xelovneba suliT­goniTi kulturis erT­erTi umniSvnelovanesi

sfero, adamianTa yofierebis mudmivi Tanmdevia drosa da sivrceSi.

ar arsebobs qveyana, regioni Tu xalxi, eTnosi, epoqa Tu periodi,

rom ar mimdinareobdes SemoqmedebiTi procesi, rac saerTo jamSi

qmnis xelovnebis istoriis mSvenier, mdidar da mravalferovan su­

raTs. amasTan, xelovnebis istoriis dineba ar aris sworxazovani da

Tanabarzomieri; aris SemoqmedebiTi aqtiurobiT da miRwevebiT,

mxatvruli cxovrebis intensivobiT gamorCeuli periodebi.

xelovnebis da, saerTod, kacobriobis istoriaSi erT­erTi ase­

Ti etapia aRorZinebis xana, e.w. renesansi, romelic Camoya lib da

dasavleT evropaSi XV­XVI saukuneebSi. aqac aqtiurobis mxriv ga­

morCeulia xan erTi, xan meore dasavleTevropuli regioni, gan­

sakuTrebiT ki – italia, italiaSi – toskanis olqi, toskanaSi

– florencia. toskanur­florenciulma skolam mogvca mravali

SesaniSnavi nimuSi plastikur­vizualur xelovnebaSi – xuroT­

moZRvrebaSi, qandakebaSi, mxatvrobaSi. sakmarisia vaxsenoT iseTi

udidesi figurebi, rogorc joto (jer kidev gardamaval xanaSi

Sua saukuneebidan renesansze, e.w. protorenesansSi – XIV s.), brune­

leski, mazaCo, donatelo, girlandaio, botiCeli, miqelanjelo,

rafaeli (aRar vasaxeleb mraval mSvenier, uniWieres Semoqmeds,

magali Tad, kastanio, uCelo da sxv.). am SemoqmedTa rigSi gansa­

leonardo da vinCi

giorgi xoStaria

1452-1519

avtoportreti, daaxl.1512, turin­is samefo biblioTeka, italia.

gamoCenili adamianebi

8

kuTrebuli adgili ukavia leonardo da vinCis, rogorc Tavisi is­

toriuli mniSv nelobiT, ise TavisTavadi mxatvrul­esTetikuri

RirebulebiT.

istoriuli Rirebuleba gulisxmobs, rom mxatvari Tavis

SemoqmedebaSi ayenebs da wyvets iseT mxatvrul-Semoqmedeb-

iT amocanebs, romelTa gareSe warmoudgenelia xelovnebis

istoriis rogorc wina periodis ganviTareba, ise Semdgomi

etapis Camoyalibeba, anu mxatvris Semoqmedeba aris absolu-

turad aucilebeli rgoli, etapi, istoriuli procesis, misi

evoluciuri svlisa. am rgols verafriT ver amoiReb, ver daZ-

rav mxatvrobis istoriis saerTo suraTidan, misi logikidan.

amasTan, WeSmariti Semoqmedis, mxatvris, am SemTxvevaSi leonar­

dos, Semoqmedebas aqvs TavisTavadi mxatvrul­esTetikuri Rire­

buleba da amis aRsaqmelad ar aris aucilebeli misi maincdamainc

istoriul konteqstSi ganxilva. anu leonardos mxatvruli pro­

duqcia genialuria TavisTavad da amis aRsaqmelad ar aris saWiro

imis gaTvaliswineba, ra iyo manamde, anu ras da rogor aviTarebs

leonardo, da arc imis, Tu ras daedo safuZvlad misi Semoqmede­

ba. arian mxatvrebi, romelTa istoriuli mniSvneloba sWarbobs maT

sufTa TavisTavad esTetikur Rirebulebas, aseTia, mag., karavajo

saidumlo seroba, 1498, santa maria dele gracie, milani, italia.

9

gamoCenili adamianebi

(1571­1610) (cnobilia, rom man didi gavlena iqonia iseT mxatvreb­

zec, romelTa produqciis esTetikuri Rirebuleba metia mis, kara­

vajos, mxatvrobaze – mag., rubensze, velaskesze, garkveulwilad

rembrantzec), anda, piriqiT, arian didi Semoqmedebi, romlebic

asruleben did etaps da maT Semdgom uSualod maTi gamgrZeleble­

bi aRar Cndebian, Tumca zogadad maTi gavlena mxatvrebze, Tundac

saukuneebis Semdeg, didia (igive rembranti, velaskesi). leonardo

ki miekuTvneba, rogorc aRvniSneT, im iSviaT mxatvarTa rigs, ro­

melTa Rirebuleba uaRresad didia rogorc istoriul, ise Tavis­

Tavad konteqstSi (am iSviaT mxatvarTa rigSi udavod aris, maga­

liTad, sezani).

