`g ok d`ffkc tak degdkpt e ‑pewkr e‘. Ht hlpfhks eg

tak `dter‘s whff `gc hgtuhtheg er `dt `s ùtegeleusfy `s pesshofk whta

rkfyhgi eg tak twe etakr degdkpts.

Sk ugertug`tk kkdt e tak skp`r`theg e ‑pewkr‘ ̀ gc ‑rhiats‘ weufc

ok pefhthd`f chs`stkrs tareuiaeut tak thlks wakg ` qu`sh _kdatsst``t er

hg degtr`st ` L`datst``t precudks ` degdkpt e tet`fht`rh`ghsl, ushgi

tak kxtkgshvk ùtaerhty lkrkfy o`skc eg ìirkssheg ^01,3?\. Eg tak

degtr`ry, tak egfy rklkcy er suda `syllktrhd pewkr rkf`thegs hs tak

prkskgdk e tak rkdhpred`f degsthtuthvk degdkpt e pewkr `gc rhiats.

Sk delohg`theg e pefhthd`f pewkr `gc rhiats hs ` l`jer ireugc er

` deighthvk, prìl`thd `gc preirksshvk fkihthl`tk pewkr ^34\. Ht hsget ` degdkpt wahda o`skc egfy eg tak ahsterhd`f df`hl e fkihthl`tk

pewkr ta`t delks te lk`g er dkrt`hg efns, out wahda tak degdkpt e

ughvkrs`fhty hs delprkakgshofk ̂ 34\. Cef Ttkrgokrikr df`hls ‖fkihthl`dy

hs tak eugc`theg e suda ievkrglkgt`f pewkr ̀ s hs kxkrdhskc oeta whta

` degsdheusgkss eg tak ievkrglkgt‘s p`rt ta`t ht a`s ` rhiat te ievkrg

`gc whta selk rkdeightheg oy tak ievkrgkc e ta`t rhiat“ ^4;\. Shs

delohg`theg klor`dks `ff degdkpts e pefhthd`f pewkr hg ` erl e

‑ksskgth`ffy get degtkstkc degdkpts‘, ` rkdhpred`f degsthtuthvk e pefhthd`f

pewkr. Ht hs, hg etakr wercs, tak kkdts e ` ckvkfephgi d`p`dhty er

òhfhty hg ` pewkr rkf`theg wahda hs o`skc eg tak r`theg`f `gc ahsterhd`f

hgtkgckc whffs. Tuda pakgelkgeg d`g ok d`ffkc `s ‑degsdheusgkss eb

rhiats‘ er ‑ pefhthd f̀ degsdheusgkss‘ , wahda kgiìk whta oeta shcks e tak

ievkrglkgt `gc tak ievkrgkc ^4;\. Hg tahs wern, ùtaer whff usk taksk

twe kxprksshegs `s ` lutu`f rkdeightheg, eoskrv`theg, justhffd`theg `gc

`pprkdh`theg e rhiats ta`t okfegi te tak g`turk e ckledr`thd ievkrglkgts>

hg wahda tak degdkpt e lutu`f ngewfkcik supperts ` ak`ftay rkdhpred`fdegsthtuthvk da`r`dtkr e pefhthd`f pewkr `gc rhiats ^33\3

Hffkihthl`tk `gc Fkihthl`tk @iirkssheg: Sk D`sk ebEpprkssheg, HF@@

Dekrdheg er ìirkssheg hs tak d`p`dhty e pefhthd`f pewkr te chdt`tkhts l`xhlul whff. Sus, tak usk e suda `g hgstrulkgt ahiafy ckpkgcseg tak ughquk erl e pefhthd`f strudturk `gc tak erhihg e tak `dt, htshgdkgthvk, tak derk ksskgdk e hts klkrikgdk. Fkt us st`rt whta tak erhihge `g `dt e ìirkssheg. Eg tak egk a`gc, `s wk a`vk iegk tareuia, `rktak lest delleg egks, rustr`theg, `gc eg tak etakr a`gc, hs feihd`fchs`ppehgtlkgt. Yakrk `s chs`ppehgtlkgt hs klokcckc hg r`theg`fireugc, rustr`theg hs klokcckc hg kletheg`f ireugc. Sk feihdokahgc tak chs`ppehgtlkgt hs er tak s`nk e l`nhgi ` derrkdtheg erda`gik, rustr`theg eg tak degtr`ry, `rk psydaefeihd`f ireugckc r`takrta`g feihd`ffy. _`theg`f-gerl`thvk prhgdhpfks `gc ler`f shighffd`gdk

`rk ì`hgst vhef`theg, ykt tak psydaefeihd`f ireugc kgcs hg vhef`theg.Akrk, wk a`vk te `sn wa`t l`nks tak chs`ppehgtlkgt `gc tak skgsk ederrkdtheg r`theg`f `gc ckl`gckc, wakrk vhefkgdk, `s ` psydaefeihd`frkf`tkc tr`ht, hs ̀ drhc ̀ gc hrr`theg`f5 ̂ ?;\. Shs qukstheg epkgs ̀ whgcewte ` whckr egk: aew wk d`g cktkrlhgk `gy r`theg`f `dt hg tak rk`fl epefhthds `s tak ffrst stkp er kv`fu`thgi e hts fkihthl`dy5 @s wk `frk`cyput ht, eg tak egk a`gc, tak rkdhpred`f degsthtuthvk da`r`dtkr e tak rhiat`gc pewkr, ̀ gc eg tak etakr a`gc, tak takery e pefhthd`f degsdheusgkss,`rk tak dergkrstegk e pefhthd`f pewkr `gc hts uthfhzkc hgstrulkgts.Skrkerk, tak feihd`ffy ckl`gckc kfklkgt ta`t a`s okkg `hfkc te`ccrkss ykt hs tak r`theg`f-gerl`thvk prhgdhpfks. _`theg`f-gerl`thvkprhgdhpfks;, tak prhgdhpfks ta`t `rk rkk rel tak `clhr`theg `gc okfhk`gc klokcckc hg ler`f shighffd`gdk, `rk tak seurdk e justhffd`theg hg` pewkr rkf`thegs, g`lkfy er `dts e ìirkssheg ^3;\. Bhrst, ht akfps te

`sskss wa`t tak twe l`hg degdkpts e ‑pewkr‘ `gc ‑rhiat‘ rk`ffy `rk, takerl`theg e tak degdkpt e ‑pewkr evkr‘ `gc ‑pewkr te‘. Tkdegc, ht akfpste ugckrst`gc wahda pewkr rkf`theg er spkdhffd `dt hg ` pewkr rkf`theghs ireugckc eg tak justhffòfk prhgdhpfk. Justhffd`theg e tahs sert hs `g`ssksslkgt te tak hgput fkihthl`dy e tak ̀ dts e pefhthd`f ̀ iirkssheg ̀ gc`sskss takhr `ddeugtòhfhty `gc kkdthvkgkss ^?3\. Sus, wakgkvkr wkrkkr te tak psydaefeihd`f erhihg e `g `dt e ìirkssheg ^9,8,08\, wk `rkrkkrrhgi te tak prhgdhpfks ta`t ̀ rk hgckkc ce get a`vk tak s`lk ireugc`s tak r`theg`f-gerl`thvk prhgdhpfks a`vk. Ber hgst`gdk, rustr`theg hsreetkc hg tak kkfhgi, ht hs kv`fu`thvk kfklkgt hg tak psydaefeiy r`takrta`g pefhthds. ]sydaefeihd`f erhihgs d`g ok rki`rckc `s ` dùsk ta`t d`gakfp us te rkdeighzk hffkihthl`dy e `g `dt e ìirkssheg, shgdk taky `rkdegtr`chdtery whta gerls ̀ gc ler`f shighffd`gdk e rhiats, ̀ gc chverdkcrel tak r`theg`f-gerl`thvk prhgdhpfks. Shs kv`fu`theg d`g st`rt rel

pkrseg`f oka`vher `gc kxtkgc te tak dellug`f `dt e ìirkssheg. @g`theg rkquhrks twe rk`segs te ok suojkdtkc te `g hffkihthl`tk `dte ìirkssheg er l`nk `g hffkihthl`tk pewkr rkf`theg: (h) ` ckffdht hgpefhthd`f degsdheusgkss `gc (hh) psydaefeihd`f ireugcs er l`nhgi `ghffkihthl`tk ̀ dt er ̀ g hffkihthl`tk pewkr rkf`theg.

