letter director, walterhook [rom thelxecutiue

8/14/2019 Letter Director, WalterHook [Rom TheLxecutiue

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Letter[rom theLxecutiue irector,WalterHookA Climate hangen GlobalTransport,r "SmartPlugs?"as r year, Sovernmenrsfrom around the worldmet in Kyoto .1nd

s igned an ag reem en t t o r educeg reenhouse gas em iss ions .Deve loped coun t r i es ag reed t c rconcretec'missions argets;deYel-oping countriesagreed o developp lans t o m in im ize em iss ions .Aneu', 'clean development mecha-nism,'was set up to help develop-in g countries address the issue ofc l im a t e change , and 'Jo in t -Implementation' (Jl) was acceptedas a way for developed countriesto meet their cl imate change tar-ge t s , com p lem en t ing t he C loba lE n v i r o n m c n t a l F a c i l i t y ( C E F )which was set up to implementth e goalsof Agenda 21 and the cli-mate change reahes.

Since then, however, little hashappened . Gove rnm en t s andinternational agencies have beenunable to come to grips with th edramatic increase in transport sec -tor CO2 emissions result ing from! ! r ow ing use i n m o t o r veh i c lesgloballv. Transport CO2 emissionsar e growing at 2.5'1,a Vear, an dare projected to double bv the year2020.Transport is responsible orr r ,ugh lv15" . ,' f t , r ta lCrccnhr ru 'e , t .emissions, nd the share s growing. nthe EU transport accounts or 32o1, fCO2 emissions, nd is the larfiest singlesource.While today developedcountriesare responsible or 57'l. of theseemrs-sions, y thevear2015 cvelop ing oun-tries wil l be responsible or over half.C a t a l y t i c o n v e r t e r s o n o t h i n g oreduceCO2 emissions.Compressed at-ural ga smav rcduce missions y 10')1,,marginal improvement. Electricvehiclesmav or mav not reduceCO2 emissronsdepcnding n how the power s generat-ed. Thev have their advantages, ut notmuch for CO2.Heretofore,he GEF has done nextto no th ing to reduceCO2 emiss ionsf r o m t h e t r a n . p o r t e c t o r . ' ) c u \ i n g2 SusninobleTrcntpott 9

Katu' Oltrtrr llr4)arcsbikt shipnort.forSouthAfricainsteadon converting oal-f iredpowerplants o (ri l.Th eGEF's raft operationaldirective for transport, eleasedast yearafter more than 2 vearsof delays,decid-ed to focus ts support entirely on thepromotion of hydrogen fuel-celledpub-li c transitvehiclcs n developing oun-tries,an unproven technologywhich hasvet h' be nlroduled.ucces.fullv ven nthe U.S.or Europe.Thanks o qu ickinterventionby ITDP, SUSTRAN,an dother environmental roups, he GEF'sopera t iona l i rec t i ve s be ing ev isedand the guidelinesbroadened.Up to this time, there has onlv beenone U.S.JI project n transport,and f it isanv indication of what we can expect,JIdoes not offer much hope to resolvin8th e globalmotorization risis.Th e pro-

jec t ,ca l led Smar tP lugs ' ,B iv rsemissions eduction credits to theU.S. or every'smart plug' that .rU.S. i rm se l l soverseas. hesc'smart pluBs' apparently educetransportsectoremissions n th('vehicleshat use hem.Of course,the firm is trying to sell its 'sm.rtplugs'anyway,so what exactlv sthe U.5. aking credit or? Bt'thesame oken, couldn't the U.S. Lrkcemissioncreditsfor every CM carit sellsoverseasf the GM car pol-lu tes ess han a domest i ca l l \' -availablealternative? We seeseri-ous problemshere.Since199,1,he World Ba nkhas spent$3.12 i l l i on on neuhighways in China, and the AsianDevelopment an kanother 1.012billion. The new Manila transportmaster plan sponsoredby Japan'sIn ternat iona l Coopera t ionAgency,calls or wasting$6 bil-l i o n o n n e w u r b a n h i g h w a v s .Balancing his intemationalactivi-t y , we are o f fe red 'smar t lugs 'and hydrogen fuel celled vehiclesthat aren'toperational ny*herein the world. This is a recipe or aclimatechangedisaster.Today's traff ic nightmare snot a p rob lem hat wi l l be so lvedby'smart plugs.' The ow-costCuritiba bussystem s not technicallycomplicated oimplement, ut t is polit ically iff icult oimplement. The extensive ike networksof the Nether landsand Ch ina o f fe r

