lesson 8: exploring symmetry in graphs of quadratic functions · ... exploring the symmetry in...

Lesson 8: Exploring the Symmetry in Graphs of Quadratic FunctionsDate: 4/7/14 77

© 2014 Common Core, Inc. Some rights reserved. commoncore.org This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution‐NonCommercial‐ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.

NYS COMMON CORE MATHEMATICS CURRICULUM M4Lesson 8

ALGEBRA I

Lesson 8: Exploring the Symmetry in Graphs of Quadratic

Functions

Student Outcomes

Students examine quadratic equations in two variables represented graphically on a coordinate plane and

recognize the symmetry of the graph. They explore key features of graphs of quadratic functions: ‐intercept

and ‐intercepts, the vertex, the axis of symmetry, increasing and decreasing intervals, negative and positive

intervals, and end behavior. They sketch graphs of quadratic functions as a symmetric curve with a highest or

lowest point corresponding to its vertex and an axis of symmetry passing through the vertex.

Lesson Notes

F‐IF.B.4 and F‐IF.B.7a are central to the concepts in this lesson as students recognize the symmetry of the graph of a

quadratic equation and sketch their graphs as a symmetric curve with a highest or lowest point corresponding to its

vertex (a maximum or minimum value of the function) and the axis of symmetry passing through the vertex. This lesson

is an exploration focusing on the symmetric nature of quadratic functions and their graphs and interpretation of the key

features.

Classwork

Opening (4 minutes): Graph Vocabulary

Introduce the following terms and discuss their meaning. You can demonstrate these features on a projection of one of

the photographs or on a graph you sketch or project onto the screen. If students keep a journal, have them put these

terms in their vocabulary section.

Graph Vocabulary

Axis of Symmetry: Given a quadratic function in standard form, , the vertical line given

by the graph of the equation, , is called the axis of symmetry of the graph of the quadratic function.

Vertex: The point where the graph of a quadratic function and its axis of symmetry intersect is called the

vertex.

End Behavior of a Graph: Given a quadratic function in the form

(or ), the quadratic function is said to open up if and open down if .

If , then has a minimum at the ‐coordinate of the vertex, i.e., is decreasing for ‐values

less than (or to the left of) the vertex, and is increasing for ‐values greater than (or to the right

of) the vertex.

If , then has a maximum at ‐coordinate of the vertex, i.e., is increasing for ‐values less

than (or to the left of) the vertex, and is decreasing for ‐values greater than (or to the right of)

the vertex.




ALGEBRA I

A quadratic function is a polynomial function of degree 2. A quadratic function is in standard form if it is written in the

form, , for constants , , with 0 and for any real number. Given a quadratic function in

standard form, the vertical line given by the graph of the equation, 2 , is called the axis of symmetry of the graph of

the quadratic function.

Exploratory Challenge 1 (5 minutes)

Either project the photographs below on the board or print them so that the class can view them together. Use the

arched features of the architecture and the two questions beneath the photographs to help students to describe the

overall shape of the graph of a quadratic function in their own words. You may want to find other photographs of

similar curves in nature or in architecture to add to or use in the place of the ones presented in this exercise.

IMPORTANT: In the interest of full disclosure, many of the photographs in Exploratory Challenge 1 cannot actually be

modeled with a quadratic function but rather are catenary curves. These are “quadratic‐like” and can be used for our

teaching purposes as they display many of the same features, including the symmetry we are exploring in this lesson.

For more information see the following links for discussions on the difference:

Is the Gateway Arch a Parabola?

Catenary and Parabola Comparison

End behavior: This graph of a

quadratic function opens up. As the

values of approach ∞ and ∞,

the values of approach ∞.




ALGEBRA I

Exploratory Challenge 1

Below are some examples of curves found in architecture around the world. Some of these might be represented by

graphs of quadratic functions. What are the key features these curves have in common with a graph of a quadratic

function?

St. Louis Arch Bellos Falls Arch Bridge

Arch of Constantine Roman Aqueduct

The photographs of architectural features above MIGHT be closely represented by graphs of quadratic functions. Answer

the following questions based on the pictures.

a. How would you describe the overall shape of a graph of a quadratic function?