rodesac vmsjelobT romelime mxatvrul fenomenze, gasaTvalis­

winebelia ramdenime specifikuri, arsebiTi faqtori. erTi mxriv,

mxatvrul nawarmoebs qmnis subieqti, individi da is gansazRvravs

bevrwilad mis mTavar Rirsebas – erTaderTobas da ganumeoreblo­

bas, mis SemoqmedebiT bunebas, axlis qmnadobas (mecnieri ar qmnis,

is aRmoaCens ara erTaderTs da ganumeorebels, aramed sayovelTa­

od kanonzomiers).

amasTan, mxatvruli fenomenis ukan, mis fundamentSi Zevs `ko-

leqtiuri me~, anu misi gansazRvruloba im dakveTiT, romel-

sac iZleva epoqa da eTnosi, im faseulobebiT, romelic mom-

dinareoben am epoqidan, eTnosidan. yovelgvari mxatvruli

fenomeni iqmneba am faseulobaTa safuZvelze, TavisTavad es

faseulobebi mxatvrobis enaze gadayvanis gareSe rCeba zogad

ideebad. am gadayvanaSi, anu garkveuli faseulobebis war-

modgenaSi, kompoziciaSi, ageba-modelirebaSi (anu naxatSi

specifikur-profesionaluri gagebiT), ferSi, tonSi, xazSi,

ritmSi, taqtSi, kontrastSi, simetriisa da wonasworobis

sxva dasxva saxeSi mxatvars exmareba skola, kerZod da ufro

farTod – is garemo, romelSic mas uwevs cxovreba da moR-

vaweoba.

am zogadi istoriul­kulturuli fonis, niadagis, Tvalsaz­

risiTac leonardosTan uaRresad maRal dones vxedavT. kerZod,

leonardo ibadeba florenciis maxloblad, daba vinCisTan, da igi

aris florencieli notariusis ̀ ukanono~ Svili. pirvel rigSi unda

naTlad warmovidginoT florenciis fenomeni italiis da saerTod

kacobriobis istoriaSi. igi jer kidev feodalizmis wiaRSia, magram

XIII s­Si isini uars amboben feodalur wodebriv diferencirebaze

da qalaqs marTaven mdidari ojaxebi (piti, stroci, tornabuoni

da sxv.). XV s­Si florencias rkinis xeliT, magram moqnilad da

gonivrulad, marTavs mediCebis ojaxi, jer – kozmi mediCi, mere –

lorenco brwyinvaled wodebuli (florenciis – toskanis centris

lorenco mediCi (1449 – 1492) florenciis respublikis mmarT­veli.

10

madona lita, 1490­1491, ermitaJi, sanqt­peterburgi, ruseTi.

11

gamoCenili adamianebi

– mniSvneloba rom warmovidginoT, moviyvan erT magaliTs: XIII s­Si

inglisis mefem uari uTxra erT­erT ojaxs (pitis) didi valis dab­

runebaze. ojaxi gakotrda da aman mTel dasavleT evropaSi gamoiw­

via finansuri krizisi).

axali sociumi, moqalaqe win wamowevs axal faseulobebs. qris­

tianoba, ra Tqma unda, rCeba faseulobaTa ZiriTad ganmsazRvre­

lad, magram TviT qristianoba iZleva aqcentebis gadaadgilebis

saSualebas. qristianobis, rogorc religiis (anu rwmenaze dam­

yarebuli msoflxedvis), qvakuTxedi dogmatia rwmena gankace­

bul RmerTSi, anu qriste aris rogorc srulyofili RmerTi, ise

srulyo fili adamiani. qalaqis da, miT umetes, dasavleT evropuli

qalaqis yofaSi udides rols TamaSobs racionaluri azrovneba (me­

vaxSe – Tanamedrove bankiris winapari, sxvadasxva profesiis ostati

ver ifunqcionirebs warmatebulad racionaluri midgomis gareSe).

aqedan modis garkveuli dapirispireba Sua saukuneebis asketizmsa

da adamianis, rogorc RmerTis qmnilebis, faseulobis zrdas So­

ris, rac rogorc sulier, ise materialur, sagnobriv­sxeulebriv

planSi vlindeba. cxadia, es asaxvas hpovebs vizualur­plastikur

xelovnebebSic – xuroTmoZRvrebaSi, qandakebaSi, mxatvrobaSi (ise­

ve, rogorc literaturaSi – dante, petrarka, bokaCo). jer kidev

XIII­XIV s­Si isaxeba gardamavali periodi, romlis yvelaze maRali

gamoxatulebaa mxatvrobaSi joto di bondone (1267­1337).

joto saTaves udebs did florenciel mxatvarTa mTel rigs.