Iktthgi o`dn te tak hghth`f erhihgs e dekrdheg er tak `dt eìirkssheg, tak rufk e f`w, weufc ok tak lest hgtkrksthgi suojkdt `gc `

vht`f hgstrulkgt er `gy ùtaerhty. e `sskss tak ksskgdk `gc tak erhihg

3Sak pefhthd`f degsdheusgkss takery kxpf`hgs tak d`p`dhty eb fkihthl`theg eb pewkrstrudturk o`skc eg r`theg`f gerl`thvk prhgdhpfk. hg tahs skgsk, Okrikr `gc Fedn-l`gg `riuk ta`t ‖Fkihthl`theg ‑kxpf`hgs‘ tak hgsthtutheg`f erckr oy `sdrhohgi deigh-thvk v`fhchty te hts eojkdthv`tkc lk`ghgi.“ `gc ‖Ngewfkcik predkkc v`fuks hg takfkihthl`theg eb hgsthtuthegs.“ Tkk Okrikr `gc Fudnl`gg, Sak Tedh`f Degstrudthegeb _k`fhty> ` Srk`thsk hg tak Tedhefeiy eb Ngewfkcik. (Kgif`gc: ]kgiuhg Ireup,

0822), p.000.;[ghtkc G`theg, ‖Aul`g _hiats“, Ebdk eb tak Ahia Dellhsshegkr ber Aul`g

_hiats, ‖[ghvkrs`f Ckdf`r`theg eb Aul`g _hiats“, attp://www.eadar.eri/KG/[CA_/Cedulkgts/2=[CA_/oeenfktkg.pcb

http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2332-0761.1000191http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2332-0761.1000191


4/8


]ìk 3 eb 1



e f`w wk d`g rkfy eg tak ffrl kv`fu`theg wahda hs prkskgtkc oy takr`theg`f-gerl`thvk prhgdhpfks `gc ler`f shighffd`gdk. Tuda kv`fu`theghs `clhròfk er `g klethegfkss `ppre`da te skk waktakr dekrdheg

hs ler`f `gc fkihthl`tk ^32\ er hffkihthl`tk. Hg tahs skgsk, wk d`g skkta`t rustr`theg, wahda suppeskcfy hs ckrhvkc rel hgòhfhty, hs gkhtakrtak erhihg er tak dekrdheg ta`t `g ùtaerhty hlpfhks ger tak dùskdellug`f ìirkssheg ger dùsk hffkihthl`tk pewkr rkf`theg. ]efhthd`fìirkssheg, eg tak degtr`ry, l`y stkl rel hffkihthl`tk out feihd`ffyckl`gckc hllughty, prkskrv`theg, `gc kxp`gsheg e ‑pewkr evkr‘, erfkihthl`tk feihd`ffy ckl`gckc derrkdtheg `gc skdurhgi tak pefhthd`fdegsdheusgkss. Akrk, egdk ì`hg ht a`s okkg dfk`r ta`t te `gswkr tahsp`pkr‘s hgquhry òeut pefhthd`f ìirkssheg, ht hs rkquhrkc te chsduss takerhihgs e dekrdheg er pefhthd`f ìirkssheg o`skc eg r`theg`f ireugc,r`takr ta`g edushgi eg tak psydaefeihd`f kxpf`g`theg, tak takery eBrustr`theg-@iirkssheg-Aypetakshs. Akrk, wk a`vk te `sn wa`t hs takerhihg e tak pefhthd`f ìirkssheg, h ̀ iirkssheg er dekrdheg, er hgst`gdk

vhef`theg e aul`g rhiat, hs get fkihthl`tk5

]rìl`thd`ffy, ht a`s ̀ fw`ys okkg okerk eur kyks ta`t ‖tak okfhk hg ̀st`tk‘s fkihthl`dy hs drudh`f — ̀ st`tk ta`t w`s fkihthl`tk out get okfhkvkcte ok se weufc ok ge lerk kkdthvk ta`g `g hffkihthl`tk egk taeuiat teok fkihthl`tk (ht lhiat kvkg ok fkss kkdthvk)“ ^39\, akgdk, wk sa`ff `snwa`t d`g wk ekr lerk ta`g suda egk-chlkgsheg`f ̀ ppre`da5

Fkihthl`dy d`g ok chvhckc hgte tarkk chlkgshegs e hgput, eutput`gc tareuiaput. Hgput fkihthl`dy l`y kxpf`hg tak qukstheg e Ya`t hstak erhihg e fkihthl`dy5, ̀ gc o`skc eg hts erhihg, Hs ht ieec er o`c5. Ht hs,hg etakr wercs, rkkrrhgi te tak quksthegs rki`rchgi hts seurdks. Hg tahsskgsk, egfy whta ̀ r`theg`f-gerl`thvk ̀ riulkgt`theg egk d`g rkkr te takdegdkpt e klpewkrlkgt, rkspkdthvkfy tak degdkpt e ‑pewkr te‘, wahdahs hg tak dkgtkr e kv`fu`theg. Beffewhgi suda p`ta, tak etakr quksthegs

l`y ok hg degdkrg, suda `s Yae l`nk tak df`hl te fkihthl`dy5 wa`t`rk tak seurdks e fkihthl`dy5. Sk eutput fkihthl`dy rkkrrhgi te takeutdelk e ` pewkr rkf`theg, tak eutdelk e tak degdkpts e ‑pewkr‘`gc ‑rhiats‘. @gc tareuiaput fkihthl`dy rkkrrhgi te tak quksthegrki`rchgi tak hlpfklkgt`theg, tak qukstheg e pewkr rkf`theg, tak

qukstheg e tak hgstrulkgts e pewkr, kvkry-c`y fhk kxpkrhkgdk e st`tks

`gc hts suojkdts, `gc tak qukstheg òeut kxkrdhsk e pewkr. Ahtakrte, tak

sdepks `gc chlkgshegs e justhffd`theg `gc fkihthl`dy `rk chvhckc `gc

erckrkc, ht l`y ok ` ieec try h wk w`gt te rkckffgk takl. Fkihthl`dy

e `g ùtaerhty er `g `dt, `s ht hs hlpfhkc akrk`bkr hg tahs wern, hs tak

delpfkx ler`f `gc r`theg`f rhiats, ` delohg`theg e ‑pewkr te‘, ‑pewkr

evkr‘, `gc ‑pewkr e‘, wahda hs l`ghkstkc hg tak tarkk ireugcs e hgput,

eutput `gc tareuiaput eoskrv`theg e hgtkr`dthegs o`skc eg ` ahia

rki`rckc ‑pefhthd`f degsdheusgkss‘. Fkihthl`dy `ffews tak ùtaerhty tak

‑rhiat‘ ‖te ok tak kxdfushvk hlpeskr e ohgchgi cuthks“ ^31\ `gc rhiats,te ok tak kxdfushvk hlpeskr e dekrdheg, k.i. s`gdtheg `gc pughsalkgt

er okttkr te s`y ̀ dt e ̀ iirkssheg, te eoskrvk tak cuthks ̀ gc te rkdeighzk

`gc s`kiu`rc tak rhiats e hts suojkdts, `gc te degst`gtfy l`hgt`hg hts

justhffd`theg tareuia wahda tak ùtaerhty `gc suojkdt weufc delpfy

tareuia takhr cuthks, rkdeighzk tak r`theg`f `gc lutu`ffy degsthtuthvk

degdkpt e pewkr, `gc te l`hgt`hg tak pefhthd`f stòhfhthks. Sus,

justhffd`theg hs òeut `ftkrg`thvks er pewkr `gc okfhk e tak suojkdt,

wahfk fkihthl`dy, `ftaeuia ht delpesks `ff degdkpts e justhffd`theg, ht

hs òeut hgchvhcu`f `gc pefhthd`f ‑rhiats‘ ^31\, lutu`f rkdeightheg `gc

eoskrv`theg e ht, `gc tak sdepk e hts kgthtfklkgt `gc klpewkrlkgt

^38,;=\. Hg tahs skgsk, okfhk hg st`tk‘s er pewkr‘s fkihthl`dy ̀ gc okfhk hg

hts justhffd`theg ̀ flest dekxhstkgdk. Sk hgstrulkgt ta`t pefhthd`f pewkr

uthfhzks te wahrf hts ùtaerhty hs lerk rkf`tkc te tak justhffd`theg e htsdegsthtukgt erl, hts sevkrkhigty, ta`g e hts fkihthl`dy. @s fkihthl`dy

`gc justhffd`theg `rk chvhckc te tarkk spakrk e hgput, tareuiaput,

`gc eutput fkihthl`dy> tak tareuiaput chlkgsheg hs tak ahiakst pehgt

wakrk tak justhffd`theg `gc fkihthl`dy wern teiktakr. Sk tareuiaputfkihthl`dy, lerkevkr, hs tak l`jer sdeep wakrk dekrdheg er `dt e

ìirkssheg whff ok kv`fu`tkc. Ler`f justhffd`theg `gc ler`f fkihthl`dy,er hgst`gdk, `rk tak chkrkgt `ppre`da te tak hgput chlkgsheg, wakrk`s fki`f justhffd`theg ̀ gc fki`f fkihthl`dy hs tak chkrkgt ̀ ppre`da te taktareuiaput chlkgsheg.