Student answers will vary. They may use the letter U or a physical object (cup, bowl) to describe the shape.

Pose a question for students to think about during the lesson and discuss at the end of the lesson: “Does the

letter U (or a cup or a bowl) give an accurate description of a quadratic function? Why, or why not?” Discuss

the symmetric nature of the pictures and draw the line of symmetry on each photograph. (Note: The letter U

and the physical objects are not infinite and usually do not continue to widen as they open up or down.)

b. What is similar or different about the overall shape of the above curves?

All have either a highest or lowest point and spread out from there. Some are wider or narrower at the base.

Some are opening up (the bridge cables) and some down (the arches).

IMPORTANT: Many of the photographs in this activity cannot actually be modeled with a quadratic function but rather

are catenary curves. These are “quadratic‐like” and can be used for our exploration purposes as they display many of the

same features, including the symmetry we are exploring in this lesson.




ALGEBRA I



Use the graphs of quadratic functions and to fill in the table and answer the questions on the following page.

Graph

Graph

Solution Note: Students

may choose different ‐

values but are likely to

choose the ones they can

see on the provided

graphs.




ALGEBRA I

Use your graphs and tables of values from the previous page to fill in the blanks or answer the questions for each below:

Graph Graph

1 ‐intercepts , , , ,

2 Vertex , ,

3 Sign of the leading

coefficient positive negative

4 Vertex represents a

minimum or maximum? minimum maximum

5 Points of Symmetry

Find and

and

Is greater than or less than ? Explain

. Since and the graph is increasing on that side of the vertex, all values beyond will be greater that .

Find and

and

Predict the value for

and explain your answer.

. This is the point of symmetry for .

6 Increasing and

Decreasing Intervals

On what intervals of the domain is the function depicted by the graph increasing?

, ∞ On what intervals of the domain is the function depicted by the graph decreasing.

∞,

On what intervals of the domain is the function depicted by the graph increasing?

∞, On what intervals of the domain is the function depicted by the graph decreasing.

, ∞

7 Average Rate of Change

on an Interval

What is the average rate of change for the following intervals:

, : , : , : , :

What is the average rate of change for the following intervals:

, : , : , : , :

After students complete the table, have them look at the coordinates of the zeroes and those of the vertex in their

tables. Then use the questions below to have a class discussion. Have students refer to the information on the table to

help them answer.




ALGEBRA I

Understanding the symmetry of quadratic functions and their graphs (Look at row 5 in the chart and the tables).

a. What patterns do you see in the tables of values you made next to Graph and Graph ?

In both tables, the ‐values increase by one and the ‐values either increase, and then decrease or vice versa.

The ‐values move toward the vertex value (either increasing or decreasing), and then begin to retrace earlier

‐values symmetrically after passing the vertex and moving away from its ‐value again.

Finding the vertex and axis of symmetry (Look at rows 1 and 2 of the chart).

b. How can we know the ‐coordinate of the vertex by looking at the ‐coordinates of the zeroes (or any pair of

symmetric points)?

The ‐value of the vertex is halfway between any two symmetric points (the average of the ‐coordinates).

(Developing this concept is crucial for graphing quadratic functions. Build fluency in finding the equation of

the axis of symmetry by having students give the equation of the axis of symmetry for several graphs as they

work through this lesson.)

Understanding end behavior (Look at rows 3 and 4 of the chart).

c. What happens to the ‐values of the functions as the ‐values increase to very large numbers? What about as

the ‐values decrease to very small numbers (in the negative direction)?

At both ends, the ‐values increase toward ∞ for Graph (opens up) and toward ∞ for Graph (opens

down).

Show students the equations for Graph , 2 1, and Graph , 2 4, before asking the following question:

d. How can we know whether a graph of a quadratic function will open up or down?

When looking at the function’s graph, you can physically see it. When looking at the function’s equation, for

those that open down the leading coefficient is any negative number. (Note: these two functions have and

for leading coefficients. If students do not see this connection right away have them graph, or you project

the graphs of, several equations in their graphing calculator to see the connection.)

