lepidoptera pupae works on lepidoptera pupae ... jan patocka & mark turcani, 2005 . pupae...
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Lepidoptera Pupae
© William Vann
Richard L. Brown
Mississippi Entomological Museum
Fungalpunknature.co.uk
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Types of Insect Pupae
Exarate - appendages free, functional mandibles present (Decticous) or absent (Adecticous)
Coleoptera, basal Lepidoptera, higher Diptera (exarate pupae enclosed in puparium)
Alex Wild
Coleoptera
Diptera
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North American Lepidoptera with Exarate and
Decticous Pupae
Micropterigidae
Eriocraniidae
Acanthopteroctetidae
Acanthopteroctetidae D. Davis & P. Gentili T. Harrison Eriocraniidae
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Types of Insect Pupae
Obtect - appendages
fused with body (most Lepidoptera, lower Diptera).
Some lower grade families, e.g., Tineidae, Gracillariidae, Nepticulidae, and others with appendages weakly fused.
Fungalpunknature.co.uk
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Major Works on Lepidoptera Pupae
Edna Mosher, 1916
Howard Hinton, 1946
Jan Patocka & Mark Turcani, 2005
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Pupae Incompletae
- less fusion of abdomen
segments, more movable.
N.A. Martin
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Pupae Incompletae
- push forward out of cocoon
during emergence.
- abdominal tergites with
spines to aid forward
movement.
Whitney Cranshaw Podesia (Sesiidae)
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Major groups with Pupae Incompleta
- Tineoidea
- Gracillarioidea
- Zygaenoidea
- Cossoidea
- Tortricidae
- Choreutoidea
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Pupae Completa (= Obtectomera)
- Pupae with abdominal segments less movable.
- Spines on abdomen absent.
- Pupa not extruding from pupation site.
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Major groups with Pupae Completa
- Yponomeutoidea
- Gelechioidea
- Pyraloidea
- Macrolepidoptera
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Pupal Structures
- Head, thoracic segments, and appendages
identifiable.
- Abdomen with ten segments.
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Sexing Pupae
- A10 with anal slit
- Genital scars on A8 and A9 in female (may be
undetectable on A9).
- Genital scars on A9 in male.
A8
A9
A9
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When is a pupa not a pupa?
- Molting involves two steps: apolysis (separation of old and new cuticles) and ecdysis (shedding of old cuticle).
- Apolysis without ecdysis
results in pharate stages.
A8
A9
A9
J. Staake
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When is a pupa not a pupa?
- Metamorphosis based on molting.
- Molting involves two steps: apolysis (separation of old and new cuticles) and ecdysis (shedding of old cuticle).
- Apolysis without ecdysis
results in pharate stages.
- The Diptera puparium is a pharate pupa within the larval skin.
- Lepidoptera often have
pharate pupae or pharate adults.
A8
A9
A9
J. Staake
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Cocoons - Silk produced by larval labial glands
and extruded by spinnerets.
- Labial glands with multiple functions,
e.g. work of Gary Felton.
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Cocoons
- Many species without cocoons,
e.g., Papilionoidea, some Tortricidae.
- Many in soil cavities without
cocoons, e.g., some Sphingidae,
Notodontidae, and others.
©Alex Wild
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Cocoons
- Variations in cocoons:
Ribbed cocoons: Buccalatricidae.
Terry Harrison, microleps.org
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Cocoons
- Variations in cocoons:
Transparent, thin cocoons: e.g., Gracillariidae
Terry Harrison, microleps.org
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Cocoons
- Variations in cocoons:
Lace-work cocoons: Acrolepiidae.
Terry Harrison, microleps.org
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Cocoons
- Variations in cocoons:
Single and double wall cocoons - with and without leaf coverings, e.g., Saturniidae.
Shay, Deviant Art
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Cocoon Rattles
Ric Peigler
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Summary
Exarate and Obtect Pupae.
Exarate pupae dectitious
in basal families.
Obtect pupae divided into
Incompleta and Completa
(Obtectomera).
Silk cocoons present or
absent with variations.