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MAX LANE’S INDONESIAN-ENGLISH HONORIFICS

TRANSLATION OF PRAMOEDYA ANANTA TOER’S RUMAH

KACA

A THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Magister

Humaniora (M.Hum.) Degree in English Language Studies

by

by

Prabarini Dwi Pangestu 156332003

THE GRADUATE PROGRAM OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE STUDIES

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA

2018

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

MAX LAhIE' S INDONESIAN-ENGLISH HONORIFICS

TRA}{SLATION OF PRAMOEDYA ANANTA TOER'S

R{-ld,L4H K4CA

Dr^ E.Suaarto"M.HumAd'risor

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STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY

This is to certify that all ideas, phrases, sentences, unless otherwise stated, are the

ideas, phrases, and sentences of the thesis writer. I understand the full

consequences including degree cancellation if I took somebody else's ideas,

phrases, or sentences without proper references.

Yogyakarta, 2 April 2018

~..

Prabarini Dwi Pangestu

IV


LEMBARPERNYATAANPERSETUJUANPUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS

Yang be11anda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma:

Nama : Prabarini Dwi Pangestu

NIM : 156332003

Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan

Universitas Sanata Dharma, karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:

MAX LANE'S INDONESIAN-ENGLISH HONORIFICS TRANSLAnON

OF PRAMOEDYA ANANTA TOER'S RUMAH KACA

beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian, saya memberikan

kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dhanna hak untuk menyimpan,

mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan

data, mendistribusikannya di Internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis

tanpa perlu meminta ijin maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap

mencanturnkan saya sebagai penulis.

Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.

Dibuat di Yogyakarta

Pada tanggal: 2 April 2018

Yang menyatakan,

1f;2.Prabarini Dwi Pangestu

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

First of all, I want to say alhamdulillah and thank Allah SWT for this great

part of my life journey.

This thesis is the result of others' help and support. I would like to express

my gratitude to my thesis super supervisor Dr. E.Sunarto,M.Hum, for his time,

patience and help. I will not be in this phase without my KBI lecturers too, Dr.

B.B. Dwijatmoko,M.A, Pak Sarwoto, Dr. Novita Dewi,M.S.,M.A.(Hons) and Pak

Pomo. My gratitude also goes to my KBI batch 2015 friends who have been great

examples in reaching this M.Hum.

My prayers and hopes also go to the late Pramoedya Ananta Toer as a

great author of Rumah Kaca and Max Lane as the humble translator. Max Lane

helped me to reveal his considerations and reasons beyond translating honorifics

in Rumah Kaca by inviting me to have several meetings. Their works and

dedication have inspired me a lot. I am also grateful to be surrounded by great

friends and women, Tia 'Meme', 'Mamak' Awang, 'Papah' Titus, and 'Meli' Hehen.

Thank you for always being there when I need you.

My last gratitude belongs to people back at home, Bapak, Mama, Mbak

Dita, and Ade. I cannot thank you enough for the love and support. Without all

names mentioned above, I am nothing.

Prabarini Dwi Pangestu


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ........................................................................................................... i

APPROVAL PAGE ................................................................................................ ii

THESIS DEFENSE APPROVAL PAGE .............................................................. iii

STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ....................................................................... iv

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH

UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS ............................................................... v

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ..................................................................................... vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................................................................... vii

LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................. ixx

LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................. x

APPENDICES ...................................................................................................... xii

LIST OF CODES AND ABBREVIATIONS ....................................................... xii

ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................... xiii

ABSTRAK ........................................................................................................... xiv

CHAPTER I ............................................................................................................ 1

INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 1

1.1 Background of the Study ................................................................................... 1

1.2. Research Questions .......................................................................................... 8

1.3. Research Objectives ......................................................................................... 8

1.4. Research Benefits ............................................................................................. 9

CHAPTER 2 ......................................................................................................... 10

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ............................................................ 10

2.1 Theoretical Review ......................................................................................... 10

2.1.1 Definition of Translation .......................................................................... 10

2.1.2 Translation Strategies ............................................................................... 11

2.1.2.1 Definition of Translation Strategies .............................................. 12

2.1.2.2 The Types of Translation Strategies ............................................. 15

2.1.3 Honorifics ................................................................................................. 17

2.1.3.1 Definition and Types of Honorifics .............................................. 17

2.1.3.2 Honorifics and Cultural-Specific Items ........................................ 19

2.1.3.3 The Principles of Honorifics in English ........................................ 20

2.1.4 Translation Quality Assessment ............................................................... 24

2.2 Review of Previous Studies ............................................................................ 29

2.3 Theoretical Framework ................................................................................... 31


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CHAPTER 3 ......................................................................................................... 35

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY .......................................................................... 35

3.1 Type of Study .................................................................................................. 35

3.2 Data Collecting Techniques ............................................................................ 36

3.3 Data Analysis .................................................................................................. 37

CHAPTER 4 ......................................................................................................... 39

RESEARCH RESULTS ....................................................................................... 39

4.1 Translation Strategies ...................................................................................... 39

4.2 Translation Quality.......................................................................................... 63

4.2.1 Translation Accuracy ............................................................................... 63

4.2.2 Acceptability ............................................................................................ 71

4.2.3 Readability ............................................................................................... 74

4.3 The Impacts of Translation Strategies towards Translation Quality ............... 76

CHAPTER 5 ......................................................................................................... 81

CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS .......................... 81

5.1 Conclusions ..................................................................................................... 81

5.2 Implications ..................................................................................................... 83

5.3 Recommendation............................................................................................. 83

BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................. 84

APPENDICES ...................................................................................................... 88


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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. The Continuum between Domestication

and Foreignization .................................................................... 16

Figure 2. Theoretical Framework adopted from

Graham et al (2006) ................................................................. 34


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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Translation Accuracy ...................................................................... 25

Table 2. Translation Readability .................................................................. 26

Table 3. Translation Acceptability ................................................................ 27

Table 4. Category of Average Score ............................................................. 27

Table 5. Percentage of Translation Strategies ............................................... 40

Table 6. Localization ..................................................................................... 41

Table 7. Addition .......................................................................................... 45

Table 8. Preservation ..................................................................................... 47

Table 9. Alteration ........................................................................................ 49

Table 10. Localization and Alteration ........................................................... 52

Table 11. Omission ....................................................................................... 53

Table 12. Omission and Localization ............................................................ 55

Table 13. Globalization ................................................................................. 56

Table 14. Preservation and Alteration ........................................................... 57

Table 15. Alteration and Addition ................................................................ 59

Table 16. Localization and Addition ............................................................. 60

Table 17. Addition and Globalization ........................................................... 60

Table 18. Creation and Addition ................................................................... 61

Table 19. Preservation and Addition ............................................................. 62

Table 20. Translation Quality Assessment .................................................... 102


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APPENDICES

APPENDIX A .............................................................................................. 88

APPENDIX B ............................................................................................... 102

APPENDIX C ............................................................................................... 120


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LIST OF CODES AND ABBREVIATIONS

SL : Source Language

TL : Target Language

RK : Rumah Kaca


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ABSTRACT

Prabarini Dwi Pangestu. 2018. Max Lane's Indonesian-English Honorific

Translation of Pramoedya Ananta Toer's Rumah Kaca.. Yogyakarta: The

Graduate Program in English Language Studies, Sanata Dharma University.

Honorifics are one way of an author to give short descriptions about the

characters. This cultural specific item is the focus of this research. With many

choices of translated works, Rumah Kaca written by Pramoedya Ananta Toer was

chosen along with its translation version by Max Lane called House of Glass.

There objectives of this research are to find out the most adopted strategies, to

reveal the translation quality, and to find out the impacts of strategies towards the

quality.

This research applied quantitative method. The data gathered by comparing

original novel and translated novel to find honorifics. The translation strategies

were applied based on the classification. Each data was given a code and counted

by one item. The most used strategy until the least used were classified by

percentage. In order to assess the translation quality, the gathered data were

categorized again using scales for accuracy, acceptability, and readability. The

final score defines the result of the assessment. After that, the impacts of

translation strategies towards the translation quality are revealed.

From the data, there are 120 honorifics found in the translated novel. There

are 14 strategies from the gathered data. Localization strategy was the most

adopted strategy, followed by addition and alteration. Secondly, honorifics in the

translated work happen to be accurate, acceptable, and readable by score of 2.68.

Thirdly, the strategies affect the translation are localization, omission, and

alteration.

From the research, it can be concluded that strategies affect the translation.

It is revealed that academic, army, and royal honorifics are better localized when

the equal relevance can be found. Otherwise, the translator can omit the honorifics

and replace it to an alternative that will still cope with target readers' capacity and

need.

Keywords: translation, translation strategies. accuracy, semantic changes,

literary works, translated works, Source Language, Target Language


xiv

ABSTRAK

Prabarini Dwi Pangestu. 2018. Max Lane's Indonesian-English Honorific

Translation of Pramoedya Ananta Toer's Rumah Kaca. Yogyakarta: Kajian

Bahasa Inggris, Program Pasca Sarjana, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Honorifik adalah satu cara dari penulis untuk memberi deskripsi tentang

para karakter. Salah satu dari item spesifik kultural ini adalah fokus dari

penelitian. Rumah Kaca yang ditulis oleh Pramoedya Ananta Toer menjadi

sumber data bersama dengan versi terjemahan yang ditulis oleh Max Lane,

dengan judul House of Glass. Penelitian ini memiliki tiga tujuan penelitian, yaitu

untuk mengetahui strategi yang paling banyak digunakan, untuk meneliti kualitas

terjemahan, dan untuk melihat dampak dari strategi penerjemahan bagi kualitas.

Penelitian ini menerapkan metode kualitatif. Data dikumpulkan dengan

membandingkan novel asli dengan novel terjemahan untuk menemukan honorifik.

Strategi penerjamahan diterapkan sebagai klasifikasi. Masing-masing data

diberikan kode dan dihitung sebagai satu item. Strategi yang paling banyak

digunakan dilihat dari persentase. Kemudian, untuk meneliti kualitas terjemahan,

data yang dikumpulkan diberikan nilai menggunakan skala keakuratan,

keberterimaaan, dan keterbacaan. Nilai akhir menentukan hasil dari penilaian.

Setelah itu dampak dari strategi dapat dilihat mempengaruhi kualitas terjemahan.

Dari data yang dikumpulkan, ada 120 honorifik pada novel terjemahan.

Hasil pertama adalah 14 strategi ditemukan pada data yang terkumpul. Pelokalan

adalah strategi yang paling banyak digunakan, diikuti oleh penambahan, dan

alterasi. Hasil kedua, honorifik yang ditemukan memiliki skor 2.68 yang berarti

akurat, dapat diterima, dan memiliki tingkat keterbacaan yang tinggi. Hasil yang

ketiga, strategi yang paling banyak berpengaruh adalah pelokalan, pengurangan,

dan alterasi.

Dari penelitian ini, dapat disimpulkan bahwa strategi berpengaruh pada

terjemahan. Ditemukan bahwa honorifik akademis dan bersifat kerajaan lebih baik

diterjemahkan menggunakan strategi pelokalan jika terjemahan yang sama dapat

ditemukan. Jika tidak, penerjemah dapat menghilangkan dan mengganti dengan

honorifik alternatif selama masih mencukupi kebutuhan pembaca.

Kata kunci: translasi, strategi dalam translasi, keakuratan, perubahan makna,

karya sastra, translasi karya sastra, Bahasa Sumber, Target Bahasa


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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

The first chapter consists of introduction which includes background of the

study, research questions, objectives of the study, and research benefits. In the

background of the study, the reasons of choosing the topics and data are

explained. The simple framework is also discussed. This research has two

research questions and two objectives of the study. While in research benefits,

theoretical and practical benefits are described for further research.

1.1 Background of the Study

Bahasa Indonesia has many loanwords from Dutch caused by the

colonization from centuries ago. The words such as tas ‘bag’, rekening ‘account’,

kantor ‘office’, wortel ‘carrot’, wastafel ‘washbasin’, boontjes/buncis ‘green

beans’, dasi ‘necktie’ and bioskop ‘cinema’, have been used until nowadays.

Compared to Malaysia which was colonialized by British colony, it embraces

some words such as bag ‘bag’, akuan ‘account’, projek ‘project’, tesis ‘thesis’,

tayar ‘tyre’, botani ‘botany’, imigresen ‘immigration’, and wad ‘ward-hospital’

(Burhanudeen, et al., 2007). The effect from colonization is that English is still

learned as foreign language in Indonesia.

Many authors then wrote their works based on colonization. One of them

is Pramoedya Ananta Toer. Pram's works have been known internationally since

they were translated into English by Max Lane. In this case, translators hold an


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important role to bring stories to the world. Translation can be one facility that

helps literature to be promoted. According to Dewi (2016), “when promoting

literature through translation, each society does not only aim at improving its

literary culture but also attempts to satisfy the curiosity of knowing different

cultures from different countries, bearing in mind that the main mission is the

enrichment of the target culture”.

Translation is needed as the bridge from the Source Language (SL) to the

Target Language (TL). Robinson (2004) defines that a good translator must be

reliable and fast. According to Larson (1998), translation is a study consists of the

lexicon, grammatical structure, communication situation, and cultural context of

the source language, analyzing to determine the meaning, and reconstructing the

same meaning using lexicon and grammatical structure which are appropriate to

the target language (p.3). Since there are a lot of requirements studies, this means

that to be reliable and fast, a translator must take a very long time to have the title

a good translator, not to mention the difficulties he encountered during the

process.

Meanwhile, a translator cannot hide from facing difficult obstacles to

translate. What the text type is and what the specific part make the translation is

explorable and interesting. From all text types, literary works are mentioned to be

the most complicated. Bassnett (2002) admits that translating prose or novel is

easier compared to poetry which has more complicated structure. However, she

adds, translating prose or novel becomes difficult due to the limitation of the

theories. Besides, there are a lot of determining criteria for undertaking a


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translation that need to be learned.

Translating literary works also will face the reality because every

translator has his own style to write or construct the sentences (Gutt, 1991).

However, according to Savory (1997, in Hassan, 2011) states “literature allows

multiple interpretation; there should be freedom in literary translations to consider

a wide range of implicatures. Thus, rendering the equivalent effect of the original

requires freedom to explore different interpretations”. When it comes to the style

of the translator, one thing that must be taken care of is the equivalence. It is said

that the more the translator finds out the equivalence, the more successful he is.

Translating literary works will also step up to the next level when

combined with cultural terms. Therefore “translator has to pay attention also to

such factor as additions, omissions, pronoun referents, evaluative adjectives, etc.”

(Dewi, 2016). In literary works, character’s names hold important roles to keep

the stories alive. However, only few who care about honorifics. In fact, if they are

incorrectly translated from the source language, the message to the target

language will be ruined. In linguistics, titles of address are called as honorifics.

They are introduced by Brown and Levinson (1978) along with Tu and Vous.

Honorifics are part politeness strategies where these directly or indirectly convey

a status deferential between speaker and addressee or referent, where they

indirectly convey such a status deferential. Richard et al (1985) define titles or

honorifics as “politeness formulas in a particular language which may be specific

affixes, words, or sentence structure”. In general form, honorifics with regards to

status depend on the degree of difference. For examples, Professor Smith,


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indicates someone who has reached the highest academic rank in education and

Monsignor Basnett, a title which indicates a Roman Catholic of high rank.

Honorifics may affect the text, it is because they may describe racial,

ethnic, national, and religious identity (Tymoczko, 1999). In addition, honorific

titles are also possible to have meanings semantically, historically, or

geographically (Jaleniauskiene and Cicelyte, 2009). The authors can have certain

purposes to introduce stories and somehow, cultures behind the them. There are

some languages according to Richard et al (1985) that have complicated systems

of titlings. They are Japanese, Madurese (a language of Eastern Java), Hindi, and

Arabic. While English has no complex system but there are few cases of

compound honorifics; e.g. professor doctor, dear sir.

Pramoedya Ananta Toer is an author from Indonesia whose works are

translated into English and the other languages. His most famous work is Pulau

Buru or Bumi Manusia quartet. The last series called Rumah Kaca and it was

translated to House of Glass which was released in 1988 becomes the source of

the research. House of Glass was translated by Max Lane tells a story about Mr.

Pangemanann and not Minke, like the previous series, even though he appeared in

the storyline. This novel is also told by Mr Pangemanann points of view as the

Indie’s right hand to conduct rebellion among the natives. Mr Pangemanann saw

Minke as an enemy and used all evil ways to trap him. Unfortunately, Minke was

a smart-brained native, Mr Pangemanann made another plan by using Minke’s

wife, Princess van Kasiruta to finish what he had started. Lucky for Mr

Pangemanann, he succeeded to trap Minke and caused him to get exiled for five


5

years. However, after five years, Minke’s wicked life had not ended yet, he

suffered from illness and disappointment coming from his own country and

people who did not want to help him.

House of Glass is chosen as the source of data since the language on the

novel is still affected by colonial era. Meaning that the translator, besides has to

deal with honorifics in Bahasa Indonesia, he would have another language to

cross before the target language, such as Nyai Ontosoroh, Meneer Pangemanann,

and Patih Meester Cornelis.

(1) 0082/RK/SL.341/TL.177

SL: Tulisan itu juga mengingatkan aku pada naskah Minke tentang Nyai

Ontosoroh, seorang gadis Jawa totok, buta huruf.

TL: Marco’s article also reminded me of what Minke wrote about Nyai

Ontosoroh, a Native Javanese girl, who could not read or write.

(2) 00017/RK/SL.43/TL.23-24

SL:“Bisa saja. Tapi rupa-rupanya Tuan perlu tahu, Tuan

Pangemanann, kertas Tuan bukanlah kertas untuk umum.”

TL:‘Yes, I could. But it seems that you do not realise, Meneer

Pangemanann, that your report is not for the general public.’

(3) 0077/RK/SL.293/TL.153

SL: Aku teringat pada kemenakan Patih Meester Cornelis dalam tulisan

Raden Mas Minke yang tertangkap basah sedang membacai kertas

Algemeene Secretarie.

TL: I was reminded of how Raden Mas Minke wrote in one of his books

about Patih Meester Cornelius’ nephew being caught reading papers in

the Algameene Secretariat.

From example (1) above, the translator does a strategy to translate the name. In

order to keep the target language readers in track with the story from source

language. Max Lane does not translate nyai. This preservation proves that Max

Lane wants to introduce original name from Indonesia. However, this honorific is

not fully preserved as the meaning is provided in the glossary. It is actually


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defined as addition. In example (2) Tuan is translated into meneer. This strategy is

called alteration as the translator understands that the target readers will soon be

familiar with male gender honorifics in Dutch. In example (3) uses preservation.

What makes it different from addition is that preservation does not provide any

meanings or additional information on footnote, next sentences or glossary.

Rumah Kaca by Pramoedya Ananta Toer also belongs to a controversial

yet phenomenal literary work. It was banned by Attorney General, some months

after its release and allowed to continue its publishing in the same year Max Lane

published the translated version. The previous series also had been banned for

being too provoking. Despite this reality, Toer got many local and international

awards from this Buru Quartet, such as UNESCO Madanjeet Singh Prize in 1996,

and New York Foundation for the Arts Award in 2000. It was almost nominated

for Pulitzer, but it was cancelled due to the banning.

Rumah Kaca including the whole quartet was written when he was still a

prisoner in Buru Island. After one of four series was released, the other three

series were banned by attorney general for bringing up race and ethnicity. Rumah

Kaca is a portrayal of how Indonesia suffered from Dutch colonial and how the

people were trying to keep the traditions. The way Toer tells the story is inspired

of what was actually happening in the past. He uses so many foreign names from

Europe or Chinese. The highest achievement he got beside other awards is to be a

candidate for noble prize in literature, as his works are related to cultural themes.

Besides, in this novel, honorific titles are important to show someone’s position,

as people in the colonial era tend to socialize among other people who also have


7

the same positions.

In checking the translation result as the part of the process, it is also

important to make sure the translation quality. Schaffner (1997, as cited in

Nababan, 2012) states quality in translation is result is a main priority. Since

translation is a result of the translator’s decision from inters language

communication, it must carry the same message even though in different

language. Therefore, parameters are necessary to measure the result (Nababan,

2012).

The phenomena of translation in literary works prove that through words,

people can recognize and learn many things from other countries. Schaffner

(1995) mentions “translation wields enormous power in constructing

representations of foreign cultures”. She also states that a domestic representation

for a foreign text and culture which is constructed by translations will

simultaneously construct a domestic subject, a position of intelligibility that is

also an ideological position, shaped by the codes and canons, interests and

agendas of certain domestic social groups (p.10).

Honorifics in Toer’s Rumah Kaca translated to House of Glass by Max

Lane would be one example that Bahasa Indonesia is cultured. Moreover, it is

affected by Dutch from the colonial era. Translation and culture are closely

related. As languages are also part of the culture, the translators need to master

many aspects. Therefore translation is a life-long learning. Robinson (2004) states

that “translators are forever stumbling upon words they have never seen before,

words that appear in no dictionary they own, words for which they must find


8

exact target-language equivalents by tomorrow”. Honorifics as part of cultural

words define hierarchy in the colonial era. Being able to translate honorifics

means the translators must keep learning and balancing between the strategies, the

quality, impacts and the whole cultures. These aspects are important since

language and culture are always developing. However it does not mean that the

old language or culture will be forgotten. On the other hand, they will be

considered as heritage and become something challenging for the translators.

1.2. Research Questions

Based on the background of the study, this research would like to answer these

following questions. First, what strategies are mostly adopted in translating

Indonesian’s honorifics in Max Lane’s House of Glass? Second, how is the

quality of honorifics translated in Lane’s House of Glass? Third, how do

translation strategies give impacts to the translation quality?

1.3. Research Objectives

Since this thesis has two research questions, there will be two research

objectives as well. Firstly, this research is aimed to reveal the mostly used

strategies of translating Indonesian’s honorifics into English in Pramoedya Ananta

Toer’s Rumah Kaca ‘House of Glass’. Secondly, regarding to the second research

question, this research is also aimed to find out how qualified is the honorifics

translated in House of Glass.


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1.4. Research Benefits

There are two research benefits of this research. They are theoretical benefits

and practical benefits. As for theoretical benefits, the theories of translation

strategies are already updated by some new theorists. Mostly, the researchers will

only mention Baker (1992). The older theories used are Newmark (1988), Brill

(1964), and Catford (1965). Therefore, the future researchers must be eager to find

out latest references as the supportive theories.

For practical benefits, this research hopefully will motivate the future

researchers to take local products as the data source. As another option, they can

explore more cultural terms inside the same novels or even the whole quartet. This

is the form of Indonesia’s cultural diplomation to go global, otherwise many

famous masterpieces from Indonesia cannot be recognized by people in the entire

world.


10

CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This section reviews the theories related to this current research. The

theories are about translating strategies, honorifics, how personal honorifics

related to the culture, the accuracy of translation, and the relation with semantic

change. Besides, the relations between those constructs are also presented in the

theoretical framework.

2.1 Theoretical Review

Theoretical review consists of some sub chapters. They are translation

strategies, honorifics or address terms, and translation’s accuracy. In each sub

chapters, there are still sub sub-chapters in order to specify the theories needed.

2.1.1 Definition of Translation

As one media or bridge from Source Language to Target Language,

translation can create better understanding for readers especially for cultural

words and terms. According to culture Munday (2001) “translation is the most

obviously recognizable type of rewriting and it is potentially the most influential

because it is able to project the image of an author and/or those works beyond the

boundaries of their culture of origin.” However in translating cultural words, the

translator must be aware of the equivalent of the Target Language. 259). Vianu (as

cited in Kohn 1983:106) says that a good translation stands for the product of

equivalence between what is national and what is foreigner, between the ways in


11

which both source and target languages express themselves.

