leq: how does rna help to make a protein?
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LEQ: How does RNA help to make a protein?. 10.6 to 10.9. The Central Dogma of Biology. The Central Dogma of Biology. Transcription – DNA making RNA Translation – RNA making Protein; (aka protein synthesis). The Central Dogma of Biology. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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LEQ: How does RNA help to make a protein?
10.6 to 10.9
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The Central Dogma of Biology
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The Central Dogma of Biology Transcription – DNA
making RNA
Translation – RNA making Protein; (aka protein synthesis)
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The Central Dogma of Biology Archibald Garrod (1909) –
determined that genes dictate phenotype through enzymes
His ideas stem from his observations of an inherited disease – Alkaptonuria where affected individuals have a defective enzyme that does not break down two amino acids as aresult the produce Alkapton which makes their urine to turn black
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The Central Dogma of Biology George Beadle and
Edward Tatum (1940’s) – American geneticists working with bread mold (Neuraspora crassa)
Strains of nutritional mutants helped them prove that specific enzymes were need to at specific steps in metabolic pathways
“One Gene/One Enzyme”
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Transcription DNA making RNA Takes place in the
nucleus One main enzyme –
RNA Polymerase RNA is transcribed
in a 5’ to 3’ direction
Only ONE strand of DNA is transcribed at a time
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DNA language is rewritten in the process of Transcription
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Nucleic acid language is converted to the language of proteins in the process
of Translation
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TRANSCRIPTION Initiation – DNA separates and ONE strand serves as a template for the RNA; RNA polymerase binds to the promotor region of DNA
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TRANSCRIPTION
Elongation -RNA elongates as complementary RNA nucleotides match up with DNA
nucleotides are added in a 5’ to 3’ direction; U is substituted for T
As RNA polymerase moves forward, RNA releases from DNA; and DNA rewinds
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TRANSCRIPTION Termination – RNA polymerase reaches the terminator sequence & releases the DNA and RNA; DNA rewinds; RNA is ready for the next step
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Transcription Promoter – specific nucleotide sequence in
DNA, located @ the start of a gene; binding site for RNA polymerase; where transcription begins
Transcription region – segment of DNA that is made into RNA; the gene
Terminator – sequence of nucleotides in DNA that marks the end of a gene. It signals
Sense Strand – the strand of DNA that is transcribed into DNA
Nonsense Strand – the strand of DNA this in not transcribed
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The Rosetta Stone of Life
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Genetic Code Universal – shared by all organisms;
the set of rules giving the correspondence between nucleotide triplets (codons) and amino acids in proteins
Codes for Amino acids –› Building blocks of a proteins› 20 different amino acids› Coded for by groups of three nucleotide
bases - codons
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Codons
Codons – groups of three consecutive nucletides in mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or a polypeptide termination signal› AUG – start codon; indicates the starting point for
translation; also codes for methionine› Stop codons – don’t code for an amino acid
instead it signals the end of translation