lesson 1b - introduction
TRANSCRIPT
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!"#$ &'()$* +)*$*,-$ &',&*+-$ .,/
+)#,+5*$ #, $-.)0,= . ,*6 7($#,*$$
;*,-()*2 .$$#$0,= #, -"* /*;*5'+?*,- '1
. 7($#,*$$ &',&*+-2 #/*,014#,= *?*)=#,=
'++')-(,#0*$ .,/ -)*,/$2 .,/ .,.54:#,=
-"* ;#.7#5#-4 '1 -"*$* '++')-(,#0*$
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]kodstr`tdlh
8-"*) @,-)4
8+0',$
G($#,*$$ F5.,
>"*)* -' =*- E.+#-.5K
3)'6-"
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BDH@I L[WU[W M[VDHKVV UI@H
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]KBK]KHFK C@WK]D@IV
KHW]KU]KHK[]VADU: @H DHW]LG[FWDLH
Glh`ig Nur`tnl =50=. (Uadidppdhk Kgdtdlh)
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VFALLIMLLN
@FFKVVFLGK:
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VLCK LB CT ][IKV
!@ssdohckht. @ssdohckhts wdii mk guk `t takmkodhhdho lb fi`ss uhikss ltakrwdskdhgdf`tkg. Lhidhk `ssdohckhts/`sskssckhts
gk`gidhk wdii mk dhgdf`tkg. I`tk sumcdssdlhswdii mk `ffkptkg wdta flrrksplhgdhogkguftdlhs
!Vk`twlrn.Wakrk ds hl prlvdsdlh blr c`nkupblr `hy cdsskg sk`twlrn.
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VLCK LB CT ][IKV
!Kx`cdh`tdlhs.C`nk-up qudzzks `rk odvkh blrkxfuskg `mskhfks lhiy. Db ylu cdsskg `hy
qudz ylu saluig skk ck gurdho cy
flhsuit`tdlh alurs lh tak g`y ylu rkplrt tllur fi`ss tl sfakguik tak c`nkup qudz. Tlu
wdii ilsk tak fa`hfk tl t`nk tak spkfd`i qudz db
ylu b`di tl t`nk sufa `s sfakguikg.
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VLCK LB CT ][IKV
!C`jlr Kx`cdh`tdlhs.Tlu c`y t`nk ` spkfd`ikx`cdh`tdlh lhiy db ylur b`diurk tl t`nk sufads guk tl `h `pprlvkg `mskhfk, sdfnhkss, lr
kxtrkckiy uh`vldg`mik fdrfucst`hfks. Tlu`rk rksplhsdmik blr `rr`hodho tak sfakguikwdta ck. Vpkfd`i c`jlr kx`cdh`tdlh ds odvkhlhiy wdtadh lhk wkkn `btkr tak kx`cdh`tdlh
sfakguik.
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U]LFKVV
Lpplrtuhdtdks
R`iuk frk`tdlh
DHHLR@WDLHorlwta
]DVNrkw`rgs
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KHW]KU]KHK[]VADU
!Khtrkprkhkursadp ds clrk ta`h tak ckrkfrk`tdlh lb musdhkss:
!Vkkndho lpplrtuhdtdks!W`ndho rdsns mkylhg skfurdty!A`vdho tak tkh`fdty tl pusa `h dgk` tarluoa tl
rk`idty
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KHW]KU]KHK[]VADU
!Wak prlfksswakrkmy `h dhgdvdgu`i lr `orlup lb dhgdvdgu`is uskg lro`hdzkg kstlrts
`hg ck`hs tl pursuk lpplrtuhdtdkstl
frk`tk v`iuk `hgorlwmy buiffiidho w`hts
`hg hkkgs tarluoadhhlv`tdlh`hguhdqukhkss, hl c`ttkr wa`t rkslurfks `rk
furrkhtiy flhtrliikg
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Khtrkprkhkurs fa`iikok tak
uhnhlwh
!]kflohdzk lpplrtuhdtdks wakrk ltakrs skkfa`ls lr flhbusdlh
!@rk `oorkssdvk f`t`iysts blr fa`hok wdtadhtak c`rnktpi`fk
!Fa`iikhok tak uhnhlwh `hg flhtdhulusiyfrk`tk tak buturk