Newmark (1988) states that cultural words may be difficult and the

translator can use literal translation. However, it will cause other problems.

Indeed, translation deals with cultural categories. Some theorists like Rubel and

Rosman (2003) has found a problem about how important kinship terminologies

and kinship concept should be translated.

Translating address terms or honorifics are believed to have its level of

difficulties. Many other cultural words are also obstacles for the translators.

However, through pragmatic translation of address terms of simple deictic

equivalent, it will become possible (Methven, 2006).In one line with it, Song

(2015) defined that translating address terms or honorific titles mean paraphrasing

under three circumstances. First, “if both the source language and the target

language have the same complex honorific system”. Second circumstance is, “if

the source language has rich honorifics, and the target language places an

honorific constraint on only pronouns”. Third, “if the source language employs

rich honorifics and the target language has no honorific formed e.g. English”.

2.1.2 Translation Strategies

This sub chapter is divided into three more sub sub chapters, namely

definition of translation strategies, the types of translation strategies, and the need

to distinguish among the terms translation techniques, procedures, methods, and

strategies.


12

2.1.2.1 Definition of Translation Strategies

In analyzing translation problems, many theories are needed to support the

findings. Since the topic of this research is techniques of translating proper names,

the theories on translation strategies will be the starter. According to Molina and

Albir (2002), translation techniques are always along with translation strategies.

In other words, they will be used when the translators meet problems in the

process of translating. Albir (1999, in Molina and Albir, 2002) states “strategies

are the procedures used by the translator to solve problems that emerge when

carrying out the translation process with a particular objective in mind”. However,

Molina and Albir (2002) describe that the term strategies and techniques are

applied differently. Strategies are for comprehension, such as distinguishing main

and secondary ideas, establishing conceptual relationships, or searching for

information and reformulation including paraphrasing, retranslating, saying out

loud, avoiding words that are close to the original. Therefore, they open the way

to find solution for the problems. Sun (2012) also agrees that inside the strategies,

they must involve problem solving while techniques will materialize the solution

(Molina and Albir, 2002). Again, the adjustment of solution in the strategies and

techniques must be clear.

Strategies and techniques occupy different places in problem solving:

strategies are part of the process, techniques affect the result. However,

some mechanisms may function both as strategies and as techniques. For

example, paraphrasing can be used to solve problems in the process (this

can be a reformulation strategy) and it can be an amplification technique

used in a translated text (a cultural item paraphrased to make it intelligible

to TT readers) (Molina and Albir, 2002).


13

Furthermore, Molina and Albir (2002) state that translation strategies will

appear whenever either there is a gap in the translator’s skill or knowledge or the

translator encounter difficult unit. Strategies may be conscious or unconscious, or

verbal or nonverbal. Compared to techniques, strategies hold more important roles

in solving translation problems because they are a central part of the sub

competencies that make up translation competence.

Related to translation strategies, misunderstanding about translation

techniques, procedures, methods, and strategies are still commonly found. Some

researchers even are somehow still vague of defining translation techniques, how

they are different from methods, procedures, and strategies (Molina and Albir,

2002). They think procedures, strategies, methods, and techniques are the same

and use them one way to the others. Newmark (1988, p.81) defines translation

procedures and techniques as the same, but translation method is different.

Translation procedures and techniques terms are used for sentences and the

smaller units of language while translation method is used when translating the

whole texts. A bit different view coming from Molina and Albir (2002), they state

that translation techniques are used to describe the result of translation functions,

related to the corresponding units in the source text. They use translation

techniques as the tool to study the result of the translation. Some categories in

translation techniques are also describet to help the translators to study how the

translation works.

According to Sun (2012) the term translation strategy is also often used

synonymously with translation principle, translation method or translation


14

technique. What makes the terms different is the categories or divisions, Nida

(1964) mentions that there are two translation procedures, namely technical and

organizational procedures. For translation methods and procedures, Newmark

(1988) has his various types of them to translate the whole texts, sentences or

smaller units. For translation techniques, despite the overlapping term of them,

Molina and Albir (2002) also have more complete version. They develop the

theories from Newmark (1988) for taking the same terms such as adaptation,

literal translation, and modulation and put them all together as techniques. In fact,

Newmark (1988) put them differently, adaptation and literal translation belong to

translation methods, but modulation belongs to translation procedures. While for

translation strategies, theorists such as Bell (1998, in Sun 2012), Venuti (1998, in

Sun 2012), and Jaaskelainen (1999, in Sun 2012) have things in common related

to them. For these theorists, translation strategies are both choosing basic steps of

process to deal with various kinds of problems in translation and develop the

methods as well.

In the end, it is all the matters of terms. The treatment of specific

translation problems, for example how to deal with wordplays or ambiguity, how

to translate proper names, how to translate metaphors, or how to overcome lexical

gaps, are also sometimes discussed under the heading of translation strategies

(Nord, 1994, in Schroter, 2005).


15

2.1.2.2 The Types of Translation Strategies

For years, theorists have been developing their own types of translation

strategies such as Aixelá (1996), Vinay and Darbelnet (1995), Schäffner and

Wiesemann (2001), Fernandes (2006) and Davies (2003). Among these theorists,

only Davies (2003, p.65-100) who involves her own lists regarding to Cultural-

Specific Items or CSI. The strategies are preservation, addition, omission,

globalization, localization, alteration or distortion of the original, and creation.

Preservation happens when the translator transfers the words without any

explanations, or in other words, he does not change and add anything relating to

the names. The translator may add something as an adjustment in the footnote,

gloss, introduction and notes. This strategy is called addition. The translator must

need a good knowledge of the background of their target audiences when adding

necessary information, in order to avoid overlapping explanation.

The opposite of addition is omission. In omitting certain information, the

translator decides to “omit a problematic CSI altogether, so that no trace of it is

found in the translation”. This strategy may be taken when the translator has any

doubt relating to the cultural-specific items he does not understand. Davies

mentions that “the inclusion of a problematic culture-specific item might create a

confusing or inconsistent effect,” therefore it is alright to omit it.

The next strategy is called globalization. It means “the process of

replacing culture-specific references with the ones which are more neutral or

general”. This strategy is inspired by Baker (1992), translating into more general

words (superordinate) or more neutral words while localization is the opposite of


16

globalization strategy. When globalization makes the words become more neutral,

localization is taken when the translator decides to “try to anchor a reference

firmly in the culture of the target audience”. Localization also involves

phonological and grammatical adaptation of names and the use of gender endings.

Davies (2003) calls the next strategy as alteration or distortion of the

original. This strategy reveals how the translator understands the taste, aptitudes,

and capacities of the target audiences. The last type is creation. The last strategy

proposed by Davies (2003) is the least used by the translators because of the total

difference from source language into target language. In translating, when the

translator chooses this strategy, he is supposed to combine it with compensation.

For example, translator can modify the jokes or alliterations in one place and put

them elsewhere.

Figure 1. The Continuum between Domestication and Foreignization (Davies,

2003)

When it comes to the relationship between the strategies and

foreignization and domestication, there are some differences on the places of each

strategy. The illustration is shown as follows.


17

Based on the illustration above, preservation is the closest strategy to

foreignization because the readers on the target language would feel reminded that

the words they read belong to foreign terms. Addition is still close to

foreignization because some explanations are still possible to be added to make

the source culture more clear. Globalization and omission are in the middle

between foreignization and domestication, because, when a word gets globalized

or omitted it will change the sense of belonging from source culture to a certain

degree, without going too far from the source language. On the other hand,

localization, is closer to domestication because the translator still can give

synonyms to the selected item or spell it according to the rules of the TL. While

creation and alteration of the original are closest to domestication, since the words

from the source language are replaced by the words that belong to the target

language.

2.1.3 Honorifics

Honorifics sub chapter consists of definition and types of honorifics,

honorifics and cultural specific items, and principles of honoring in English.

2.1.3.1 Definition and Types of Honorifics

Titles of address or addressing forms are often called as honorifics in

linguistics especially sociolinguistics as they have relations with politeness

remarks. According to Irvine (1995)“linguistic honorifics are forms of speech that

signal social deference, through conventionalized understandings of some aspects,


18

of the form meaning relationship”. Al-Ni'aymi (2007) mentions “honorifics are

grammatical forms utilized in speaking to express social superiority. The part of

speech affected is different from one language to another, and the honorifics may

be distinguishable from simply very polite forms used in formal address".

According to Levinson (1981) there are two types of titles or honorifics.

They are relational and absolute honorifics. Relational is more important than the

second one and mainly concerned with the socially deictic information in

languages of the world. Within this relational system of honorifics, three

subcategories are distinguished. They are addressee honorifics in which they refer

to the relationship between the speaker and the hearer (Comrie, 1976), referent

honorifics which are used to convey speaker's respect to persons or things actually

referred to (Sifianou, 1992) and by-stander honorifics or a relational type of

honorifics which express the relationship between the speaker and the bystander

(Levinson, 1983)

Absolute honorifics express the relationship between the speaker (with

other possible participants) and the setting (or social activities) through formality

levels. Absolute honorifics are categorized into authorized speakers and

authorized recipients according to the perspectives of the speakers and recipients

(Levinson, 1983). Farghal and Shakir (1994) consider the absolute social

honorifics are certain forms reserved for authorized speakers and recipients.


19

2.1.3.2 Honorifics and Cultural-Specific Items

There is no more doubt that address forms and names may describe racial,

ethnic, national, and religious identity (Tymoczko, 1999). Not only names,

honorifics are very close to culture, it may cause problems in translation.

Newmark (1988) mentions that “the more specific a language becomes for natural

phenomena (e.g., flora and fauna) the more it becomes embedded in cultural

features” (p.95).Honorifics and names cannot be separated, they complete one

another. Newmark (1988) does not include names into cultural categories, but he

mentions such as ecology, social culture, material cultures, organizations or

activities, and gestures or habits. Knowing this issue, therefore, some theories

such as Davies (2003), Hagfors (2003), Brondsted and Dollerup (2004), and

Aixela (1996) consider names with the honorifics as Cultural-Specific Items

(CSI).

All languages have ways of honoring people in which they are rooted in

the culture of the speakers of the specific language. It means they can possess

unique difficulties in the comprehension of culture-specific texts, especially when

personal names have specific connotations, and omitting them will imply

information results in unacceptable translation (Pour, 2009).

The treatment of cultural-specific items in literary works cause the texts

foreignized or domesticized in which the most general strategies in translating

(Davies, 2003; Hagfors, 2003, as cited in Jaleniauskiene and Cicelyte, 2009).

Foreignization means preserving all the cultural elements, and domestication is

bringing the text closer to the readers by adopting or even leaving out many of


20

these elements (Jaleniauskiene and Cicelyte, 2009). The term foreignization is

close to a literal translation and “attempts to bring out the foreign in the target text

itself” when ST syntax and lexis are maintained in order to “preserve source

language items in the target text”. While domestication, “involves downplaying

the foreign characteristics of the language and culture of the source text” (Venuti

cited in Munday, 2001, pp.230-231).

Indonesian, as the language of Indonesia, has been known as a remarkable

success for centuries. It is caused by Dutch colonial policies and practises, they

never wanted to inculcate their language until 20th century when invading

Indonesia. Instead, missionaries and local officials relied on Malay language and

standardized high varieties of language, enforcing grammar, phonological forms,

and vocabularies (Keane, 2003, in Rubel and Rosman, 2003). Therefore, there

should be no language varieties such as puns or difficulty of phrasing possesses

syntactic peculiarities. Even for proper nouns or pronouns indexical of

interaction-relative status, where personal names exist, clash with sense-less

reference due to their semantic senses (Keane, 2001, in Rubel and Rosman, 2003).

2.1.3.3 The Principles of Honorifics in English

English as the target language in the topic has certain rules in writing

personal names. Surely, every country has its own rules for addressing. According

to World Heritage Encyclopedia (n.d.) in English titles are divided into common

titles, formal titles, academic titles, and religious titles. Common titles are referred

to marital status and gender such as ‘Mr,’ ‘Ms’, ‘Miss’, or ‘Mrs’. Formal titles


21

include people who have high social ranks or people who come from royal family.

The examples of formal titles are ‘Sir’, ‘Madame’, ‘Lord’, or ‘Lady’ including

‘Your Highness’ or ‘His Excellency’. While academic titles are obtained by

education or special trainings such as ‘Doctor’, ‘Professor’, ‘Lieutenant’,

‘General’, etc. Religious titles are related to members of religious orders or

communities. In English, religious titles usually involve more in Christian or

Catholic rather than other religions, such as ‘Rev as Reverend’, ‘Brother’or

‘Father’.

The general components of a name according to A Guide to Names and

Naming Practices (2006) are only personal name and family name. In English,

there are barely any specific names compared to some other countries such as

Armenia with ending –ian in the family names or –ez for Spain or Columbia.

However, English has some principles in giving honorifics. According to English

Style Guide (2016), in addressing with personal names there are some rules that

need to be obeyed.

First, rule is for general names. Surnames or forenames are not normally

uppercased in the texts, unless showing the specialty or highliting the names. As

an example, ‘Mr Juncker’ is the right way instead of ‘MR JUNCKER’, unless

there is an emphasis on the characters’ names or the owners agree. For non-

English names, the non-English practice of using the initial for the first name in

running text should be avoided. Wherever possible spell out the first name the

first time round and contract thereafter. The first mention is ‘Federica Mogherini’,

thereafter, ‘Ms Mogherini’ is fine or ‘Tony Blair’ in first mention, becomes ‘Mr


22

Blair’ in the next mention. This rule is also under circumstances of possibility to

track down the first name, and then drop the initial.

For addressing women’s names such as ‘Ms - Mme – Frau’, in English the

courtesy use ‘Ms’is what the person concerned to prefer. While the French Mme

and German Frau are likewise courtesy honorifics: a Mme or Frau is not

necessarily a ‘Mrs’ (i.e. married).

Rumah Kaca novel is affected by some foreign-language honorifics from

Dutch, which is necessary to find the rules. “Avoid honorifics is not customary in

English, but note that if you use Mr or Ms, you must obviously be sure of the

gender of the person in question”.

(4) Examples :

For Write

Prof. Dr. H. Schmidt Prof. H. Schmidt

Dipl.-Ing. W. Braun Mr W. Braun

Drs. A. Baerdemaeker Ms A. Baerdemaeker

Ir. B. De Bruyn Ms B. De Bruyn

Mr Reuter Mr Reuter

While for ‘doctor’, “the title ‘Dr’should be given when it appears in the

original (except in combined honorifics, as above), regardless of whether the

holder is a doctor of medicine or not”.

University of Oxford Style Guide (2014) specifies the principles of

personal names with honorifics.

For general honorifics, “use capitals for honorifics prefixing names, but

not for job descriptions. Note that some job descriptions are never used with

names, such as ‘prime minister’, example, ‘Although being president of the


23

United States is stressful, President Obama was glad to be re-elected’. While in

writing specific honorifics, positions and to people’s work in this role, but not

when referring to any holder of that role unless it is a statutory position, use

capitals.

(5) Examples: Andrew Hamilton became Vice-Chancellor in 2009.

He invited Wadham’s Head of House, Lord Macdonald, to

attend the event.

When referring to or writing to people entitled to call themselves ‘Sir’/’Dame’/

‘Lord’/’Lady’ or members of the peerage, make sure that the correct form of

address for that individual is used. Otherwise, there is a preference from the

person to be written in particular ways, the author may obey him.

In writing honorifics for knights or dames, the authors should use first

names honorifics, whether or not you are using surnames as well.

(6) Example: ‘Are you going to hear Sir John Smith’s speech? Sir John is

always a good public speaker.’

The exact status of anyone verbally addressed as ‘Lord X’ or ‘Lady Y’ as these

honorifics may be used by many types of peer (e.g. earls, barons, viscounts, sons

of dukes etc) whose honorifics in writing are different. Therefore, the writings

must be checked.

(7) Example: Lady Benjamin was the best Playschool presenter.

There are also some rules for combining honorifics. If someone is entitled to a


24

styling such as Sir/Dame as well as an academic title, the academic title always

precedes the Sir/Dame if both are used.

(8) Example: Professor Sir John Smith, not Sir Professor John Smith

For ‘Reverends’, ‘Right Reverends’, ‘Very Reverends’ etc, the religious

title precedes the academic title. A capitalised ‘The’ before the title is used.

(9) Example: The Revd Dr Giles Fraser resigned from St Paul’s, not Dr

Revd Giles Fraser spoke to the press about his decision to resign.

2.1.4 Translation Quality Assessment

Many translation theorists agree that accuracy is an important aspect in

translation and not easy as it may cause the change of meaning. However, they

have different perspectives of how the translation products can be considered

accurate. Shuttleworth and Cowie (1997) state translation accuracy refers to the

extent in which the translation matches the original. Nababan et al (2012) argues

in his research, all theorists have come in one agreement that a qualified

translation product must cover three aspects. They are, 1) the translation texts

must be accurate, in other words, the Target Language (TL) texts must contain the

right messages from the Source Language (SL). 2) The texts are translated

properly according to the principles and obeying the norms or culture from the

TL. 3) The translated texts must be understood easily by the TL readers.

Melis and Albir (2001) mention that in evaluating translation there are three

areas, namely published translation, translation practice, and translation teaching.


25

Literary works such as novels, poetry, or essay belong to the published

translation. The aims of evaluating them are to judge, to discuss its advantages

and disadvantage, and, also, to propose solutions.

In order to decide a text is accurate or not, some theorists propose tests or

measurements. Anglelli (2006) is one of them. She proposes testing using rubric

to test translation competency. She states that by using rubric the descriptives

statements of behaviors will be provided to constitute the construct. She also adds,

rubrics may let the graders see the elements assessed in the test.

A description of the best work that meets these criteria and the best

performance that can be expected will describe the top score. The worst

work that can be expected using the same criteria constitutes the lowest

acceptable score. Intermediate level work is assigned intermediary scores,

and the number of intermediary levels determines the number of levels of

a scale. For example, a rubric can have a scale that runs from one to six

(e.g. unacceptable translation, inadequate translation, barely adequate

translation, competent translation, very competent translation, and

outstanding translation), or from one to three (unacceptable, barely

acceptable, clearly acceptable) or any other set that is meaningful for the

organization that is developing the test (p.39).

In the same line as Anglelli (2006), Nababan et al (2012) mentions that

there are three measurements of a valid translation, namely translation’s accuracy,

acceptability, and readability.

Table 1. Translation Accuracy

Score Translation

Category

Qualitative Parameters

3 Accurate The meaning of the source language sentences

is accurately conveyed into target language

text. There is no meaning distorted.

2 Less Accurate The meaning of the source language sentences

is less accurately conveyed into target

language text. There are some distorted

meanings.

1 Inaccurate The meaning of the source language sentences


26

is definitely not conveyed into target language

text. There are a lot of omissions or deletion.

The rubric of assessing translation’s accuracy has 1 to 3 scales. The higher score

is given by the tester, the higher the accuracy will be as well. The same thing

happens to the less and inaccurate scores. The lower the score is given to the

translated texts, the lower the accuracy will be (Nababan et al, 2012).

The second measurement of translation quality is readability. It affects

punctuation, spelling, or any format related. In order to create naturalness, the

consistency of the translation also needs an extra attention especially when it

comes to borrowing foreign words. The use of different vocabularies for similar

word can bring the readers out from boredom. However, the translator should also

adjust the target readers’ level before deciding to use unfamiliar choice of words.

Table 2 Translation Readability

Score Translation

Category


3 High level readability Words, technical terms, phrases, clauses,

sentences translated can be understood easily

by the readers

2 Medium level

readability

In general readers understand the translated

version, but there are some parts that need more

reading

1 Low lever readability The translation is difficult to read

Similar to accuracy, there are also three scores of translation readability. The

higher the score is, the higher the readability level will be.

The last measurement of Nababan's quality assessment is acceptability.

The score and qualitative parameters can be seen below.


27

Table 3 Translation Acceptability

Score Translation

Category


3 Acceptable The translations are natural; technical terms are

familiar for readers; phrase, clause, and

sentences used fit Bahasa Indonesia's principles

2 Less Acceptable In general the translations are quite natural; but

there are some terms technical issues or

grammatical mistakes

1 Inacceptable The translations are not natural, there are a lot

unfamiliar terms for readers; phrase, clause, and

sentences used, don't fit Bahasa Indonesia's

principle

As mentioned, in order to measure the quality of a translation work,

accuracy, readability, and acceptability have to be defined. However, according to

Nababan (2012, p.51-52), accuracy is the highest among all of them with score 3.

Followed by acceptability with score 2 is on the second place. Lastly, it is

readability with score 1.

After counting the three measurements, the numbers obtained are the

average value. The category whether the translation belongs to which parameter

can be found in the following table.

Table 4 Category of Average Score

Scale Translation Quality Assessment Category

2.68 - 3 Accurate; Acceptable; High level of readability

1.68 – 2.67 Quite accurate; Quite Acceptable; Medium Level of readability

1 – 1.67 Inaccurate; Inacceptable; Low level or readability

Before Nababan, Larson (1984) also has proposed the accuracy of translation


28

theory. Larson’s has three criteria to define particular translated work as accurate

or not without scales, while Nababan’s theory has been refined with scales too.

Every accuracy theory proposed by experts is aimed to create equivalence

relation. This is somehow avoided by the cultural terms that every language

contains. As a result the translators must find the best strategies to keep their

readers from the Target Language comprehend. Larson (1984) divides translation

work as accurate, inaccurate, and unclear.

When the message from Source Language is completely diverting to the

Target Language and does not have distortion in the sentence, then the translation

is accurate. In this case, the translators have chosen the right strategie(s) without

omitting, adding, and preserving (p.55).

If there are found some distortions of the meaning and the message are

delivered imprecisely, the translation will become inaccurate. Further Larson

explains that inaccuracy is caused by multilingual language and culture. Larson

also adds that there are four ways to check inaccuracy. Firstly, there is some

additional information that does not exist in the Source Language. Secondly, the

meaning from Source Language and Target Language is different. Thirdly, some

parts which exist in the Source Language are omitted. Lastly, there is zero

meaning or lack of communication.

Larson does not only propose two measurements, accurate and inaccurate

translation, but he also adds unclear translation as the lowest stage of inaccuracy.

When a word or sentence is translated not clearly, the readers from Target

Language do not catch the meanings. It is essential for the translator to find the


29

correct substitute in the Target Language. Therefore, Lane also provides five ways

to test translation.

The translators can compare with the source text. By comparing the

meanings from Source Language and Target Language, they can figure out

whether the choice of words has been correct. Larson explains that in order to

check the equivalence meaning of content and dynamics of source text. Another

way, translators can back-translate into the source language. Some translated

works somehow only work one way. By using this method, the translators can see

if switched, the meanings can still make sense.

Comprehension check is another part of Lane’s ways to test translated

work. This type of test involves people retelling the content of the translation and

answering questions about it. The results can help to improve the translation

becomes clearer and uses more natural language form.

