lesson 1 presentation
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Fundamentals of Fundamentals of Information Technology Information Technology (ITEC1104)(ITEC1104)
Lesson 1: Introduction to Computers and Information Technology
Duration: 6 hrs.
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSection 1: Introduction to
Information Technology
Section 2: Computer DesignsSection 3: The System UnitSection 4: StorageSection 5: Other Peripheral
DevicesSection 6: Emerging TechnologiesSection 7: Implications of IT SummaryKey Terms
IntroductionIntroduction• Computers are everywhere and people use all types and sizes
of computers for a variety of reasons…
• Gay and Blades (2009) posit: “Information Technology (IT) is the term used to describe the equipment (hardware) and computer programs (software) that allows [people] to access, retrieve, convert, store, organize, manipulate and present data and information.”
Purpose of Information Purpose of Information TechnologyTechnology• “to provide innovative, contemporary,
and accessible technology in computing, media, telephone, and application services to enable the students, faculty, and staff …to effectively and efficiently meet their goals as a learning community.” (Ohio Christian University)
• “to provide leadership, communication, and support for the effective and efficient use of information systems for learning, resource management, decision-making, and innovation.” (The College of Davidson and Davie County, 2015)
Benefits of Computers in Benefits of Computers in Information TechnologyInformation TechnologyBenefits
Speed Travels at incredibly fast speeds
Consistency Given the same input data and process, will produce the same result.
Reliability Have low failure rate
Communication
Can share the stored data, instructions and information via networks.
Storage Stores enormous amounts of data, which is made available at processing time
Disadvantages of Computers Disadvantages of Computers in Information Technologyin Information Technology
Disadvantages
Health Risks Prolonged or improper use of computers can lead to injuries or disorders of the hands, wrists, elbows, eyes, necks, and back
Violation of Privacy
If personal and confidential records are not stored properly, this may lead to identity theft or violation of privacy
Public Safety Innocent computer users may become victims to crimes committed by dangerous strangers
Impact on Labour Force
The skills of many employees have been replaced by computers
Impact on the environment
Computer manufacturing processes and computer waste are depleting natural resources and polluting the environment.
What is a Computer?What is a Computer?…an electronic device, operating under the
control of instructions stored in its memory.
The Information Processing The Information Processing CycleCycleThe sequence of
events in processing information, which includes InputProcessingStorageoutput.
Factors that Influence Factors that Influence Computer Designs:Computer Designs: Operating Environment Quantity of Data Speed Physical Size Power Consumption Communication Requirements Cost
Personal Computer (PC) Laptops
Tablet PC
Personal Digital Assistant (PDA )
Handheld Devices
Game Consoles
The Components of a The Components of a ComputerComputer
Hardware used to enter dataand instructions
What is an Input Device?
The Components of a The Components of a ComputerComputerWhat is an Output Device?
Hardware that conveys information to one or morepeople
The Components of a The Components of a ComputerComputerWhat is a floppy disk and USB flash drive?
USB Flash DriveUSB Flash DriveProvides much greater storage capacity than a floppy disk or Zip® diskSmall and lightweightenough to be transportedon a keychain or in apocket
USB Flash DriveUSB Flash DriveProvides much greater storage capacity than a floppy disk or Zip® diskSmall and lightweightenough to be transportedon a keychain or in apocket
Floppy DiskFloppy DiskThin, circular, flexibledisk enclosed in a square-shaped plastic shellStores up to about 1.4million characters
Floppy DiskFloppy DiskThin, circular, flexibledisk enclosed in a square-shaped plastic shellStores up to about 1.4million characters
The Components of a The Components of a ComputerComputerWhat is a hard disk?
Provides greater storage capacity than a floppy disk, Zip disk, or USB flash drive
Most are housed inside of the system unit
The Components of a The Components of a ComputerComputerWhat is a compact disc? Flat, round, portable metal disc
CD-ROM DVD-ROM
The Components of a The Components of a ComputerComputerWhat is the System
Unit? Case
containingelectroniccomponentsused to processdata
Types of System UnitsTypes of System UnitsForm Factor –
refers to the size, configuration, or physical arrangement of a system unit.
Foot Print – refers to the amount of space a system unit occupies.