aRorZinebis xanas XV s. dasawyisSi safuZveli Cauyares e.w. rene­

sansis mamebma: bruneleskim (xuroTmoZRvrebaSi), donatelom (qan­

dakebaSi), mazaCom (mxatvrobaSi). siaxle, rac maT moitanes da rac

safuZvels iZleva, rom swored maTi SemoqmedebiT iwyebodes re­

nesansi, aris proporciuli sistema, mimarTebaTa dacva, rasac

efuZneba samyaros proporciuli asaxva (es principi – mimarTebaTa

dacva – yvelaze arsebiTi da fuZemdebluri iqneba evropuli mxatv­

robisaTvis XIX s. 80­ian wlebamde. kerZod, sezanamde da, garkveul

aspeqtSi, van gogamde).

renesansis cneba Camoyalibda XVI s-Si italiaSi. renesansi –

frangulad da rinasimento an rinaSita italiurad niSnavs

xelmeored dabadebas da igulisxmeba antikuri, berZnul-ro-

mauli samyaros aRorZineba da dapirispireba Sua sauku-

neebTan faseulobiTa Tu formalur-enobriv planSi.

adamiani, misi fizikur­materialuri Tu sulieri TvisebebiT,

xdeba mTavari faseuloba samyaros proporciul­materialur asax­

vaSi. amasTan, warsuli epoqis, kulturis sruli gameoreba SeuZle­

belia. qristianobas, misi sulis pirveladobis principiT, ar SeeZ­

kvatroCento italiurad niSnavs 400­s. am terminiT moixse­nieba adreuli renesansis, kvat­roCentos mxatvruli stilebi. momdevno saukunis maRali rene­sansis periods ki, Sesabamisad, uwodeben CinkveCentos, rac 500­s niSnavs.

qalis portreti, daaxl. 1508, parmis erovnuli galerea.

12

leonardo da vinCi

lo ukvalod Caevlo – ase rom, saqme gvaqvs Tavisebur sinTezTan,

romelsac xatovnad Semdegnairad gansazRvraven:

renesansi aris qristianuli suli antikur sxeulSi.

es yvelaze zogadi da arsebiTi principi erTbaSad ver gamovlin­

deboda mxatvrul­meTodologiurad srulyofil formaSi. misi

Camoyalibeba gansazRvravda renesansuli mxatvrobis istoriul

svlas da swored am procesSi iTamaSa am idea­faseulobebis srulyo­

fili gamoxatvis TvalsazrisiT udidesi roli leonardo da vinCim.

rogorc yvela geniosis Semoqmedeba, leonardos moRvaweobaSic

aris paradoqsuli momenti. igi daibada 1452 w., anu adrindeli re­

nesansis, e.w. kvatroCentos, SuaSi, mis, SeiZleba iTqvas, wiaRSi da

savsebiT logikuri iqneboda, rom is yofiliyo adrindeli renesan­

sis, kvatroCentos met­naklebad tipuri warmomadgeneli, rogorc,

magaliTad, botiCeli, romelic masze mxolod 6 wliT iyo ufrosi.

maRali renesansis didi sameulidan centralur italiaSi (vene­

cia ufro calke dgas) miqelanjelo (daibada 1475 w.) leonardoze

23 wliT iyo umcrosi, xolo rafaeli – sulac 31 wliT (daibada

1483 w.), anu leonardo, maRali renesansis pirveli warmomadgene­

li, romelic, rogorc maRali renesansis udidesi figura, swored

miqelanjelosTan da rafaelTan erTad ganixileba, miekuTvneba

sxva, ufro wina Taobas. am erTgvari paradoqsis axsna isev leonar­

dos personaSi unda veZeboT. leonardo iwyebs Semoqmedebas XV s­is

70­iani wlebidan, magram misi Semoqmedeba aris ara ubralod arse­

buli adrerenesansuli miRwevebis Tundac Zalian saintereso vari­

reba (rogorc girlandaiosTan an botiCelisTan), aramed saocrad

mizandasaxuli, TandaTanobiTi, magram Zalian mkafiod gamoxatu­

li svla maRali renesansis principebisken. leonardos istoriuli

mniSvnelobis gasagebad aucilebelia am svlis, am Ziebebis da, rac

mTavaria, mignebebis naTeli gaazreba da aRqma.