2.2 Review of Previous Studies

Translating proper nouns or names are a quite common topic among the

scholars. However, researchers of honorific translation are not as many as

scholars who are interested in translating proper nouns or names. For example,

Jaleniauskiene and Cicelyte (2009) discuss proper names in children’s literature,

Harry Potter. Another one, Shirinzadeh and Mahadi (2014) have proper nouns

discussed in song lyrics. Pietarinen (2010) reviews on proper names from

pragmatic side without any source of data shows how they are applied. While the

rest research found have different topic, which is Indonesian translation in Harry


30

Potter novels (Yuliasri and Allen, 2006). Another one has a different source of

data which are brochures of tourism object in Tanah Datar Regency (Sari et al,

2012).

The similarities of those five previous studies are also varied. Some of

them analyze popular references such as Harry Potter, the English version and

song lyric called Hafez, except for Sari et al (2012) who are interested to take

Indonesian as the Source Language (SL). However, still, none of them is attracted

to translate other parts of names, which are honorifics. If seen from their

backgrounds, the reasons behind choosing their sources of data are due to the

popularity and the stories which is familiar to the readers (Jaleniauskiene and

Cicelyte, 2009; Yuliasri and Allen, 2006). Pietarinen (2010), who discuss proper

names differently than the others, has given another view of underrated proper

names theories proposed by Peirce (1901). Despite of Peirce’s old theory, he

suggests that Peirce’s proper names theories could be an alternative for analyzing

causal-historical names.

Unfortunately, for Indonesia’s literatures, there are barely any researcher

takes them as the source of data. In fact, many literary works coming from

Indonesia authors have been translated into English or any other languages, such

as Pramoedya Ananta Toer, Sapardi Djoko Damono, Chairil Anwar, and even

some new authors like Andrea Hirata and Ahmad Fuadi. While Sari et al (2012),

she and her team choose brochures because they are curious about the weaknesses

of English translation version, despite the brochures were translated by Culture

and Tourism Service of Tanah Datar Regency. The results show them that the


31

highest percentage goes to the less accurate measurement.

Besides the topics which are different, the focus is also different.

Jaleniauskiene and Cicelyte (2009) and Shirinzadeh and Mahadi (2014) use the

same terms strategies to translate the proper names. However, they do not include

translation accuracy after finding how the proper or personal nouns are translated.

She directly analyzes the ideology tendency instead. This fact makes her analysis

is shaking, since she also jumps to foreignization and domestication of the

translation. Yuliasri and Allen (2006) also take foreignization and domestication

in one of Harry Potter series. They only focus on the Indonesian’s translation

approaches and techniques in which become too broad.

In this research, the object of data is not only searched and discuss, but

they are also rated for the accuracy. Furthermore, the developments of the

meanings are also discussed under the semantic change. In the end, there will

always be different arguments on research. In this case, the previous studies

related to the topic have different opinion on terms used, source of data, and also

the research focus. This is where research benefits are needed, to give a better idea

for future researchers to do a better research.

2.3 Theoretical Framework

This research is about translation strategies in translating honorifics from

Indonesian’s novel to English and also the accuracy of translated version.The

translator, Max Lane translates the title into ‘House of Glass’. This is the last

sequel of Buru Quartet written by Indonesia’s author, Pramoedya Ananta Toer.


32

Even though ‘House of Glass’ is part of the quartet, it is possible to read this part

separately. However, some of the characters are still the same, the way Toer tells

the story is not from the previous main character, Minke, but from Jacques

Pangemanann’s perspective. He was the chief commissioner of Betawi Police

Department, who was also an archivist. Pangemanann had a plan to rebel through

the natives and worked together with Dutch. He was a native who was adopted by

French pharmacist and luckily got educated in Sorbonne University while Minke,

as the center of the story in the last three chapters, got exiled and forgotten. Sadly,

no one could ever help him in his old days. People were made to forget that he

had fought the Dutch in some points. Until his death, he was all alone because of

Pangemanann. The title Rumah Kaca or ‘House of Glass’ indicates his archives of

all notes and files that were related to Minke. He gave them back to Madame La

Boucq, Minke’s mother. He was ready to be punished.

All theories needed for analyzing this research have been mentioned and

reviewed. The applications are started from honorifics, including types of

honorifics, the principles and the rules of writing honorifics. This step is done by

comparing the Source Language text which is in Indonesian to English as the

Target Language. When finding the honorifics, it will be seen that they can bring

cultural matter. Indonesian has known to be very cultural, even it is only seen by

the honorific titles. The mystic and hierarchy are contained in the novel’s

characters. Moreover, the novel takes place in colonial era when Indonesia was

invaded by Dutch. There are a lot of characters who came from Dutch and became

lords or ladies here. Their honorifics are more varied than natives. However, only


33

in Indonesia certain people own honorifics such as raden mas or nyi while the

Dutch own the honorifics from education they pursued. How they are translated to

English is interesting since it has a total different style with Indonesian in

honorifics. Additional foreign language will be a challenge to translate them into

Target Language.

Along with categorizing the honorifics, there will also be checking on the

strategies used by the translator. What he decides will give effects to the translated

version in Target Language. The translated version reflects the translator’s

knowledge of the Target Language culture, since translation is not only translating

words or sentence but also cultures.

After finding all of the above, the next step is finding out the translation

quality of the data. The rubrics from Nababan (2012) will be used. There are three

elements of this test, they are translation accuracy, acceptability, and readability.

The score given will be from 1 to 3. The higher the score is, the more accurate,

acceptable, and readable the honorific is. After that, the total average will be given

as the final score.

The last step is by revealing how strategies chosen affect the translation

quality. The table is provided on the appendix to see how each strategy and score

work together.

The framework of this research can be seen in the following figure.


34

Figure 2. Theoretical Framework adopted from Graham et al (2006)

From the figure above, Bahasa Indonesia as the Source Language of the source

data is where the research starts. It can be seen that the aim is honorifics in Target

Language which is English. There are inside and outside components to see the

translation result. The inside components consist of types of honorifics and

principles of writing the honorifics. The types of honorifics and principles of the

writing work together to ensure the translation result in the TL. The outside

components are translation strategies and translation quality. Translation

strategies to label any honorifics in names found in the data. The translation

quality is measured by the translation accuracy, acceptability, and readability.

After knowing the strategy and score of each datum, how they affect each other

will be figured out.

Honorifics (SL)

Translation’s

Strategies Translation’s

Quality

Assessment

Honorifics (TL)

Types of Titles

Principle of Writing

Titles


35

CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This section describes the methodology used in this research. It consists of

type of study, data collection, data analysis, and result verification. In the type of

study, it is explained that this research belongs to translation study.

3.1 Type of Study

This study belongs to a Translation Study. Having translation field as the

topic of a research means one should understand that it also has problems.

However, as long as there is an attempt to understand that translation must involve

theory and practice at the same time, it will no longer be a big problem anymore.

Bassnett (2002) mentions theories without practice are imbalance, especially in

translating literary works. The translator deals with pragmatics and cultural

elements which cause problems to target readers (Hassan, 2011). Literary

translation belongs to one of most decisive sub-fields of Translation Studies (TS)

(Jamshidian and Mohammadi, 2012).

Literary translations, according to Belhaag (1997, in Landers, 2001), has

some of the characteristics, such as expressive, connotative, symbolic, focusing

on both form and content, subjective, allowing multiple interpretation, timeless

and universal, using special devices to ‘heighten’ communicative effect, and

tendency to deviate from the language norms.

Along with theories above, Newmark (1988) states that translating literary


36

works is the most testing type of translation because “the first, basic articulation

of meaning (the word) is as important as the second (the sentence or, in poetry,

the line) and the effort to make word, sentence and text cohere requires

continuous compromise and readjustment” (p.162). He also states that of all

literary works, short story or novel is the second most difficult type of texts to

translate after poetry.

3.2 Data Collecting Techniques

The data involved are the names of Indonesian and foreign characters. As

English is the Target Language, there are some differences in writing the names

and the honorifics from the Source Language. There are some honorifics affected

from Dutch, causing the translator must choose. There are originally 120 numbers

of data. Each data that contains a title was listed as 0001/SL.1/TL.1 meaning that

0001 indicated the number of data, SL.1 means Source Language on page 1, and

TL.1 is Target Language on page 1. The listing is made in detail in order to ease

the identification.

The data of this research are selected from sentences containing names

with honorifics or only honorific titles. They are gathered by comparing the

honorific titles in the SL and TL. Every title that has been mentioned will not be

repeated, but for honorifics which have different translation will be counted as a

new item. If in one sentence contains more than one title, the data will be

considered as different data. The data are presented in order, based on their page

numbers.


37

The source of this research is a literary work, which was a novel entitled

Rumah Kaca or ‘House of Glass’ as the English translated version. Rumah Kaca

was written by Pramoedya Ananta Toer and was released in 1988. In 1992 Max

Lane translated this book into ‘House of Glass’. Rumah Kaca has 646 pages,

while ‘House of Glass’ has 338 pages. Honorifics are taken as the type of data.

Rumah Kaca and ‘House of Glass’ had different publisher. Rumah Kaca was

published by Lentera Dipantara in East Jakarta, while ‘House of Glass’ was by

Penguin Books Australia Ltd.

3.3 Data Analysis

After the data gathered, they were then analyzed. The next process consists

of presenting the data, coding the data, and categorizing them. Then, the results

would be obtained and they were ready to be analyzed. The data of this research

are honorifics within sentences.

The first category created was based on translation strategies by Davies

(2003). There are seven types of strategies and each sentence used at least one

strategy. However, there were also some sentences having two strategies within

one sentence. Then strategies found were counted using percentage from the

highest to the lowest including the number of the sentences. The most often used

strategy would be the most adopted strategy. The result of the data is presented on

a table. In order to reveal and support the strategies used, a personal interview

with Max Lane was conducted.


38

The second step after finding out the most adopted strategy is assessing the

quality of the translation. Translation quality assessment is proposed by Nababan

(2012). There are three measurements namely translation accuracy, readability,

and acceptability. The score given is from 1 to 3. The higher the score is the more

accurate, readable, and acceptable the translation will be. The average score of

each measurement will be counted and categorized into final category whether

they are a qualified translation.

The third step is to see the impacts of translation strategies towards the

translation quality. It is to see how strategy affects the quality of the translation.

The table of each strategy with translation accuracy, acceptability, and readability

will be provided in the appendix.


39

CHAPTER 4

RESEARCH RESULTS

This chapter presents the research results and the analysis. The results

consist of three main problems of this research namely translation strategies,

translation accuracy, and semantic change. Then, the analysis of each main topic

follows covering the most adopted translation strategies in translating honorifics,

the accuracy of translated honorifics, and the relation between semantic change

and the accuracy of honorifics.

4.1 Translation Strategies

The categories of honorifics in the novel are varied, from royal honorifics,

occupation domain (army and police officers), government officials, social rank,

until honorifics that are given because the people have certain mystique power

and not everyone can have it. This phenomenon can be found in many old novels

of Indonesia and Rumah Kaca or House of Glass is one of them. In this novel, the

characters are from cross nationalities, Indonesia including Javanese, Betawi

(Batavia), and other provinces, Dutch, France, and other Europe countries.

The translator has options to alter the words following the readers' need.

He can also choose to omit certain information and add it. Footnote or index can

be a place where the translator puts additional information. When there is no word

to omit or add, his next alternative is to create something new to the Target

Language.

Translation strategies by Davies (2003) have seven original types. After


40

these being applied to House of Glass, these strategies have expanded to fifteen

types. The ranks from most to the least adopted strategies found in the data will be

further explained below.

After doing analysis in this novel, 14 strategies are obtained. Those

strategies are from 120 data sentences that contain honorifics and they are not

repeated. The strategies have more number than the original number of strategies

from the expert because in the analysis there are some new strategies which are

combined.

In the following are the strategies found and their percentage shows which

strategies which are the most used in the novel.

Table 5 Percentage of Translation Strategies

No. Translation Strategies Number of

sentences

Percentage

1. Localization 54 45%

2. Addition 20 16.6%

3. Preservation 11 9%

4. Alteration 10 6.6%

5. Localization and Alteration 7 5.8%

6. Omission 5 4 %

7. Localization and Omission 3 2.5%

8. Globalization 3 2.5%

9. Preservation and Alteration 2 1.6%

10. Alteration and Addition 1 0.8%

11. Localization and Addition 1 0.8%

12. Addition and Globalization 1 0.8%

13. Addition and Creation 1 0.8%

14. Preservation and Addition 1 0.8%

Total 120 100%


41

The first and highest percentage based on the result is Localization. It is the

strategy where the translator brings more understandable words and general for

the readers' on Target Language. Localization is the most adopted strategy in the

findings. The translator has attempted to anchor almost half the culture of to the

Target Readers. The honorifics that are localized by Lane are mostly army related

or academic, royal, and gendered honorifics. These types that are also a lot found

in Rumah Kaca. The systems of army or academic honorifics terms in Bahasa

Indonesia as the Source Language to English as Target Language are similar.

There should be a translation of each position in English. The data numbers of this

strategy can be seen on table below.

Table 6 Localization

Strategy

Numbers of Data Total

0001/RK/SL.1/TL.1

0002/RK/SL.1/TL.1

0006/RK/SL.5/TL.3

0008/RK/SL.7/TL.4

0009/RK/SL.9/TL.5

0010/RK/SL.9/TL.5

0012/RK/SL.10/TL.6

0013/RK/SL.19/TL.11

00015/RK/SL.24/TL.13

0020/RK/SL.53/TL.29

0022/RK/SL.64/TL.35

0023/RK/SL.65/TL.35

0024/RK/SL.70/TL.38

0025/RK/SL.72/TL.39

0026/RK/SL.74/TL.40

0031/RK/SL.79/TL.43

0032/RK/SL.80/TL.43

0040/RK/SL.96/TL.52

0042/RK/SL.96/TL.52

0044/RK/SL.119/TL.63

0048/RK/SL.128/TL.68


42

Localization

0050/RK/SL.132/TL.70

0055/RK/SL.170/TL.90

0062/RK/SL.244/TL.128

0063/RK/SL.245/TL.128

0064/RK/SL.247/TL.130

0067/RK/SL.259/TL.136

0068/RK/SL.262/TL.137

0069/RK/SL.262/TL.137

0070/RK/SL.276/TL.145

0072/RK/SL.277/TL.145

0074/RK/SL.280/TL.147

0076/RK/SL.288/TL.151

0078/RK/SL.293/TL.153

0081/RK/SL.338/TL.176

0084/RK/SL.361/TL.188

0085/RK/SL.362/TL.188

0087/RK/SL.362/TL.188

0092/RK/SL.367/TL.191

0096/RK/SL.369/TL.192

0097/RK/SL.377/TL.196

0098/RK/SL.397/TL.192

0100/RK/SL.426/TL.222

0101/RK/SL.426/TL.225

0102/RK/SL.426/TL.225

0108/RK/SL.449/TL.236

0110/RK/SL.462/TL.243

0111/RK/SL.462/TL.243

0112/RK/SL.464/TL.244

0115/RK/SL.502/TL.265

0116/RK/SL.522/TL.275

0119/RK/SL.575/TL.302

0120/RK/SL.610/TL.320

0122/RK/SL.635/TL.333

54

Here are some examples of localization found in the novel.

(10) 0001/RK/SL.1/TL.1

SL: 1912: Tahun terberat untuk pribadi Gubernur Jenderal Idenburg.

TL: 1912. This was the year that brought the greatest burdens for

Governor General Idenburg.

(11) 0013/RK/SL.19/TL.11

SL: “Tentu saja, Tuan. Siapa tidak mengenal Tuan Komisaris

Pangemanann? Orang bilang Tuanlah kepolisian Betawi.”


43

TL: ‘Of course, Tuan. Everyone knows Chief Inspector Pangemanann.

People say that you are the Betawi Police!’

(12) 0055/RK/SL.170/TL.90

SL: Letnan Swie menyambut aku bertanya, “Heran, Tuan Pangemanann,

datang mengontrol membawa Rientje.”

TL: Lieutenant Swie welcomed me, asking: ‘I’m surprised,

Commissioner Pangemanann, you have brought Rientje here with you on

an inspection.’

Two examples above are examples of Localization and mostly they can be

found in the honorifics of government officials or army and police titles.

According to Lane (personal communication, June 1st 2018), in Rumah Kaca the

hierarchy is shown clearly especially on the dialogue. It implies in colonial era,

the highest position was owned by Dutch including the honorifics system. On

example (10) and (12) show the simplicity of the translation and the similarity of

army titles in Indonesia and English. The examples also show that in Indonesia

the titles are absorbed from English and adjusted to be easily pronounced by

Indonesia people. Another example, number (11) also got localized by the

translator with some changes. However, the meaning of SL and TL are actually

rather different. The word komisaris in SL could have been translated into

‘commissioner to the closest possibility to translate. However, the meaning will

not be the same as in the sentence, the honorific is around Betawi Police or police

domain while ‘commissioner’ is someone who has an important position in a

government department. Therefore, the word ‘inspector’ added with ‘chief ‘ in

front of it which also means important or high is chosen. Lane (Personal

Communication, June 1st 2018) adds that the consideration to translate the

academic honorifics is so the target readers will be familiar with the terms


44

whether the characters are police or an army.

The examples below are also some samples of localization strategies found

in royal honorifics.

(13) 0023/RK/SL.65/TL.35

SL: Pada Prinses Kasiruta aku kirimi surat palsu pada waktu suaminya

baru meninggalkan Buitenzorg menuju Bandung.

TL: I sent Princess Kasiruta an anonymous letter just after her husband

left Buitenzorg for Bandung.

(14) 0062/RK/SL.244/TL.128

SL: Mereka sudah cukup senang dan terjamin di bawah naungan Sri

Ratu.

TL: They were happy enough and felt secure enough under the protection

of Her Majesty.

On example (13) from SL, the word used is Prinses which is actually an

English word which got localized. The author could have used Puteri Kasiruta in

SL. The translator then, translates it back to the original word in the TL. The way

of writing honorifics in Indonesia and English are also the same, honorifics

followed by the name. For example (14), the words in SL is quite cultural coming

from Javanese, sri which means pretty is combined with an Indonesian word ratu

which means ‘queen’. According to Lane (personal communication, June 1st

2018), 'her majesty' seems to be the only possible choice to replace sri ratu since

the context is a queen. If it were translated to 'her grace', the characters being told

would be a princess.

The second translation strategies used is addition. As there are a lot of

cultural honorifics from Rumah Kaca novel, the translator, Max Lane decided to

keep the original word from Source Language in the novel in order to keep the

story on track and add the further information in the glossary. What makes this


45

strategy different from preservation is on the further explanation provided.

Preservation will not be translated at all and there is no additional information.

In the following are the numbers of data found as addition strategy.

Table 7 Addition

Strategy Numbers of Data Total

Addition

0014/RK/SL.19/TL.11

00018/RK/SL.51/TL.27

0027/RK/SL.75/TL.40

0029/RK/SL.76/TL.41

0030/RK/SL.76/TL.41

0049/RK/SL.132/TL.70

0052/RK/SL.146/TL.77

0056/RK/SL.176/TL.93

0057/RK/SL.189/TL.99

0059/RK/SL.216/TL.103

0079/RK/SL.317/TL.165

0082/RK/SL.341/TL.177

0083/RK/SL.349/TL.182

0090/RK/SL.365/TL.190

0091/RK/SL.365/TL.190

0095/RK/SL.367/TL.191

0099/RK/SL.424/TL.222

0103/RK/SL.435/TL.228

0104/RK/SL.435/TL.228

0113/RK/SL.480/TL.253

20

The honorifics that need further explanation are usually traditional and

royal honorifics coming from Javanese and a way of addressing from lower to

higher position. These honorifics are kept as original in the novel in order to keep

the Javanese vibes.

Here are some examples of addition strategy found in the novel.

(15) 0027/RK/SL.75/TL.40


46

SL: Salah seorang di antaranya adalah Nyi Juju.

TL : One of them was called Nyi Juju.

(16) 0049/RK/SL.132/TL.70

SL:...terkait dalam pelaksanaan pembuangan orang yang kuanggap

guruku sendiri-Raden Mas Minke.

TL:...the exile of somebody whom I considered to be my teacher-Raden

Mas Minke.

(17) 0056/RK/SL.176/TL.93

SL:...dan Raden Mas Minke dengan Njai Purwana-nya.

TL:...and Raden Mas Minke’s Nyai Permana.

(18) 0090/RK/SL.365/TL.190

SL: “Ndoro Wedana Kota,” jawab salah seorang di antaranya.

TL: ‘Ndoro Wedana,’ one of them asnwered.

In Indonesia, honorifics are somehow given by people not based on one

self’s education or position. Instead, people give honorifics to other people who

have certain mystical power. They can also own a special honorific after getting

married with someone who has high social rank in the society. As an example,

sentence number (15) and (17), the word nyi or nyai meant ‘Mrs’ or a woman,

especially when she was married as a concubine or slave to a wealthy man. This

meaning existed on Dutch’s invasion period. However, in Pesantren or islamic

missionary school Nyai is the wife of Kyai or the leader. Until now, this meaning

still exists and is still used in Pesantren. For example (16), raden mas is obtained

by royal family members in Java. As in Indonesia some provinces still have royal

ranks, this factor causes the local government are ruled by kings. Example (18)

shows a proper call name for a boss or from someone from lower rank to higher

rank. This honorific is also most likely used in Java. The word ndoro is followed

by the name and can be used for both male and female. In English, ndoro is the


47

same as ‘Your Highness’.

The third strategy found is Preservation. When addition strategy has the

definitions provided, preservation means the readers do not have any grips at all.

According to Lane (personal communication, June 1st 2018), the reason why

preservation has been done often is due to the clarity of the meaning from the

context. Therefore, no translation or additional information is added. The list of

preservation strategy found on this research can be seen in the following table.

Table 8 Preservation

Strategy Numbers of Data

Total

Preservation

00016/RK/SL.29/TL.16

0033/RK/SL.83/TL.45

0041/RK/SL.99/TL.53

0046/RK/SL.120/TL.64

0047/RK/SL.126/TL.67

0061/RK/SL.232/TL.122

0077/RK/SL.293/TL.153

0080/RK/SL.333/TL.174

0109/RK/SL.457/TL.240

0117/RK/SL.549/TL.289

0123/RK/SL.645/TL.337

11

The positive side of preservation strategy is to let the readers find new

knowledge and find their independence in finding the meaning. Preservation also

trains the readers to be more creative and independent. Even though providing

further information will ease them and can avoid overlapping explanations.

In the following are examples of honorifics preserved.

(19) 0057/RK/SL.189/TL.99

SL: Contohnya : Sutan Casayangan.

TL: An example is Sutan Casayangan.


48

(20) 0080/RK/SL.333/TL.174

SL: Dipimpin oleh Pak Samin, seorang dari desa lain, sebuah

pemberontakan terjadi.

TL: They were led by Pak Samin, a man from another village.

(21) 0061/RK/SL.232/TL.122

SL: Dan Tjokro mulai disebut-sebut sebagai Ratu Adil, itu messiasnya

orang Jawa.

TL: And people speak of Tjokro as the Ratu Adil, the ‘just prince’, the

messiah of the Javanese.

The examples above prove that some honorifics in Indonesia are better

preserved. The translator could translate 'sutan' on example (23) to ‘king’ or

‘prince’. Lane (personal communication, June 1st 2018) mentions that the

translation of sutan is the same as Bahasa Indonesia. Honorifics sutan or title of

Minangkabau nobility is better preserved. If this honorific were brought to

English, the essence would disappear and would not show any sign of cultural

diversity. The same case also appears on example (24), Lane could have translated

pak to 'mister' or 'sir'. The consideration to preserve this is honorific pak in Bahasa

Indonesia has different sense with the equal translation due to biological logic.

