lesson 9: configuring ip settings moac 70-687: configuring windows 8.1

Lesson 9: Configuring IP Settings

MOAC 70-687: Configuring Windows 8.1

Overview• Exam Objective 3.1: Configure IP settings

o Configure name resolutiono Connect to a networko Configure network locations

Networking BasicsLesson 9: Configuring IP Settings

© 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 4

Networking• Networking is one of the primary functions

of Windows 8.1. Most Windows computers are connected to either a private local area network (LAN) or to the Internet, and many are connected to both.


Protocols• Computers on a network communicate using

protocols, which are nothing more than languages that all of the computers understand.

• These protocols operate on different levels, forming what is commonly known as a networking stack or protocol stack.

• The most common method for illustrating the operations of the networking stack is the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model, which consists of seven layers.

Networking Basics

The OSI reference model



The Physical Layer• At the bottom of the OSI model is the

physical layer, which represents the hardware that forms the network.

• The physical layer of the OSI model consists of the cable or the radio signals that carry data from one system to another and the network interface adapters, which are the hardware components in the computers that provide the connection to the physical network.


The Data-Link Layer• As you move up beyond the physical layer, the

subsequent layers of the OSI model are realized in software, as protocols that provide different types of communications.

• Ethernet is the protocol responsible for addressing packets at the data-link layer, which it does by surrounding the data it receives from the network layer just above it with a header and footer.

• This header and footer and the data they contain are collectively called a frame and the process of applying it is called data encapsulation.

The Data-Link Layer

Data-link layer data encapsulation



The Network Layer• The protocols that Windows uses by

default at the network and transport layers are collectively called TCP/IP. TCP is the Transmission Control Protocol and IP is the Internet Protocol.


IP Routing• A router is simply a device that connects

one network to another. When you install a LAN in a home or office, and connect it to the Internet, you are actually installing a router that connects your network to another network belonging to an Internet service provider (ISP).

• To get to their final destination, packets must be passed from router to router, through many different networks.


IPv4 Addressing• The current standard for IP is version 4

(IPv4), which defines a 32-bit address space. Each address is split into two parts: o Network identifier – As the name implies,

specifies the network on which a particular system is located.

o Host identifier – Specifies a particular network interface (also called a host) on the network.


IPv4 Address Classes Class A Class B Class C

Subnet mask 255.0.0.0 255.255.0.0 255.255.255.0

First bit values (binary) 0 10 110

First byte value (decimal) 0–127 128–191 192–223

Number of network identifier bits 8 16 24

Number of host identifier bits 24 16 8

Number of possible networks 126 16,384 2,097,152

Number of possible hosts 16,777,214 65,534 254


Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR)

• CIDR differs from traditional addressing (now called classful addressing) by allowing the division between the network identifier and the host identifier to fall anywhere in an IPv4 address; it does not have to fall on one of the eight-bit boundaries.


IPv4 Private AddressesAddress Class

IPv4 Private Address Range Subnet Mask

Class A 10.0.0.0 through 10.255.255.255

255.0.0.0

Class B 172.16.0.0 through 172.31.255.255

255.255.0.0

Class C 192.168.0.0 through 192.168.255.255

255.255.255.0


Assigning IP Addresses

• Windows 8.1 computers can acquire IP addresses in the following three ways:o Manual configuration o Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) o Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA)


DNS Name Resolution• DNS is a client/server application that is

essentially a distributed database.• In its most basic form, the DNS name

resolution process consists of a resolver submitting a name resolution request to the DNS server specified in its TCP/IP configuration settings.


IPv6 Addressing• IPv6 expands the address space from 32 to

128 bits, which is large enough to provide more than 6.7x1023 addresses for each square meter of the Earth’s surface.

• Unlike IPv4 addresses, which use decimal notation, IPv6 addresses use hexadecimal notation, in the form of eight two-byte values, separated by colons, as follows:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX


IPv6 Transition• Windows 8.1, by default, installs support

for both IPv4 and IPv6 addressing when it detects a network interface adapter in the computer.

• Microsoft refers to this as Windows 8.1’s dual IP stack.


IPv6 Transition

Windows 8.1 support for IPv4 and IPv6


Network Layer Data Encapsulation

• After IP adds its header, it sends the packet down to the data-link layer, where Ethernet adds its own header and footer to the packet.

• Thus, the data-link layer packet that gets transmitted over the network consists of transport layer data, encapsulated within an IP packet, which is called a datagram, which is in turn encapsulated within an Ethernet frame.