another ow-costapproach hat has alsono t been replicated.Bicyclesgenerateeven esspollution than a hvdrogen uel-cell bus. The difference s that over 90"1,of the world's populationcan afford abicycle.The problem s not a technologyprob lem, t ' s a governance rob lem.Environmentalists,ublic transitusers,b icyc l i s t s , nd pedest r ians re no t aswel l o rgan izedor as we l l f unded asmotor vehicle interests, and tend to beexcluded rom the transportation eci-sion-makingprocess.


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B t r t r . L h eI ' r , ' h l e n r . r , l l ( ' . r l r r !up, 'the clim.rtc s bcginrl ir lg kr chnngr.Sus t a inab le r nnspo r t cnm pa ignsN ar rrcccntlv init i. r ted in Ronrani.r,Btr lg.r .r,\ lanagtra, Joh.rnnesburg, nrl Isracl. Ih.Sustnin.rbleTr. lnsport Action N('t ! \ { 'r l(r r Asia anel hc I ', tcif ic, hat \ \ . ts st. ir trdbv a group of Asian NCOs, ITDI', anclU \ DP 's i nnova t i ve As in I ' ac i f i c 2000p r o g r a m , h e l d i t s S e c o n d C c n e r a lAssem b lV n N l . 1n i l n ,h . r nks o I TDP 'sc ( )n r i bu o rs , t he Chang ing l l o r i zonsCh.rr iLrbleTrust of thc TiclesFouncl.rt io|r.rnrl hc Nt 'u Land Founrlat ion. ts nt rrrbcrs incluclt 'the nrost t, ifect ive susrarr-. t hc l r , t n . l t , ' r t r , i v r r ' , r l r . n \ . r . t ( lU t , ' it h i s n lee t i ng , f o rn r i cl . r b l t ' us l . i n . h l ( 't r nnspo r t cam l ra igns \ ' e re n i t i n t eL l nl.rk.rrt .1, : tnil.r,Ncu Dclhi, Pcnang,antlC . r l cu t t a . he Jaka r t aco . r l i t i on r l r c rdvm et \ \ ' i t h t he Cove rno r o f l . r k . r r t a ; r ndconvincccl hinr, t( 'mpor.rr i l \ , , k) r(.scindth t ,ban on qc le r i c ksh . r$s . Secp. b)lVc knoh $h . r t ne t t l s t o b t ' done . Bu tSLSTRAN 's f . r t es t i l l hangs n t h ( 'b , r lnnce ns UNDP 's As ia Rcg ion ; l O f f i c t ,co r l t i nucs o t h rea t ( ' n o c losc h ( 'As inI 'acif ic2000progr:rnr.

I T D I ' h o p t ' s t h a t S U S T R A N c a n

scrve 11\ r nroclel Lrrothr,r rtgionnl sus-t . r i nnL r l ( 'r . r n \ f o r t . ( r . r t i l r ns n A t n . , lr r r , l , r ' r \ r r r , , | | , , , r l . r ' . r " , r ' ' r r r ' ln r l l ' r l r . ' i . n l . . t l t , , ( n - . i l , . r ' .l r l r r l tp r ' ( r ( ( ' \ \ r , ' r l nh r i l r t h r ' r . r rt t L r rr t , n t l r r c l t r r l t l