Honorific pak will not be similar to 'father' or 'daddy' in English. Besides, by

looking at the context, the target readers should know what pak is (Lane, personal

communication, June 1st 2018). While on example (25), there is a bias on the

translation because 'Ratu Adil' can be transferred to 'Queen of Justice' or 'King of

Justice' as the character is a male in which does not really represent specific

cultures. Lane (Personal Communication, June 1st 2018) mentions that in ratu adil

there is a sense of a savior. Besides, 'queen of justice' does not sound right for

Lane and it will neutralize the sense of savior on ratu adil. Preservation strategy is


49

somehow taken not because the words cannot be translated or there is no equal

words in Target Language (Lane, personal communication, June 1st 2018).

However, it happens this phenomenon is never described in other languages or

cultures, Lane adds. He would rather not to force to translate honorifics which

clearly have different context in the Target Language such as translating pak to

'father'.

The fourth strategy is alteration. It is a strategy when a translator knows

the taste, aptitudes, and capacities of the target audiences (Davies, 2003).

Table 9 Alteration

Strategy Numbers of Data

Total

Alteration

0034/RK/SL.86/TL.46

0035/RK/SL.87/TL.47

0036/RK/SL.87/TL.47

0037/RK/SL.91/TL.49

0038/RK/SL.94/TL.50

0039/RK/SL.96/TL.52

0058/RK/SL.195/TL.103

0060/RK/SL.222/TL.117

0073/RK/SL.277/TL.145

0093/RK/SL.367/TL.191

10

Lane (Personal Communication, June 1st 2018) amends the honorifics to

fit the capacities of the target audiences. The story’s background is on the colonial

era where many people from Europe lived in Indonesia. Through this alteration,

Lane helps the readers to recognize where the characters came from. Lane also

tries to fit the phenomena of various types of tuan in colonial era due to hierarchy

system (Personal Communication, June 1st 2018).

(22) 00017/RK/SL.43/TL.23-24


50

SL: “Bisa saja. Tapi rupa-rupanya Tuan perlu tahu, Tuan Pangemanann,

kertas Tuan bukanlah kertas untuk umum.”

TL: ‘Yes, I could. But it seems that you do not realise, Meneer

Pangemanann, that your report is not for the general public.’

(23) 0035/RK/SL.87/TL.47

SL: Semua orang diam, tak mencoba membongkar tembok batu

pembisuan Mr.K.

TL: Everyone was silent, not trying to break through the wall of silence

from Meneer K-.

(24) 0039/RK/SL.96/TL.52

SL:...tak tulus terhadap segala didikan Tuan De Cagnie dan istri,

terhadap oom dan tante Pangemanann.

TL:...no longer faithful to what I was taught by Monsieur De Cagnie and

his wife, by Uncle and Aunt Pangemanann.

(25) 0058/RK/SL.195/TL.103

SL: Perintah telah dikeluarkan oleh Gubermen, Mr.Hendrik Frischboten

harus keluar dari India.

TL: The Government had issued an order – Meester Hendrik

Frischboten was to be deported from the Indies.

From all examples above, it can be seen the variation of honorifics of the

characters. There are meneer, meester, and monsieur. Those honorifics clearly

depict different meanings for the target readers. On the Source Language, Toer

also wrote differently honorifics that mean ‘Mr’ in the Target Language. The

honorific 'Mr' in Rumah Kaca stands for 'meneer' (Lane, Personal

Communication, June 1st 2018). On example (29), the word tuan is translated into

meneer by Lane. This shows that Pangemanan, the main character is attached to

Dutch even though he was a native. In the story, he was always helping the Dutch

to rule. The same translation is also shown on example (20) to depict this

Pangemanann’s Dutch friend. However, as it has been mentioned before, Toer had

used the word ‘Mr.’ Already in the SL and Lane didn’t keep it as ‘mister’ but


51

amended this word to meneer. If Lane had not changed it to meneer, the readers

would not have thought that he actually had an important role to remind

Pangemanann on his mission.

While for example (21), the word monsieur is aimed to show that De

Cagnie was from French and it was the family where Pangemanann was raised.

As there are only few French characters in this novel, so Lane leads the readers

from TL to recognize them as Pangemanann’s family. Besides monsieur, there is

also Madame Paulette. The readers will directly recognize her as Pangemanann’s

colleague or relative.

Lane decided to make some variations of these honorifics leads the readers

to better comprehension towards the story. He also would like to emphasize some

characters by giving specific honorifics from their background. As an example

(22), the word meester on a glance, looks like the Dutch’s version of ‘mister’. In

fact, this word is shown a person who has graduated from law. This honorific is

rarely found on the novel and has further description given both by Toer and

Lane, “...This lawyer, much beloved by the Natives-....”. In order to introduce this

minor character, Lane used meneer since the beginning of Frischboten’s

description.

Some findings are found to have double strategies as the sentences

embody two elements that cannot be separated. The fifth strategy happens to be

double strategies. They are localization and alteration.


52

Table 10 Localization and Alteration


Localization and

Alteration

0051/RK/SL.146/TL.77

0053/RK/SL.162/TL.85

0054/RK/SL.169/TL.89

0065/RK/SL.247/TL.130

0071/RK/SL.277/TL.145

0075/RK/SL.282/TL.147

0086/RK/SL.362/TL.188

7

As it has been explained before, localization is the opposite of the globalization

which really aims to cope the target audiences’ culture. Combined with alteration,

the translator understands his audiences’ capacities by using some new

vocabularies.

In the following are examples of localization and alteration strategies

found in the novel.

(26) 0054/RK/SL.169/TL.89

SL: Tidak, Tuan Komandan, aku bukannya hendak menemui Tuan.

TL: No, Meneer Commandant, I do not want to see you.

(27) 0075/RK/SL.282/TL.147

SL: “Aku harap Tuan dokter dapat menolong Tuan.”

TL: ‘I hope Meneer Doctor can help you.’

(28) 0086/RK/SL.362/TL.188

SL: “Tuan Komandan,” jawab Strooman, “apa karena itu dia lantas

bukan inlander?...”

TL: ‘Meneer Commander,’ answered Strooman, ‘does that make him no

longer an Inlander?... ’

What is meant by localization can be found on translated words, ‘commandant’,

‘doctor’, and ‘commander’. Those words have the exact same meanings as in

Target Language. These somehow prove that they are absorbed words since the


53

source words sounds more simple. The readers are also believed that they

understand these honorifics coming from army rank and medical school. Army

rank is rather complicated to define as people do not normally know which rank is

higher or whether it depends on hot it is called in certain countries. At glance,

examples (26) and (28) do not have any difference. However, it is clearly that

even though the Source Language is the same, the translations are different. Both

‘commandant’ and ‘commander’ is a person who is in charge in military

operation. What makes them different, ‘commander’ is commonly used in British

Army while ‘commandant’ is used for a high military rank in a certain

organization or building.

Alteration strategy can be seen on how Max Lane translated tuan as

meneer. Again, Lane used meneer to show that this honorific is said by characters

from Dutch. Example (26) is for Meneer Knor, (27) is part of paragraph with the

opening sentence “The Adjutant returned with a Dutch doctor”(p.147). Example

(28) shows a character named Strooman, one of Pangemanann’s colleague he met

in Surabaya (p.88) who was also from Dutch.

The sixth strategy is omission. In English, redundancy is common to

happen on sentences. The authors have an important role not to repeat the same

words by using other alternative synonyms or omitting the words.

Table 11 Omission


Omission

0003/RK/SL.3/TL.2

0004/RK/SL.3/TL.2

0005/RK/SL.4/TL.2

5


54

0011/RK/SL.10/TL.6

0066/RK/SL.247/TL.130

In translating, this strategy is chosen by the translators to avoid misunderstanding

if certain cultural words are translated to TL. However, Lane does not seem to

choose this strategy because he could not find better words for TL. Instead, he

omitted the words and changed a bit to avoid boredom (Lane, Personal

Communication, June 1st 2018). The examples of omission are in the following.

(29) 0004/RK/SL.3/TL.2

SL: Gubernur pusing.

TL: Idenburg did not know what to do.

(30) 0005/RK/SL.4/TL.2

SL: Gubernur Jenderal memang dapat menyerahkan kesulitan-k

esulitannya yang dihadapi pada Kabinet Belanda.

TL: It was true, however, that he could pass on most of these problems to

the Dutch Cabinet.

(31) 0066/RK/SL.247/TL.130

SL: “Tuan Direktur yang sekarang serba sebaliknya daripada Tuan Van

Aberon.”

TL: “This Director is completely the opposite to Meneer van Aberon.”

Example (29), Lane did not directly translate gubernur as ‘governor’. Instead, he

omitted any governor related and used the name, Idenburg. This novel has many

characters as governors. Besides, Governor Idenburg has been mentioned several

times and Lane assumed that the readers have been familiar with this character.

The same omission to the honorifics also happened on example (30). Lane totally

changed and only used ‘he’. He also dropped the honorifics tuan on example (31)

and only translated ‘director’ as the readers may have known already the gender

of the director.


55

Still related to previous strategy, omission, the seventh strategies found are

omission and localization. The honorifics are omitted and their meanings are

transferred to the Target Language.

Table 12 Omission and Localization


Omission

And Localization

0021/RK/SL.63/TL.34

0043/RK/SL.115/TL.61

2

(32) 0021/RK/SL.63/TL.34

SL: Dan Prinses van Kasiruta, perempuan garang itu, melengking-

lengking kehilangan suami yang dipujanya selama ini.

TL: And the Princess of Kasiruta, that resolute woman, wouldbe crying

out for the husband she so much admired.

(33) 0043/RK/SL.115/TL.61

SL: Setelah empat jam membacai surat-surat aku temukan instruksi Tuan

Besar Gubernur jenderal Rooseboom… TL: After four hours reading through the papers, I came accross an

Instruction of Governor-General Rosenboom…

(34) 0045/RK/SL.120/TL.64

SL: “Tentu saja, Edeleer-edeleer Dewan Hindia juga?” tanyaku.

TL: “The members of the Indies Council too, yes?” I asked.

On example (32) Lane does not translate the honorifics entirely. He omits 'van'

and changes it to of in which their meanings are different. When he chooses of to

substitute 'van', it creates an assumption that Kasiruta is locative while it should

have been part of a family name. Lane confirms that Kasiruta is also a place

where the princess ruled (Personal Communication, June 1st 2018). The next

omission can also be seen on example (33) where Lane omits 'Tuan Besar' which

can be translated to Your Honor or Your Highness. While on example (34), Lane


56

omits one honorific that can be a new vocabulary for the Target Readers edeleer-

edeleer. This honorific means your highness in English. Then after being

translated, he omits it and only localizes it to be part of Indies Council.

The eighth strategy found is globalization. In some translation, Lane seems

to do his work dynamically. Sometimes he keeps some words like the original,

translates the words exactly like what available in the Target Language, or

neutralize the words.

Table 13 Globalization


Globalization 0088/RK/SL.363/TL.189

0089/RK/SL.363/TL.189

0121/RK/SL.635/TL.332

3

(35) 0088/RK/SL.363/TL.189

SL: Tuan Bupati, seorang terpelajar yang dapat menggunakan beberapa

bahasa modern,…

TL: The Bupati, an educated man who spoke several modern

languages,...

(36) 0089/RK/SL.363/TL.189

SL: Di sini pula terjadi pertemuan antara aku, Tuan Residen dan Tuan

Bupati.

TL: It was here that I held a meeting with the Bupati and the Resident.

(37) 0121/RK/SL.635/TL.332

SL: Waktu Tuan Konsul memperkenalkan aku padanya dan aku

menjabat tangannya,…

TL: When the Consul intorduced me to her and we shook hands,...

As it can be seen above, Lane simply changed residen to ‘resident’ and konsul to

‘consul’ or kept bupati. What he globalized or generalized is the word tuan. All

examples above use tuan which is used for male honorifics and Lane only


57

translated to 'the'. The translation may not affect the readers from Target

Language as they would think the writer was pointing at specific people who have

certain ranks in the society. Besides, with the expectation from both the author

and the translator, the audience will have guessed that the bupati, resident, and

consul are males. Even though it might not be exactly the same in comparison, the

choice of 'the' adds another variation on how Lane translated tuan. Lane mentions

in the interview that he uses the on sentences above as they are not dialogues and

the necessity is not as high as direct sentences (Personal Communication, June 1st

2018).

The ninth strategies found is preservation and alteration. Previously, the

examples of preservation and alternation have been explained separately. These

strategies still show as one strategy that is used at the same time in the following

examples.

Table 14 Preservation and Alteration


Preservation and

Alteration

0094/RK/SL.367/TL.191

0114/RK/SL.492/TL.244

2

(38) 0094/RK/SL.367/TL.191

SL: Ia bersaluir pada Tuan Residen, mengangguk pada Tuan Bupati dan

kepadaku.

TL: He saluted Meneer Resident, nodded to Meneer Bupati and to me.

(39) 0114/RK/SL.492/TL.244

SL: Madame pada Monsieur Pangemanann berdasarkan suka sama

suka,…

TL: Madame to Monsieur Pangemanann was based on mutual

affection,...


58

On example (38), it is clearly shown that Lane kept bupati and translated tuan in

which he could simply translate it to ‘mister’ rather than meneer. Again, he is

challenging the readers’ knowledge about this honorifics and assumed that they

should know that meneer is ‘mister’ in Dutch. The same thing also happened for

honorifics bupati. He kept it original since the meaning may cause confusion for

the readers. Lane, in the back of Target Language novel, ‘House of Glass’ had

prepared a glossary for difficult words found in the novel. He gave a definition of

bupati as the title of the Native Javanese official appointed by the Dutch to assist

the Dutch Assistent Resident to administer a region. Most bupatis could lay some

claim to noble blood. Honorifics bupati cannot be equalized with mayor, duke, or

even governor.

The case on example (39) is the same. Lane could have translated

monsieur to only ‘sir’or ‘mister’. However, he decided to preserve it as the

audiences should have known this popular honorifics. Lane left the audiences to

dig more information about the other difficult words as when the readers choose

this novel to read, they should be ready to find new vocabularies.

If the translator is able to omit some words, then he or she is more than

capable to add some more information. When it comes to adding information, the

translator is already ahead the readers as he will provide the information directly

with brief explanations. The translator should also be able to clarify the meanings

and tell the story at the same time.

In the last five strategies used by translator found in the novels show some

effort of introducing cultural specific terms on honorifics. The tenth strategies are


59

alteration and addition as shown in the following table.

Table 15 Alteration and Addition


Alteration and

Addition

0007/RK/SL.6/TL.4 1

(40) 0007/RK/SL.6/TL.4

SL: Di setiap kabupaten, Gubermen hanya mendirikan satu Sekolah

Dasar Umum dengan dua bagian.

TL: In each Regency, under the control of a Dutch Resident, assisted by a

Native bupati, the Government established only one public primary

school,...

On example (40), it can be seen the honorifics gubermen has been elaborated into

a specific long term to give the readers an idea. The word gubermen is different

from ‘governor’ or bupati. It is the Dutch word for ‘government’ in English. Even

though the Target Language it has been mentioned, the translator still explained

that the Dutch government was not working alone but they got a help from other

parts. This shows how ruling Dutch government was at that time and natives were

clearly controlled by them. While example (38), there is another explanation

about one character that once worked as a police. The meaning would have been

different if the translator did not change kepolisian only to ‘police’ but ‘police

commissioner’ instead. The honorifics ‘police’ sounds general, mean while when

it was translated to ‘police commissioner’, the readers are led to a high rank of a

police officer.

Translators cannot always avoid imperfections of his work. Somehow, his

strategies mislead the audiences and create confusions. One example below brings


60

to the eleventh strategies called localization and addition.

Table 16 Localization and Addition


Localization and

Addition

0028/RK/SL.75/TL.40 1

(41) 0028/RK/SL.75/TL.40

SL: “Karta bin Dusun, Tuan Besar.”

TL: “Karta bin Dusun, Tuan, Sir.”

It can be seen above that Lane could have translated tuan besar to only tuan

which means he preserves it or ‘sir’ which means he chooses localization strategy.

Both words tuan and ‘sir’ have the same meanings in Source Language and

Target Language. The use of translation ‘Tuan, Sir’ implies that there may be two

male bosses at the same time and they come from different places as Lane did

previously to meneer or ‘mister’. Lane adds that the use either one of them will

not be enough to describe the character (Personal Communication, June 1st 2018).

The twelfth strategies found in the novels are the combination between

addition and globalization. In the following example, Lane translated the

honorifics to a neutral version in the Target Language and gave some more

information of the character who was talking about at the same.

Table 17 Addition and Globalization


Addition and

Globalization

0107/RK/SL.440/TL.230 1


61

(42) 0107/RK/SL.440/TL.230

SL: Asisten residen Pekalongan merasa puas dengan percakapan itu.

TL: The Assistant Resident of Pekalongan was very satisfied when the

Kontrolir of Pemalang reported this conversation.

Example (41) shows that the honorifics are asisten residen pekalongan in the

beginning of the sentence which was translated generally to The Assistant

Resident of Pekalongan. However, there is another honorifics added, ‘Kontrolir of

Pemalang’. In this case, there are actually multiple strategies inside these new

added honorifics. Clearly, this is preserved from the Source Language from the

word kontrolir. The preposition ‘of’ makes the translated word unstable as it

cannot be said as localization or other strategy. The main strategy of this sentence

is globalization and the sub strategy is addition which is aimed as the readers will

not be lost in where the story is going.

The only single strategy not found in this research is creation. However, it

appears on the thirteenth and is combined with addition.

Table 18 Creation and Addition


Creation and

Addition

0107/RK/SL.440/TL.230 1

(43) 0107/RK/SL.440/TL.230

SL: Asisten residen Pekalongan merasa puas dengan percakapan itu.

TL: The Assistant Resident of Pekalongan was very satisfied when the

Kontrolir of Pemalang reported this conversation.

In the glossary, Lane does not put any definition of 'kontrolir'. This means he has

left the Target Readers find the definition of their own. With him putting

preposition of after 'kontrolir', it has created one alternative honorific that has


62

forced the honorific to be part of English word. This type of creation, however, is

hoped to give the Target Readers a hint that it is Bahasa Indonesia of controller

and it fits better to be an honorific. For both examples (42) and (43) , Lane states

that the addition of Kontrolir of Pemalang is one way to remind the readers of the

character's description in the early conversation on the scene (Personal

Communication, June 1st 2018).

The last strategies are preservation and addition. There is only one datum

for these strategies.

Table 19 Preservation and Addition


Preservation and

Addition

0105/RK/SL.439/TL.230 1

Even though in the glossary Lane has put 'ndoro's definition, he should also put an

explanation that 'bendoro' is the complete honorific. In the following example,

Lane preserves 'bendoro' however, he has added the information about 'raden

mas'.

(44) 0105/RK/SL.439/TL.230

SL: “Dengarkan, Ibu, barangkali Ibu belum pernah dengar nama

Bendoro Raden Mas Minke?”

TL: ‘Listen, Ibu, perhaps Ibu has never heard the name Bendoro Raden

Mas Minke?’

From the highest percentage and most found strategies, to lowest and

rarest strategies have been explained. As for the findings, there are fifteen

strategies, with single and some combinations Lane is not only maintaining the

readers to understand or even introduces some cultural-specific honorifics in the


63

Target Language but also he keeps them on the stories’ track even though some

strategies should have been considered better as choices.

4.2 Translation Quality

Translation Quality consists of three sub sub chapters, namely translation

accuracy, translation acceptability, and translation readability. Due to the high

number of the data, the complete table can be seen on Appendix Table 19.

4.2.1 Translation Accuracy

In order to send the messages from Source Language to Target Language,

translators must be extra careful in bringing them. Translator is the second author

and holds an important role. The target readers expect to experience the same

stories the source language’s readers have. However, culture difference somehow

separates and takes away this hope. The translator can use index or footnote every

time there are cultural specific terms. These methods are not really challenging the

translators to build creativity.

A lot of theorists and translating experts have made measurements and

rubrics to define whether or not a translated work is accurate. In this research, as

advised, Nababan's scale (2012) is used.

Accurate translation on House of Glass comes from strategies that convey

the meanings in Target Language without distortions. The average score for

accurate translation is 2.68 – 3. According to the result of translation accuracy

(See Table 19), the score is 2.9 which belong to accurate translation.

Some examples of accurate honorifics translated from the Source


64

Language to Target Language are in the following.

(45) 0024/RK/SL.70/TL.38

SL: Ia adalah Pangeran Van Son.

TL: He was the Prince Van Son.

SL = Pangeran = gelar anak raja atau gelar orang besar dalam kerajaan

(keluarga raja) (KBBI p.822)

TL = Prince = the son of a monarch (Oxford p.1347)

On example above, the SL word pangeran is smoothly and accurately translated

into ‘prince’ in TL. It is clearly known that pangeran or ‘prince’ is the king’s son.

The translator does not translate anything else except the honorifics. The similar

example is also stated below.

(46) 0025/RK/SL.72/TL.39

SL: Komandanku, komisaris Van Dam tot Dam, seorang yang

membanggakan diri Belanda tulen, tanpa campuran darah Inggris atau

Yahudi,…

TL: My commander at that time, Commissioner Van Dam tot Dam,

who was so proud of being a pure Dutchman, free of the taint of either

English or Jewish blood,...

SL = Komisaris = pejabat pemerintah yang ditunjuk dan ditugasi sebagai

wakil pemerintah suatu negara menjadi anggota persatuan negara (KBBI

p.583)

TL = Commissioner = a person appointed as a member of government

commission (Oxford p.342)

The army’s honorifics in Bahasa Indonesia usually appear similar to English. On

the example above komisaris is translated to ‘commissioner’. Other honorifics

that appear to be similar are letnan-lieutenant, sersan-sergeant, jenderal-general,

kolonel-colonel. Bahasa Indonesia adopts many English words and changes the

pronunciation to be simpler. Indonesia people tend to have difficulties to

pronounce difficult words and make their own versions. This also happens on

some absorbed Dutch words such as sepur-spoohr, buncis-boontjes, anyelir-


65

anjelier, or sablon-sjabloon.

Another example of word in Bahasa Indonesia impersonates foreign

language can be seen on the example below.

(47) 0116/RK/SL.522/TL.275

SL: Kembali ke ruang kerjaku terbaca olehku dalam koran pagi sebuah

berita yang mendesak berita-berita lainnya : Tsar Nicholas dari Rusia

terguling.

TL: Back in my office, I read a report in the paper that pushed all other

news off the front page : Czar Nicholson of Russia had been overthrown.

Tsar = gelar bagi kaisar Rusia (KBBI p. 1073)

Czar = a person with great authority or power in a particular area (from

Rusia) (Oxford, p.423)

In the Target Language of this translated work, English, the term for a person with

great authority or power in a particular area (from Rusia) has two versions. They

are ‘czar’ as for British English and ‘tsar’ or ‘tzar’ as for American English. The

word ‘tsar’ is absorbed and directly used in Bahasa Indonesia. The same case also

happens to other words such as global, editor, audit, or trailer. Vocabularies in

Bahasa Indonesia are majority obtained from foreign languages. The words can be

absorbed or adopted, adapted, translated, or created.

Bahasa Indonesia is very open when it comes to language. It absorbs and

adopts from Dutch, Arabic, English, even Sanskrit. Javanese language which is

strongly affected by Sanskrit also adopts from this language. In the novel, Rumah

Kaca uses some honorifics from Javanese. One example is in the following.

(48) 0101/RK/SL.426/TL.225

SL:...ia tak tahu bagaimana kelak harus melaporkan pada Kanjeng

Bupati Pemalang.