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Vc`ii Musdhkssks Lwhkrs
C`h`ok takdr musdhkssks my kxpkftdho st`mik
s`iks, prlffts, `hg orlwta
Khtrkprkhkurs
Blfus takdr kstlrts lh dhhlv`tdlh, prlfft`mdidty `hg
sust`dh`mik orlwta
Khtrkprkhkurs vs. Vc`ii
Musdhkss Lwhkrs
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Vc`ii
Musdhkss
!DhgkpkhgkhtiyLwhkg
!Glksht kcpa`sdzkhkw lr dhhlv`tdvk
pr`ftdfks
!Idttik Dcp`ft lhdhgustry
!Bkwkr ta`h 055kcpilykks
!Dhhlv`tdvk Ur`ftdfks!Ol`is `rk prlfft`mdidty
`hg orlwta
!Vkkns lut hkwlpplrtuhdtdks
!_diidhohkss tl t`nkrdsn
Khtrkprkhkurd`i Rkhturk
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C`oh` F`rt` blr Vc`ii `hg Ckgduc Khtkrprdsks
!Cdfrl - ikss ta`h 05!Vc`ii - 05-44!Ckgduc - 055-044!I`rok - =55 hg mlvk
VCK FI@VVDBDF@WDLH@s tl Hl lb wlrnkrs
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]kpumidf @ft Hl. 40?1,M`r`ho`y Cdfrl Musdhkss
Khtkrprdsk (MCMK) @ft lb =55=
!Cdfrl - up tl 6,555,555!Vc`ii - U6,555,550 - 0;,555,555!Ckgduc - U0;,555,550 - 055,555,555! I`rok - `mlvk U055,555,555
VCK FI@VVDBDF@WDLH
@s tl @sskt Vdzk
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KHW]KU]KHK[]V KHW]KU]KHK[]D@IRKHW[]KV
0. Jlahiu Nl`=. Vakrkk Oltu`fl6. ]lh`ig Udhkg`7. ]lgrdol `hg Juid` O`hgdlhfl;. J`y @igkoukr2. Mkrhdk Idu?. Fadt Ju`h1. Fkfdil Nwln Ukgrl4. Jlsk `hg Vlflrrl F`hfdl-]`cl05. Vtkvk Mkhdtkz
@. Bligkg `hg AuhoM. Brkhfa M`nkrF. Dsi`hg VluvkhdrsG. UkhsalppkK. H`tdlh`i MllnstlrkB. I`cldy`hFlrplr`tdlh
(A`ppkk, G`zz)
O. Juidks M`nksalpA. Vlil, Khskcmik,
Brkkw`yD. Bdo`rl Flstkk
Flcp`hy
J. Mls Flstkk
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0. Jlahiu
nl`M. Brkhfa M`nkr
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=. Vakrkk
Oltu`flA. VLIL, Khskcmik, Brkkw`y
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7. Juidk `hg ]lmkrtl
O`hgdlhfl
O. Juidks M`nksalp
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;. Jlh`ta`h J`y @igkoukr
F. Dsi`hg Vluvkhdrs
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2. MkrHDK ID[
G. Ukhsalppk
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?. U`fdt`
Fadt Ju`h
D. Bdo`rl
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1. Fkfdidl pkgrl
nwln
B. I`cldy`h Flrplr`tdlh
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4. Vlflrrl
]`clsK. H`tdlh`i Mllnstlrk
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CL]K GKBDHDWDLHV
!@fflrgdho tl ]lmkrt ]lhst`gt!Wak gyh`cdf prlfkss lb frk`tdho dhfrkckht`i
wk`ita.
!Wads wk`ita ds frk`tkg my dhgdvdgu`is wal`ssuck c`jlr rdsns dh tkrcs lb kqudty, tdck, `hg/lr f`rkkr flccdtckht lb prlvdgdho v`iuk blr `prlguft lr skrvdfk.
!Wak prlguft lr skrvdfk dtskib c`y lr c`y hlt mkhkw lr uhdquk mut tak khtrkprkhkur custslckalw dhbusk v`iuk my skfurdho `hg`iilf`tdho tak hkfkss`ry sndiis `hg rkslurfks.