Sk ikguhgk chkrkgdk oktwkkg chvkrsk `dts e ìirkssheg hs getegfy hts hgtkgshty e ht out ckpkgcs eg takhr fkihthl`dy `gc hffkihthl`dy.Tpkdhffd`ffy, tak chkrkgdk oktwkkg vhef`theg e aul`g rhiat `gc `derrkdthvk f`w ckpkgcs eg twe pehgt: Hg ikgkr`f, waktakr tak st`tk `gchg p`rthduf`r waktakr ̀ pewkr rkf`theg er ̀ f`w hs justhffkc ̀ gc fkihthl`tkrkspkdthvkfy. Sus, hg tak p`rthduf`r d`sks, tak qukstheg hs te wa`t kxtkgttak f`w er `gy sert e `dt e ìirkssheg `gc dekrdheg hs degt`hgkc takr`theg`f-gerl`thvk prhgdhpfks ̀ gc ler`f shighffd`gdk, te wa`t kxtkgt ht hsrkfyhgi eg tak degdkpt e ‑pewkr evkr‘ `gc pewkr te‘, er eg tak degtr`ry,

waktakr te wa`t kxtkgc degt`hgkc tak degdkpt e ‑usurp`theg‘ ^34\.Lerkevkr, te wa`t kxtkgc suda pewkr rkf`theg er f`w `rk kstòfhsakctak pefhthd`f degsdheusgkss. Burtakrlerk, degvkgtheg`f rk`seg l`y ok`ssulkc ta`t ̀ g ̀ dt e vhef`theg, g`lkfy vhef`theg e tak pefhthd`f rhiatse ievkrgkc, hs tak egk ̀ gc tak egfy dekrdhvk hgstrulkgt er ̀ g ̀ utaerhty^;0,;?\. Aewkvkr, st`tk‘s dekrdheg d`gget ok rkcudkc te tak hffkihthl`tkegk, g`lkfy `g `dt e vhef`theg. @ pewkr rkf`theg er ` f`w ceks getg`tur`ffy d`rry tak kfklkgt e fkihthl`dy just okdùsk ht hs hlpeskc oy`g ùtaerhty. ùtaerhthks `rk hgkvhtòfy usk dekrdheg te pr`dthdk takhrsevkrkhigty, g`lkfy f`w. Tuda pr`dthdk a`s okkg `fw`ys t`nkg pf`dk hgtak p`ta e hgtkr`dtheg hg wahda ht degt`hgs twe shck e tak ievkrger`gc taesk wael ievkrgkc. Tuda p`ta saews tak deggkdtheg e degdkpte ‑pewkr evkr‘, ‑pewkr te‘, `gc ‑pewkr e ‘ hg tak pewkr rkf`theg. Akrkte,

‑r`theg`f-gerl`thvk prhgdhpfks‘ ̀ gc ler`f shighffd`gdk ̀ rk wa`t lust ok

degshckrkc wakg `ssksshgi waktakr `g `dt hs o`f`gdkc oktwkkg takskdegdkpt, akgdk fkihthl`tk er ̀ g ̀ dt ceks get d`rry suda o`f`gdk, epprkss

tak predkss e pefhthdhz`theg oy òerthgi tak pefhthd`f degsdheusgkss,akgdk hffkihthl`tk. Ber hgst`gdk, tak hffkihthl`dy e ` vhef`theg, `s egkerl `legi ` fegi fhst e hffkihthl`tk `dts eb ìirkssheg wahda l`y

skf-justhffkc oy tak ùtaerhty `gc rkfyhgi lkrkfy eg tak degdkpt e‑pewkr evkr‘, ykt d`gget justhffkc oy tak suojkdt, `hf te `pprkdh`tk takdegdkpt e ‑pewkr te‘ ̀ gc ‑pewkr e ‘- wahda kgt`hfs tak degdkpt e ler`f

shighffd`gdk `gc rkfyhgi eg tak kgthtfklkgt te df`hl te ` rhiat- `s taketakr vht`f shcks e ` pewkr rkf`theg. Tuda hffkihthl`tk `dt, feenhgi hgckpta, hs ` tarhvk er tak kxhstkgdk e tak ùtaerhty, a`gihgi up eg tak

skf-justhffkc ̀ dt htskf. Lerkevkr, vhef`theg e aul`g rhiat hs ̀ legi takhffkihthl`tk `dt e ìirkssheg `gc rkpkththeg e HF@@, wahda hs t`nkg

pf`dk hg tak p`ta e ahstery, hgkvhtòfy dùsks ` strudtur`f epprkssheg.Eg tak etakr a`gc, dekrdheg d`g ok fkihthl`tk egfy h ht hs o`skc egr`theg`f-gerl`thvk ireugcs `gc ler`f shighffd`gdk. Ht hs hlpfklkgtkcget egfy oy tak lkrk getheg e pewkr e f`w, feihd`ffy rkspkdtkc ugckr

tak prhgdhpfk e pefhthd`f degsdheusgkss, out ̀ peshthvk skgsk e ler`fhtyhg ht. Akgdk, wk d`g dfk`rfy skk, ta`t tak r`theg`f-gerl`thvk prhgdhpfks`gc ler`f shighffd`gdk `rk tak ireugc er fkihthl`dy e `g `dt er `gypefhthd`f pewkr.

]efhthd`f @gxhkty `gc @dts eb @iirkssheg

]efhthd`f pewkrs uthfhzk dekrdheg te kstòfhsa er te prkskrvk egk er`ff e tak degdkpt e pewkrs ^41\. Hg ` pewkr rkf`theg, er taesk wae`rk kxkrdhshgi pewkr `gc er taesk wae `rk suojkdtkc te ht, takrk hs `fkvkf e `gxhkty. Sk rk`seg hs get tak rkdhpred`f rkf`theg oktwkkg tak

degdkpts e ‑pewkr evkr‘, ‑pewkr te‘, `gc ‑pewkr e ‘, out tak petkgth`ftkgsheg oktwkkg tak degdkpt e ‑pewkr evkr‘, h.k. celhg`theg, `gc taktwe etakr degdkpt. Sk degdkpts e pewkr hg `gy pewkr rkf`theg vht`ffy



5/8


]ìk ; eb 1



ckpkgcs eg egk `getakr te ok justhffkc. F`dn e egk e tak degdkptschsturohgi tak o`f`gdk ta`t rkquhrks er fkihthl`dy, hs `ddelp`ghkc oytak evkrwakflhgi degdkpt e celhg`theg evkr etakr er vhdk vkrs`. Shs

orhgis tak `gxhkty er taesk wae `rk hg egk er oeta shck e ` pewkrrkf`theg. Ber hgst`gdk, h hg ` pewkr rkf`theg, tak degdkpt e ‑pewkr te‘hs higerkc er epprksskc, er `gy pesshofk rk`seg, tak fkvkf e `gxhktyer taesk wae `rk hg pesskssheg e ‑pewkr evkr‘, hs ahia. Shs weufc okokdùsk e tak rk`seg ta`t tak degdkpt e ‑pewkr evkr‘, tak celhg`thege `g ùtaerhty, hs `frk`cy skf-justhffkc whtaeut tak degdkpt e ‑pewkr te‘`gc ̀ gxhkty hs er tak prkskrv`theg e takhr degthguhty hg celhg`theg. Skkxhsthgi degdkpt e ‑pewkr te‘, wahda hs sefkfy justhffkc, weufc ok a`rcfyda`ffkgikc h ht deugtkrs whta tak quksthegs o`skc eg etakr degdkptse pewkr. Sus, `g ùtaerhty wahda lkrkfy rkfyhgi eg tak degdkpt e‑pewkr evkr‘ er hts prkskrv`theg try te supprkssks tak kfklkgts ta`takfps tak predkss e pefhthdhz`theg `gc eurhsahgi tak degdkpt e‑pewkr te‘ `gc ‑pewkr e‘, try te supprkss `gy getheg e klpewkrlkgt`gc rhiat ta`t d`g ok eugc hg ievkrgkc, g`lkfy òerthgi tak pefhthd`f

