let’s take a step back in time

8/14/2019 Lets Take a Step Back in Time.

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Lets take a step back

in time.


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Whatever Happened toHIM??


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. . . or Them ???


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Almost all dinosaurs becameextinct. But why?


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Does anyone really know?It was 65 million yearsago!!!!!


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Could it have been

natural extinction?Natural extinction happens when a species

fails to adapt to the environment (or changes

in the environment) as efficiently as otherspecies and eventually dies off.

May have played a role, but scientists think there

was a more dramatic contributing cause . . .


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Change of Global Climate(External or Internal; Sudden or Gradual)


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Mass Extinction When more than 50% (half) of all known, living

species become extinct in a short period of

time (less than 2 million years)

The mass extinction involving the dinosaurswas only one in a series of known mass

extinctions. There have been others. Some

scientists think we are on the verge of yet

another in our lifetimes.


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Tiger

Elephant


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Northern Wild

MonkshoodDwarf Lake Iris


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What do these species

have in common withdinosaurs?

They, too could

become EXTINCT!


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Whats the connection

between endangeredspecies andbiodiversity?


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Biodiversity is

Biodiversity is the variety and differences amongliving organisms from all sources, includingterrestrial, marine, and other aquatic ecosystems and

the ecological complexes of which they are a part.

Virtually, it is as good as Life on earth.

Biologists most often define "biological diversity" or"biodiversity" as the "totality of genes, species, andecosystems of a region".

There are million of species which are the product ofnearly 3.5 billion years of evolution.


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Levels of Biodiversity

Genetic diversitySpecies diversity

Community and Ecosystem diversity

Alpha Diversity

Beta Diversity

Gamma Diversity


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Values of Biodiversity:

Food: About 80,000 edible plants and about 90% of

present day food crops have been domesticated fromwild.

Drugs & Medicines: About 75% of worlds populationdepend on plants or plant extracts.

Fuel: Forests have been used since ages for fuel wood.Fossil fuels are also products of Biodiversity.

Social Value: Many of the plants like Tulsi, Lotus, Peepaletc are considered holy and sacred.


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The hotspots are the areas where different varieties of

species are found in large numbers An area is designated as a hot spot when it contains at

least 0.5% of plant species as widespread.

There are 25 such hot spots of biodiversity on a global

level, out of which two are present in India. These are:

Indo- Burma (earlier The Eastern Himalayas)

The western Ghats.

These hot spots covering less than 2% of the worlds landarea are found to have about 50% of the terrestrialbiodiversity.

Hot- spots of Biodiversity:


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Extinction is a natural event and, from a geologicalperspective, routine.

In last century, human impact has been so severe thatthousands of species and varieties are becoming extinctannually.

Some of the main causes are:

Habitat loss, degradation, fragmentation: Habitat loss & degradation are major causes of species

extinction, affecting 89% of all threatened birds, 83% ofmammals & 91% of all threatened plants assessedglobally (IUCN, 2000)

The main causes of habitat are agriculture activities,Mining, development of human settlement, industry etc.

According to ICUN,UNEP report, more than 50% of wildlifehabitat has been destroyed in 49 out of 61 old world

tropical countries.

Threats to Biodiversity:


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Man wildlife conflicts: The conflict between man and wildlife started with

the evolution of man, but intensity increased due tothe activities of modern man Due to the lack of stable food and disruption of

movement, wild animals came out of forest area andattack the agricultural field and humans and in turn

got killed by the humans. Climate change:

A changing global climate threatens species andecosystems.

The distribution of species (biogeography) is largelydetermined by climate. Climate change may simply shift these distributions

but, for a number of reasons, plants and animals maynot be able to adjust.


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Introduction of Exotic species: Organisms introduced into habitats where they are not

native are termed as exotics. They can be thought of as Biological Pollutants and are

considered to be among the most damaging agents ofhabitat alteration and degradation the world.

Poaching of Wildlife:

Poaching is another threat that has emerged in recentdecades as one of the primary reason for decline innumber of species.

Wildlife is sold and traded in many countries for livespecimens, folk medicines, furs, Skin, and other

products such as Ivory, horns etc amounting to millionsof dollars.


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Endangered Species:

According to The International Union of Conservation ofNature and Natural Resources (IUCN), the species that

considered in imminent danger of extinction and whosesurvival is unlikely, if factors causing their declinecontinue to operate.

Out of about 47,000 species of plants in our country, 7000are endemic

India contains 172 species of animals considered globallythreatened by IUCN, or 2.9% of the worlds total numberof threatened species.

These include 53 species of mammals, 69 birds, 23

reptiles and 3 amphibians As many as 3,000- 4,000 higher plants may be under high

degree of threat in India


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Thus Indian subcontinent has about 62% endemicflora, restricted mainly to Himalayas, khasi Hills &Western Ghats.

Sapria himalayana, Uvaria lurida, Napentheskhasians etc. are some endemic flora of our country.