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DH flhfiusdlh
_K F@H V@T WA@W:KHW]KU]KHK[]VADUds
!@ gyh`cdf prlfkss lb vdsdlh, fa`hok, `hgfrk`tdlh.
!]kqudrks `h `ppidf`tdlh lb khkroy `hg p`ssdlhtlw`rgs tak frk`tdlh `hg dcpikckht`tdlh lb hkwdgk`s `hg frk`tdvk sliutdlhs.
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@V @ FLHFI[VDLH
!Ksskhtd`i dhorkgdkhts dhfiugk:!Wak wdiidhohkss tl t`nk f`ifui`tkg rdsnsdh tkrcs lb
tdck, kqudty, lr f`rkkr.
!Wak `mdidty tl blrcui`tk `h kstkftdvk vkhturk tk`c> takfrk`tdvk sndii tl c`rsa`i hkkgkg rkslurfks.!Wak buhg`ckht`i sndiis lb mudigdho ` slidg musdhkss pi`h.!Wakvdsdlh tl rkflohdzk lpplrtuhdty wakrk ltakrs skk
fa`ls, flhtr`gdftdlh, hg flhbusdlh.
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KHW]KU]KHK[]VADUCTWAV
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CTWAV
2. @ii Khtrkprkhkurs Hkkg Ds Clhky?. @ii Khtrkprkhkurs Hkkg Ds Iufn1. Khtrkprkhkursadp ds [hstrufturkg `hg
Fa`ltdf
4. Clst Khtrkprkhkurd`i Dhdtd`tdvks B`di2. Flrrdglr prdhfdpik wdta kvkry vkhturk i`uhfa,
hkw `hg uhdhtkhgkg dhdtd`tdvks `rdsk05.Khtrkprkhkurs @rk Kxtrkck ]dsn W`nkrs
(O`cmikrs)
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Kvliutdlh lbKhtrkprkhkursadp
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KHtrkprkhkursadp
!gkrdvkg brlc tak Brkhfa khtrkprkhgrk,ck`hdho tl uhgkrt`nk.
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]dfa`rgF`htdiilh
(BL[HGK])Muy `t ` fkrt`dh
prdfk `hg skiidho`t `h uhfkrt`dh
prdfk
]DVN
Jk`h M`ptdstV`y
- Urlffts lbKhtrkprkhkur-
sadp wkrkskp`r`tk brlc
prlffts lb f`pdt`i
lwhkrsadp
Dgk` lb F`pdt`i[skrs vs. Rkhturk
F`pdt`idst
JlskpaVfaucpktkr
Dhhlv`tlrusdho
dhvkhtdlh lruhtrdkg
tkfahliloy
Uktkr Grufnkr
- Vlcklhk walc`xdcdzks Lpplrtuhdty
@ftlr lr `pkrslh dh
fa`rok lbi`rok
prlguftdlhprljkfts
HL ]DVN
FIK]DF
Lro`hdzk`hg
lpkr`tk`h
khtkrprdskblr
pkrslh`io`dh
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KHW]KU]KHK[]D@I VFALLIV-LB-WAL[OAW
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C@F]L RDK_
!Wak Khvdrlhckht`i Vfalli lb Waluoat!Flhsdgkrs tak kxtkrh`i b`ftlrs ta`t `stkft `
pltkhtd`i khtrkprkhkurs idbkstyik.
!Dhstdtutdlhs, v`iuks, clrkis ta`t cligkhtrkprkhkursadp
!Wak Bdh`hfd`i/F`pdt`i Vfalli lb Waluoat!M`skg lh tak f`pdt`i-skkndho prlfksstak
sk`rfa blr skkg `hg orlwta f`pdt`i.