jer erTi, unda kargad davinaxoT, rom leonardo eyrdnoba

adrindeli renesansis miRwevebs, rac pirvel rigSi gamoixateba

sagnobrivi formis agebis maRal doneSi, imaSi, rasac safuZveli

Cauyares donatelom da mazaCom. amisaTvis leonardos SesaniSnavi

pirobebi mieca. igi mamamisma miabara adrindeli renesansis cnobi­

li moqandakisa da mxatvris andrea verokios saxelosnoSi, sadac

igi, ra Tqma unda, SesaniSnav skolas gaivlida. garda amisa, TviTon

florencia iyo saocari skola. praqtikulad yovel nabijze SegeZ­

lo genaxa, aRgeqva, gageazrebina didi ostatebis mier Seqmnili

Sedevrebi mxatvrobasa Tu qandakebaSi. garda fuZemdebluri xe­

lovanebisa (donatelosa da mazaCosi), leonardos wynarad SeeZlo

enaxa uCelos, kastanios, filipo lipis, venecianos, fra beato an­

jelikos da sxvaTa Zalian maRali donis namuSevrebi. leonardos

sandro botiCeli (1444­1510) – italieli mxatvari, florenci­uli skola, adreuli renesansis periodi.

miqelanjelo buonaroti (1475­1564) – italiuri renesansis periodis moqandake, mxatvari, arqiteqtori da poeti.

rafael santi (1483­1520) – mxat­vari da arqiteqtori, italiuri maRali renesansis florenciis skolis warmomadgeneli.

13

gamoCenili adamianebi

genialuroba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom igi xedavda, Tu ra unda aeRo

am uzarmazari memkvidreobidan da ra, piriqiT, daeZlia da axali

gadawyveta moenaxa.

jorjo vazaris (renesansis pirveli istorikosis) mixedviT,

leonar dos uadres namuSevarTa ricxvs miekuTvneba patara ange­

lozis gamosaxuleba maswavleblis, andrea verokios `naTliscemaSi~.

vazari gviyveba legendas imis Sesaxeb, rom TiTqos verokio imdenad

gaocebula leonardos namuSevriT, rom gadauwyvetia mxolod qanda­

kebiT dakavebuliyo (igi marTla brwyinvale moqandake iyo).

pirveli damoukidebeli namuSevari – `xareba” – leonardom Seasru­

la 70­iani wlebis pirvel naxevarSi da igi jer kidev tipuri adrere­

nesansuli nimuSia. suraTs udavod aqvs Tavisi poetika, saxovaneba –

pirvel rigSi, maxarobeli angelozis gamosaxulebidan gamomdinare.

leonardo Tu vlindeba, upirvelesad, albaT, misi siluetis lamaz,

faqiz ritmul dinebaSi, magram kompoziciurad suraTi moklebulia

organul mTlianobas, rac savsebiT tipuria am periodisaTvis (adrin­

deli renesansisaTvis). kompozicia gadatvirTulia meorexarisxo­

vani detalebiT rogorc fonze, ise calkeul sagnebSi da, rac mTa­

varia, angelozsa da mariams Soris kontaqti ar myardeba. isini TiTqos

mowyvetili arian erTmaneTs da damoukideblad arseboben.

70­iani wlebis miwurulisTvis, albaT, 1478 w. Sesrulebul e.w.

`benuas madonaSi~ (igive madona yvaviliT) ukve aSkarad Cans win ga­

dadgmuli nabiji. mTavari siaxle, miRweva mdgomareobs mariamisa

da yrma iesos urTierTdakavSirebaSi, erTian moZraobaSi, Sekvra­

Si, Tumca namuSevari jer kidev Seicavs mTel rig minusebs – bavS­

vi zedmetad didia, TiTqmis dedis tolia, ukana planze, kedelze,

fanj ris moxazuloba zedmetad xistia, `gamoWrili~.

80­iani wlebis dasawyisSi leonardo qmnis or dausrulebel, mag­

ram uaRresad mniSvnelovan namuSevars `wm. ieronimes~ da `mogvTa

Tayvaniscemas~. orive suraTi moklebulia feradovan fenas, sama­

gierod kargad aRiqmeba sagnobrivi formis plastikuri, tipuri

rkaliseburi ritmika, romelic erTian formaSi kravs gamosaxu­

lebas, da Zalian saintereso (Tumca, jer kidev arasrulyofili)

kompozicia, gansakuTrebiT `mogvTa TayvaniscemaSi~. kompozici­

is ukana plani aSkarad gadatvirTulia sxvadasxva gamosaxulebiT,

romelTac ar gaaCniaT araviTari kavSiri. pirvel rigSi vgulisx­

mob mxatvrul kavSirs wonasworobaSi, ritmSi, suraTis organize­

baSi kompoziciis mTavar nawilTan, kerZod, wina planze gamosaxul

mogvTa Tayvaniscemis scenasTan. swored es mTavari scena gvivlens

axal midgomas, pirvel rigSi, figurebis ganlagebis Tu urTierT­

dakavSirebis TvalsazrisiT. mariami yrmiT centrSia, odnav siRr­

meSi Caweuli erTgvarad distancirebuli mogvebisagan, mogvebi

madona benua, anu madona yvaviliT, 1475­1478, ermitaJi, sanqt­peter­burgi, ruseTi.

andrea verokios `naTlisReba~, marcxena patara angelozi, 1472­1475, uficis galerea, florencia.