degsdheusgkss. Eg tak etakr a`gc, h hg ` pewkr rkf`theg tak degdkpte ‑pewkr evkr‘ hs higerkc, er `gy pesshofk rk`seg, tak fkvkf e `gxhktyhg oeta shcks e pewkr rkf`theg hs ahia. Shs weufc ok okdùsk e takrk`seg ta`t tak degdkpt e ‑pewkr te‘ ceks get rkdeighzk tak degdkpte ‑pewkr evkr‘. Chs`kdtheg hs egk rk`seg `legi ` fegi fhst e etakrser tak sedh`f levklkgts `gc rkvefutheg. Lerkevkr, ht rksufts hg ` ahiafkvkf e `gxhkty er oeta shck e ` pewkr rkf`theg hg wahda `g ùtaerhtyweufc eot`hg hts kxhstkgdk `gc hts celhg`theg lkrkfy whta rkfyhgi eghts skf-justhffkc ‑pewkr evkr‘. Hg degtr`st, tak pefhthdhzkc efns `frk`cyrkdeighzkc takhr pefhthd`f rhiats, rkfyhgi eg tak degdkpt e ‑pewkr te‘, ceget ihvk takhr degskgt te tak ùtaerhty. Shs weufc ok `g hgtrecudtheger okttkr ugckrst`gchgi e pefhthd`f `gxhkty. Sus, tahs fkvkf e `gxhktyudtu`tks ckpkgchgi eg tak chkrkgt pewkr rkf`thegs. Hg p`rthduf`r ̀ dts,

wakrk`s fkihthl`tk ̀ dt e ̀ iirkssheg, ̀ s `g hgstrulkgt e f`w, rksufts hg ̀lhghlul skgsk e ̀ gxhkty, hffkihthl`tk ̀ dt e ìirkssheg usu`ffy rksuftshg tak l`xhlul fkvkf e `gxhkty er oeta shcks e ` pewkr rkf`thegs,kspkdh`ffy er tak ùtaerhty. Tuda `ppre`da te tak pefhthd`f `gxhkty d`ghffustr`tk ta`t aew ebkg tak ofkkchgi ak`rts a`vk `g hreghd k`r e takhrewg ofeec. Burtakrlerk, pefhthd`f `gxhkty weufc dakkruffy `ccrksstak erhihgs e hffkihthl`tk `dt e ìirkssheg, hgdfuchgi vhef`theg eaul`g rhiats `gc epprkssheg, wahda okfegis te tak delpfkx stucy eoka`vher`f pefhthds ̂ ;4\.

Sk _`the eb ]efhthd`f @gxhkty

]efhthd f̀ `gxhkty hs f̀w`ys `ddelp`ghkc oy k`r e c`gikrs te tak

prkskrv t̀heg e egk er lerk degdkpt e pewkr ̀ gc rhiats. Yk skk tahs tareuia

tak kgck`vers e ùtaerht`rh̀ g/tet f̀ht`rh̀ g ievkrglkgts, suda `s hg Gerta

Nerk ,̀ Tyrh̀ , ughsh̀ `gc l`gy lerk ùtaerhthks ta t̀ a`vk okkg saewhgi

`gxhkty, ̀ gc degskqukgtfy degcudthgi hffkihthl t̀k ̀ dt e ìirkssheg. Egk lhiat

`sn, aew hs pefhthd f̀ pewkr tr`ppkc whtahg ̀ degchtheg e pefhthd f̀ ̀ gxhkty5 Yay

ceks ht hgdfuck ̀ skgsk e k`r e prkskrv t̀heg5 Get rkpk t̀hgi wa t̀ a`s okkg iegk

tarew, tak erhihg e pefhthd f̀ ̀ gxhkty hs hgkvhtòfk e wa t̀ wk ugckrst`gc ̀ s tak

g t̀urk e pefhthd f̀ pewkr. ]efhthd f̀ ̀ gxhkty hs prkskgt, out ̀ leugt e ht ckpkgcs

eg tak r t̀he oktwkkg tak degdkpts e pewkr. @ ahia fkvkf e pefhthd f̀ `gxhkty hs

cuk te hts ewg hffkihthl`dy, shgdk tak derk hgchikgdk e ck b`dte pefhthd f̀ pewkr

hs pefhthd f̀ degsdheusgkss. Hg etakr wercs, takrk weufc ok ge pefhthd f̀ pewkr,

hg tak rk f̀ skgsk, ugfkss takrk w`s lerk er fkss pefhthd f̀ degsdheusgkss whtahg `

pewkr strudturk. ]efhthd f̀ degsdheusgkss hs egk e tak lest hlpert`gt kfklkgts

er tak justhffd t̀heg ̀ gc fkihthl`dy e pewkr. Hg ̀ utaerht`rh̀ g/tet f̀ht`rh̀ g pewkr

strudturks, takrk a`vk okkg f̀w`ys chkrkgt erl e rhv f̀rhks oktwkkg tak

ùtaerhty `gc tak dhthzkgs, oktwkkg tak chkrkgt degdkpts e pewkr. Sk l h̀g

rk`seg er tahs, hs ta t̀ ̀ahia fkvkf e pefhthd f̀ degsdheusgkss, tak ngewfkcik e

tak rkdhpred f̀ degsthtuthvk degdkpts e pewkr `gc rhiats te sa`pk ̀fkihthl t̀k

pewkr rkf`theg, rkvk`fs tak w`gteg orut`fhty, aypedrhsy `gc ckdkht `gc

tark`tkgkc tak vkry g`turk e suda rkihlks. ]efhthd`f degsdheusgkss a`s

‖crhvkg l`gy ffgk sprhtks hgte fhk-fegi rkokffheg“ ̂ ?0\ ̀ gc orut`f ̀ ttklpt

e ùtaerhthks te prkskrvk takhr celhg`theg, `s degskqukgdk, `gc takyrksuft hg tak ahiakst fkvkf e `gxhkty tareuiaeut ̀ pewkr rkf`theg. O`skc

eg tak ̀ riulkgt se `r, takerkthd`ffy, h wk ̀ ssulk ta`t tak efns ̀ frk`cy

rkdeighzkc takhr rhiats, tak degdkpt e ‑pewkr te‘ `gc ‑pewkr e‘, takg wk

d`g s`y ta`t tak r`the oktwkkg tak fkvkf e pefhthd`f `gxhkty `gc tak fkvkf

e pefhthd`f degsdheusgkss hg ùtaerht`rh`g/tet`fht`rh`g rkihlks weufc

ok kqu`f, wakrk`s tak r`the oktwkkg tak fkvkf e pefhthd`f ̀ gxhkty ̀ gc tak

fkvkf e pefhthd`f degsdheusgkss hg ckledr`thd rkihlks hs tak eppeshtk.

S`t hs te s`y, ` ahia fkvkf e pefhthd`f degsdheusgkss hg ùtaerht`rh`g/

tet`fht`rh`g rkihlks hgsthi`tks ` ahia fkvkf e `gxhkty, wakrk`s tak ahia

fkvkf e pefhthd`f degsdheusgkss hg ckledr`thd rkihlks dùsks ̀ few fkvkf

e pefhthd`f ̀ gxhkty er tak ùtaerhty ̂ 0,;4-;;\2.

@gxhkty-@iirkssheg-AypetakshsYa`t nhgcs e pewkr precudks `gxhkty `s ` feihd`f ugdtheg e

takhr g`turk5 @s `riukc, takerkthd`ffy, takrk a`s `fw`ys okkg pefhthd`f

degsdheusgkss hg pewkr strudturks. Brel ` tep-cewg `ppre`da, `gc

wakrk ` pefhthd`f pewkr hs degsdheus e hts hffkihthl`dy, egk-chlkgsheg

degdkpt e ‑pewkr evkr‘ a`s okkg tak prhlerch`f e pefhthd`f pewkr ̂ ;2-

2=\. Thluft`gkeusfy, ht precudks ̀ ahia fkvkf e ̀ gxhkty er tak s`nk e hts

prkskrv`theg hg htskf, shgdk hts kxhstkgdk f`dns ` drhthd`f kfklkgt er hts

prkskrv`theg: fkihthl`dy. Lerkevkr, ht precudks ` ahia fkvkf e `gxhkty

`legi hts suojkdt shgdk ht usks vhef`theg ̀ gc epprkssheg, tak hffkihthl`tk

`dts e ìirkssheg ^20-9=\. @ delpfktk rkpert e Aul`g Y`tda hg ?=0;

hgchd`tks ta`t `flest `ff e tak takedr`thd `gc dellughst rkihlks `fse

a`vk tet`fht`rh`g pewkr strudturks. Hg tahs skgsk tak fkvkf e vhef`thege aul`g rhiat hs ahia. Shs lk`gs ta`t tak l`hg hgstrulkgt er taksk