TL:...and he didn’t know what he would say now to His Honour the

Bupati of Pemalang.

SL = Kanjeng = pangkat atau gelar yang diberikan Sultan Yogyakarta atau


66

Sunan Surakarta kepada orang yang kedudukannya sepangkat bupati

(KBBI, p.441)

TL = His Honour = a title of respect given to or used in addressing a judge

or mayor (Oxford, p.812)

Being accurate also does not always have to be the same from Source Language

dictionary to Target Language. In the following, Lane translated Gubernur

Jenderal Idenburg into several variations.

(49) 0001/RK/SL.1/TL.1

SL: 1912: Tahun terberat untuk pribadi Gubernur Jenderal Idenburg.

TL: 1912. This was the year that brought the greatest burdens for

Governor General Idenburg.

(50) 0002/RK/SL.1/TL.1

SL: Sekarang sang Gubernur Jenderal gelisah.

TL: Now His Excellency the Governor-General was anxious.

(51) 0003/RK/SL.3/TL.2

SL: Tapi bukan itu saja yang bikin Sang Gubernur Jenderal kurang

nyenyak tidur.

TL: But it was not only this that was disturbing the sleep of His

Excellency!

(52) 0004/RK/SL.3/TL.2

SL: Gubernur pusing.

TL: Idenburg did not know what to do.

(53) 0005/RK/SL.4/TL.2

SL: Gubernur Jenderal memang dapat menyerahkan kesulitan-

kesulitannya yang dihadapi pada Kabinet Belanda.

TL: It was true, however, that he could pass on most of these problems to

the Dutch Cabinet.

The honorifics Gubernur Jenderal – Bahasa Indonesia is translated into Governor

General-English while Gouverneur-Generaal is in Dutch. It means a title of

respect for the highest rank given to a person in all areas of Colonial era in

Indonesia. In the KBBI, this honorific cannot be found in one phrase, but a

separated honorifics instead as gubernur and jenderal. The meaning of gubernur


67

in the is kepala pemerintah tingkat propinsi (KBBI, p.326) or the same as

‘governor’. While jenderal is kelompok pangkat tertinggi dalam angkatan darat

dan kepolisian yang meliputi jenderal, letnan jenderal, mayor jenderal, dan

brigadir jenderal (KBBI, p.409-410) or in English, it is called ‘general’. By

combining the words gubernur and general in Bahasa Indonesia, the Source

Language readers can get that the Dutch leaders of areas or provinces in the

colonial era also came from military force.

As shown in the examples (49) to (53) the translator has changed

honorifics of the character, Governor General Idenburg into several variations. In

example (48), the honorifics are translated directly to basic meaning in the Target

Language. As there is additional honorifics in the Source Language, sang, another

honorifics ‘His Excellency’ is added to example (50). After ‘His Excellency’,

gubernur jenderal is translated like the first version, which is ‘governor general’.

An omission happens in example (51) where the translator no longer includes

‘governor general’ but only uses ‘His Excellency’ instead. At the first glance, the

Target Language readers might find the correct reference for this. They should

know that the character being told is ‘Governor General Idenburg’. An omission

and a bit creation are seen in example (52) where the translator only uses

‘Idenburg’ to substitute gubernur or ‘governor’. The last variation in example (53)

shows the translator changes ‘governor general’ into deixis ‘he’ as for a male

pronoun.

The translator comes up with these variations as ‘Governor General

Idenburg’ is being told several times on the same 3 pages to avoid the Target


68

Readers’ boredom. Those five results above still have not included the translator’s

decision to repeat the same honorifics ‘Governor General Idenburg’.

These variations come from various ways, the author and the translator to

keep the reading interesting. Having several different ways of saying a word

reflects creativity and means they do not really depend on accuracy. An accurate

translation does not have to be exactly the same. The translator can have his

language styles shown on his works. Besides, avoiding translating the same word

for many times can keep the readers away from boredom.

Being able to translate a literary work is a lifetime learning which means

the translators cannot avoid making mistake or, in this case, choosing a meaning

that is not entirely correct. However, just because the meaning is distorted or less

conveyed, the meaning is moved from the Target Language. As mentioned, the

second stage of accuracy is less accurate. The score of less accurate is 1.68 – 2.67.

(54) 0028/RK/SL.75/TL.40

SL: “Karta bin Dusun, Tuan Besar.”

TL: “Karta bin Dusun, Tuan, Sir.”

(55) 0029/RK/SL.76/TL.41

SL: “Mana saya tahu, Tuan Besar. Orang-orang bilang saya anak Tuan

Piton”

TL: “How would I know, Tuan? People say I am the daughter of Tuan

Piton.”

(56) 0030/RK/SL.76/TL.41

SL: “Mana saya tahu, Tuan Besar. Orang-orang bilang saya anak Tuan

Piton”

TL: “How would I know, Tuan? People say I am the daughter of Tuan

Piton.”

(57) 0088/RK/SL.363/TL.189

SL : Tuan Bupati, seorang terpelajar yang dapat menggunakan beberapa

bahasa modern,…


69

TL: The Bupati, an educated man who spoke several modern languages,...

(58) 0089/RK/SL.363/TL.189

SL: Di sini pula terjadi pertemuan antara aku, Tuan Residen dan Tuan

Bupati.

TL: It was here that I held a meeting with the Bupati and the Resident.

In this level of accuracy, most of the examples are found on how Lane translates

'tuan'. The unstable choice to translate tuan has affected the assessment less

accurate. On example (54), honorifics 'tuan besar' become double and quite

redundant when it is translated into tuan,sir. The preservation of 'tuan' also affects

the honorific less accurate. However, according to Lane (Personal

Communication, June 1st 2018), his consideration to translate tuan, sir is to

emphasize how high the position of the character is. There is an omission on

example (55) and it becomes less than the previous example. While on example

(56), honorific tuan is preserved. Lane on the interview advises that when tuan is

not translated, it means the characters being told are natives (personal

communication, June 1st, 2018). It is also a way of him to describe the nationality

from only the honorifics. Different translation on example (58) makes tuan

become gender less. According to Lane (personal communication, June 1st, 2018),

there is no need to be specific on translating honorifics when it is indirect

sentences as the hierarchy cannot be identified.

The last level of accuracy according to Nababan’s scale is inaccurate.

Inaccurate translation has range score of 1 – 1.67. Some examples of inaccurate

translation can be found on this novel.

(59) 0033/RK/SL.83/TL.45

SL: ...di tanah partikelir Inggris di Curug di bawah pimpinan Bang

Komeng.


70

TL: The leader was Bang Komeng.

(60) 0117/RK/SL.549/TL.289

SL:...,dari Sultan Agung sampai raja-raja terakhir di Jawa.

TL:..., from Sultan Agung through the rajas of more recent times.

(61) 0123/RK/SL.645/TL.337

SL: “Tjeu,” panggilku, “lebih baik kawinlah dengan lelaki baik-baik.”

TL: ‘Tjeu,’ I said. ‘you should marry a good man. ’

On examples (59), (60), and (61), the honorifics do not seem to change.

Inaccurate translation is usually found when the words are preserved without

further explanation. The target readers who have no sort of knowledge from

Source Language's honorifics will think that they are parts of names. Besides, if

the words also exist both in Source Language and Target Language, it may also

create confusion. Honorifics bang on example (59) could be translated to male

honorifics like mister in order to avoid misinterpretation of the same word in

English. On example (60), honorifics sultan is also preserved. However, this

decision is acceptable due to cultural honorifics which could be meaningless if it

were translated. The last example (61) is not replaced to any other female

honorifics and the explanation is not provided.

An accurate or inaccurate translation comes with responsibilities. The

translators can be creative to make the literary work interesting. However, being

creative does not mean they can forget the principles of translation accuracy.

Preservation and creation in this case, are strategies chosen by the translator when

it comes to cultural words. These two strategies tend to show the translator’s

creativity and knowledge towards the Source Language. Preservation can also

challenge the readers’ curiosity by looking at the real meanings themselves.


71

However, without additional information whether it is written as footnotes, on the

next sentences, or on the last pages, this helps readers a lot.

The perfect translated word from Source Language to Target Language

does not mean it is accurate. Also, when the word is not translated does not mean

that it is not accurate. The bottom line of accuracy is equivalence relation.

4.2.2 Acceptability

Based on the result Table 19, the translation belongs to acceptable by

mean 2.4. In assessing acceptability, the honorifics chosen are the focus whether

the target readers can accept them if they are preserved or replaced by honorifics

which are close to Bahasa Indonesia. In Rumah Kaca, Pramoedya uses a lot of

honorifics to show the position of each character. This principle is kept by Max

Lane in translating the novel to be House of Glass. Acceptability consists of

acceptable, less acceptable, and inacceptable with score 1 to 3. In the following

each category will be explained along with the examples.

Acceptable translation is found when the translated words or sentences

sound natural and precise in the Target Language. The score for this category has

to be 2.68 – 3. The examples can be found below.

(62) 0009/RK/SL.9/TL.5

SL:...Tapi atasanku, Komisaris Besar Donald Nicolson, berbangsa

Inggris, berkata,

TL:...But my boss, Chief Commissioner Donald Nicholson, an

Englishman, said to me:

(63) 0011/RK/SL.10/TL.6


72

SL: “... Hanya Tuan yang mampu melakukannya, Tuan Pangemanann....”

TL: “...You are the only who can handle it, Mr Pangemanann. ...”

(64) 0050/RK/SL.132/TL.70

SL: Pada akhir catatanku sendiri aku tulis : Hamba Gubermen!

TL: At the end of these notes, I wrote : A Servant of the Government!

On example (62), honorific komisaris besar is naturally translated to 'chief

commissioner' which is the correct and equal translation. For academic and army

honorifics, both English and Bahasa Indonesia are similar. Therefore, when it

comes to translating these types of honorifics, they usually come up as acceptable.

Despite many variations of tuan translation, on example (63) this most used

honorific is correctly transferred 'Mr' which can be referred to 'mister'. However,

this somehow can also be defined as meneer according to Lane (personal

communication, June 1st 2018). The same acceptable result is seen on example

(64) where hamba is translated to 'a servant'. Another possibility is by changing it

to 'a slave'. Honorific ‘hamba’ is used to address 'I' or saya by someone inferior to

those who are more superior. Even though the meaning is slightly different, the

meaning is still equal.

The next category is quite or less acceptable translation. It happens when

the translated work sounds actually natural, however some there are some error in

the use technical terms. The average score is 1.68 – 2.67.

(65) 00018/RK/SL.51/TL.27

SL: Begitu Raden Mas kita tiada, organisasinya pasti buyar, karena

organisasi menurut pengertian Eropa, belum lagi ada di Hindia.

TL: Once our raden mas was no longer with us, his organisation would

also vanish, because organisations in the European sense did not yet exist

in the Indies.


73

(66) 0034/RK/SL.86/TL.46

SL: Setiap pertanyaan dijawab dengan terbuka oleh Tuan Mr.K.

TL: Meneer Lawyer K answered every question openly.

(67) 0121/RK/SL.635/TL.332

SL: Waktu Tuan Konsul memperkenalkan aku padanya dan aku

menjabat tangannya,…

TL: When the Consul introduced me to her and we shook hands,...

Preservation is commonly found in translating cultural words due to different

phenomena between Source Language and Target Language. It does not define

that the translators have no sort of knowledge of them. Somehow cultural words

are better preserved to keep the vibe and avoid misunderstanding to unequal word

replacement. Honorific raden mas on example (65) cannot be replaced to prince,

king, or even duke and it is quite acceptable to leave it as original. Double

honorifics on example (66) are also one example of quite acceptable translation.

The translator wants the target readers experience the same event from the

original novel. The translated honorific also shows more clear depiction of the

character from tuan mr to meneer lawyer. Even though there is an omission of

gender honorific on example (67), the replacement with 'the' is still acceptable as

the target readers will usually guess that the character is a male.

Similar to accuracy, acceptability also has the lowest category, it is called

inacceptability. The range score is 1 -1.67. It happens when the technical terms

are not familiar to the readers. There are also some principles that do not match

with the Target Language.

(68) 0047/RK/SL.126/TL.67

SL: “...Penyair besar di masa Hayam Wuruk, Mpu Tantular, Tuan telah

merumuskan watak penyesuaian ini dalam sebuah bait dari syair-


74

syairnya.”

TL: “...A poet from the time of Hayam Wuruk, Mou Tantular, described

this compromising personality in a verse of one of his poems.”

(69)0113/RK/SL.480/TL.253

SL: “Siapakah noni Rientje?” tanyaku.

TL: ‘Who is Noni Rientje’ I asked.

(70)0118/RK/SL.549/TL.289

SL:...,dari Sultan Agung sampai raja-raja terakhir di Jawa.

TL:..., from Sultan Agung through the rajas of more recent times.

According to Lane on the interview (personal communication, June 1st 2018),

honorific mou as shown on example (68) is part of mistyping. However this

mistake has created confusion for the target readers since mou is neither Bahasa

Indonesia nor English. Besides, there is no further explanation on the glossary as

well. On example (69) and (70), the honorifics should have been translated to the

words in English, 'miss' and 'kings' as they are not cultural words that may not

have equal references. Changing them into the precise translation also does not

change the meaning especially for rajas which uses the plural system of noun to a

word in Bahasa Indonesia.

4.2.3 Readability

The last part of translation quality assessment is readability. It figures out

the level of readability of the translation, whether they are high, medium, or low

by giving scores 1 to 3. However in this research, low level of readability is not

found. Based on Table 19 (see Appendix), House of Glass belongs to readable by

mean of 2.6. Even so, the discussion some examples of each category are still


75

necessary. The first is high level of readability with examples as follows.

(71) 0040/RK/SL.96/TL.52

SL:...tak tulus terhadap segala didikan Tuan De Cagnie dan istri,

terhadap oom dan tante Pangemanann.

TL : ...no longer faithful to what I was taught by Monsieur De Cagnie and

his wife, by Uncle and Aunt Pangemanann.

(72) 0063/RK/SL.245/TL.128

SL: “Apakah menurut pikiran Tuan, mereka tak perlu didorong untuk

juga membentuk organisasi tandingan terhadap Indische Partij menjadi

sebuah partai yang loyal terhadap Sri Ratu?”

TL: “Do you think they should be encouraged to establish a rival

organisation to the Indische Partij, one advocating loyalty to the Queen?”

(73) 0098/RK/SL.397/TL.192

SL: “Sekolah Tinggi Kepolisian, Yang Mulia.”

TL : ‘The Police Academy, Your Excellency.’

High level of readability is found when the readers can understand easily the

translated words or sentences. As explained, academic or army honorifics tend to

be correct and so do royal honorifics in general. While for family honorifics, they

are sometimes correctly or incorrectly translated. However, on example (71), the

honorifics are just spot on. Honorifics oom and tante are absorbed by Dutch and

they exactly mean uncle and aunt which make the translation readable. Example

(72), sri ratu has been previously translated to her majesty. On this example, the

translation is precise which is 'queen'. Similar royal honorific is also found

example (73) where the readers should understand easily what 'your excellency' is.

After high level of readability, the next category is medium level of

readability. Even though they may be correct, the target readers somehow still

need to read them more than once to get the meanings.


76

(74) 0053/RK/SL.162/TL.85

SL: “Tuan Mr De Lange.”

TL: “Meneer Mister De Lange.”

(75) 0060/RK/SL.222/TL.117

SL: Dan, Tuan Raden Mas Minke, kau akan lihat betapa anak sulungmu

akan tersobek-sobek…

TL: And, Meneer Raden Mas Minke, you will witness how this

youngest child of yours will be torn apart,…

(76) 0105/RK/SL.439/TL.230

SL: “Dengarkan, Ibu, barangkali Ibu belum pernah dengar nama

Bendoro Raden Mas Minke?”

TL: ‘Listen, Ibu, perhaps Ibu has never heard the name Bendoro Raden

Mas Minke?’

The three examples provided above are quite longer than the others. They all own

double strategies within the sentences. Example (74) is has meneer and mister.

Even though they have been mentioned many times in the novel, by reading it at

glance may cause the readers assume the redundancy. For both examples (75) and

(76), the honorifics are also double before Raden Mas Minke. They are bendoro

and meneer. By giving two different additional honorifics on different parts of

acts, the readers can speculate raden mas is actually parts of name and not

honorifics. This can also cause confusion whether Minke is a native or a Dutch

person since other character addresses him as meneer.

4.3 The Impacts of Translation Strategies towards Translation Quality

There are seven original strategies according to Davies (2003). In this

research, the number has been expanded to 14 strategies. Based on the translation

quality result, the total average of translation quality is 2.68. As mentioned the


77

range to be accurate is 2.68 – 3 and the result is in the first range. It implies the

translation is quite tight to be in accurate, acceptable, and high level of readability.

Strategies chosen by the translator affect the result in average. The table which

shows the scores of each strategy can be seen on Appendix B.

Localization as the highest strategy is also found to contain the highest

score of each translation quality assessment. There are barely score 2 for this

strategy. Based on Appendix B, there are only 5 numbers out of 54 that have score

2. This defines that by localizing honorifics will help a lot in delivering messages

from Source Language to Target Language. Besides, the major types of

honorifics used such as academic, army, and royal help the translator due to

similar system in addressing. Some examples can be seen below.

(77) 0085/RK/SL.362/TL.188

SL: Tuan Pangemanann adalah pensiunan Komisaris Polisi, pejabat

tinggi pada Algameene Secretarie, …

TL: Meneer Pangemanann is a retired Police Commissioner, a high

official at the Algameene Secretariat,...

(78) 0076/RK/SL.288/TL.151

SL: Pemuka-pemukanya adalah pelarian-pelarian politik dari

perpecahan partai di Nederland, Sneevliet dan Ir.Baars.

SL : Its founders were political exiles from a party split in the Netherlands-

Engineer Baars and Sneevliet.

(79) 0101/RK/SL.426/TL.225

SL:...ia tak tahu bagaimana kelak harus melaporkan pada Kanjeng

Bupati Pemalang.

TL : ...and he didn’t know what he would say now to His Honour the

Bupati of Pemalang.

Example (77) above contains police honorifics while example (78) comes from


78

acedemic honorifics. These are well-translated into equal honorifics in the Target

Language. Example (79) is one example that shows equal relevance coming from

Javanese honorific kanjeng to 'his honor'. By translating the honorifics correctly,

the target readers should get the message and precise descriptions of the

characters.

The second effective strategy based on Appendix B is omission. It contains

more score 3 compared to other major strategies used. Even though this strategy

can lead to inaccuracy at some point, in this research, the reality is quite the

opposite. The omission has saved the sentences from redundant use of honorifics.

(80) 0011/RK/SL.10/TL.6

SL: “... Hanya Tuan yang mampu melakukannya, Tuan Pangemanann....”

TL: “...You are the only who can handle it, Mr Pangemanann. ...”

(81) 0066/RK/SL.247/TL.130

SL: “Tuan Direktur yang sekarang serba sebaliknya daripada Tuan Van

Aberon.”

TL: “This Director is completely the opposite to Meneer van Aberon.”

In translating, what matters is equality from Source Language to Target

Language. They somehow do not require exact translation if it will lead to

confusion due to different word class or losing the cultural vibes. On example

(80), tuan is omitted and replaced by 'you' which makes the sentence more direct

to Tuan Pangemanann. Othewise, there will be redundant use of similar honorifics

within one sentence. Almost similar case happens on example (81) where

honorific tuan is also ommited. If tuan were translated to other male honorific,

the quality would be slightly different as there is also another honorific mentioned

in the sentence. The decision of omitting tuan has created the translation accurate,


79

acceptable, and readable for target readers.

The third strategy chosen that leads to high score is alteration. As its

definition adjusting readers' capacity, needs, and aptitude, this strategy is also

effective to be applied in the translation. However, the weakness of this strategy

based on Appendix B is to be somehow low in acceptability. Some of the

examples can be seen below.

(82) 0034/RK/SL.86/TL.46

SL: Setiap pertanyaan dijawab dengan terbuka oleh Tuan Mr.K.

TL: Meneer Lawyer K answered every question openly.

0073/RK/SL.277/TL.145

SL: Hanya Tuan R. Dan Tuan Gr. Dan pemuka-pemuka kantorku yang

datang menyambut aku sebagai adat kesopanan.

TL: It was only Monsieur R- and Meneer Gr- and the other senior

officials who came to see me out of politeness.

When target readers choose to read certain translated novel, they should be ready

to accept new words from different language. The same reality is seen in House of

Glass. The novel is affected by Javanese, Indonesia, Dutch and even France. The

way Lane helps the readers to identify characters' nationality from their honorifics

are appreciated. However, when they are unstable in use, the target readers may

confuse with the actual information. On example (82), the translation implies the

character is a lawyer. By looking at the original honorific, it is somewhat difficult

to accept that the character is a lawyer. According to Lane (personal

communication, June 1st 2018), Mr can stand for meneer or meester in Dutch. For

target readers who have no knowledge of this, will still assume 'mister'. Lack of

further information can be a domino effect on translation work. What makes

example (83) is also less acceptable by the inconsistency of using honorifics. The


80

translator could add more sentences to describe the characters further.

To sum up, the strategies that cause the honorifics accurate, acceptable,

and readable are localization, omission, and alteration. Localization helps target

readers to find the equal translation. Omission avoids confusion if the words are

forced to be kept and alteration can enrich the target readers' vocabularies towards

other languages. The three strategies happen to give more positive impacts

compared to the others. However, it does not mean the other strategies should be

avoided. Various strategies applied can give colorful and dynamic touch in the

translated work.


81

CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the conclusions of the analysis of this research.

Then the implication and the recommendation are proposed for the contribution to

the English linguistics.

5.1 Conclusions

Based on the research done on honorifics in House of Glass by Max Lane,

there are three conclusions derived from the research questions. Firstly, the most

adopted strategy in translating honorifics is localization. This strategy is close to

domestication which means Lane has put efforts to fill the target text, target

language, and target culture. Despite the difficulties in translating cultural specific

words, localization is one strategy that can anchor a reference in the culture of the

target audience. While other major adopted strategies are addition and alteration.

Even though a lot preserved honorifics seem to be found in Rumah Kaca, they are

actually addition strategy. There are further meanings and information in the

glossary to honorifics preserved on the translated novel. This facility should help

the Target Readers to understand some cultural words that Lane does not translate

in the novel. He decides to preserve them in the story as the literal meaning in

English does not have the same word class and they tend to be a long explanation.

In order to keep the story on track, he adds the explanation later. Besides

localization and addition, Lane also uses alteration where he translates the

honorifics following the Target Readers' need and capacity.


82

The second point to conclude from this research is the translation quality

of the translated novel. The assessment used is Nababan's scale. From the test on

accuracy, acceptability, and readability, it can be revealed that honorifics in House

of Glass are accurate, acceptable, and high level of readability by 2.68. The

strategies that support are localization, omission, and alteration. By mentioning

the three strategies, it brings to their concluded point of this research which is the

impacts. Localization which is mostly found on academic, army, and royal

honorifics help the target readers to get similar information from Source

Language. Even though omission or deletion can cause inaccuracy, in this

research, this strategy helps to reach the good assessment. It saves the readers

from redundant honorifics if they are force to be equally translated. Alteration is

also part of strategy that helps. However, in acceptability, this strategy is not quite

high.

Through House of Glass, Max Lane seems to introduce a lot of honorifics

from the Source Language and create alternatives for the Target Language.