Components of the System Components of the System UnitUnit
The MotherboardCPUMemoryExpansion Slots
& Expansion Cards
Power SupplyPorts and
Connectors
MotherboardMotherboardThe
motherboard is the main circuit board of the system unit◦ A computer chip
contains integrated circuits
The Components of a System The Components of a System UnitUnitWhat are two main components on the
motherboard?
p. 8
ProcessorProcessorAlso called a Central Processing Unit (CPU)
The electronic component that interprets and carries out the basic instructions that operate the computer
MemoryMemoryConsists of electronic components that store instructions waiting to be executed and data needed by those instructions
The Components of a System The Components of a System UnitUnitWhat is storage?
p. 8
Storage mediaStorage media
Physical material on which data, instructions, and information are stored
Storage mediaStorage media
Physical material on which data, instructions, and information are stored
Storage deviceStorage device
Records and retrieves items to and from storage media
Storage deviceStorage device
Records and retrieves items to and from storage media
Holds data, instructions, and information for future use
What are Expansion Slots and Expansion What are Expansion Slots and Expansion Cards?Cards?
An expansion slot is a socket on the motherboard that can hold an adapter card
An Expansion or adapter card enhances functions of a component of the system unit and/or provides connections to peripherals◦ Sound card and video card
The Components of a System The Components of a System UnitUnit
What is the Power Supply?What is the Power Supply?
…converts the wall outlet AC power into DC power
The Components of a System The Components of a System UnitUnit
What are Ports and What are Ports and Connectors?Connectors?A port is the point
at which a peripheral attaches to or communicates with a system unit (sometimes referred to as a jack)
A connector joins a cable to a port
The Components of a System The Components of a System UnitUnit
Central Processing Unit Central Processing Unit (CPU)(CPU)The processor,
also called the central processing unit (CPU), interprets and carries out the basic instructions that operate a computer◦ Contain a control
unit and an arithmetic logic unit (ALU)
Parts of the CPU (The Parts of the CPU (The Processor):Processor):The control unit is
the component of the processor that directs and coordinates most of the operations in the computer
The arithmetic logic unit (ALU) performs arithmetic, comparison, and other operations
The registers temporarily hold data and instructions.
The system clock controls the timing of all computer operations
The pace of the system clock is called the clock speed, and is measured in gigahertz (GHz)
The Machine CycleThe Machine CycleFor every instruction, a processor
repeats a set of four basic operations, which comprise a machine cycle
Types of MemoryTypes of Memory
Volatile Memory:
Loses its contents when power is turned off
For example:◦ RAM
Non-volatile Memory:
Does not lose contents when power is removed
For example:◦ ROM
Types of MemoryTypes of Memory
1. RAM SRAM (Static RAM) DRAM (Dynamic
RAM)
2. ROM PROM EPROM EEPROM
3. Cache – high speed memory for frequently requested instructions
4. Buffer - used to temporarily store data while it is being moved from one place to another.
More on Memory…More on Memory…Each location in memory has an
addressMemory size is measured in kilobytes (KB or K), megabytes (MB), gigabytes (GB), or terabytes (TB)
Storage Device vs Storage Storage Device vs Storage MediaMediaStorage device
refers to any computer hardware used for recording computer data.
Examples are the floppy drives, ZIP drives, and other disks drives.
Storage media refers to the materials on which data are written and stored.
Examples are the floppy disks, optical discs, hard disks, etc.
How is data represented?How is data represented?Bistable Devices: can be in only
two possible stable states. For example, standard light switches are either on or off.
Bits: Binary Digit
Bytes: A string of eight bits. It represents a character
Storage DevicesStorage DevicesSequential Access Storage Device
(SASD):◦A serial (or sequential) access storage device
is one that stores files one-by-one in a sequence.
◦For example,
Direct Access Storage Device(DASD):◦A direct (or ‘random’) access storage device
is one that stores files so that they can be instantly accessed - there is no need to search through other files to get to the one you want.
Storage MediaStorage MediaMagnetic Storage –
◦Most common and cheapest way to store data. ◦For example, diskettes, hard disks and
magnetic tapes Optical Storage –
◦Stores much more data than magnetic media.◦For example, CD-ROM, CD-R & CD-RW, DVD
Flash Memory – ◦Store larger amounts of data than a floppy
disk and can be easily used across devices such as desktops, laptops, game consoles, digital cameras, etc.
Input DevicesInput DevicesInput is any data
and instructions entered into the memory of a computer
Input Devices are the hardware components that allow users to enter data into a computer
What Is Output?What Is Output?
Output is data that has been processed into a useful form
Output Devices are the hardware components that pass out information from a computer
Multifunctional DevicesMultifunctional DevicesA single piece of equipment that
resembles a copy machine but can also print, scan and send fax.
They are also known as all-in-one devices
Section 7: Implications of IT on Section 7: Implications of IT on SocietySocietySocial – social networks, netiquetteLegal – computer crime, identity
theft, privacy, plagiarism, copyright infringement, libel
Ethical – academic integrity, software piracy, pornography, ten commandments for Computer Ethics
Economical – cost of access, virtual computers and taxation, job creation, job loss