ùtaerhthks hs tak hffkihthl`tk `dt e ìirkssheg. Shs d`g ok `ttrhoutkc

te tak `dt ta`t tak degdkpt e ‑pewkr evkr‘ `gc higer`gdk e tak

deggkdthegs oktwkkg tak degdkpts e pewkr `gc rhiats hg takhr pewkr

strudturks prevhcks ` ireugc er hffkihthl`tk `dts e ìirkssheg, te

vhef`tk tak aul`g rhiats `gc epprkss takhr efns. Shs prìl`thd stucy

hs ̀ legi ̀ fegi fhst e etakrs ta`t supperts tak takerkthd`f prksulptheg,

akrk, ta`t ahia fkvkfs e pefhthd`f degsdheusgkss, wahda preletk tak

degdkpt e ‑pewkr te‘ `gc ler`f shighffd`gdk ta`t o`dns up tak df`hl te

taksk rhiats, tak degdkpt e ‑pewkr e‘, eg tak egk a`gc, hs klokcckc

2Tkk ̀ fse Nhl ]`rnkr, ‖Yakrk tak ]uofhd Tt`gcs eg Ievkrglkgt @sshst`gdk, S`x-ks ̀ gc tak ]rkshckgth`f D`gchc`tks,“ ]kw _ksk`rda Dkgtkr, Tkp.?=0?, www.pkw-sedh`ftrkgcs.eri/?=0?/=8/?=/wakrk-tak-puofhd-st`gcs-eg-ievkrglkgt-`sshst`gdk-t`xks-`gc-tak-prkshckgth`f-d`gchc`tks/ (`ddksskc @uikst ?=0;)

Bhiurk 0: _`the eb Fkihthl`dy ̀ gc tak Tt`tk‘s Oka`vher



6/8


]ìk 2 eb 1



hg tak r`theg`f gerl`thvk prhgdhpfks, ̀ gc eg tak etakr a`gc, tark`tkgkc

tak kxhstkgdk e ùtaerht`rh`g/tet`fht`rh`g rkihlks ^90-1=\ (Bhiurk 0).®9

e degdfuck tahs p`rt e tak degtrhoutheg, tak erhihg e vhef`theg eaul`g rhiats `gc epprkssheg, h.k., tak hffkihthl`tk `dt e ìirkssheg, hspefhthd`f `gxhkty, shgdk hffkihthl`dy dùsks ckprkdh`theg er ckprhv`thege pefhthd`f pewkr. Lerk spkdhffd`ffy, hg lest d`sks, tak hffkihthl`dye ` pefhthd`f pewkr precudks ` ahia fkvkf e pefhthd`f `gxhkty ta`tdegskqukgtfy hs egk e tak ugc`lkgt`f rk`segs er tak usk e epprksshegoy ievkrghgi `dters chrkdtkc `t tak ievkrgkc, okdùsk whtaeut `dtse epprkssheg, hffkihthl`tk pefhthd`f pewkrs ce get a`vk `gy etakrhgstrulkgts er takhr pefhthd`f prkskrv`theg. ‖Brustr`theg-@iirkssheg-Aypetakshs“ hs get ykt `ccrksskc suda pefhthd`f pakgelkgeg. Akgdk,ht hs okttkr te d`ff tahs gkw pefhthd`f-erhkgtkc `spkdt, `g ‖@gxhkty-@iirkssheg-Aypetakshs“ ̂ 10-8=\.

Degdfuchgi _kl`rns

Shs degtrhoutheg d`g ok chvhckc hgte tarkk l`hg p`rts. Sk ffrstp`rt, `riuks ta`t tak psydaefeihd`f `ppre`da wahda prkcelhg`gtfy

usks tak Brustr`theg-@iirkssheg-Aypetakshs kxpf`hgs ìirkssheg, ykt

ceks get `ccrkss tak pefhthd`f `dts e ìirkssheg. e okihg whta, tak

degtrhoutheg dellkgdkc whta takerhzhgi selk ugc`lkgt`f degdkpts,

suda `s pefhthd`f degsdheusgkss ^80-0==\. Shs, o`shd`ffy, rkfhks eg tak

prksulptheg ta`t tak degdkpt e pefhthd`f pewkr `gc pefhthd`f rhiats

a`vk okkg tak vht`f kfklkgts e `gy pefhthd`f pakgelkgeg, hgdfuchgi

dekrdheg. Sk skdegc pehgt ta`t a`s saewg tak hlpert`gdk e pefhthd`f

degsdheusgkss hs hts g`turk. Ht hs tak l`hg tr`ht ta`t ` fkihthl`tk pewkr

rkf`theg er `g `dt d`g ok ckffgkc whta. Sk tahrc pehgt hs tak g`turk

e fkihthl`dy, wahda `s ht a`s okkg `riukc, hs tak r`theg`f-gerl`thvk

prhgdhpfks. Sksk twe akfpkc te `riuk ta`t `g `dt e ìirkssheg hs

fkihthl`tk er hf fkihthl`tk. e lkgtheg selk hgst`gdk, vhef`theg e aul`grhiats ̀ gc epprkssheg hs ̀ riukc ̀ s tak hf fkihthl`tk ̀ dts e ̀ iirkssheg.

Sk ikgk`feiy e `dts e pefhthd`f ìirkssheg fk`cs tak `riulkgt te

` gkwfy-prepeskc d`tkiery hg ìirkssheg takery hg pefhthds: @gxhkty-

@iirkssheg-Aypetakshs. Eg tak degtr`ry te tak Brustr`theg-@iirkssheg-

Aypetakshs, @gxhkty-@iirkssheg-Aypetakshs edusks lerk eg tak

rkf`thegsahp oktwkkg pefhthd`f pewkr `gc pefhthd`f-degsdheusgkss. Sk

`riulkgt edus eg tak kxpf`g`tery `ppre`da, `riuhgi ta`t tak fkvkf e

`gxhkty ckpkgcs eg twe `dter: egk hs tak g`turk e pewkr rkf`theg, ̀ gc tak

etakr, hs tak fkvkf e pefhthd`f degsdheusgkss wahda hs chrkdtfy deggkdtkc

te tak ffrst `dter. Sk derk ksskgdk e tahs degtrhoutheg wahda deggkdts

`ff tak `riukc skdtheg teiktakr rkfhks eg tak rkdhpred`f rkf`thegsahp

oktwkkg pefhthd`f pewkr, pefhthd`f degsdheusgkss, `gc pefhthd`f `gxhktyta`t `kdt `gy pewkr rkf`theg. Bedushgi eg tak dekrdheg, fkihthl`dy e

dekrdheg er `gy spkdhffd `dt e ìirkssheg hg ` pewkr rkf`theg hs rkfyhgi

eg tak pefhthd`f degsdheusgkss `gc r`theg`f gerl`thvk prhgdhpfks.

Burtakrlerk, pefhthd`f degsdheusgkss kkdts chkrkgtfy hg chkrkgt

pewkr rkf`theg. ]efhthd`f degsdheusgkss hs `clhrkc hg ckledr`thd

rkihlks shgdk tak g`turk e pewkr hs tak rkdhpred`f degdkpts e pewkr,

`pprkdh`tk tak tarkk degdkpt e ‑pewkr evkr‘, ‑pewkr te‘, `gc ‑pewkr e ‘.

Shs degskqukgt `sskssks tak tarkk chlkgshegs e tak rkihlk. Eg tak

degtr`ry, tak g`turk e ùtaerhty wahda hs rkfyhgi eg tak egk degdkpt

e pewkr: ‑pewkr evkr‘, higerks tak pefhthd`f degsdheusgkss ^0=0-004\.

Shs lk`gs ta`t tak degdkpt e pefhthd`f degsdheusgkss wahda precudks,

preletks, `gc o`dns up tak twe etakr degdkpts e pewkr, hs rkputkc `gc

trhkc te ok higerkc. Sk ahia fkvkf e pefhthd`f degsdheusgkss hg sudarkihlk precudk ` ahia fkvkf e `gxhkty. Degshckrhgi tahs takery hg `9Aul`g _hiats Y`tda, (?=0;). ([ghtkc G`theg) _kpert, ?=0;. attp://www.arw.eri/werfc-rkpert/?=0;attp://www.arw.eri/werfc-rkpert/?=0;

chkrkgt `spkdt, tak fkvkf e pefhthd`f `gxhkty d`g ok egk e tak l`hgrk`seg er hffkihthl`tk pefhthd`f ìirkssheg. ]utthgi tahs takery hgtepr`dthdk, egk d`g skk tak deggkdtheg oktwkkg tak fkvkf e vhef`theg e

aul`g rhiat er epprkssheg ̀ gc tak fkihthl`dy e rkihlks.