Identifying intervals on which the function is increasing (or decreasing) (Look at row 6 in the chart).

e. Is it possible to determine the exact intervals that a quadratic function is increasing or decreasing just by

looking at a graph of the function?

We can only be certain if enough points of the graph are labeled for us to determine the vertex with certainty.

Computing average rate of change on an interval (Look at row 7 in the chart).

f. Explain why the average rate of change over the interval , for Graph A was zero.

The function values at the two endpoints of the interval were the same.

g. How are finding the slope of a line and finding the average rate of change on an interval of a quadratic

function similar? How are they different?

They can both be found using the formula . However, the average rate of change is the SAME for

every interval of a linear function and is typically DIFFERENT for most intervals of a quadratic function.




ALGEBRA I

Extension Question:

One has to look very hard to find two intervals on the graph of a quadratic function with the same average rate

of range. Can you find some?

For Graph A an example is, 1, 3 and 0, 4 both have an average rate of change of 0. For Graph B, an example is 2, 1 and 1, 0 both have an average rate of change of 3.

Point out that intervals involving using infinity for an “end‐point” need a parenthesis (not a closed bracket) on that side.

Remind the students of the closed and open holes they used for one‐variable graphs in Module 1. Have them think

about how you could close the hole on infinity when it is not a distinct value, but always just out of reach. Also, point

out that the rate of change at 2 is neither negative nor positive but is, in fact, zero.

Finding a unique quadratic function.

h. Can you graph a quadratic function if you don’t know the vertex? Can you graph a quadratic function if you

only know the ‐intercepts?

Students will likely intuit that they need more than just a vertex but may not see that the ‐intercepts are not

quite enough. If they do not, move to the next question.

i. Remember that we need to know at least two points to define a unique line. Can you identify a unique

quadratic function with just two points? Explain.

No, there are many different quadratics that pass through any two given points. (If students think they CAN

define a unique quadratic function, try giving the class two symmetry points, for example the ‐intercepts, and

have each student draw a graph of the quadratic function that passes through those zeros. When they

compare with each other they should find that almost every student in the class found a different graph.)

j. What is the minimum number of points you would need to identify a unique quadratic function? Explain

why?

With three distinct points that are not collinear you can identify the unique quadratic function that passes

through all three. (Note: at this stage students might have trouble writing the equation from just any three

points.)


Present the students the following graph, table, and questions in their student materials. Have them work with a

partner or small group to complete the graph, fill in some values on the table, and then answer the questions. After

students have completed the questions, ask the questions aloud to see if students agree about the answers.




ALGEBRA I


Below you see only one side of the graph of a quadratic function. Complete the graph by plotting three additional points

of the quadratic function. Explain how you found these points then fill in the table on the right.

a. What are the coordinates of the ‐intercepts?

. , and . , . (These are estimations, but should be close to √ .)

b. What are the coordinates of the ‐intercept?

, (Point out that this is also the vertex.)

c. What are the coordinates of the vertex? Is it a minimum or a maximum?

, is a maximum.

d. If we knew the equation for this curve, what would the sign of the leading coefficient be?

It would be negative since the graph opens down.

e. Verify that the average rate of change for interval, , , is . Show your steps.

Using the formula for average rate of change:

.

f. Based on your answer for row 6 in the table for Exploratory Challenge 2, what interval would have an average

rate of change of ? Explain.

The quadratic equation is symmetric.

If the graph is increasing at an average rate of , then it should decrease at rate of .




ALGEBRA I

Closing (2 minutes)

The graphs of quadratic functions have a unique symmetrical nature with a maximum or minimum function

value corresponding to the vertex.

When the leading coefficient of the quadratic expression representing the function is negative the graph opens

down and when positive it opens up.

Exit Ticket (4 minutes)

Lesson Summary

Quadratic functions create a symmetrical curve with its highest (maximum) or lowest (minimum) point

corresponding to its vertex and an axis of symmetry passing through it when graphed. The ‐coordinate of the

vertex is the average of the ‐coordinates of the zeros or any two symmetric points on the graph.

When the leading coefficient is a negative number, the graph opens down and its end behavior is that both ends

move towards negative infinity. If the leading coefficient is positive, the graph opens up and both ends move

towards positive infinity.