Network Layer Data Encapsulation

IP data encapsulation



The Transport Layer• There are two types of protocols that

operate at the network and transport layers:o Connection-oriented – A connection-oriented

protocol is one in which two communicating systems establish a connection before they transmit any data.

o Connectionless – A connectionless protocol does not require the establishment of a connection, nor does it perform error detection or correction.


Ports and Sockets• As with the protocol codes included in IP

headers, the TCP and UDP headers both contain codes that identify specific applications running on the system.

• The codes are called ports• The combination of an IP address and a

port number is called a socket.

Ports and Sockets

Transport layer data encapsulation



Well-Known Port Numbers Used by TCP

and UDPService Name

Port Number Protocol Function

ftp-data 20 TCP FTP data channel; used for transmitting files between systems

ftp 21 TCP FTP control channel; used by FTP-connected systems for exchanging commands and responses

Ssh 22 TCP and UDP SSH (Secure Shell) Remote Login Protocol; used to security log on to a computer from another computer on the same network and execute commands.

telnet 23 TCP Telnet; used to execute commands on network-connected systems

Smtp 25 TCP Simple Mail Transport Protocol (SMTP); used to send e-mail messages



and UDPService Name


Domain 53 TCP and UDP DNS; used to receive host name resolution requests from clients

Bootps 67 TCP and UDP Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP) and DHCP servers; used to receive TCP/IP configuration requests from clients

Bootpc 68 TCP and UDP BOOTP and DHCP clients; used to send TCP/IP configuration requests to servers

http 80 TCP HTTP; used by Web servers to receive requests from client browsers

pop3 110 TCP Post Office Protocol 3 (POP3); used to retrieve e-mail requests from clients



and UDPService Name


nntp 119 TCP and UDP Network News Transfer Protocol; used to post and distribute messages to, and retrieve them from, Usenet servers on the Internet.

ntp 123 TCP and UDP Network Time Protocol; used to exchange time signals for the purpose of synchronizing the clocks in network computers.

imap 143 TCP and UDP Internet Message Access Protocol version 4; used by e-mail client programs to retrieve messages from a mail server

snmp 161 TCP and UDP Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP); used by SNMP agents to transmit status information to a network management console

https 443 TCP and UDP Hypertext Transfer Protocol Over TLS/SSL;


Transport Layer Data Encapsulation

• The TCP header includes a multitude of fields that implement additional services, including the following:o Packet acknowledgment – Informs the sender

which packets have been delivered successfully

o Error correction – Informs the sender which packets must be retransmitted

o Flow control – Regulates the rate at which the sending system transmits its data.


The Upper Layers• The application layer is the top of the

networking stack, and as such, it provides the entrance point for programs running on a computer.

The Upper Layers

Application layer data encapsulation


Connecting to a Network

Lesson 9: Configuring IP Settings


Installing Network Support

• When Windows 8.1 detects a network interface adapter in the computer, either during the operating system installation or afterwards, it installs a device driver for the adapter, as well as the components of the default networking stack, which are as follows:o Client for Microsoft Networkso File and Printer Sharing for Microsoft Networks o QoS Packet Scheduler o Microsoft Network Adapter Multiplexor Protocol o Microsoft LLDP Protocol Driver o Link Layer Topology Discovery Mapper I/O Driver and Link

Layer Topology Discovery Responder o Internet Protocol Version 6 (TCP/IPv6) o Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4)



Windows 8.1 Network controls


Windows 8.1 Network sharing controls



Using the Network and Sharing Center

• The Network and Sharing Center is a centralized console that provides technical specialists and system administrators with access to most of the major networking tools included with Windows 8.1.

• As with many Windows tools, there are several ways to open the Network and Sharing Center, two of which are as follows:o Click the Search charm, select Settings, and search for

“Network and Sharing Center.”o From the Desktop, click the Settings charm and click

Control Panel. Then click Network and Internet > Network and Sharing Center.

Using the Network and Sharing Center

The Network and Sharing Center



Understanding Network Discovery

• Network Discovery is an important security concept first introduced in Windows Vista. It enables users to control critical network firewall controls with a single switch.

• Windows Firewall is a feature that was first introduced in the Windows XP Service Pack 2 release, and is now included in Windows 8.1 as well.

• The default state of the Network Discovery setting is dependent on the network location, as set manually by the user or automatically by the computer.


Changing the Network Location

• After you select the initial network location during the network interface adapter installation, Windows 8.1 attempts to detect the type of location whenever you connect to a different network.