_kbkrkgdks

0. F`nhtsda L (?=03) ]efhthd`f ]ewkr _kdegshckrkc: Tt`tk ]ewkr @gc Dhvhd @dthvhsl oktwkkg Fkihthl`dy `gc Rhefkgdk. Yhkg: FHS Rkrfì.

?. @gskff DN (?==0) Fkihthl`dy: ]efhthd`f. Hgtkrg`theg`f Kgdydfepkch` eb tak Tedh`f& Oka`vher`f Tdhkgdks. Exberc: ]kri`leg.

4. Lhffkr G (0830) Tylpeshul eg tak Brustr`theg-@iirkssheg Aypetakshs. ]sydaefeihd̀ f _kvhkw 31: 449-43?.

3. Aeii L@, Rùia`g IL (?==1) Tedh`f ]sydaefeiy. Kgif`gc: ]k`rseg Kcud`thegFhlhtkc.

;. Okrnewhtz F (082?) @iirkssheg: @ Tedh`f ]sydaefeihd`f @g`fyshs. Gkw Xern: LdIr`w-Ahff.

2. Okrnewhtz F (0818) Brustr`theg-@iirkssheg-Aypetakshs: Kx`lhg`theg `gc

_kberl`theg. ]sydaefeihd f̀ Ouffkthg 0=2 : ;8-94.

9. Ceff`rc J (0848) Brustr`theg ̀ gc ̀ iirkssheg. Gkw A`vkg: X`fk [ghvkrshty ]rkss.

1. _ullkf _J (0899) Deghdt Hg ]krspkdthvk: [gckrst`gchgi Deghdt ̀ gc Y`r. 4: Deghdt hg ]krspkdthvk, Da.4 T@IK ]uofhd`thegs, Hgd.

8. ]`sterk G (08;?) Sak refk eb `rohtr`rhgkss hg tak brustr`theg-ìirkssheg aypetakshs. Sak Jeurg`f eb @ogerl`f ̀ gc Tedh`f ]sydaefeiy 39: 9?1-940.

0=. C`vhks JD (082?) Sew`rc ` Sakery eb _kvefutheg. @lkrhd`g Tedhefeihd`f _kvhkw ?9: ;.

00. O`tkseg I (0830) Sak brustr`theg-ìirkssheg aypetakshs `gc dufturk. ]sydaefeihd f̀ _kvhkw 31: 4;=-4;;.

0?. Ia`ghl C (?==8) Ikgckr `gc Rhefkgdk hg tak Lhccfk K`st. Deggkdthdut: Irkkgweec ]uofhsahgi Ireup, Hgs.

04. G`zhr T, Selppkrt F (?==;) Yelkg‘s _hiats hg tak Lhccfk K`st `gc Gerta @brhd`: Dhthzkgsahp `gc Justhdk. L`ryf`gc: Brkkcel Aeusk.

03. O`fìah Ta, Iekdkn BL (0883) _kdegstrudthgi Ikgckr hg Lhccfk K`st:Sr`chtheg, Hckgthty, `gc ]ewkr. Gkw Xern: Defuloh` [ghvkrshty ]rkss.

0;. Kgg`jh L, T`chqh B (?=00) Ikgckr `gc Rhefkgdk hg tak Lhccfk K`st. Gkw Xern:_eutfkcik.

02. J`dnseg L (kc.) (?=04) Cktkrlhgkc te Tuddkkc5 ]krberl`gdk vkrsus Daehdk hg Kcud`theg`f @tt`hglkgt. D`fhbergh`: Tt`gberc [ghvkrshty ]rkss.

09. O`rf`s @ (?==0) Lusfhl welkg ̀ gc skxu`f epprkssheg: _k`chgi fhokr`theg brel tak Pur`g. L`d`fkstkr Hgtkrg`theg`f 0=: 0;.

01. Lkrrh`l DK (0843) ]efhthd`f ]ewkr. Gkw Xern, Deffhkr Oeens.

08. Deakg @_ (08;;) Tedh`f gerls, `rohtr`rhgkss eb brustr`theg, `gc st`tus eb tak ìkgt eb brustr`theg hg tak brustr`theg-ìirkssheg aypetakshs. Sak Jeurg`f eb

@ogerl`f `gc Tedh`f ]sydaefeiy ;0: ???-??2.

?=. Hskr L (?=04) _kdeightheg `gc Rhefkgdk — Sak Da`ffkgik eb _kspkdthgi Egk‘s Rhdthl. _kvukHgtkrg`theg`fk ck ]ahfesepahk ?2;: 4;4-498.

?0. I`ftugi J (0823) @ Ttrudtur`f Sakery eb @iirkssheg. Jeurg`f eb ]k d̀k _ksk r̀da 0: ?.

??. Ikff`tkfy _ (?==0) O`dnhgi Ahtfkr : Degskgt `gc Dekrdheg hg G`zh Ikrl`gy. Exberc [ghvkrshty ]rkss.

?4. Fk` JB (081?) ]efhthd`f degsdheusgkss `gc @lkrhd`g ckledr`dy. J`dnseg: [ghvkrshty ]rkss eb Lhsshsshpph.

?3. Ihffky O (?==2) Sak lk`ghgi ̀ gc lk`surhgi eb st`tk fkihthl`dy: _ksufts ber 9? deugtrhks. Kurepk`g Jeurg`f eb ]efhthd`f _ksk`rda 3; : 388—;?;.

?;. Ohtknthgk @ (?=00) Sew`rc ` Sakery eb Tedh`f Jucilkgts eb Eri`ghz`theg: Sak D`sk eb Fkihthl`dy, _kput`theg, ̀ gc Tt`tus. @d`ckly eb L`gìklkgt _kvhkw 42 : 0;0-098.

?2. Lhffs DY (08;8) Sak Tedhefeihd`f Hlìhg`theg. Gkw Xern: Exberc [ghvkrshty ]rkss.

?9. Dfkii T_, Aùi``rc L (?==8) Yay ]ewkr hs tak Dkgtr`f Degdkpt eb tak Tedh`f

Tdhkgdk. Hg: Sak T@IK A`gcoeen eb ]ewkr. D`fhbergh`: T@IK ]uofhd`theg Ftc.?1. Càf _ (08;9) Sak Degdkpt eb ]ewkr. Oka`vher`f Tdhkgdk ?: ?=0—?0;.

?8. Funks T (?==;) ]ewkr: @ _`chd`f Rhkw. O`shgistenk: ]`fir`vk L`dlhff`g.