Honorifics belong the cultural specific items that can cause confusion for the

readers. As long as the translator provides further information and the equal

meanings, these strategies should help the readers comprehend the story being

told. With careful help from the translator, novels with a lot of cultural aspects can

still be enjoyed by the target readers.


83

5.2 Implications

The results of this research have revealed that translation strategies chosen

by the translators affect the quality of the translation. The translators at some

point do not have to force to translate all words to Target Language. When a

certain word is preserved, it does not always mean no equal word available. It

only implies that the same phenomena do not exist in Target Language. Cultural

words exist not to be an obstacle for translators. However, they are meant to invite

the translator and target readers to learn together by their real meanings.

5.3 Recommendation

Looking at how potential translation field is, it is recommended for future

researchers doing similar research with different literary works. They can use

poetry as one example. They also can pay attention more to other underrated

literary works. There are many classics literary works written by old authors that

are translated to English or even other languages. Future researchers can also see

comparison the other way around from literary works written in English then

translated to Bahasa Indonesia. They can also dig out other cultural specific items

such as idioms, names or traditional songs.


84

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http://icts.utcc.ac.th/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Translation-Techniques-and-Equivalence-in-the-Indonesian-Translation-of-Humor.pdf

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Harry Potter dan Batu Bertuah”. 18 October 2016. Retrieved from:

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Narrowing, Extension. Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistic. Boston:

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http://www.nytud.hu/folyo/across41.htm

88

APPENDICES

Appendix A

List of Honorifics

Numbers of Data Indonesia

Pramoedya Ananta

Toer

English

Max Lane

Translation

Strategies

0001/RK/SL.1/TL.1 1912: Tahun terberat

untuk pribadi

Gubernur Jenderal

Idenburg.

1912. This was the

year that brought the

greatest burdens for

Governor General

Idenburg.

Localization

0002/RK/SL.1/TL.1 Sekarang

sangGubernur

Jenderal gelisah.

Now His Excellency

the Governor-

General was anxious.

Localization

0003/RK/SL.3/TL.2 Tapi bukan itu saja

yang bikin Sang

Gubernur Jenderal kurang nyenyak tidur.

But it was not only

this that was

disturbing the sleep of

His Excellency!

Omission

0004/RK/SL.3/TL.2 Gubernur pusing. Idenburg did not

know what to do.

Omission

0005/RK/SL.4/TL.2 Gubernur Jenderal

memang dapat

menyerahkan

kesulitan-kesulitannya

yang dihadapi pada

Kabinet Belanda.

It was true, however,

that he could pass on

most of these

problems to the Dutch

Cabinet.

Omission

0006/RK/SL.5/TL.3 Dua-duanya yang dari

dalam maupun luar

hendak disalurkan

oleh Gubernur

Jenderal dalam

keadaan tidak sekeras

mungkin,...

It was the Governor-

General’s desire to

channel both these

movements, from

outside and within, ...

Localization

0007/RK/SL.6/TL.4 Di setiap kabupaten,

Gubermen hanya

mendirikan satu

Sekolah Dasar Umum

dengan dua bagian.

In each Regency,

under the control of a

Dutch Resident,

assisted by a Native

bupati, the

Government

established only one

public primary

school,...

Alteration and

Addition

0008/RK/SL.7/TL.4 Sedang menurut

ketentuan Gubermen,

Yet, according to

Government

Localization


89

di dalam masyarakat

Hindia di mana ada

empat puluh anak

Eropa sebuah E.L.S

harus ada.

regulations, wherever

there were forty

European children,

the Government was

obliged to establish an

ELS school. 0009/RK/SL.9/TL.5 ...Tapi atasanku,

Komisaris Besar

Donald Nicolson,

berbangsa Inggris,

berkata,

...But my boss, Chief

Commissioner

Donald Nicholson,

an Englishman, said

to me :

Localization

0010/RK/SL.9/TL.5 “Tugas ini

berdasarkan kertas

Tuan sendiri, Tuan

Pangemanann....”

‘We are giving you this

task based on your own

report, Mr

Pangemanann....’

Localization

0011/RK/SL.10/TL.6 “... Hanya Tuan yang

mampu

melakukannya, Tuan

Pangemanann. ...”

“...You are the only

who can handle it, Mr

Pangemanann. ...”

Omission

0012/RK/SL.10/TL.6 “... Hanya Tuan yang

mampu

melakukannya, Tuan

Pangemanann. ...”

“...Youare the only

who can handle it, Mr

Pangemanann. ...”

Localization

0013/RK/SL.19/TL.11 “Tentu saja, Tuan.

Siapa tidak mengenal

Tuan Komisaris

Pangemanann?

Orang bilang Tuanlah

kepolisian Betawi.”

‘Of course, Tuan.

Everyone knows

Chief Inspector

Pangemanann.

People say that you

are the Betawi

Police!’

Localization

0014/RK/SL.19/TL.11 “Mengapa zihhh,

Tuan? Robert

Suurhof ini belum lagi

jadi anjing,” protes

bandit tengik itu.

‘Why zihhh, Tuan?

Robert Suurhof is not

a dog! ’ protested this

rotten bandit.

Addition

00015/RK/SL.24/TL.13 Nampak Tuan dan

Nyonya Frischboten keluar dari rumah itu

dengan pengiring-

pengiringnya orang

Pribumi.

I saw the man’s

friends Mr and Mrs

Frischboten leave the

house with Native

escorts.

Localization

00016/RK/SL.29/TL.16 Pokok pertama : The main subjuect Preservation


90

Hikayat Siti Aini

karangan Haji

Moeloek, yang dalam

waktu pendek telah

jadi buah bibir di

Jawa.

was the story The

Tale ofSiti Ainiby

Haji Moeloek, which

in recent days was on

everybody’s lips in

Java. 00017/RK/SL.43/TL.23-

24 “Bisa saja. Tapi rupa-

rupanya Tuan perlu

tahu, Tuan

Pangemanann, kertas

Tuan bukanlah kertas

untuk umum.”

‘Yes, I could. But it

seems that you do not

realise, Meneer

Pangemanann, that

your report is not for

the general public.’

Alteration

00018/RK/SL.51/TL. Begitu Raden Mas

kita tiada,

organisasinya pasti

buyar, karena

organisasi menurut

pengertian Eropa,

belum lagi ada di

Hindia.

Once our raden mas

was no longer with

us, his organisation

would also vanish,

because organisations

in the European sense

did not yet exist in the

Indies.

Addition

0019/RK/SL.53/TL.29 ...”Tuan tidak usah

ragu-ragu, Tuan

Komisaris Besar.”

...”You need not

worry, Meneer Chief

Commissioner”

Localization

0020/RK/SL.53/TL.29 ...”Tuan tidak usah

ragu-ragu, Tuan

Komisaris Besar.”

...”You need not

worry, Meneer Chief

Commissioner”

Localization

0021/RK/SL.63/TL.34 Dan Prinses van

Kasiruta, perempuan

garang itu,

melengking-lengking

kehilangan suami

yang dipujanya selama

ini.

And the Princess of

Kasiruta, that

resolute woman,

wouldbe crying out

for the husband she so

much admired.

Omission and

Localization

0022/RK/SL.64/TL.35 ...ia telah memanggil

datangnya kekuatan,

sampai-sampai mulai

menguatirkan

Gubermen.

..., even to the extent

that the Governor-

General himself was

worried.

Localization

0023/RK/SL.65/TL.35 Pada Prinses

Kasiruta aku kirimi

surat palsu pada waktu

suaminya baru

meninggalkan

Buitenzorg menuju

I sent Princess

Kasiruta an

anonymous letter just

after her husband left

Buitenzorg for

Bandung.

Localization


91

Bandung. 0024/RK/SL.70/TL.38 Ia adalah Pangeran

Van Son.

He was the Prince

Van Son.

Localization

0025/RK/SL.72/TL.39 Komandanku,

komisaris Van Dam

tot Dam, seorang

yang membanggakan

diri Belanda tulen,

tanpa campuran darah

Inggris atau Yahudi,...

My commander at

that time,

Commissioner Van

Dam tot Dam, who

was so proud of being

a pure Dutchman, free

of the taint of either

English or Jewish

blood, …

Localization

0026/RK/SL.74/TL.40 Tiap kali seorang

anggota gerombolan

roboh, kuikuti dengan

puji syukur pada

Tuhan Bapak, ...

Every time we got rid

of a member of the

gang, I would praise

the Heavenly Father,

...

Localization

0027/RK/SL.75/TL.40 Salah seorang di

antaranya adalah Nyi

Juju.

One of them was

called Nyi Juju.

Addition

0028/RK/SL.75/TL.40 “Karta bin Dusun,

Tuan Besar.”

“Karta bin Dusun,

Tuan, Sir.”

Localization and

Addition

0029/RK/SL.76/TL.41 “Mana saya tahu,

Tuan Besar. Orang-

orang bilang saya

anak Tuan Piton”

“How would I know,

Tuan? People say I

am the daughter of

Tuan Piton.”

Addition

0030/RK/SL.76/TL.41 “Mana saya tahu,

Tuan Besar. Orang-

orang bilang saya

anak Tuan Piton”

“How would I know,

Tuan? People say I

am the daughter of

Tuan Piton.”

Addition

0031/RK/SL.79/TL.43 Dalam upacara

pengangkatanku

sebagai Ajung

Komisaris hampir-

hampir tak dapat aku

mencegah

keinginanku untuk

menggerakan tangan

mengusir bayangan di

Pitung ini.

During the ceremony

appointing me

Adjutant

Commissioner I was

almost unable to stop

myself from trying to

shoo that image of

Pitung.

Localization

0032/RK/SL.80/TL.43 ... di sekitar jembatan

Harmonie dan daerah

...around the Harmoni

Bridge and the land

Localization


92

tuan-tanah

Alaydrus.

owned by the

landlord Alaydrus. 0033/RK/SL.83/TL.45 ...di tanah partikelir

Inggris di Curug di

bawah pimpinan Bang

Komeng.

The leader was Bang

Komeng.

Preservation

0034/RK/SL.86/TL.46 Setiap pertanyaan

dijawab dengan

terbuka oleh Tuan

Mr.K.

Meneer Lawyer K answered every

question openly.

Alteration

0035/RK/SL.87/TL.47 Semua orang diam,

tak mencoba

membongkar tembok

batu pembisuan

Mr.K.

Everyone was silent,

not trying to break

through the wall of

silence from Meneer

K-.

Alteration

0036/RK/SL.87/TL.47 Di perjalanan pulang

dalam keadaan

gerimis tipis, dingin

dan becek, tak dapat

aku terbebas dari kata-

kata Tuan Mr.K.

All the way home

through the drizzle,

cold and mud, I could

not escape either

Meneer K-‘s words

or the vision of

Pitung.

Alteration

0037/RK/SL.91/TL.49 Peringatan Tuan K

berarti juga : keadaan

seperti itu tidak dapat

dipertahankan terus

menerus.

Meneer K-‘s warning

had another meaning.

Alteration

0038/RK/SL.94/TL.50 Menjelang lulus E.L.S

di Menado, diambil

anak pungut oleh

Tuan De Cagnie.

...I was taken as the

foster child of

Meneer De Cagnie, a

Frenchman, an

apothecary.

Alteration

0039/RK/SL.96/TL.52 ...tak tulus terhadap

segala didikan Tuan

De Cagnie dan istri,

terhadap oom dan

tante Pangemanann.

...no longer faithful to

what I was taught by

Monsieur De Cagnie and his wife, by

Uncle and Aunt

Pangemanann.

Alteration

0040/RK/SL.96/TL.52 ...tak tulus terhadap

segala didikan Tuan

De Cagnie dan istri,

terhadap oom dan

tante Pangemanann.

...no longer faithful to

what I was taught by

Monsieur De Cagnie

and his wife, by

Uncle and Aunt

Pangemanann.

Localization

0041/RK/SL.99/TL.53 Madame Paulette

Pangemanann dan Madame Paulette

Pangemanann and

Preservation


93

anak-anak, ... children, ... 0042/RK/SL.96/TL.52 ...Baik sebagai

Inspektur maupun

Komisaris Polisi,

pekerjaanku tak lain

terus mengawasi

ketat...

...Whether as an

Inspector or as

Commissioner, my

work has been

nothing other than to

monitor closely my

own people…

Localization

0043/RK/SL.115/TL.61 Setelah empat jam

membacai surat-surat

aku temukan instruksi

Tuan Besar

Gubernur jenderal

Rooseboom...

After four hours

reading through the

papers, I came accross

an Instruction of

Governor-General

Rosenboom...

Omission and

Localization

0044/RK/SL.119/TL.63 “...terima kasih dariku

dan mendapatkan

imbalan kata-kata

yang baik dari Tuan

Besar Gubernur

Jenderal.”

“...he was hoping a

gratitude from me and

some words of tribute

from His Excellency

Governor General.”

Localization

0045/RK/SL.120/TL.64 “Tentu saja, Edeleer-

edeleer Dewan Hindia

juga?” tanyaku.

“The members of the

Indies Council too,

yes?” I asked.

Localization -

Omission

0046/RK/SL.120/TL.64 “Bagaimana kalau

dengan Mevrouw?”

desaknya terus.

“What about with

Mevrouw?” he

continued to press me.

Preservation

0047/RK/SL.126/TL.67 “...Penyair besar di

masa Hayam Wuruk,

Mpu Tantular, Tuan

telah merumuskan

watak penyesuaian ini

dalam sebuah bait dari

syair-syairnya.”

“...A poet from the

time of Hayam

Wuruk, Mpu

Tantular, described

this compromising

personality in a verse

of one of his poems.”

Localization

0048/RK/SL.128/TL.68 “Adakah Tuan

bermaksud mengambil

gelar Doctor dengan

thesa itu?”

“Will you be

presenting this thesis

for a Doctorate?”

Localization

0049/RK/SL.132/TL.70 ...terkait dalam

pelaksanaan

pembuangan orang

yang kuanggap guruku

sendiri-Raden Mas

Minke.

...the exile of

somebody whom I

considered to be my

teacher-Raden Mas

Minke.

Addition


94

0050/RK/SL.132/TL.70 Pada akhir catatanku

sendiri aku tulis :

Hamba Gubermen!

At the end of these

notes, I wrote : A

Servant of the

Goverment!

Localization

0051/RK/SL.146/TL.77 “...Tuan anak angkat

Tuan apoteker De

Cagnie, bukan? Dari

Lyon?”

“...You are the

adopted child of the

chemist, Monsieur

De Cagnie, yes?

From Lyons?”

Localization and

Alteration

0052/RK/SL.146/TL.77 Jadi pekerjaanku tidak

beda dengan di

kepolisian dulu.

My work would be no

different from that I

carried out as a Police

Commissioner.

Addition

0053/RK/SL.162/TL.85 “Tuan Mr De

Lange.”

“Meneer Mister De

Lange.”

Localization and

Alteration 0054/RK/SL.169/TL.89 Tidak, Tuan

Komandan, aku

bukannya hendak

menemui Tuan.

No, Meneer

Commandant, I do

not want to see you.

Localization and

Alteration

0055/RK/SL.170/TL.90 Letnan Swie menyambut aku

bertanya, “Heran,

Tuan Pangemanann,

datang mengontrol

membawa Rientje.”

Lieutenant Swie welcomed me, asking

: ‘I’m surprised,

Commissioner

Pangemanann, you

have brought Rientje

here with you on an

inspection.’

Localization

0056/RK/SL.176/TL.93 ...dan Raden Mas

Minke dengan Njai

Purwana-nya.

...and Raden Mas

Minke’s Nyai

Permana.

Addition

0057/RK/SL.189/TL.99 Contohnya : Sutan

Casayangan.

An example is Sutan

Casayanag.

Addition

0058/RK/SL.195/TL.103 Perintah telah

dikeluarkan oleh

Gubermen,

Mr.Hendrik

Frischboten harus

keluar dari India.

The Government had

issued an order –

Meester Hendrik

Frischboten was to

be deported from the

Indies.

Alteration

0059/RK/SL.216/TL.103 “...Dia bernama Mas

Tjokro, seorang krani

Borsumij Surabaya....”

“...His name is Mas

Tjokro, an employee

of the Surabaya

Borsumij...”

Addition

0060/RK/SL.222/TL.117 Dan, Tuan Raden And, Meneer Raden Alteration


95

Mas Minke, kau akan

lihat betapa anak

sulungmu akan

tersobek-sobek...

Mas Minke, you will

witness how this

youngest child of

yours will be torn

apart,... 0061/RK/SL.232/TL.122 Dan Tjokro mulai

disebut-sebut sebagai

Ratu Adil, itu

messiasnya orang

Jawa.

And people speak of

Tjokro as the Ratu

Adil, the ‘just prince’,

the messiah of the

Javanese.

Preservation

0062/RK/SL.244/TL.128 Mereka sudah cukup

senang dan terjamin di

bawah naungan Sri

Ratu.

They were happy

enough and felt

secure enough under

the protection of Her

Majesty.

Localization

0063/RK/SL.245/TL.128 “Apakah menurut

pikiran Tuan, mereka

tak perlu didorong

untuk juga

membentuk organisasi

tandingan terhadap

Indische Partij

menjadi sebuah partai

yang loyal terhadap

Sri Ratu?”

“Do you think they

should be encouraged

to establish a rival

organisation to the

Indische Partij, one

advocating loyalty to

the Queen?”

Localization

0064/RK/SL.247/TL.130 Sekretaris

Departemen dipanggil untuk

membantu aku.

He summoned the

department

secretary to help me.

Localization

0065/RK/SL.247/TL.130 Dan kami berjalan ke

tempat lain

meninggalkan Tuan

Direktur dan

ruangannya.

And we set off for

another office,

leaving behind

Meneer Director and

his office.

Localization and

Alteration

0066/RK/SL.247/TL.130 “Tuan Direktur

yang sekarang serba

sebaliknya daripada

Tuan Van Aberon.”

“This Director is

completely the

opposite to Meneer

van Aberon.”

Omission

0067/RK/SL.259/TL.136 Dan kau, dokter

Tjipto, si pemenung!

And you, Dr Tjipto,

the day dreamer!

Localization

0068/RK/SL.262/TL.137 ...dan bahwa Raja

Belanda

LodewijkNapoleon,

saudara kandung

Kaisar Napoleon,

...and that King

Lodewijk Napoleon,

the brother of

Emperor Napoleon,

had accepted this

Localization


96

menerima baik

aneksasi itu.

annexation.

0069/RK/SL.262/TL.137 ...dan bahwa Raja

Belanda Lodewijk

Napoleon, saudara

kandung Kaisar

Napoleon, menerima

baik aneksasi itu.

...and that King

Lodewijk Napoleon,

the brother of

Emperor Napoleon,

had accepted this

annexation.

Localization

0070/RK/SL.276/TL.145 Dan semangat itu

ditiupkan ke dalam

tubuhku karena

kedatangan Ajudan

Tuan Besar

Gubernur Jenderal.

And this necessary

spirit was blown into

me-by the arrival of

His Excellency the

Governor-General’s

Adjutant.

Localization

0071/RK/SL.277/TL.145 “Aku tidak sakit Tuan

Ajudan. Hanya terlalu

lelah. ...”

“I am not ill, Meneer

Adjutant, just

exhausted. ...”

Localization and

Alteration

0072/RK/SL.277/TL.145 Kata-kata itu pasti

akan mewakili Sri

Ratu, khusus

ditujukan padaku.

Such words would be

from Her Majesty

and be addressed

especially to me.

Localization

0073/RK/SL.277/TL.145 Hanya Tuan R. Dan

Tuan Gr. Dan

pemuka-pemuka

kantorku yang datang

menyambut aku

sebagai adat

kesopanan.

It was only Monsieur

R- and Meneer Gr- and the other senior

officials who came to

see me out of

politeness.

Alteration

0074/RK/SL.280/TL.147 Sepucuk untukku,

sepucuk untuk

Panglima KNIL di

Bandung.

One was for me, the

other was for the

KNIL commander in

Bandung.

Localization

0075/RK/SL.282/TL.147 “Aku harap Tuan

dokter dapat

menolong Tuan.”

‘I hope Meneer

Doctor can help you.’

Localization and

Alteration

0076/RK/SL.288/TL.151 Pemuka-pemukanya

adalah pelarian-

pelarian politik dari

perpecahan partai di

Nederland, Sneevliet

dan Ir.Baars.

Its founders were

political exiles from a

party split in the

Netherlands-

Engineer Baars and

Sneevliet.

Localization

0077/RK/SL.293/TL.153 Aku teringat pada

kemenakan Patih

Meester Cornelis dalam tulisan Raden

Mas Minke yang

I was reminded of

how Raden Mas

Minke wrote in one of

his books about Patih

Meester Cornelius’

Preservation


97

tertangkap basah

sedang membacai

kertas Algemeene

Secretarie.

nephew being caught

reading papers in the

Algameene

Secretariat. 0078/RK/SL.293/TL.153 “Bukan, bukan karena

Paman atau dokter

Roemengan atau

advokat Pangkey,

maka orang kita lantas

mendirikan organisasi.

...”

“It’s not that we want

our people to set this

up just because of

Uncle or Dr

Roemengan or lawyer

Pangkey....”

Localization

0079/RK/SL.317/TL.165 Aku mendapat kesan,

bahwa di luar Nji

Permana, naskah-

naskah itu bertautan-

tautan satu dengan

yang lain.

It was my impression

that, except for Nyai

Permana, they were

all connected.

Addition

0080/RK/SL.333/TL.174 Dipimpin oleh Pak

Samin, seorang dari

desa lain, sebuah

pemberontakan

terjadi.

They were led by Pak

Samin, a man from

another village.

Preservation

0081/RK/SL.338/TL.176 Dengan sedikit

kepandaian bermain

gontok aku berhasil

dise-gani polisi-polisi

minyak.

Because I could give

a bit of a display of

fist fighting, the Oil

Police liked me.

Localization

0082/RK/SL.341/TL.177 Tulisan itu juga

mengingatkan aku

pada naskah Minke

tentang Nyai

Ontosoroh, seorang

gadis Jawa totok, buta

huruf.

Marco’s article also

reminded me of what

Minke wrote about

Nyai Ontosoroh, a

Native Javanese girl,

who could not read or

write.

Addition

0083/RK/SL.349/TL.182 ...,kecuali, bahwa ia

salah seorang anak

Bupati Bojonegoro.

...,except the

information that he

was a son of the

Bupati of

Bojonegoro.

Addition

0084/RK/SL.361/TL.188 “Komandan Polisi

Malang, Tuan

Roedentaal,” jawabku

dalam Belanda.

‘The Chief of the

Malang Police,

Meneer Roedentaal,’

I answered in Dutch.

Localization

0085/RK/SL.362/TL.188 Tuan Pangemanann

adalah pensiunan

Komisaris Polisi,

Meneer Pangemanann

is a retired Police

Commissioner, a

Localization


98

pejabat tinggi pada

Algameene Secretarie,

...

high official at the

Algameene

Secretariat,... 0086/RK/SL.362/TL.188 “Tuan Komandan,”

jawab Strooman, “apa

karena itu dia lantas

bukan inlander?...”

‘Meneer

Commander,’

answered Strooman,

‘does that make him

no longer an

Inlander?... ’

Localization and

Alteration

0087/RK/SL.362/TL.188 “...Tak patutkah

seorang Komandan

Polisi membawa

seorang pejabat tinggi

kemari?”

‘...And there is

something wrong in a

Police Commander bringing a high

Government official

to the club?’

Localization

0088/RK/SL.363/TL.189 Tuan Bupati, seorang

terpelajar yang dapat

menggunakan

beberapa bahasa

modern,...