ALGEBRA I

Name__________________________________________________ Date____________________

Lesson 8: Exploring the Symmetry in Graphs of Quadratic Functions

Exit Ticket

1. If possible, find the equation for the axis of symmetry for the graph of a quadratic function with the given pair of

coordinates. If not possible, explain why.

a. 3, 10 15, 10

b. 2, 6 6, 4

2. The point 4, 2 is the vertex of the graph of a quadratic function. The points 8, 6 and 2, 0 also fall on the

graph of the function. Complete the graph of this quadratic function by first finding two additional points on the

graph. (If needed, make a table of values on your own paper.) Then answer the questions on the right.

a. Find the ‐intercept.

b. Find the ‐intercept(s).

c. Find the interval on which the rate of change is

always positive.

d. What is the sign of the leading coefficient for

this quadratic function? Explain how you know.

(8, 6)

(4, –2)

(2, 0)

-5 5 10 15

-10

-5

5

10

x

f(x)




ALGEBRA I

-5 5 10 15

-10

-5

5

10

x

f(x)

Exit Ticket Sample Solutions

1. If possible, find the equation for the axis of symmetry for the graph of a quadratic function with the given pair of

coordinates. If not possible, explain why.

a. , ,

Even though the coordinate values are not ‐intercepts, students can use the symmetric nature of the function

to find that the equation of the axis of symmetry goes through the midpoint joining the two ‐coordinates of

the symmetric points, or the average of the values of the two coordinates:

. So, is the equation for the axis of symmetry.

b. , ,

The given coordinates are not symmetric values; therefore, we cannot find the equation of the axis of

symmetry.

2. The point , is the vertex of the graph of a quadratic function. The points , and , also fall on the

graph of the function. Complete the graph of this quadratic function by first finding two additional points on the

graph. (If needed, make a table of values on your own paper.) Then answer the questions on the right.

a. Find the ‐intercept.

,

b. Find the ‐intercept(s).

, ,

c. Find the interval on which the rate of

change is always positive.

, ∞ or ∞

d. What is the sign of the leading coefficient

for this quadratic function? Explain how

you know.

Positive – Since the vertex is the minimum

value of the graph (opens upward) the

leading coefficient is positive.

(8, 6)

(4, –2)

(2, 0)




ALGEBRA I

Problem Set Sample Solutions

1. Khaya stated that every ‐value of the graph of a quadratic function has two different ‐values. Do you agree or

disagree with Khaya? Explain your answer.

The graph of a quadratic function has two different ‐values for each ‐value except at the vertex, where there is

only one.

2. Is it possible for the graphs of two different quadratic functions to each have as its line of symmetry and

both have a maximum at ? Explain and support your answer with a sketch of the graphs.

Students should sketch two graphs with vertex at , and different ‐intercepts.

3. Consider the following key features discussed in this lesson for the four graphs of quadratic functions below:

‐intercepts, ‐intercept, line of symmetry, vertex, and end behavior.

a. Which key features of a quadratic function do graphs and have in common? Which features are not

shared?

Same – line of symmetry.

Different – vertex, different sign of leading coefficient, ‐intercept, ‐intercepts, and end behavior.

MP.3

Graph Graph

Graph Graph




ALGEBRA I

b. Compare the graphs and and explain the differences and similarities between their key features.

Same – line of symmetry, vertex, ‐intercepts, ‐intercept, and end behavior.

Different – none, Graphs and are the same. The images of the graphs are cropped differently so it may

appear that the two are different.

c. Compare the graphs and and explain the differences and similarities between their key features.

Same – line of symmetry and vertex

Different – ‐intercepts (point out that graph D does not have ‐intercepts), ‐intercept, and end behavior.

d. What do all four of the graphs have in common?

All four graphs have the same line of symmetry.

4. Use the symmetric properties of quadratic functions to sketch the graph of the function below, given these points

and given that the vertex of the graph is the point , .

(0, 5)

(2,–3)

(1, 3)

Solution:

lesson 8: exploring symmetry in graphs of quadratic functions · ... exploring the symmetry in...

Documents