• When Windows 8.1 is unable to detect the network type for any reason, it errs on the side of caution and sets the network location to Public, which is the safest option.

Change the Network Location Using Homegroup

Troubleshooter

The Troubleshoot and help prevent computer problems page


Configure Advanced Sharing

The Change sharing options for different network profiles dialog box



Managing Network Connections

• Windows 8.1 creates and configures local area connections automatically, but you can also manage and modify the properties of the connections manually.

• Each local area connection on a Windows 8 system has a status dialog box that displays real time information about the connection.

• At the bottom of the dialog box are buttons that enable you to perform the following tasks:o Propertieso Disable/Enable o Diagnose


View Connection Status

The Ethernet Status dialog box


View Connection Status

The Network Connection Details dialog box


Configuring IPv4 Settings

• Most networks today use DHCP to configure the TCP/IP configuration settings of their workstations.

• DHCP automates the configuration process and prevents the duplication of IP addresses.

• However, there are still some situations in which it is desirable or necessary to configure the Windows 8.1 TCP/IP client manually.

Configure IPv4 Settings

The Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) Properties sheet




• Because most computers use IPv6 autoconfiguration or DHCP, manual configuration of the Windows 8.1 IPv6 implementation is rarely necessary, but it is possible.

• The procedure for configuring IPv6 using the graphical interface is the same as that for IPv4, except that, in the Local Area Connection Properties sheet, you select Internet Protocol Version 6 (TCP/IPv6) and click Properties.


The Internet Protocol Version 6 (TCP/IPv6) Properties sheet



Running Network Diagnostics

• When a networking problem exists, clicking a warning icon launches Windows Network Diagnostics.

• Problems that the system can diagnose include the following:o Broken or detached cable connectionso IP address and subnet mask problemso Default gateway problemso DNS and DHCP configuration problemso Networking hardware configuration problemso Internet server addresses and service settings

Using TCP/IP ToolsLesson 9: Configuring IP Settings


Using Ipconfig.exe• All Windows operating systems, including Windows

8.1, have a graphical interface for configuring network connections: a command line tool called Ipconfig.exe.

• The value of Ipconfig.exe is particularly apparent when a Windows 8.1 computer autoconfigures its TCP/IP client or uses DHCP to obtain its IP address and other TCP/IP configuration parameters

• In addition to displaying the DHCP-obtained configuration settings, Ipconfig.exe also enables you to manually release the IP address the system obtained from the DHCP server and renew existing address leases.

Using Ipconfig.exe

The Ipconfig.exe display



Using Ping.exe• Ping.exe can tell you if the TCP/IP stack of

another system on the network is functioning normally. The Ping.exe program generates a series of Echo Request messages using the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) and transmits them to the computer whose name or IP address you specify on the command line.

Using Ping.exe

The Ping.exe display



Using Tracert.exe• Tracert.exe is a variation on Ping.exe. The

program uses ICMP Echo Request and Echo Reply messages just like Ping, but it modifies the messages by changing the value of the TTL field in the IP header. The values in the TTL field prevent packets from getting caught in router loops that keep them circulating endlessly around the internetwork.


Using Nslookup.exe• The advantage of Nslookup.exe is that you

can test the functionality and the quality of the information on a specific DNS server by specifying it on the command line.

• The Nslookup.exe command-line utility enables you to generate DNS request messages and transmit them to specific DNS servers on the network.

Using Nslookup.exe

The Nslookup.exe display


Lesson Summary• The networking stack used on Windows 8.1 computers

corresponds roughly to the seven-layer OSI reference model.

• The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) reference model consists of seven layers: physical, data-link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application.

• Ethernet, the data-link layer protocol used on most LANs, consists of physical layer specifications, a frame format, and a MAC mechanism.

• The network and transport layer protocols work together to provide an end-to-end communication service that achieves the quality of service required by the application requesting network services.


Lesson Summary• The functions of the session, presentation, and application

layers are often combined into a single application layer protocol.

• Windows 8.1 includes support for both the IPv4 and IPv6 protocols. IPv6 increases the IP address space from 32 to 128 bits, simplifies the routing process, and improves address autoconfiguration.

• Network Discovery is a Windows 8.1 feature that simplifies the task of firewall configuration by enabling you to block or allow the protocols and ports need for the computer to browse and access the network.

• Windows 8.1 includes a variety of command line TCP/IP tools, including Ipconfig.exe, Ping.exe, Tracert.exe, Nslookup.exe, and Netstat.exe.

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lesson 9: configuring ip settings moac 70-687: configuring windows 8.1

Documents

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