14

Tayvaniscemis pozaSi ixrebian da es kompoziciuri jgufi mkafiod

ikvreba samkuTxa­piramidul formaSi (e.w. klasikuri samkuTxedi),

rac mkafiod gawonasworebul formas aZlevs mTavar plastikur

aqcentebs, rasac ukve Semoaqvs harmonizebis gancda. garda amisa,

mTavari azrobrivi aqcentebi ara marto gamoiyofa erTmaneTi sagan

zomierad, rac naTeli aRqmis saSualebas iZleva, aramed lamazad

ukavSirdeba erTmaneTs plastikuri ritmiT. gansakuTrebiT mkafio

da efeqturia es ritmi jgufis marjvena nawilSi: mariami rbilad da

Tan metyvelad xris Tavs marjvniv, mis kalTaSi mjdomi yrma ieso ga­

nagrZobs am ritms gawvdili xeliT, xolo es ritmi gadaecema ukve

misken daCoqil mogvs, romelic saCuqrad raRac Zvirfass awvdis ie­

sos. ritmi – es xasiaTia xelovnebis nebismier dargSi (musika, lit­

eratura, gansakuTrebiT poezia, cekva). igi SeiZleba iyos Zalian

mravalferovani Tavisi xasiaTiT, magaliTad, elementaruli aRqmis

mqone adamians ar SeeSleba erTmaneTisgan xorumis Tu Strausis

valsis TavisTavad Zalze metyveli ritmebi; igive SeiZ leba iTqvas

galaqtionis da muxran maWavarianis ritmuli wyobis Sesaxeb da

praqtikulad yvela mxatvrul nawarmoebs aqvs misi macocxlebeli

ritmika.

wm. ieronime, 1480­1482, vatikanis pinakoTeka, vatikani.

mogvTa Tayvaniscema, 1481­1482, uficis galerea, floren cia.

leonardo da vinCi

15

gamoCenili adamianebi

oTxmociani wlebis dasawyisSi leonardo iRebs dakveTas da

iwyebs muSaobas Tavis etapobriv suraTze `madona mRvimeSi~. am

suraT ze igi Zalian didxans muSaobs, albaT pauzebiT, da asrulebs

mas mxolod 90­iani wlebis meore naxevarSi milanSi. pauzebisas igi

qmnis kidev ramdenime namuSevars, magaliTad, `litas madonas~, mag­

ram Cven amaze aRar SevCerdebiT, vinaidan `madona mRvimeSi~­s mniS­

vneloba metad didia. 1483 wlidan leonardo miemgzavreba milanSi,

milanis hercogis ludoviko sforcas, morod wodebulis, karze.

madona mRvimeSi, 1490, luvri, parizi.

16

ludoviko sforca, anu ludoviko moro (1452­1508) – milanis hercogi, renesansis epoqis cnobili dinasti­is – sforcebis warmomadgeneli.

SemogvrCa saintereso werili, sadac CamoTvlilia is mravalricx­

ovani sferoebi, romlebSic SeeZlo leonardos moRvaweoba. esaa:

samxedro­sainJinro saqme, arqiteqtura, qandakeba da bolos mi­

TiTebulia, rom ferwerac kargad SeuZlia. milanSi mas daevala

gaekeTebina lodoviko moros mamis cxenosani qandakeba. am qanda­

kebaze man, rogorc sCveoda, didxans imuSava. nimuSze xangrZ livi

muSaoba pirvel rigSi ganpirobebuli iyo imiT, rom igi yovelT­

vis axlis ZiebaSi iyo. igi gauTaveblad xvewda da aRrmavebda Tav­

is namuSevrebs. samwuxarod, man ver moaswro qandakebis bolomde

miyvana. ufro zustad, man TixaSi gaakeTa cxenosani qandakeba, ma­

gram ve Rar moaswro misi brinjaoSi Camosxma. 1499 wels milanSi

Semovidnen frangebi, romelTac omi hqondaT lodovikosTan da

arbaletebis samizned gaixades TavianTi mtris cxenosani qandake­

ba. samwuxarod, Cven davkargeT yvela varaudiT Zalian saintereso,

Tavisi gadawyvetiT novatoruli cxenosani qandakeba. Semogvr­

Ca Canaxatebi da patara brinjaos qandakeba, romelic budapeStis

muzeumSi inaxeba. novatorulia cxenis yalyze Semdgari warmodge­

na da amdenad, mxolod or sayrdenze dayeneba. wonasworoba miiR­

weva mxedris da cxenis Tav­kisris masebis urTierTdapirispirebiT.

