lesson 3-2 all vertebrates have a backbone— a series of structures that surround and protect the...
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• All vertebrates have a backbone—a series of structures that surround and protect the nerve cord, or spinal cord.
• The spinal cord connects all the nerves in the body to the brain.
• Bones that form a backbone are called vertebrae.
Characteristics of Vertebrates
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• Vertebrates have well-developed organ systems.
• All vertebrates have digestive systems with 2 openings, closed circulatory systems that move blood through the body, and nervous systems that include brains.
• The five major groups of vertebrates are fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.
Characteristics of Vertebrates (cont.)
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• Fish spend their entire lives in water and have two important characteristics in common: gills for absorbing oxygen gas from water and paired fins for swimming.
Fish
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• Hagfish and lampreys lack jaws and are in a group called jawless fish.
Fish (cont.)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tKTRv3hx1s0
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9JQ6oHjpeqU
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• Sharks, skates, and rays are cartilaginous fish with skeletons made of a tough, fibrous tissue called cartilage.
Fish (cont.)
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• Store oil in liver to stay afloat
– Still denser than water and need to keep moving to stay afloat
• Some must swim to maintain the flow of water over their gills
– If they stop swimming, they will suffocate
• Others do not have to swim
– They can lie on the ocean floor and pump water across their gills
Cartilaginous Fish
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Fish (cont.)
Trout, guppies, perch, tuna, mackerel, and thousands of other species do not have cartilaginous skeletons. They have bones and are grouped together as bony fish.
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• Frogs, toads, and salamanders belong to the class Amphibia.
• Most amphibians spend part of their lives in water and part on land.
Amphibians
amphibian
from Greek amphi–, means “of both kinds” and bios, means “life”
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Young amphibians live in water and have gills and fins. Through metamorphosis, most adults develop lungs and limbs and live on land, near water.
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• Lay eggs in water. These eggs do not have hard protective coverings, or shells.
• No scales
– Skin is thin, smooth, and moist
• Don’t drink water
– Absorb it through their skin
Amphibians (cont.)
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• Lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodiles, and alligators belong to the class Reptilia.
Reptiles
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• All reptiles have waterproof skin that is covered in scales.
Reptiles (cont.)
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• Like amphibians, most reptiles have three-chambered hearts.
Reptiles (cont.)
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• Unlike amphibians, lizards and other reptiles have lungs throughout their lives.
• Most reptiles lay fluid-filled eggs with leathery shells that they lay on land.
Reptiles (cont.)
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• Warm blooded
(Endotherms)
Endothermic: Warmblooded(Birds and Mammals)
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• All birds are in the class Aves.
• Birds have lightweight bones, skin covered with feathers and scales, two legs, and two wings.
Birds
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Many birds can fly, and they have stiff feathers that enable them to move through the air.
Birds (cont.)
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• Birds have toothless beaks and digestive systems that include gizzards, organs that help grind food into smaller pieces.
Birds (cont.)
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• Birds lay fluid-filled eggs with hard shells and feed and care for their young.
Birds (cont.)
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• Birds have many characteristics in common with reptiles and are thought to be descendants of dinosaurs
Birds (cont.)
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BIRDS
• Share some characteristics with reptiles
– Vertebrates
– Legs and feet covered by thick, dry scales
– Skin around beak is scaly
– Amniotic egg
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• High metabolism to get energy to fly
• Eat large amounts of food in proportion to body weight
• Large eyes
• Air sacs – increase amount of oxygen taken in
• Rapid heart rate - muscles get more oxygen from blood
• Hollow bones
• Powerful flight muscles attached to a keel
Birds have many Adaptations for flight
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• Dogs, cats, goats, rats, seals, whales, and humans are among the many vertebrates belonging to the class Mammalia.
• All mammals have hair or fur covering their bodies.
• Mammals tear and chew their food using teeth.
Mammals
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• The most notable characteristic of mammals is the presence of mammary glands that produce milk which feeds young mammals.
• Mammals are grouped according to how their young develop.
Mammals (cont.)
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Placental Mammals
– Develop inside mother’s uterus
– Attached to mom by a placenta-an organ that transfers oxygen, nutrients and waste
– Give birth to completely developed live young
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• Just 2 species alive today
– Echidna
• Spine-covered with long snouts
• Long sticky tongue for catching ants & termites
– Platypus
• Swimming mammal
• Lives and feeds in rivers and ponds
• Webbed feet, flat tail, flat, rubbery bill to dig for food and to dig long tunnels to lay eggs
Monotremes- mammals that lay eggs
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– Mammals with a pouch
– Give birth to live young
– Shortly after birth- drag themselves through mother’s fur until they reach a pouch in her abdomen
– Mammary glands are located inside pouch
Marsupials
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Marsupials cont’
Young Kangaroos (Joey) climbs in, latches onto a nipple, and drinks milk