The Bupati, an

educated man who

spoke several modern

languages,...

Globalization

0089/RK/SL.363/TL.189 Di sini pula terjadi

pertemuan antara aku,

Tuan Residen dan

Tuan Bupati.

It was here that I held

a meeting with the

Bupati and the

Resident.

Globalization

0090/RK/SL.365/TL.190 “Ndoro Wedana

Kota,” jawab salah

seorang di antaranya.

‘Ndoro Wedana,’

one of them

asnwered.

Addition

0091/RK/SL.365/TL.190 “Siapa dikirimkan

oleh Tuan Residen?”

‘Who was sent here

by Tuan

Resident?’Addition

Addition

0092/RK/SL.367/TL.191 Justru pada waktu itu

Komandan Polisi

Madiun datang

dengan sepeda motor

Harley Davidson.

It was that moment

that the Madiun

Chief of Police arrived on his Harley

Davidson.

Localization

0093/RK/SL.367/TL.191 Ia bersaluir pada

Tuan Residen,

mengangguk pada

Tuan Bupati dan

kepadaku.

He saluted Meneer

Resident, nodded to

Meneer Bupati and to

me.

Alteration

0094/RK/SL.367/TL.191 Ia bersaluir pada Tuan

Residen, mengangguk

pada Tuan Bupati

dan kepadaku.

He saluted Meneer

Resident, nodded to

Meneer Bupati and

to me.

Preservation and

Alteration

0095/RK/SL.367/TL.191 “...Sepantasnya dia

jadi Raden Ayu

‘...She should be the

raden ayu of a bupati

Addition


99

seorang Bupati di

kabupaten yang kaya.”

in one of the very rich

districts. ’ 0096/RK/SL.369/TL.192 Seorang Inspektur

Polisi datang

menghadap dan

menyampaikan pada

Tuan Residen sebuah

amplop besar.

A Police Inspector

arrived and handed

the Resident a big

envelope.

Localization

0097/RK/SL.377/TL.196 Wajahnya memang

berbentuk daun sirih

seperti dikatakan oleh

Kepala Polisi

Madiun dengan dagu

meruncing.

Her face was like that

of a sirih leaf, just as

the Madiun Police

Chief had said, with a

pointed chin.

Localization

0098/RK/SL.397/TL.192 “Sekolah Tinggi

Kepolisian, Yang

Mulia.”

‘The Police Academy,

Your Excellency.’

Localization

0099/RK/SL.424/TL.222 “Ya, Meener,

Juffrouw Soendari

sudah keluar dari

sekolah kami.”

‘Yes, Meener,

Juffrouw Soendari

lefct our school a little

while ago.’Addition

Addition

0100/RK/SL.426/TL.222 Kusir itu memanggil-

manggil, “Jeng,

Jeng!”

The driver called out:

‘Mistress! Mistress!’

Localization

0101/RK/SL.426/TL.225 ...ia tak tahu

bagaimana kelak harus

melaporkan pada

Kanjeng Bupati

Pemalang.

...and he didn’t know

what he would say

now to His Honour

the Bupati of

Pemalang.

Localization

0102/RK/SL.426/TL.225 Semua ini justru yang

tidak dikehendaki oleh

Kanjeng Gubermen.

It was precisely these

sorts of goings-on that

the Honourable

Government.

Localization

0103/RK/SL.435/TL.228 “Wah, Jeng, begitu

lama baru kelihatan.

Rindu sangat sahaya.”

‘Wah, Jeng Soendari,

it’s been so long since

we’ve seen you. I

have missed you

greatly, Jeng. ’

Addition

0104/RK/SL.435/TL.228 “Ya, Ibu, beratnya

orang cari

penghidupan.

Ampunilah sahaya.”

‘Yes, there are many

difficulties in finding

ways to make a

living, Ibu. Forgive

me.Addition

Addition

0105/RK/SL.439/TL.230 “Dengarkan, Ibu,

barangkali Ibu belum

pernah dengar nama

‘Listen, Ibu, perhaps

Ibu has never heard

the name Bendoro

Preservation and

Addition


100

Bendoro Raden Mas

Minke?”

Raden Mas Minke?’

0106/RK/SL.440/TL.230 Asisten residen

Pekalongan merasa

puas dengan

percakapan itu.

The Assistant

Resident of

Pekalongan was very

satisfied when the

Kontrolir of Pemalang

reported this

conversation.

Localization

0107/RK/SL.440/TL.230 The Assistant

Resident of

Pekalongan was very

satisfied when the

Kontrolir of

Pemalang reported

this conversation.

Addition and

Creation

0108/RK/SL.449/TL.236 “Maaf Tuan, mungkin

suatu permintaan yang

berlenih-lebihan....”

‘Excuse me, Sir,

perhaps I am asking

too much....’

Localization

0109/RK/SL.457/TL.240 Kegiatan Mr.Van

Aberon, bekas

Direktur O & E

Hindia, ...

The activities of Mr

Van Aberon, the

former director of

Education and

Culture,...

Preservation

0110/RK/SL.462/TL.243 Kepala Departemen

O & E tak

menjanjikan sesuatu

karena memang tidak

mengajukan kesulitan-

kesulitannya.

The Head of the

Department of

Education and

Culture did not

actually promise

anything.

Localization

0111/RK/SL.462/TL.243 Sekretaris

Departemen mencatat

semua hal yang

penting.

The Departmental

Secretary noted

down all the

suggestions.

Localization

0112/RK/SL.464/TL.244 “Senang sekali

bertemu dengan Tuan

Sekretaris Oemoem

Boedi Moeljo....”

‘I amvery pleased to

meet Meneer

General Secretary of

the Boedi Oetomo...’

Localization

0113/RK/SL.480/TL.253 “Siapakah noni

Rientje?” tanyaku.

‘Who is Noni

Rientje’ I asked.

Addition

0114/RK/SL.492/TL.244 Madame pada

Monsieur

Pangemanann berdasarkan suka

sama suka,...

Madame to Monsieur

Pangemanann was

based on mutual

affection,...

Preservation and

Alteration

0115/RK/SL.502/TL.265 Kurang apakah puji- What praise has not Localization


101

pujian pada keadilan

Ratu Shima?

been heaped on the

just rule of Queen

Shima? 0116/RK/SL.522/TL.275 Kembali ke ruang

kerjaku terbaca olehku

dalam koran pagi

sebuah berita yang

mendesak berita-berita

lainnya : Tsar

Nicholas dari Rusia

terguling.

Back in my office, I

read a report in the

paper that pushed all

other news off the

front page : Czar

Nicholson of Russia

had been overthrown.

Localization

0117/RK/SL.549/TL.289 ...,dari Sultan Agung

sampai raja-raja

terakhir di Jawa.

..., from Sultan

Agung through the

rajas of more recent

times.

Preservation

0118/RK/SL.549/TL.289 ...,dari Sultan Agung

sampai raja-raja

terakhir di Jawa.

..., from Sultan Agung

through the rajas of

more recent times.

Localization and

Addition

0119/RK/SL.575/TL.302 Pemburu

rumahtangganya itu

Tante Marientje,

telah

mengantarkannya

sampai ke kapal...

The maid, Auntie

Marientje, had

accompanied him to

the ship, ...

Localization

0120/RK/SL.610/TL.320 Bukan sampai situ

saja, seperti halnya

dengan Doktor

Snouck Hurgonje,

sama halnya dengan

residen Bojonegoro,...

Just as it had been

with Dr Snouck

Hurgonje, and with

the Resident of

Bojonegoro,...

Localization

0121/RK/SL.635/TL.332 Waktu Tuan Konsul

memperkenalkan aku

padanya dan aku

menjabat tangannya,...

When the Consul

intorduced me to her

and we shook

hands,...

Globalization

0122/RK/SL.635/TL.333 Cepat-cepat aku

berdoa memohon

perlindungan Ibunda

Maria, untuk

mendapatkan Maria,

untuk mendapatkan

kekuatan secukupnya.

I quickly prayed that

the Virgin Mother

would protect me and

that I would find the

strength to go on.

Localization

0123/RK/SL.645/TL.337 “Tjeu,” panggilku,

“lebih baik kawinlah

dengan lelaki baik-

baik.”

‘Tjeu,’ I said. ‘you

should marry a good

man. ’

Preservation


102

Appendix B

Translation Quality Assessment

Data Numbers

Translation Quality

Assessment

M

Acc

Acp

Rdb

0001/RK/SL.1/TL.1

SL : 1912: Tahun terberat untuk pribadi Gubernur

Jenderal Idenburg.

TL :1912. This was the year that brought the greatest

burdens for Governor General Idenburg.

3

3

3

3

0002/RK/SL.1/TL.1

SL : Sekarang sang Gubernur Jenderal gelisah.

TL : Now His Excellency the Governor-General was

anxious.

3 3 3 3

0003/RK/SL.3/TL.2

SL : Tapi bukan itu saja yang bikin Sang Gubernur

Jenderal kurang nyenyak tidur.

TL : But it was not only this that was disturbing the sleep

of His Excellency!

3 3 3 3

0004/RK/SL.3/TL.2

SL : Gubernur pusing.

TL : Idenburg did not know what to do.

3 3 3 3

0005/RK/SL.4/TL.2

SL : Gubernur Jenderal memang dapat menyerahkan

kesulitan-kesulitannya yang dihadapi pada Kabinet

Belanda.

TL : It was true, however, that he could pass on most of

these problems to the Dutch Cabinet.

3 3 3 3

0006/RK/SL.5/TL.3

SL : Dua-duanya yang dari dalam maupun luar hendak

disalurkan oleh Gubernur Jenderal dalam keadaan

tidak sekeras mungkin,…

TL : It was the Governor-General’s desire to channel

3 3 3 3


103

both these movements, from outside and within, ...

0007/RK/SL.6/TL.4

SL : Di setiap kabupaten, Gubermen hanya mendirikan

satu Sekolah Dasar Umum dengan dua bagian.

TL : In each Regency, under the control of a Dutch

Resident, assisted by a Native bupati, the Government

established only one public primary school, ...

3 3 3 3

0008/RK/SL.7/TL.4

SL : Sedang menurut ketentuan Gubermen, di dalam

masyarakat Hindia di mana ada empat puluh anak Eropa

sebuah E.L.S harus ada.

TL : Yet, according to Government regulations,

wherever there were forty European children, the

Government was obliged to establish an ELS school.

3 3 3 3

0009/RK/SL.9/TL.5

SL : ...Tapi atasanku, Komisaris Besar Donald

Nicolson, berbangsa Inggris, berkata,

TL : ...But my boss, Chief Commissioner Donald

Nicholson, an Englishman, said to me :

3

3

3 3

0010/RK/SL.9/TL.5

SL : “Tugas ini berdasarkan kertas Tuan sendiri, Tuan

Pangemanann....”

TL : ‘We are giving you this task based on your own

report, Mr Pangemanann....’

3

3

3 3

0011/RK/SL.10/TL.6

SL : “... Hanya Tuan yang mampu melakukannya, Tuan

Pangemanann. ...”

TL : “...You are the only who can handle it, Mr

Pangemanann. ...”

3 3 3 3

0012/RK/SL.10/TL.6

SL : “... Hanya Tuan yang mampu melakukannya, Tuan

Pangemanann. ...”

TL : “...Youare the only who can handle it, Mr

Pangemanann. ...”

3 3 3 3

0013/RK/SL.19/TL.11

SL : “Tentu saja, Tuan. Siapa tidak mengenal Tuan

Komisaris Pangemanann? Orang bilang Tuanlah

3 3 3 3


104

kepolisian Betawi.”

TL : ‘Of course, Tuan. Everyone knows Chief Inspector

Pangemanann. People say that you are the Betawi

Police!’

0014/RK/SL.19/TL.11

SL : “Mengapa zihhh, Tuan? Robert Suurhof ini belum

lagi jadi anjing,” protes bandit tengik itu.

TL : ‘Why zihhh, Tuan? Robert Suurhof is not a dog! ’

protested this rotten bandit.

3 1 2 2

00015/RK/SL.24/TL.13

SL : Nampak Tuan dan Nyonya Frischboten keluar

dari rumah itu dengan pengiring-pengiringnya orang

Pribumi.

TL : I saw the man’s friends Mr and Mrs Frischboten

leave the house with Native escorts.

3 3 3 3

00016/RK/SL.29/TL.16

SL : Pokok pertama : Hikayat Siti Aini karangan Haji

Moeloek, yang dalam waktu pendek telah jadi buah bibir

di Jawa.

TL : The main subjuect was the story The Tale ofSiti

Ainiby Haji Moeloek, which in recent days was on

everybody’s lips in Java.

3 2 2 2.3

00017/RK/SL.43/TL.23-24

SL : “Bisa saja. Tapi rupa-rupanya Tuan perlu tahu,

Tuan Pangemanann, kertas Tuan bukanlah kertas untuk

umum.”

TL : ‘Yes, I could. But it seems that you do not realise,

Meneer Pangemanann, that your report is not for the

general public.’

3 2 2 2.3

00018/RK/SL.51/TL.27

SL : Begitu Raden Mas kita tiada, organisasinya pasti

buyar, karena organisasi menurut pengertian Eropa,

belum lagi ada di Hindia.

TL : Once our raden mas was no longer with us, his

organisation would also vanish, because organisations in

the European sense did not yet exist in the Indies.

3 2 2 2.3

0019/RK/SL.53/TL.29 3 2 2.3


105

SL : ...”Tuan tidak usah ragu-ragu, Tuan Komisaris

Besar.”

TL : ...”You need not worry, Meneer Chief

Commissioner”

2

0021/RK/SL.63/TL.34

SL : Dan Prinses van Kasiruta, perempuan garang itu,

melengking-lengking kehilangan suami yang dipujanya

selama ini.

TL : And the Princess of Kasiruta, that resolute woman,

wouldbe crying out for the husband she so much

admired.

2 3 3 2.67

0022/RK/SL.64/TL.35

SL : ...ia telah memanggil datangnya kekuatan, sampai-

sampai mulai menguatirkan Gubermen.

TL : ..., even to the extent that the Governor-General

himself was worried.

2 3 3 2.67

0023/RK/SL.65/TL.35

SL : Pada Prinses Kasiruta aku kirimi surat palsu pada

waktu suaminya baru meninggalkan Buitenzorg menuju

Bandung.

TL : I sent Princess Kasiruta an anonymous letter just

after her husband left Buitenzorg for Bandung.

3 3 3 3

0024/RK/SL.70/TL.38

SL : Ia adalah Pangeran Van Son.

TL : He was the Prince Van Son.

3 3 3 3

0025/RK/SL.72/TL.39

SL : Komandanku, komisaris Van Dam tot Dam,

seorang yang membanggakan diri Belanda tulen, tanpa

campuran darah Inggris atau Yahudi,…

TL : My commander at that time, Commissioner Van

Dam tot Dam, who was so proud of being a pure

Dutchman, free of the taint of either English or Jewish

blood, ...

3 3 3 3

0026/RK/SL.74/TL.40

SL : Tiap kali seorang anggota gerombolan roboh,

kuikuti dengan puji syukur pada Tuhan Bapak, …

3 3 3 3


106

TL : Every time we got rid of a member of the gang, I

would praise the Heavenly Father, ...

0027/RK/SL.75/TL.40

SL : Salah seorang di antaranya adalah Nyi Juju.

TL : One of them was called Nyi Juju.

3 2 2 2.33

0028/RK/SL.75/TL.40

SL : “Karta bin Dusun, Tuan Besar.”

TL : “Karta bin Dusun, Tuan, Sir.”

2 1 2 1.67

0029/RK/SL.76/TL.41

SL : “Mana saya tahu, Tuan Besar. Orang-orang bilang

saya anak Tuan Piton”

TL : “How would I know, Tuan? People say I am the

daughter of Tuan Piton.”

2 2 2 2

0030/RK/SL.76/TL.41

SL : “Mana saya tahu, Tuan Besar. Orang-orang bilang

saya anak Tuan Piton”

TL : “How would I know, Tuan? People say I am the

daughter of Tuan Piton.”

2 2 2 2

0031/RK/SL.79/TL.43

SL : Dalam upacara pengangkatanku sebagai Ajung

Komisaris hampir-hampir tak dapat aku mencegah

keinginanku untuk menggerakan tangan mengusir

bayangan di Pitung ini.

TL : During the ceremony appointing me Adjutant

Commissioner I was almost unable to stop myself from

trying to shoo that image of Pitung.

3 3 3 3

0032/RK/SL.80/TL.43

SL : ... di sekitar jembatan Harmonie dan daerah tuan-

tanah Alaydrus.

TL : ...around the Harmoni Bridge and the land owned

by the landlord Alaydrus.

3 3 3 3

0033/RK/SL.83/TL.45

SL : ...di tanah partikelir Inggris di Curug di bawah

pimpinan Bang Komeng.

TL : The leader was Bang Komeng.

1 1 2 1.33


107

0034/RK/SL.86/TL.46

SL : Setiap pertanyaan dijawab dengan terbuka oleh

Tuan Mr.K.

TL : Meneer Lawyer K answered every question

openly.

3 2 2 2.33

0035/RK/SL.87/TL.47

SL : Semua orang diam, tak mencoba membongkar

tembok batu pembisuan Mr.K.

TL : Everyone was silent, not trying to break through the

wall of silence from Meneer K-.

3 2 3 2.67

0036/RK/SL.87/TL.47

SL : Di perjalanan pulang dalam keadaan gerimis tipis,

dingin dan becek, tak dapat aku terbebas dari kata-kata

Tuan Mr.K.

TL : All the way home through the drizzle, cold and

mud, I could not escape either Meneer K-‘s words or the

vision of Pitung.

3 2 3 2.67

0037/RK/SL.91/TL.49

SL : Peringatan Tuan K berarti juga : keadaan seperti itu

tidak dapat dipertahankan terus menerus.

TL : Meneer K-‘s warning had another meaning.

3 2 3 2.67

0038/RK/SL.94/TL.50

SL : Menjelang lulus E.L.S di Menado, diambil anak

pungut oleh Tuan De Cagnie.

TL : ...I was taken as the foster child of Meneer De

Cagnie, a Frenchman, an apothecary.

3 2 3 2.67

0039/RK/SL.96/TL.52

SL : ...tak tulus terhadap segala didikan Tuan De Cagnie

dan istri, terhadap oom dan tante Pangemanann.

TL : ...no longer faithful to what I was taught by

Monsieur De Cagnie and his wife, by Uncle and Aunt

Pangemanann.

3 3 3 3

0040/RK/SL.96/TL.52

SL : ...tak tulus terhadap segala didikan Tuan De Cagnie

dan istri, terhadap oom dan tante Pangemanann.

3 3 3 3


108

TL : ...no longer faithful to what I was taught by

Monsieur De Cagnie and his wife, by Uncle and Aunt

Pangemanann.

0041/RK/SL.99/TL.53

SL : Madame Paulette Pangemanann dan anak-anak,

…

TL : Madame Paulette Pangemanann and children, ...

3 3 3 3

0042/RK/SL.96/TL.52

SL : ...Baik sebagai Inspektur maupun Komisaris Polisi,

pekerjaanku tak lain terus mengawasi ketat…

TL : ...Whether as an Inspector or as Commissioner, my

work has been nothing other than to monitor closely my

own people...

3 3 3 3

0043/RK/SL.115/TL.61

SL : Setelah empat jam membacai surat-surat aku

temukan instruksi Tuan Besar Gubernur jenderal

Rooseboom…

TL : After four hours reading through the papers, I came

accross an Instruction of Governor-General

Rosenboom...

3 3 3 3

0044/RK/SL.119/TL.63

SL : “...terima kasih dariku dan mendapatkan imbalan

kata-kata yang baik dari Tuan Besar Gubernur

Jenderal.”

TL : “...he was hoping a gratitude from me and some

words of tribute from His Excellency Governor

General.”

3 3 3 3

0045/RK/SL.120/TL.64

SL : “Tentu saja, Edeleer-edeleer Dewan Hindia juga?”

tanyaku.

TL : “The members of the Indies Council too, yes?” I

asked.

2 3 3 3

0046/RK/SL.120/TL.64

SL : “Bagaimana kalau dengan Mevrouw?” desaknya

terus.

TL : “What about with Mevrouw?” he continued to

press me.

3 1 3 2.33


109

0047/RK/SL.126/TL.67

SL : “...Penyair besar di masa Hayam Wuruk, Mpu

Tantular, Tuan telah merumuskan watak penyesuaian

ini dalam sebuah bait dari syair-syairnya.”

TL : “...A poet from the time of Hayam Wuruk, Mpu

Tantular, described this compromising personality in a

verse of one of his poems.”

3 1 2 2

0048/RK/SL.128/TL.68

SL : “Adakah Tuan bermaksud mengambil gelar Doctor

dengan thesa itu?”

TL : “Will you be presenting this thesis for a

Doctorate?”

3 3 3 3

0049/RK/SL.132/TL.70

SL : ...terkait dalam pelaksanaan pembuangan orang

yang kuanggap guruku sendiri-Raden Mas Minke.

TL : ...the exile of somebody whom I considered to be

my teacher-Raden Mas Minke.

3 2 2 2.33

0050/RK/SL.132/TL.70

SL : Pada akhir catatanku sendiri aku tulis : Hamba

Gubermen!

TL : At the end of these notes, I wrote : A Servant of the

Goverment!

3 3 3 3

0051/RK/SL.146/TL.77

SL : “...Tuan anak angkat Tuan apoteker De Cagnie,

bukan? Dari Lyon?”

TL : “...You are the adopted child of the chemist,

Monsieur De Cagnie, yes? From Lyons?”

3 3 3 3

0052/RK/SL.146/TL.77

SL : Jadi pekerjaanku tidak beda dengan di kepolisian

dulu.

TL : My work would be no different from that I carried

out as a Police Commissioner.

3 .3 3 3

0053/RK/SL.162/TL.85

SL : “Tuan Mr De Lange.”

TL : “Meneer Mister De Lange.”

3 2 2 2.33

0054/RK/SL.169/TL.89 3 2 2 2.33


110

SL : Tidak, Tuan Komandan, aku bukannya hendak

menemui Tuan.

TL : No, Meneer Commandant, I do not want to see

you.

0055/RK/SL.170/TL.90

SL : Letnan Swie menyambut aku bertanya, “Heran,

Tuan Pangemanann, datang mengontrol membawa

Rientje.”

TL : Lieutenant Swie welcomed me, asking : ‘I’m

surprised, Commissioner Pangemanann, you have

brought Rientje here with you on an inspection.’

3 3 3 3

0056/RK/SL.176/TL.93

SL : ...dan Raden Mas Minke dengan Njai Purwana-

nya.

TL : ...and Raden Mas Minke’s Nyai Permana.

3 1 2 2

0057/RK/SL.189/TL.99

SL : Contohnya : Sutan Casayangan.

TL : An example is Sutan Casayangan..

3 1 2 2

0058/RK/SL.195/TL.103

SL : Perintah telah dikeluarkan oleh Gubermen,

Mr.Hendrik Frischboten harus keluar dari India.

TL ; The Government had issued an order – Meester

Hendrik Frischboten was to be deported from the

Indies.

3 1 2 2

0059/RK/SL.216/TL.103

SL : “...Dia bernama Mas Tjokro, seorang krani

Borsumij Surabaya....”

TL : “...His name is Mas Tjokro, an employee of the

Surabaya Borsumij...”