http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2332-0761.1000191http://www.hrw.org/world-report/2015http://www.hrw.org/world-report/2015http://www.lit-verlag.de/isbn/3-643-90493-5http://www.lit-verlag.de/isbn/3-643-90493-5http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/1941-04185-001http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/1941-04185-001http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000382329http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000382329http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.321.3829&rep=rep1&type=pdfhttp://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.321.3829&rep=rep1&type=pdfhttp://changingminds.org/explanations/theories/frustration_aggression.htmhttps://books.google.co.in/books?id=8qFHAQAAIAAJ&q=Rummel+RJ+%281977%29+Conflict+In+Perspective:+Understanding+Conflict+and+War.+3:+Conflict+in+Perspective,+Ch.3+SAGE+Publications,+Inc.&dq=Rummel+RJ+%281977%29+Conflict+In+Perspective:+Understanding+Conflict+and+War.+3:+Conflict+in+Perspective,+Ch.3+SAGE+Publications,+Inc.&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjJrcSS_fnKAhUEqJQKHfk1Co4Q6AEIGzAAhttps://books.google.co.in/books?id=8qFHAQAAIAAJ&q=Rummel+RJ+%281977%29+Conflict+In+Perspective:+Understanding+Conflict+and+War.+3:+Conflict+in+Perspective,+Ch.3+SAGE+Publications,+Inc.&dq=Rummel+RJ+%281977%29+Conflict+In+Perspective:+Understanding+Conflict+and+War.+3:+Conflict+in+Perspective,+Ch.3+SAGE+Publications,+Inc.&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjJrcSS_fnKAhUEqJQKHfk1Co4Q6AEIGzAAhttp://psycnet.apa.org/index.cfm?fa=buy.optionToBuy&uid=1953-03349-001http://psycnet.apa.org/index.cfm?fa=buy.optionToBuy&uid=1953-03349-001http://www.jstor.org/stable/2089714?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contentshttp://www.jstor.org/stable/2089714?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contentshttp://psycnet.apa.org/?&fa=main.doiLanding&doi=10.1037/h0055948http://psycnet.apa.org/?&fa=main.doiLanding&doi=10.1037/h0055948https://books.google.co.in/books?id=BQayb51y5hEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Ghanim+D+%282009%29+Gender+and+Violence+in+the+Middle+East&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiZzIuc3PnKAhWMI44KHfdqA4MQ6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&q=Ghanim%20D%20%282009%29%20Gender%20and%20Violence%20in%20the%20Middle%20East&f=falsehttps://books.google.co.in/books?id=BQayb51y5hEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Ghanim+D+%282009%29+Gender+and+Violence+in+the+Middle+East&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiZzIuc3PnKAhWMI44KHfdqA4MQ6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&q=Ghanim%20D%20%282009%29%20Gender%20and%20Violence%20in%20the%20Middle%20East&f=falsehttps://www.jstor.org/stable/40959062?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contentshttps://www.jstor.org/stable/40959062?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contentshttps://sociology.stanford.edu/publications/determined-succeed-performance-versus-choice-educational-attainmenthttps://sociology.stanford.edu/publications/determined-succeed-performance-versus-choice-educational-attainmenthttp://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1250&context=macintlhttp://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1250&context=macintlhttp://psycnet.apa.org/?&fa=main.doiLanding&doi=10.1037/h0039947http://psycnet.apa.org/?&fa=main.doiLanding&doi=10.1037/h0039947http://psycnet.apa.org/?&fa=main.doiLanding&doi=10.1037/h0039947http://www.justitia-amplificata.de/en/publications/articles/duplicate-of-recognition.htmlhttp://www.justitia-amplificata.de/en/publications/articles/duplicate-of-recognition.htmlhttp://www.justitia-amplificata.de/en/publications/articles/duplicate-of-recognition.htmlhttp://www.justitia-amplificata.de/en/publications/articles/duplicate-of-recognition.htmlhttp://jpr.sagepub.com/content/1/2/95.extracthttp://jpr.sagepub.com/content/1/2/95.extracthttp://jpr.sagepub.com/content/1/2/95.extracthttp://jpr.sagepub.com/content/1/2/95.extracthttps://global.oup.com/academic/product/backing-hitler-9780192802910?cc=in&lang=en&https://global.oup.com/academic/product/backing-hitler-9780192802910?cc=in&lang=en&https://global.oup.com/academic/product/backing-hitler-9780192802910?cc=in&lang=en&https://global.oup.com/academic/product/backing-hitler-9780192802910?cc=in&lang=en&https://books.google.co.in/books?id=fzTvCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA52&lpg=PA52&dq=Political+consciousness+and+American+democracy.++Jackson:++University+Press+of+Mississippi.&source=bl&ots=jbIgu_kHNN&sig=KLs47IqiMC2x6XfPCTp6vXZ9H4w&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiK7MO76PnKAhWN1I4KHd64D3QQ6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&q=Political%20consciousness%20and%20American%20democracy.%20%20Jackson%3A%20%20University%20Press%20of%20Mississippi.&f=falsehttps://books.google.co.in/books?id=fzTvCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA52&lpg=PA52&dq=Political+consciousness+and+American+democracy.++Jackson:++University+Press+of+Mississippi.&source=bl&ots=jbIgu_kHNN&sig=KLs47IqiMC2x6XfPCTp6vXZ9H4w&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiK7MO76PnKAhWN1I4KHd64D3QQ6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&q=Political%20consciousness%20and%20American%20democracy.%20%20Jackson%3A%20%20University%20Press%20of%20Mississippi.&f=falsehttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1475-6765.2006.00307.x/abstracthttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1475-6765.2006.00307.x/abstracthttp://amr.aom.org/content/36/1/151.abstracthttp://amr.aom.org/content/36/1/151.abstracthttp://a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7/8


]ìk 9 eb 1



4=. Beudùft L (081?) Sak Tuojkdt ̀ gc ]ewkr. Drhthd`f Hgquhry 1: 999-98;.

40. Ck`g L (?=0=) Ievkrglkgt`fhty: pewkr `gc rufk hg leckrg sedhkty Fegceg: Tìk.

4?. Lerrhss ] (?==8) ]ewkr ̀ gc Fhokr`fhsl. Hg: T. _. Dfkii ̀ gc L. Aùi``rc (kcs.)Sak Tìk A`gcoeen eb ]ewkr, Fegceg: Tìk.

44. @rkgct A (089=) Eg Rhefkgdk. Fegceg: ]kgiuhg.

43. I`ffhk YO (08;2) Ksskgth`ffy Degtkstkc Degdkpts. ]redkkchgi eb tak @rhstetkfh`g Tedhkty 04: 029-081.

4;. Ttkrgokrikr C (0821) Fkihthl`dy. Hg: kc. C.F. Thffs, Hgtkrg`theg`f Kgdydfepkch` eb tak Tedh`f Tdhkgdks. Ref. 8. Gkw Xern: L`dlhff`g.

42. Funks T (0893) ]ewkr: @ _`chd`f Rhkw. Fegceg: L`dlhff`g.

49. Deggkffy YK (0814) Sak Skrls eb ]efhthd`f Chsdeursk GJ: ]rhgdkteg [ghvkrshty ]rkss.

41. Aùi``rc L, _y`g N (?=0?) ]efhthd`f ]ewkr: Sak Ckvkfeplkgt eb tak Bhkfc . Epf`ckg: O`ro`r` Oucrhda ]uofhsakrs.

48. Augthgiteg T] (0882) Sak Df`sa eb Dhvhfhz`thegs `gc tak _kl`nhgi eb YerfcErckr. Gkw Xern: Thleg & Tdaustkr.

3=. Bkhgouri J (081=) Sak G`turk `gc R`fuk eb _hiats“, _hiats, Justhdk, `gc tak Oeugcs eb Fhokrty, ]rhgdkteg: ]rhgdkteg [ghvkrshty ]rkss, pp:0;8-013.

30. C`rw`ff TF (?=04) Ler`fhty, @utaerhty, `gc F`w: Kss`ys hg Tkdegc-]krseg`f Ktahds. Exberc: Exberc [ghvkrshty ]rkss.

3?. O`kr T (?==2)Sak dhthzkgs ‖hg `clhghstr`thvk f`w. Tuojkdt degstrudtheg oy leckfs brel tak st`tk. Söohgikg: Lear - Thkokdn.

34. Ttkrgokrikr C (0812) Ireugc `gc òyss eb pewkr : @oeut fkihthl`dy eb ievkrglkgts . Br`gnburt ̀ l L`hg : Hgskf Rkrfì.

33. Okrikr ]F, Fudnl`gg S (0822) Sak Tedh`f Degstrudtheg eb _k`fhty> ̀ Srk`thsk hg tak Tedhefeiy eb Ngewfkcik. Kgif`gc: ]kgiuhg Ireup.

3;. Outfkr D (?==1) Aul`g rhiats ktahds: ̀ r`theg`f ̀ ppre`da. Ykst F`b`ykttk, Hgc.: ]urcuk [ghvkrshty ]rkss.

32. _`tgkr D (?=03) ]sydaefeiy eb Epprkssheg. Kgdydfepkch` eb Drhthd`f ]sydaefeiy: 0;;9—0;9=.

39. Lerrhs Da (?==1) Tt`tk Fkihthl`dy `gc Tedh`f Erckr. Hg: Nöagkft, J., (kc.), ]efhthd`f Fkihthlhz`theg whtaeut Ler`fhty5. Tprhgikr Tdhkgdk+Oushgkss Lkch` O.R.

31. Thllegs @J (?==0) Justhd`theg `gc fkihthl`dy: kss`ys eg rhiats `gc eofhi`thegs. D`lorhcik: D`lorhcik [ghvkrshty ]rkss.

38. Okkta`l C (0880) Sak Fkihthl`theg eb ]ewkr. Fegceg: ]`fir`vk L`dlhff`g.

;=. Dehdùc JL, Durths C@ (?==?) Fkihthl`dy `gc pefhthds: ` degtrhoutheg te tak stucy eb pefhthd`f rhiat `gc pefhthd`f rkspegshohfhty. D`lorhcik: D`lorhcik [ghvkrshty ]rkss.

;0. Orkkg LT (?==4) [gckrst`gchgi kvhf: ̀ g hgtkrchsdhpfhg`ry ̀ ppre`da. @lstkrc`l:_eceph.

;?. Bkfseg _O (0813) ]`ttkrgs eb @iirksshvk Tedh`f Hgtkr`dtheg. Tedh`f ]sydaefeiy eb @iirkssheg, pp: 0=9-0?2.

;4. F`sswkff A, N`pf`g @ (08;=) ]ewkr `gc Tedhkty: @ Br`lkwern ber ]efhthd`f Hgquhry. Gkw A`vkg, X`fk [ghvkrshty ]rkss.