A large number out of a total of 81,000 species ofanimals in our country is endemic. About 62%

amphibians and 50% lizards are endemic to westernGhats.

Golden monkey, Niligiri Langur, Indian Wolf, RedFox, Himalayan Brown Bear, Great Indian OneHorned Rhinoceros, White Winged Wood Duck, BlackNecked Crane, Indian Pea Fowl, Gharial, Indian eggeating Snake, Indian Salamandar etc. are someexamples of endemic animal species of India.


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What is Poaching?

POACH - Hunt illegally. Poaching is the illegal hunting, eating of wild

plants or animals. The illegal practice of trespassing on private or

protected property (such as national parks orwildlife preserves) to hunt.

Illegal hunting is a major problem for certainwildlife populations around the world. In someareas poaching is disturbing wildlife and itsecosystems.


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In some countries, such as India, tigers are poached for

their skins, bones, and claws. These poachers were caught

by Indian authorities.


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Why poach?

The poachers want to make money , some poachfor fun, some to make a name for themselves, there

are probably many reasons.

As species become more and more endangered,

each remaining specimen becomes more and morevaluable. Some people are willing to pay a lot of

money to get rare goods associated with these

species. This creates an reason for poachers to

hunt, even though they are protected by law.


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Regulating Poaching Many individual countries have enacted

specific laws outlawing poaching of various

species and their products.

Some international laws have also beenput in place to outlaw trade in endangered

species.

But the behavior is difficult to control. Sale

of poached goods provides income for the

poachers, who do not want to stop ?


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Threat : Development

Development refers

to processes thattransform a place to

make it suitable for

commercial or

residential purposes.


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Destroying animals habitats

Destroying some animals food sources(such as plants)

Bringing pollution to previously

clean areas

Development can threaten

biodiversity by:


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The convention on Biological Diversity held in June,

1992 stressed the need of the conservation ofBiodiversity for sustainable development andperpetuation of human beings on earth.

Conservation is defined as the management of

human use of the biosphere so that it may yield thegreatest sustainable benefit to the presentgeneration while maintaining its potential to meetthe needs and aspirations of the future generations.

The two basic approaches to wildlife conservation inprotected habitats are:

1) In- situ conservation.

2) Ex- situ conservation.

Conservation of Biodiversity:

I it ti


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In- situ conservation: It simply means conservation of species in its natural

ecosystem or even in man made ecosystems.

This strategy emphasizes protection of total ecosystemthrough a network of protected area.

Protected Areas: an area of land and/or sea speciallydedicated to the protection and maintenance of biologicaldiversity and managed through legal effective means.

There are different categories ofprotected areas whichare managed with different objectives. These include;Biosphere reserves,National parks, Wild LifeSanctuaries etc.

At present we have 11 major biosphere reserves, 80National parks, 420 wildlife sanctuaries in our countrycovering 4% of the geographic area.

TheJIM CORBETT National Parkwas 1st national parkestablished in India.


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Examples of Biosphere reserves of India:

1.Nilgiri 5,520 sq.km

2.Nanda Devi 5,860.69 sq. km

3.Manas 2837 sq. km

4.Gulf of Mannar 10,500 sq. km

5.Great Nicobar 885 sq. km

6.Panchmarhi 4,926.28 Sq Km

Examples of some National park in India

1.Kaziranga- Assam

2.Gir National Park- Gujarat

3.Periyar Kerala

Examples of some Wild Life Sanctuaries of India:

1.Ghana Bird sanctuaries

2.Hazaribagh sanctuaries

3.Abohar wild life sanctuaries

4.udamalai wild life sanctuaries

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Ex- situ conservation:

It is defined as the conservation of componentof biological diversity (Sample of genetic

diversity, particularly of endangered species)outside their natural habitats.

It involves maintenance and breeding of endangeredplant and animal species under partially or wholly

controlled conditions. E.g. Zoos, Botanical Gardens,Aquaria, Nurseries, DNA bank, Seed bank, Gene banketc.

There are more than 1500 Botanical gardens in theworld containing more than 80,000 species.

There are more than 800 zoos around the world withabout 3,000 species of mammals, birds, reptiles andamphibians.

I I di h b k Th i t t


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In India, we have many gene bank. The importantones are:

National Bureau of Plant genetic Resources(NBPGR), New Delhi: Agricultural and horticultural crops and their wild varieties are

preserved by cryo-preservation of seeds (at -196 C in LiquidNitrogen), pollen.

National Facility for Plant Tissue CultureRepository (NFPTCR) at NBPGR Campus New Delhi: It has been set up for the development of a facility of conservation

of varieties of crop plants/ trees by tissue culture.


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Conclusion

Every species have a right to live

Poaching should be stopped

Conservation of biodiversity is must

Environment need to be saved


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THANK YOU


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NIKHIL H NAGDA 37

BHAVIN VISARIYA 10

MAYUR THAKKAR 33

BHAVESH MAKANI 09

MITESH KOTAK 34

MOHIT MEHTA 35

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