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B*,-()*
M-.=*O#,.,.5
E',$#/*).0',A*$#',
M-.)-D(+ ')
.&J(#$#0',M**/ &.+#-.5
B*,-()* &.+#-.5
$'()&*$
F)'&**/ ')
.7.,/',
8,='#,= E.$" ?.,.=*?*,-
9,;*$-?*,-$O#,.,.5 .,.54$#$ .,/
*;.5(.0',
N.#,-.#,I #,&)*.$*I
') )*/(&* $#:*
A*&5#,* ')
$(&&*$$#',
F)'C- J(*$0',
E')+').-* 7(4'(-M(&&*$$#', J(*$0',
M*55I )*0)*I ')
/#$$'5;* '+*).0',$
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C@F]L RDK_
!Wak Gdspi`fkckht Vfalli lb Waluoat!@idkh`tdlh grdvks khtrkprkhkurd`i pursudts!Ulidtdf`i gdspi`fkckht (i`ws, plidfdks, `hg
rkoui`tdlhs)
!Fuitur`i gdspi`fkckht (prkfiusdlh lb slfd`iorlups)
!Kflhlcdf gdspi`fkckht (kflhlcdf v`rd`tdlhs)
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Cdfrl vdkw
!b`ftlrs ta`t `rk spkfdfff tl khtrkprkhkursadp!Wak Khtrkprkhkurd`i Wr`dt Vfalli lb Waluoat!Blfusks lh dgkhtdbydho tr`dts flcclh tl
suffkssbui khtrkprkhkurs. rkpidf`tdho ck`hs
suffkss
!@fadkvkckht, frk`tdvdty, gktkrcdh`tdlh, `hgtkfahdf`i nhlwikgok
!Blfusks lh tak hurturdho `hg supplrt ta`tkxdsts wdtadh tak alck `tclspakrk.
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Cdfrl vdkw
!Rkhturk Lpplrtuhdty Vfalli lb Waluoat!Blfusks lh tak lpplrtuhdty `spkft lb
vkhturk gkvkilpckhttak sk`rfa blr dgk`slurfks, tak gkvkilpckht lb flhfkpts, `hg
tak dcpikckht`tdlh lb vkhturklpplrtuhdtdks.!Frk`tdvdty `hg c`rnkt `w`rkhkss!]doat dgk` `t tak rdoat tdck tl tak rdoat
c`rnkt!Flrrdglr prdhfdpik:Hkw p`taw`ys lr lpplrtuhdtdks
wdii `rdsk ta`t ik`g khtrkprkhkurs dh gdstkrkhtgdrkftdlhs.!Urkp`r`tdlh dh ckktdho lpplrtuhdtdks
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VW]@WKODF BL]C[I@WDLH
!Kcpa`sdzks tak pi`hhdho prlfkss dh suffkssbuivkhturk gkvkilpckht.
!]lhst`gts Rdkw!Vtr`tkodf blrcui`tdlh ds ` ikvkr`odho lb uhdquk
kikckhts:![hdquk C`rnkts dgkhtdbydho c`rnkt skockhts `hg dh-
mktwkkh c`rnkts brlc i`rokr c`rnkts (cluht`dh o`pstr`tkodks) -
![hdquk Uklpik - tak spkfd`i sndiis `hg t`ikhts brlc wakrktak vkhturk ds mudit (ork`t fakb str`tkodks)
![hdquk Urlgufts - dhhlv`tdlhs dh hkw lr kxdstdho c`rnkts(mkttkr wdgokt str`tkodks)
![hdquk ]kslurfks `mdidty tl o`takr lr a`rhkss rkslurfkslvkr tak ilho tkrc (w`tkr wkii str`tkodks)
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U]LFKVV@UU]L@FAKV
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Vlurfk: Cdfa`ki A. Clrrds, U. Ikwds, hg Glh`ig I. Vkxtlh, ]kflhfkptu`idzdho Khtrkprkhkursadp:@h Dhput-Lutput Ukrspkftdvk, V@C @gv`hfkg C`h`okckht Jlurh`i ;4, hl.0 (_dhtkr 0447): =060.
KHW]KU]KHK[]D@I @ t
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KHW]KU]KHK[]D@I @sskssckht
`pprl`fa
!Vtrkssks c`ndho `sskssckhtsqu`idt`tdvkiy, qu`htdt`tdvkiy, str`tkodf`iiy,
`hg ktadf`iiy dh rko`rg tl tak
khtrkprkhkur, tak vkhturk, `hg takkhvdrlhck
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