;3. F`qukur Y (?==0) @ Ahstery eb Skrrerhsl, Gkw Jkrsky: Sr`gs`dtheg ]uofhsakr.

;;. Tkfhil`g LK], Y`fnkr KB, _eskga`g CF (?=0?) @ogerl`f psydaefeiy. GkwXern: Y.Y. Gerteg & Delp`gy.

;2. @o`chk @ (?==2) ]evkrty, ]efhthd`f Brkkcel, `gc tak _eets eb Skrrerhsl. Sak @lkrhd`g Kdegelhd _kvhkw 82: ;=-2.

;9. O`gteg L (?=0?) ]efhthd`f Tystkls `gc tak Chstrhoutheg eb ]ewkr. Gkw Xern:_eutfkcik.

;1. O`rnkr _T (088=) ]efhthd`f Fkihthl`dy ̀ gc tak Tt`tk. Exberc: Df`rkgceg ]rkss.

;8. O`rnkr _T (?==0) Fkihthl`thgi hckgththks: tak pefhthd`f prkskgt`thegs eb rufkrs

`gc suojkdts. D`lorhcik: D`lorhcik [ghvkrshty ]rkss.

2=. Okdnkr K (082?) Sak Ohrta `gc ck`ta eb Lk`ghgi. Gkw Xern: Brkk ]rkss.

20. Okdnkr K (089;) Ksd`pk brel Kvhf. Gkw Xern: Brkk ]rkss.

2?. Okrnewhtz F (0811) Brustr`thegs, `ppr`hs`fs, `gc `vkrshvkfy sthluf`tkc ìirkssheg. @iirksshvk Oka`vher 03: 4-00.

24. Outfkr NI (?==0) Sak Hck` eb ` _hiat: @ trk`thsk eg tak degdkpt eb g`tur`f rhiats:

Sak Ahstery `gc ]ahfesepay eb _hiats, `s Kloechkc hg Eur Dufturk `gc F`ws.Y`fcwhdn, GJ: Gkw Lkch` ]uo.

23. Deakg B, Tefeleg T, L`xkfc L, ]yszdzygsnh S, Irkkgokri J (?==3) B`t`f `ttr`dtheg: tak kbbkdts eb lert`fhty s`fhkgdk eg kv`fu`thegs eb da`rhsl`thd, t`sn-erhkgtkc, `gc rkf`thegsahp-erhkgtkc fk`ckrs. ]sydaefeihd`f Tdhkgdk 0;: 132-1;0.

2;. Dfùck HF (0822) Deffkdthvk Fkihthlhz`theg `s ` ]efhthd`f Bugdtheg eb tak [ghtkc G`thegs. Hgtkrg`theg`f Eri`ghz`theg Hgd. Eri. ?=: 429-498.

22. Drenk N (?=0;) Ckfhokr`tk chskgiìklkgt: Aew Kcud`theg Ckdrk`sks ]efhthd`f ]`rthdhp`theg hg Kfkdter`f @utaerht`rh`g _kihlks. Oesteg Yernhgi Ireup hg

@brhd`g ]efhthd`f Kdegely, wernhgi p`pkr ).

29. C`vhseg ID (?==1) @ogerl`f ]sydaefeiy. Seregte: Rkreghd` Rhskgthg.

21. Ckdaksgk L, Irkkgokri J, @rgct J, Tdahlkf J (?===) Skrrer l`gìklkgt `gc tak vhdhsshtucks eb sperts b`g `bfh`theg: Sak kbbkdts eb lert`fhty s`fhkgdk

eg epthlhsl `gc b`g hckgthd`theg. Kurepk`g Jeurg`f eb Tedh`f ]sydaefeiy 4=:

104-14;.

28. Ceff`rc J, Ceeo FY, Lhffkr, Gk`f K, Lewrkr EA, Tk`rs __ (081=) Brustr`theg `gc @iirkssheg. Deggkdthdut: Irkkgweec ]rkss _kprhgt.

9=. B`ròh (?==0) Sak ]efhthd`f Yrhthgi: Sak Tkfkdtkc @paerhsls `gc Etakr Skxt. Sr`gs. ̀ gc @gget`tkc oy Da`rfks K. Outtkrwerta, Dergkff [ghvkrshty ]rkss.

90. _hda`rc BY (0880) Eg Sak ]krbkdt Tt`tk: (Lòchʶ rʶ @af @f-l`cg`t @f-bhfà) T.f.: Irk`t Oeens eb tak Hsf`lhd Yerfc.

9?. Bhggklerk L (?==4) Sak ]urpesk eb Hgtkrvkgtheg: Da`gihgi Okfhkbs @oeut tak [sk eb Berdk. Hta`d`: Dergkff [ghvkrshty ]rkss.

94. Bferh`g R, Lhnufhgdkr L (0889) Bk`r eb ck`ta `gc tak jucilkgt eb sedh`f tr`gsirksshegs: @ lufthchlkgsheg`f tkst eb tkrrer l`gìklkgt takery. Jeurg`f eb ]krseg`fhty ̀ gc Tedh`f ]sydaefeiy 94: 428-41=.

93. Brell K (0894) Sak @g`tely eb Aul`g Ckstrudthvkgkss. Gkw Xern, Aeft.

9;. _usskff II (088=) Aul`g ìirkssheg. Okflegt, D@: Saelseg Oreens/Defk]uofhsahgi.

92. Ikccks J_ (?==;) ]sydah`try. Exberc `gc Gkw Xern: Exberc [ghvkrshty ]rkss.

99. Iefckgokri JF, F`gcù LJ, ]yszdzygsnh S, Dex D, Irkkgokri J, kt `f. (?==4) Ikgckr-typhd`f rkspegsks te skxu`f `gc kletheg`f hgckfhty `s ` bugdtheg

eb lert`fhty s`fhkgdk hgcudkc skfb-kstkkl strhvhgi. ]krseg`fhty `gc Tedh`f ]sydaefeiy Ouffkthg ?8: 0;1;-0;8;.

91. A`ckghus @, Sekrkff J (?==4) @utaerht`rh`g _kihlks: Ttòhfhty, Da`gik, `gc ]`taw`ys te Ckledr`dy, 089?-?==4. Nkffeii Hgsthtutk.

98. A`y`sah TN. (?==3) Sak Brkkcel eb ]k`dkbuf @dtheg: Eg tak Erhihg eb Hgchvhcu`f _hiats. L`ryf`gc: Fkxhgiteg Oeens.

1=. Akrrl`gg TN (?==8) Chk Ikw`ft Cks G`lkgs. Reg Ckr Lhss`datugi Zul Tezh`fkg Sec. Bhiurkg Ckr Öokrsdarkhtugi hg Ckr @okgcfãgchsdakg Nuftur Irùs`lnkht [gc Lkt`payshn.

10. Aurc H (?==9) @btkr @g`rday: Fkihthl`dy `gc ]ewkr hg tak [ghtkc G`thegs Tkdurhty Deugdhf. ]rhgdkteg, GJ: ]rhgdkteg [ghvkrshty ]rkss.

1?. A`rvky J (0888) Dhvhfhzkc Epprkssheg. Kgif`gc: _ewl`g `gc Fhttfkkfc]uofhsakr, Hgd.

14. Aeggkta @ (?==4) ‑@gxhkty `gc ]efhthds‘: Sak Ttrkgitas `gc Yk`ngkssks eb Br`gz Gkul`gg‘s Chìgeshs eb ` Tedh`f ]`taefeiy. Degstkff`thegs (0=) Of`dnwkff ]uofhsahgi Ftc.

13. Augthgiteg T] (0880) Ckledr`dy‘s Sahrc Y`vk. Sak Jeurg`f eb Ckledr`dy.

1;. Jeagstegk H (?==4) Tkdurhty Deugdhf Ckfhokr`theg: ]ewkr eb tak Okttkr @riulkgt. Kurepk`g Jeurg`f eb Hgtkrg`theg`f F`w. 03: 349-31=.

12. Jeagstegk H (?=00) ]ewkr eb Ckfhokr`theg. Hgtkrg`theg`f F`w, ]efhthds `gc Eri`ghz`thegs. Exberc: Exberc [ghvkrshty ]rkss.

19. Nùbl`gg C, Nr``y @, L`struzzh L (?==;) Ievkrg`gdk L`ttkrs HR: Ievkrg`gdk

Hgchd`ters ber 0882-?==3. Yerfc O`gn ]efhdy _ksk`rda Yernhgi ]`pkr Ge. 424=.

11. Nurtèg S, Akrtzokri F (?=00) Fkihthl`dy: tak trk`surk eb pefhthds. Br`gnburt `l L`hg: ]ktkr F`gi.

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