nimuSi Sesrulebulia ukve XVI s­is dasawyisSi, etyoba, leonardos

mowafeebis mier, Tumca mainc SeigrZnoba leonardoseuli plasti­

kuri, morkalur formaTa metyveleba.

milanis periodidan mainc yvelaze mniSvnelovania misi fer­

weruli namuSevrebi. milanSi asrulebs igi `madona mRvimeSi~­s. es

nawarmoebi miCneulia maRali renesansis pirvel nimuSad. mTavari

kompoziciuri jgufi mkafiod jdeba harmoniul, gawonasworebul

samkuTxa­piramidul formatSi. moZraobebi, plastika Zalze daxve­

wili da metyvelia. aqve ukve naTlad Cans leonardos mxatvrobis

unikaluri wyobis niSani, uaRresad faqizi SuqCrdili, e.w. `sfu­

mato~, anu bindi, romelic miiReba formaTa virtuozuli, rbili

mode lirebiT. aseT sifaqizes da sizustes formaTa damuSaveba­

Si Cven veravisTan vnaxavT. renesansSi, rafaelTan an miqelanje­

losTan, saerTod ar aris haerovneba, XVII s­Si farTod vrceldeba

sxvada sxva tipis SuqCrdili, magram plastikur­momrgvalebul

formaTa aseT faqiz modelirebas veravisTan SexvdebiT. bevri

ram leo nardos miRwevebidan naxatsa da kompoziciaSi safuZvlad

daedeba maRal renesanss, pirvel rigSi, miqelanjelos da rafa­

els, magram leonardos sfumato darCeba unikalur movlenad. igi,

cxadia, wyobiseul sxva gadawyvetebTan erTad mniSvnelovan rols

iTamaSebs leonardos Sedevrebis SeqmnaSi – pirvel rigSi, iseT uni­

kalur qmni lebebSi, rogoricaa `saidumlo seroba~ da `mona liza~.

`saidumlo seroba~ Sesrulebulia milanis santa maria dela

gracies monastris satrapezos erT­erT kedelze. freska dasrul­

cxenosani, budapeStis muzeumi, ungreTi.

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gamoCenili adamianebi

mona liza, 1503­1505, luvri, parizi.

18

da 1498 wels. am nawarmoebSi pirvelad Seesxa xorci moTxovnas,

romelic Camoayaliba XV saukunis didma xuroTmoZRvarma da Teo­

retikosma leon batista albertim: `kargi nawarmoebi aris is, ro­

melsac verafers gamoakleb an miumateb~. es moTxovna gulisxmobs,

rom yvela aqcenti, yvela gamosaxuleba aris aucileblobiT kav­

SirSi erTmaneTTan, rac iZleva srulyofil mxatvrul mTlianobas.

leonardos eqsperimentebis gamo saRebavma male daiwyo Camocve­

na. restavraciis mravalricxovanma mcdelobam mxolod uaryo­

fiTi Sedegi mogvca. dRes freska sagrZnoblad aris dazianebuli

da SeZlebisdagvard gamagrebulia (sakmarisia iTqvas, rom viRac

ugunurma monazvnebma karic ki gaWres da daazianes freskis qveda

nawili, napoleonis dros ki satrapezo Tavlad gamoiyeneboda...).

arsad ise ar igrZnoba sulieris, mistikuris, RvTaebrivis da

amasTan Rrmad adamianuris iseTi erTianoba, rogorc am monumen­

tur freskaSi (anu `qristianuli suli antikur sxeulSi~). saxare­

bis erT­erTi Zalian mniSvnelovani da, rogorc am wminda wigns axa­

siaTebs, lakoniuri siuJeti araCveulebrivad aris warmodgenili

adekvatur formaSi. evqaristiis dros (`ese ars xorci Cemi... ese ars

sisxli Cemi~), romelic ganasaxierebs RmerTis, rogorc sicocxlis

wyaros, da adamianis, rogorc individualuri, personaluri arse­

bis urTierTobas, mimarTebebs, qriste ambobs: `erT­erTi Tqven­

gani mimcems (gamcems) me~. gadmocemulia kulminaciuri momenti:

qristem ukve warmosTqva Tavisi sakraluri sityvebi, igi RvTaebaa

da Tan sevdiani adamiani, xolo misi mowafeebi reagireben am SemaZr­

wunebel sityvebze. uamravi adamianuri da mistikur­RvTaebrivi

plastebis wamoweva SeiZleba am mokle saxarebiseuli siuJetidan

da Tuki vinmem moaxerxa es, pirvel rigSi es iyo leonardo. uamra­

vi saidumlo seroba daxates manamdec da merec. verc erTi axlos

ver miva leonardosTan siRrmiT, damajereblobiT da mxatvruli

doniT. scena frontaluradaa gaSlili wina planze, rac xazs us­

vams mis reprezentaciul xasiaTs. qriste centrSia da interieris

mkafio perspeqtiuli xazebi mis Tavze fiqsirdeba. uyureb suraTs

da azrad ar mogdis ikiTxo, Tu ratom sxedan yvelani sufris cal

mxares. leonardo iyenebs mxatvrobis organzomilebiani zedapiris

specifikas da scenas mis gaswvriv gaSliT reprezentaciulobas

sZens marTlac saidumlo suraTs. qriste centrSia da mSvidia. da­

narCenebi, yvelani, reagireben, yvela individualurad, xasiaTisda

mixedviT. iuda gamoyofilia zedmeti aqcentebis gareSe. igi erTad­

erTi eydrnoba magidas xeliT, romelSic qisa CaubRujavs da saxe

CrdilSi aqvs. Tormeti mamakaci Tanabrad iyofa jgufebad – or­

ori qristes marjvnidan da marcxnidan. kompozicia savsea emoci­

uri JestikulaciiT, magram mTlianobaSi wonaswordeba, Tan jgu­

fidan jgufze gadasvla xdeba aseve ritmulad, e.w. kontrapostis

evqaristia (berZn. εύχαριστία – sityva­sityviT niSnavs `sa­madlobels~), anu liturgia (Jamiswirva), saidumlo, romlis Sesrulebisasac locviTa da monaniebiT ganwmendili morw­muneebis Sewiruli puri da Rvino qristes xorcad da sisxlad gardaiqmneba. Semdeg am pursa da Rvinos eziarebian morwmunebi da ramdenadac purisa da Rvinis yovel nawilSi qriste mTlianad aris, amdenad evqaristiis aR­srulebisas morwmuneebi Tavad qristes eziarebian. evqaristiis saidumlo ori nawilisagan Sedge­ba: erTi – purisa da Rvinis uflis xorcad da sisxlad gadaqceva da meore – am wminda ZRvenis ziareba. evqaristias `usisxlo msxverplis Sewirvasac“ uwodeben.

kontraposti italiuri sityvaa da gamoiyeneba saxviT xelovnebaSi adamianis sxeulis im mdgomareobis aRsaniSnavad, rodesac sxeulis yvela elementis erTmaneTTan dapirispirebiT saboloo jamSi miiRweva wonasworoba, rac figuras dinamikurobasa da bunebriobas aniWebs. klasikuri kontrapostis magaliTia berZeni moqandakis, po­likletis (Zv.w. 5­4) e.w. `dorifori~ (Subosani).

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principiT. mag., marjvena samkaciani jgufis marcxena kidura figu­

ra saxiT da taniT Tavis jgufiskenaa mimarTuli, magram xelebiT ga­

davyavarT meore jgufze – dapirispirebisa da Tan gadabmis es prin­

cipi gamoyenebulia oTxive jgufSi, saerTo jamSi viRebT didebul

talRovan ritms, mimarTuls kideebidan centrisken, qristesken.

saocari mravalferovneba da erTianoba, didebuleba da sisadave,

RvTaebrioba da adamianuroba sufevs mTel am scenaSi.

XV s­is miwuruls milanidan wamosuli leonardo brunde­

ba florenciaSi. SedarebiT mokle, daaxloebiT 6­wliani meore

florenciuli periodi Zalian nayofieria leonardosTvis.

pirvel rigSi aRsaniSnavia, ra Tqma unda, mona liza `jokondas~

portreti. portretebi leonardos adrec hqonda Sesrulebuli,

maT Soris Zalian maRali donis, magaliTad, milanSi `qali siasa­

muriT~, igive CeCilia galerani (krakovis muzeumi), magram mona

liza mainc unikaluri nimuSia, gamorCeuli TviT leonardosTan.

leonardo portretSi aqcents akeTebs ara individualur saxasi­

aTo niSnebis metyvelebaze (rogorc xdeba umetes portretebSi),

aramed qalis da qalurobis zogadi saxis Seqmnaze da fantastiku­

rad gadmogvcems im sinazes da sulier siRrmes, im saidumloebas,

romelic qalSia Cadebuli. yovelive amis miRwevaSi isev mTavar

rols TamaSobs leonardos fantastikuri modelireba, misi rbi­

li tonaluri gradacia, romelic saocrad cocxlad gadmogvcems

Tvalebis siRrmes da msubuq binds, saxis sirbiles, msubuq Crdilebs

Tvalis Tu tuCebis kideebTan. amasTan, suraTi sruliad gawonas­

worebulia. masze ver ityvi, rom Wedavs CarCos, magram arc `yanya­

lebs~ – zomieradaa ganTavsebuli formatSi. aseve ver ityvi, rom

daZabuli zis, magram arc moSvebulia – uWiravs sxeuli. saocrad

natifi TiTebi, romlebzec falangebis naoWebic ki ar gadmoicema,

Tavisuflad devs, arc daZabulad, arc moSvebulad. harmonia da

saidumloebis faqizi sulierebis niuansuri gadmocema saocrad

aris Serwymuli mona lizaSi.