3 1 2 2

0060/RK/SL.222/TL.117

SL : Dan, Tuan Raden Mas Minke, kau akan lihat

betapa anak sulungmu akan tersobek-sobek…

TL : And, Meneer Raden Mas Minke, you will witness

how this youngest child of yours will be torn apart,...

3 1 2 2

0061/RK/SL.232/TL.122

SL : Dan Tjokro mulai disebut-sebut sebagai Ratu Adil,

itu messiasnya orang Jawa.

3 1 2 2


111

TL : And people speak of Tjokro as the Ratu Adil, the

‘just prince’, the messiah of the Javanese.

0062/RK/SL.244/TL.128

SL ; Mereka sudah cukup senang dan terjamin di bawah

naungan Sri Ratu.

TL : They were happy enough and felt secure enough

under the protection of Her Majesty.

3 3 3 3

0063/RK/SL.245/TL.128

SL : “Apakah menurut pikiran Tuan, mereka tak perlu

didorong untuk juga membentuk organisasi tandingan

terhadap Indische Partij menjadi sebuah partai yang loyal

terhadap Sri Ratu?”

TL : “Do you think they should be encouraged to

establish a rival organisation to the Indische Partij, one

advocating loyalty to the Queen?”

3 3 3 3

0064/RK/SL.247/TL.130

SL : Sekretaris Departemen dipanggil untuk membantu

aku.

TL : He summoned the department secretary to help

me.

3 3 3 3

0065/RK/SL.247/TL.130

SL : Dan kami berjalan ke tempat lain meninggalkan

Tuan Direktur dan ruangannya.

TL : And we set off for another office, leaving behind

Meneer Director and his office.

3 2 2 2.33

0066/RK/SL.247/TL.130

SL : “Tuan Direktur yang sekarang serba sebaliknya

daripada Tuan Van Aberon.”

TL : “This Director is completely the opposite to

Meneer van Aberon.”

3 3 2 2.67

0067/RK/SL.259/TL.136

SL : Dan kau, dokter Tjipto, si pemenung!

TL : And you, Dr Tjipto, the day dreamer!

3 3 3 3

0068/RK/SL.262/TL.137

SL : ...dan bahwa Raja Belanda LodewijkNapoleon,

saudara kandung Kaisar Napoleon, menerima baik

3 3 2 2.67


112

aneksasi itu.

TL : ...and that King Lodewijk Napoleon, the brother of

Emperor Napoleon, had accepted this annexation.

0069/RK/SL.262/TL.137

SL : ...dan bahwa Raja Belanda Lodewijk Napoleon,

saudara kandung Kaisar Napoleon, menerima baik

aneksasi itu.

TL : ...and that King Lodewijk Napoleon, the brother of

Emperor Napoleon, had accepted this annexation.

3 3 2 2.67

0070/RK/SL.276/TL.145

SL : Dan semangat itu ditiupkan ke dalam tubuhku

karena kedatangan Ajudan Tuan Besar Gubernur

Jenderal.

TL : And this necessary spirit was blown into me-by the

arrival of His Excellency the Governor-General’s

Adjutant.

3 3 3 3

0071/RK/SL.277/TL.145

SL : “Aku tidak sakit Tuan Ajudan. Hanya terlalu lelah.

...”

TL : “I am not ill, Meneer Adjutant, just exhausted. ...”

3 2 3 2.67

0072/RK/SL.277/TL.145

SL : Kata-kata itu pasti akan mewakili Sri Ratu, khusus

ditujukan padaku.

TL : Such words would be from Her Majesty and be

addressed especially to me.

3 3 3 3

0073/RK/SL.277/TL.145

SL : Hanya Tuan R. Dan Tuan Gr. Dan pemuka-

pemuka kantorku yang datang menyambut aku sebagai

adat kesopanan.

TL : It was only Monsieur R- and Meneer Gr- and the

other senior officials who came to see me out of

politeness.

3 2 3 2.67

0074/RK/SL.280/TL.147

SL : Sepucuk untukku, sepucuk untuk Panglima KNIL

di Bandung.

TL : One was for me, the other was for the KNIL

3 3 3 3


113

commander in Bandung.

0075/RK/SL.282/TL.147

SL : “Aku harap Tuan dokter dapat menolong Tuan.”

TL : ‘I hope Meneer Doctor can help you.’

3 2 3 2.67

0076/RK/SL.288/TL.151

SL : Pemuka-pemukanya adalah pelarian-pelarian politik

dari perpecahan partai di Nederland, Sneevliet dan

Ir.Baars.

SL : Its founders were political exiles from a party split

in the Netherlands- Engineer Baars and Sneevliet.

3 3 3 3

0077/RK/SL.293/TL.153

SL : Aku teringat pada kemenakan Patih Meester

Cornelis dalam tulisan Raden Mas Minke yang

tertangkap basah sedang membacai kertas Algemeene

Secretarie.

TL : I was reminded of how Raden Mas Minke wrote in

one of his books about Patih Meester Cornelius’

nephew being caught reading papers in the Algameene

Secretariat.

3 2 2 2.33

0078/RK/SL.293/TL.153

SL : “Bukan, bukan karena Paman atau dokter

Roemengan atau advokat Pangkey, maka orang kita

lantas mendirikan organisasi. ...”

TL : “It’s not that we want our people to set this up just

because of Uncle or Dr Roemengan or lawyer

Pangkey....”

3 3 3 3

0079/RK/SL.317/TL.165

SL : Aku mendapat kesan, bahwa di luar Nji Permana,

naskah-naskah itu bertautan-tautan satu dengan yang

lain.

TL : It was my impression that, except for Nyai

Permana, they were all connected.

3 1 2 2

0080/RK/SL.333/TL.174

SL : Dipimpin oleh Pak Samin, seorang dari desa lain,

sebuah pemberontakan terjadi.

TL : They were led by Pak Samin, a man from another

village.

3 1 2 2


114

0081/RK/SL.338/TL.176

SL : Dengan sedikit kepandaian bermain gontok aku

berhasil dise-gani polisi-polisi minyak.

SL : Because I could give a bit of a display of fist

fighting, the Oil Police liked me.

3 3 3 3

0082/RK/SL.341/TL.177

SL : Tulisan itu juga mengingatkan aku pada naskah

Minke tentang Nyai Ontosoroh, seorang gadis Jawa

totok, buta huruf.

TL : Marco’s article also reminded me of what Minke

wrote about Nyai Ontosoroh, a Native Javanese girl,

who could not read or write.

3 1 2 2

0083/RK/SL.349/TL.182

SL : ...,kecuali, bahwa ia salah seorang anak Bupati

Bojonegoro.

TL : ...,except the information that he was a son of the

Bupati of Bojonegoro.

3 1 2 2

0084/RK/SL.361/TL.188

SL : “Komandan Polisi Malang, Tuan Roedentaal,”

jawabku dalam Belanda.

TL : ‘The Chief of the Malang Police, Meneer

Roedentaal,’ I answered in Dutch.

3 3 3 3

0085/RK/SL.362/TL.188

SL : Tuan Pangemanann adalah pensiunan Komisaris

Polisi, pejabat tinggi pada Algameene Secretarie, …

TL : Meneer Pangemanann is a retired Police

Commissioner, a high official at the Algameene

Secretariat,...

3 3 3 3

0086/RK/SL.362/TL.188

SL : “Tuan Komandan,” jawab Strooman, “apa karena

itu dia lantas bukan inlander?...”

TL : ‘Meneer Commander,’ answered Strooman, ‘does

that make him no longer an Inlander?... ’

3 2 3 2.67

0087/RK/SL.362/TL.188

SL : “...Tak patutkah seorang Komandan Polisi

membawa seorang pejabat tinggi kemari?”

3 3 3 3


115

TL : ‘...And there is something wrong in a Police

Commander bringing a high Government official to the

club?’

0088/RK/SL.363/TL.189

SL : Tuan Bupati, seorang terpelajar yang dapat

menggunakan beberapa bahasa modern,…

TL : The Bupati, an educated man who spoke several

modern languages,...

2 1 2 1.67

0089/RK/SL.363/TL.189

SL : Di sini pula terjadi pertemuan antara aku, Tuan

Residen dan Tuan Bupati.

TL : It was here that I held a meeting with the Bupati and

the Resident.

2 2 3 2.33

0090/RK/SL.365/TL.190

SL : “Ndoro Wedana Kota,” jawab salah seorang di

antaranya.

TL : ‘Ndoro Wedana,’ one of them asnwered.

3 1 2 2

0091/RK/SL.365/TL.190

SL : “Siapa dikirimkan oleh Tuan Residen?”

TL : ‘Who was sent here by Tuan Resident?’

2 1 2 1.67

0092/RK/SL.367/TL.191

SL : Justru pada waktu itu Komandan Polisi Madiun

datang dengan sepeda motor Harley Davidson.

TL : It was that moment that the Madiun Chief of Police

arrived on his Harley Davidson.

3 3 3 3

0093/RK/SL.367/TL.191

SL : Ia bersaluir pada Tuan Residen, mengangguk pada

Tuan Bupati dan kepadaku.

TL : He saluted Meneer Resident, nodded to Meneer

Bupati and to me.

3 2 3 2.67

0094/RK/SL.367/TL.191

SL : Ia bersaluir pada Tuan Residen, mengangguk pada

Tuan Bupati dan kepadaku.

TL : He saluted Meneer Resident, nodded to Meneer

Bupati and to me.

3 2 2 2.33


116

0095/RK/SL.367/TL.191

SL : “...Sepantasnya dia jadi Raden Ayu seorang Bupati

di kabupaten yang kaya.”

TL : ‘...She should be the raden ayu of a bupati in one of

the very rich districts. ’

3 1 2 2

0096/RK/SL.369/TL.192

SL : Seorang Inspektur Polisi datang menghadap dan

menyampaikan pada Tuan Residen sebuah amplop besar.

TL : A Police Inspector arrived and handed the Resident

a big envelope.

3 3 3 3

0097/RK/SL.377/TL.196

SL : Wajahnya memang berbentuk daun sirih seperti

dikatakan oleh Kepala Polisi Madiun dengan dagu

meruncing.

TL : Her face was like that of a sirih leaf, just as the

Madiun Police Chief had said, with a pointed chin.

3 3 3 3

0098/RK/SL.397/TL.192

SL : “Sekolah Tinggi Kepolisian, Yang Mulia.”

TL : ‘The Police Academy, Your Excellency.’

3 3 3 3

0099/RK/SL.424/TL.222

SL : “Ya, Meener, Juffrouw Soendari sudah keluar dari

sekolah kami.”

TL : ‘Yes, Meener, Juffrouw Soendari lefct our school a

little while ago.’

3 1 2 2

0100/RK/SL.426/TL.222

SL : Kusir itu memanggil-manggil, “Jeng, Jeng!”

TL : The driver called out: ‘Mistress! Mistress!’

3 3 3 3

0101/RK/SL.426/TL.225

SL : ...ia tak tahu bagaimana kelak harus melaporkan

pada Kanjeng Bupati Pemalang.

TL : ...and he didn’t know what he would say now to His

Honour the Bupati of Pemalang.

3 3 3 3

0102/RK/SL.426/TL.225

SL : Semua ini justru yang tidak dikehendaki oleh

Kanjeng Gubermen.

3 3 3 3


117

TL : It was precisely these sorts of goings-on that the

Honourable Government.

0103/RK/SL.435/TL.228

SL : “Wah, Jeng, begitu lama baru kelihatan. Rindu

sangat sahaya.”

TL : ‘Wah, Jeng Soendari, it’s been so long since we’ve

seen you. I have missed you greatly, Jeng. ’

3 1 2 2

0104/RK/SL.435/TL.228

SL : “Ya, Ibu, beratnya orang cari penghidupan.

Ampunilah sahaya.”

TL : ‘Yes, there are many difficulties in finding ways to

make a living, Ibu. Forgive me.

3 1 2 2

0105/RK/SL.439/TL.230

SL : “Dengarkan, Ibu, barangkali Ibu belum pernah

dengar nama Bendoro Raden Mas Minke?”

TL : ‘Listen, Ibu, perhaps Ibu has never heard the name

Bendoro Raden Mas Minke?’

3 1 2 2

0106/RK/SL.440/TL.230

SL : Asisten residen Pekalongan merasa puas dengan

percakapan itu.

TL : The Assistant Resident of Pekalongan was very

satisfied when the Kontrolir of Pemalang reported this

conversation.

3 3 3 3

0107/RK/SL.440/TL.230

SL : Asisten residen Pekalongan merasa puas dengan

percakapan itu.

TL : The Assistant Resident of Pekalongan was very

satisfied when the Kontrolir of Pemalang reported this

conversation.

3 1 2 2

0108/RK/SL.449/TL.236

SL : “Maaf Tuan, mungkin suatu permintaan yang

berlenih-lebihan....”

TL : ‘Excuse me, Sir, perhaps I am asking too much....’

3 3 3 3

0109/RK/SL.457/TL.240

SL : Kegiatan Mr.Van Aberon, bekas Direktur O & E

Hindia, …

TL : The activities of Mr Van Aberon, the former

3 3 3 3


118

director of Education and Culture,...

0110/RK/SL.462/TL.243

SL : Kepala Departemen O & E tak menjanjikan

sesuatu karena memang tidak mengajukan kesulitan-

kesulitannya.

TL : The Head of the Department of Education and

Culture did not actually promise anything.

3 3 3 3

0111/RK/SL.462/TL.243

SL : Sekretaris Departemen mencatat semua hal yang

penting.

TL : The Departmental Secretary noted down all the

suggestions.

3 3 3 3

0112/RK/SL.464/TL.244

SL : “Senang sekali bertemu dengan Tuan Sekretaris

Oemoem Boedi Moeljo....”

TL : ‘I am very pleased to meet Meneer General

Secretary of the Boedi Oetomo...’

3 3 3 3

0113/RK/SL.480/TL.253

SL : “Siapakah noni Rientje?” tanyaku.

TL : ‘Who is Noni Rientje’ I asked.

2 1 2 1.67

0114/RK/SL.492/TL.244

SL : Madame pada Monsieur Pangemanann

berdasarkan suka sama suka,…

TL : Madame to Monsieur Pangemanann was based on

mutual affection,...

3 3 3 3

0115/RK/SL.502/TL.265

SL : Kurang apakah puji-pujian pada keadilan Ratu

Shima?

TL : What praise has not been heaped on the just rule of

Queen Shima?

3 3 3 3

0116/RK/SL.522/TL.275

SL : Kembali ke ruang kerjaku terbaca olehku dalam

koran pagi sebuah berita yang mendesak berita-berita

lainnya : Tsar Nicholas dari Rusia terguling.

TL : Back in my office, I read a report in the paper that

pushed all other news off the front page : Czar

3 3 3 3


119

Nicholson of Russia had been overthrown.

0117/RK/SL.549/TL.289

SL : ...,dari Sultan Agung sampai raja-raja terakhir di

Jawa.

TL : ..., from Sultan Agung through the rajas of more

recent times.

1 1 2 1.33

0118/RK/SL.549/TL.289

SL : ...,dari Sultan Agung sampai raja-raja terakhir di

Jawa.

TL : ..., from Sultan Agung through the rajas of more

recent times.

3 1 2 2

0119/RK/SL.575/TL.302

SL : Pemburu rumahtangganya itu Tante Marientje,

telah mengantarkannya sampai ke kapal…

TL : The maid, Auntie Marientje, had accompanied him

to the ship, ...

3 3 3 3

0120/RK/SL.610/TL.320

SL : Bukan sampai situ saja, seperti halnya dengan

Doktor Snouck Hurgonje, sama halnya dengan residen

Bojonegoro,…

TL : Just as it had been with Dr Snouck Hurgonje, and

with the Resident of Bojonegoro,...

3 3 3 3

0121/RK/SL.635/TL.332

SL : Waktu Tuan Konsul memperkenalkan aku padanya

dan aku menjabat tangannya,…

TL : When the Consul intorduced me to her and we

shook hands,...

2 3 3 2.67

0122/RK/SL.635/TL.333

SL : Cepat-cepat aku berdoa memohon perlindungan

Ibunda Maria, untuk mendapatkan Maria, untuk

mendapatkan kekuatan secukupnya.

TL : I quickly prayed that the Virgin Mother would

protect me and that I would find the strength to go on.

3 3 3 3

0123/RK/SL.645/TL.337

SL : “Tjeu,” panggilku, “lebih baik kawinlah dengan

lelaki baik-baik.”

1

1 2 1.33


120

TL : ‘Tjeu,’ I said. ‘you should marry a good man. ’

Total 349 289 314

Mean 2.9×3 =

8.7

2.4×2

= 4.8

2.6×1

= 2.6

Total Average 8.7 + 4.8 + 2.6 = 16.1 : 6 = 2.68

Details:

Acc: Accuracy Acp: Acceptability Rdb: Readability

M: Mean

Appendix C

The Impact of Translation Strategies towards Translation Quality

Strategies

Numbers of Data

Translation Quality Assessment

Accuracy Acceptability Readability

0001/RK/SL.1/TL.1 3 3 3

0002/RK/SL.1/TL.1 3 3 3

0006/RK/SL.5/TL.3 3 3 3

0008/RK/SL.7/TL.4 3 3 3

0009/RK/SL.9/TL.5 3 3 3

0010/RK/SL.9/TL.5 3 3 3

0012/RK/SL.10/TL.6 3 3 3

0013/RK/SL.19/TL.11 3 3 3

00015/RK/SL.24/TL.13 3 3 3

0020/RK/SL.53/TL.29 3 2 2

0022/RK/SL.64/TL.35 2 3 3

0023/RK/SL.65/TL.35 3 3 3

0024/RK/SL.70/TL.38 3 3 3

0025/RK/SL.72/TL.39 3 3 3

0026/RK/SL.74/TL.40 3 3 3

0031/RK/SL.79/TL.43 3 3 3

0032/RK/SL.80/TL.43 3 3 3


121

Localization

0040/RK/SL.96/TL.52 3 3 3

0042/RK/SL.96/TL.52 3 3 3

0044/RK/SL.119/TL.63 3 3 3

0048/RK/SL.128/TL.68 3 3 3

0050/RK/SL.132/TL.70 3 3 3

0055/RK/SL.170/TL.90 3 3 3

0062/RK/SL.244/TL.128 3 3 3

0063/RK/SL.245/TL.128 3 3 3

0064/RK/SL.247/TL.130 3 3 3

0067/RK/SL.259/TL.136 3 3 3

0068/RK/SL.262/TL.137 3 3 2

0069/RK/SL.262/TL.137 3 3 2

0070/RK/SL.276/TL.145 3 3 3

0072/RK/SL.277/TL.145 3 3 3

0074/RK/SL.280/TL.147 3 3 3

0076/RK/SL.288/TL.151 3 3 3

0078/RK/SL.293/TL.153 3 3 3

0081/RK/SL.338/TL.176 3 3 3

0084/RK/SL.361/TL.188 3 3 3

0085/RK/SL.362/TL.188 3 3 3

0087/RK/SL.362/TL.188 3 3 3

0092/RK/SL.367/TL.191 3 3 3

0096/RK/SL.369/TL.192 3 3 3

0097/RK/SL.377/TL.196 3 3 3

0098/RK/SL.397/TL.192 3 3 3

0100/RK/SL.426/TL.222 3 3 3

0101/RK/SL.426/TL.225 3 3 3

0102/RK/SL.426/TL.225 3 3 3

0108/RK/SL.449/TL.236 3 3 3

0110/RK/SL.462/TL.243 3 3 3

0111/RK/SL.462/TL.243 3 3 3

0112/RK/SL.464/TL.244 3 3 3

0115/RK/SL.502/TL.265 3 3 3


122

0116/RK/SL.522/TL.275 3 3 3

0119/RK/SL.575/TL.302 3 3 3

0120/RK/SL.610/TL.320 3 3 3

0122/RK/SL.635/TL.333 3 3 3

Addition

0014/RK/SL.19/TL.11 3 1 2

00018/RK/SL.51/TL.27 3 2 2

0027/RK/SL.75/TL.40 3 2 2

0029/RK/SL.76/TL.41 2 2 2

0030/RK/SL.76/TL.41 2 2 2

0049/RK/SL.132/TL.70 3 2 2

0052/RK/SL.146/TL.77 3 3 3

0056/RK/SL.176/TL.93 3 1 2

0057/RK/SL.189/TL.99 3 1 2

0059/RK/SL.216/TL.103 3 1 2

0079/RK/SL.317/TL.165 3 1 2

0082/RK/SL.341/TL.177 3 1 2

0083/RK/SL.349/TL.182 3 1 2

0090/RK/SL.365/TL.190 3 1 2

0091/RK/SL.365/TL.190 2 1 2

0095/RK/SL.367/TL.191 3 1 2

0099/RK/SL.424/TL.222 3 1 2

0103/RK/SL.435/TL.228 3 1 2

0104/RK/SL.435/TL.228 3 1 2

0113/RK/SL.480/TL.253 2 1 2

Preservation

00016/RK/SL.29/TL.16 3 2 2

0033/RK/SL.83/TL.45 1 1 2

0041/RK/SL.99/TL.53 3 3 3

0046/RK/SL.120/TL.64 3 1 3

0047/RK/SL.126/TL.67 3 1 2

0061/RK/SL.232/TL.122 3 1 2

0077/RK/SL.293/TL.153 3 2 2

0080/RK/SL.333/TL.174 3 1 2

0109/RK/SL.457/TL.240 3 3 3


123

0117/RK/SL.549/TL.289 1 1 2

0123/RK/SL.645/TL.337 1 1 2

Alteration

0034/RK/SL.86/TL.46 3 2 2

0035/RK/SL.87/TL.47 3 2 3

0036/RK/SL.87/TL.47 3 2 3

0037/RK/SL.91/TL.49 3 2 3

0038/RK/SL.94/TL.50 3 2 3

0039/RK/SL.96/TL.52 3 3 3

0058/RK/SL.195/TL.103 3 1 2

0060/RK/SL.222/TL.117 3 1 2

0073/RK/SL.277/TL.145 3 2 3

0093/RK/SL.367/TL.191 3 2 3

Localization and

Alteration

0051/RK/SL.146/TL.77 3 3 3

0053/RK/SL.162/TL.85 3 2 2

0054/RK/SL.169/TL.89 3 2 2

0065/RK/SL.247/TL.130 3 2 2

0071/RK/SL.277/TL.145 3 2 3

0075/RK/SL.282/TL.147 3 2 3

0086/RK/SL.362/TL.188 3 2 3

Omission

0003/RK/SL.3/TL.2 3 3 3

0004/RK/SL.3/TL.2 3 3 3

0005/RK/SL.4/TL.2 3 3 3

0011/RK/SL.10/TL.6 3 3 3

0066/RK/SL.247/TL.130 3 3 2

Globalization

0088/RK/SL.363/TL.189

2 1 2

0089/RK/SL.363/TL.189

2 2 3

0121/RK/SL.635/TL.332 2 3 3

Omission and

Localization

0021/RK/SL.63/TL.34

2 3 3

0043/RK/SL.115/TL.61 3 3 3

Preservation and

0094/RK/SL.367/TL.191 3 2 2

0114/RK/SL.492/TL.244 3 3 3


124

Alteration

Alteration and

Addition

0007/RK/SL.6/TL.4 3 3 3

Localization and

Addition

0028/RK/SL.75/TL.40 3 3 3

Addition and

Globalization

0107/RK/SL.440/TL.230 3 1 2

Creation and

Addition

0107/RK/SL.440/TL.230 3 1 2

Preservation and

Addition

0105/RK/SL.439/TL.230 3 1 2


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