meore florenciuli periodidan aRsaniSnavia kidev ramdenime

namuSevari. im periodisaTvis, rodesac leonardo florenciaSi

Cadis, iq imyofeboda meore geniosic – miqelanjelo buonaroti da

florenciis meriam gadawyvita moewyo fantastikuri Sejibri: orive

mxatvars, miqelanjelosac da leonardosac, daukveTes seniori­

is, anu meriis kedlebis mosaxatad ori brZolis siuJeti: `brZola

angiarisTan~ – leonardos da `brZola kaSenTan~ – miqelanjelos.

orivem Zalian sainteresod gadawyvita maT winaSe mdgomi amocanebi

da moxatvis win muyaoze Sesrulebuli maTi kompoziciebi gamoifi­

na. es gaxda movlena ara marto florenciisa, aramed mTeli italiis

da garkveulad, evropis cxovrebaSic. am muyaoebis sanaxavad Camo­

gamoCenili adamianebi

qali siasamuriT, 1483­1990, krako vis muzeumi, poloneTi.

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angiarisTan brZola, fragmentebi.

avinionis tyveoba – 1309­1377 ww. papebis rezidencia iyo ara romSi, aramed avinionSi (safrangeTi). 1305 wels romis papi klement V, rome lic frangi iyo, konklavze (kaTolikuri eklesiis kardinalTa kolegiis Sexvedra) airCies safran­geTis mefe filip IV­is mxardaWe­riT. mas uwodes `frangebis papi~ da man 1309 wels papis rezidencia romidan avinionSi gadaitana, riTac daiwyo e.w. `papebis tyveoba~ (1377 wlamde).

diodnen sxvadasxva qveynidan. mag., XVII saukuneSi rubensma, rome­

lic italiaSi, mantuaSi, imyofeboda, leonardos kompoziciidan

aslebi gaakeTa. samwuxarod, arc muyao SemogvrCa da arc freskebi

Sesrulebula. SemogvrCa sakmaod susti aslebi, samagierod dagvr­

Ca leonardos mier angiaris brZolisaTvis fanqriT Sesrulebuli

naxatebi, ZiriTadad Tavebi. unda aRiniSnos, rom maTi mxatvruli

Rirebuleba iseve, rogorc sxva grafikuli namuSevrebisa, mag.,

leonardos portreti moxucebulobaSi, Zalze didia da SeiZleba

iTqvas, ar Camouvardeba doniT mis ferwerul namuSevrebs.

1505 wlis Semdeg leonardo midis florenciidan da gadadis qa­

laqidan qalaqSi, Tumca didxans arsad Cerdeba. am periodSi misi

mxatv roba naklebintensiuri xdeba, asrulebs ramdenime namuSe­

vars, mag., `wm. ioane naTlismcemlis~ saxes – ra Tqma unda, maRal

doneze. Tumca, `mona lizas~, `saidumlo serobis~ da `madona mRvi­

meSi~­s dones mainc ver aRwevs.

samagierod, Zalze intensiuria misi Teoriuli xasiaTis muSaoba.

leonardo gvevlineba rogorc genialuri Teoretikosi, mecnieri,

inJineri gamomgonebeli. swavlobs yvelafers, adamianis anatomias,

cxovelebs, frinvelebs – ainteresebs safreni aparatis Seqmna, aqvs

tankis, vertmfrenis, wyalqveSa navis modelebi – ubralod, im dros

ar iyo meqanikuri Zravebi da maTi ganxorcieleba SeuZlebeli iyo.

dabolos, unda iTqvas, rom misi Semoqmedeba bevrwilad iyo gak­

veTili miqelanjelosa (gansakuTrebiT naxatSi) da rafaelisTvis

(romelic pirdapir aviTarebs mis kompoziciur principebs).

leonardo gardaicvala safrangeTSi, avinionSi, sadac im dros

iyo italiuri diaspora da papis sasaxlec (erT dros papi frangebma

waiyvanes – cnobili avinionis tyveoba).

`madona mRvimeSi~ da `mona liza~ leonardos mudam Tan dahqon­

da. man mSvenivrad icoda maTi fasi da ar undoda maTTan ganSoreba.

Znelia gadaWarbebiT Seafaso am saocari xelovanis, mecnieris,

moazrovnis, unikaluri pirovnebis roli msoflio xelovnebasa da

kulturaSi.

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