I TD I ' i s a ' t r c l t ' n ro r r ' t r a t i r r gt l r t ' r .nror( 'cost cf r,ct ivc rnt1 ustain.rblc oltrt i ons r ) he g lob . r l r ob i l i t t ' r i s i s : I D l " sCvcle Ricksha$' Inrpr()\ L,m(] t I 'rojcct,L rascd n Ag rn , I r r r . l i . r ,s nor i ng a longu ith the bclp oi ou r Inclian parht 'rs, th cAs inn I ns t i t u t e o i T r . r nspo r t ) t ' r ' t ' l opn rcn t (A l l l ) ) . I h i s t . r l l l -D I ' an t l , \ l TD\ \ i l l unvc i l f i r c p . 11111111" cvc l t , r i c kshaus t o [ ' nd r . r s o t t ho I n r ] i nn i our i s tand b iqc le i nd r r s t r i c s ,i c l shan ' un ions ,clrviron nrer'rtnr r,aok)Llr isnr roups, nnLiloc,r l rncl cgronal g()\ | 'rnnlcnts. M.rtteo\ l . r r t i gn ( )11 i ,1D1 ' r i cc p rL , s id . n t 1ndI r r { r t ,I d r r , , l , ' r L l ( - r F n , i . r r , ' r k i r r In ith Karl Mil lcr, Clcnn l l.rv ancl icorgeBliss () de\ r ' lop srrl 'rr ior lehicles rr hichalm k) i lnpr()\ 'e p.rsscngcr onri()rt . !nll,r l l( , \ .rte driler strain - u hilc simult.r-neouslv ret.r ining h. .rL,sthct ics)f tr i ldi-t iol 'r .r l ndi.rn r iesign.Thr thrce-r 'c:rr ro-j(,ct,onlv ir 'r ts trr lr 'phascs, h.rs r lrc.rdv

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tmnsprsa pub cdton ofTht lnrtitutc for?ranlpo.trtion and Dcvelopr|Gnl Policy11 5W 30th t., urte 20 5NewYork,NY10001

Te (212b298(rc1.Fax212ts99 033emdr Mobrlty@rsc pc.orgwww. tdp oEditoE walter+oo( Paul V/brte

Art Dircctioi: CliffH s8o.rd ot DiJCCtgrg:Dr. V, Sctty Pcndaku,, Pres entChdlrman, MTCommrtteeTransportalon esearchodrd,Professor,nrvof BrnshColumba|{.tt"o }rtr.tlgnonl,VrcePresrdentInterndtndlHumanPoweredVehcle AssocrdtronKcith Obcrg, SecretdryInter-AmeticanounddtnJon Orcutt, TreasurerTn Stdte rdnsportatronampdrgnWrllcr Hoo*Executrve rector, TDP^{ich.cl RcplogleEnvrronmentletnse undKiran OvartonRecyc -A-B ycleJohn HoeaProfessor,HEDelftPrul Gui{nkSpecral onsultdnto WorldBank n NMTA'ildra Dcloo-ScottSpecrdizedElliotl S


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IFCFundsDisastlousCoastalHighwayI 'ANAMA CITY. On June 25, theWor ld Bank ' s Boa rd o f D i rec to r ' s

approved a loan from its private-sectorlending arm, the lnternat ional FinanceCorporation, for a private companv tocon\lruct thc tli: .rstrou: Corridor surtoll highway in Panama City, despitet h e ' n o ' v o t e b y t h e U . S . E x e c u t r v eD i rec to r . The loan app rova l p rocessmade a mockery of the environmcntalrevlew Process, as construcuon on trrehighway began five months before theEnv i ronm en ta l I m pac t Assessm en t(E IA) was com p le ted . The EIA i t se l frvas a sham, as it ignored the effects ofdeve lopm en t . r l ong the cos ta l zone .i n c l u d i n g t h r e a t s t o m a n g r o v e s , ashrimp industry, and the habitat of sev-eral endangcred species even thoughthe World Bank's ow n 'EnvironmenrarSourcebook' states that serious environ-mental impacts of induc ed land devel-opment must be addressed in the EIA.T h e j u s t i f i c a t i o n f o r W o r l d B a n kinvolvement in this private toll road,which primarilv benefits high incomeair travelers and real estate speculators,

PuertoRicans caistRoute66Severewater shortagesn'9,1an d'q5,cau:t.dhv theJestruction ,f ipari-an (water eeder)areas y highu'ay pro-jects hroughout he country, havestim-ulatedangry protests gainstHighwav66 ,a plannedexpresswayha t wouldconnecl orthed.t 'uerhrRic(rwrthSd nfuan.Thc expressn'ay ould cut a hugeswathestraight through,l00 acresofundevelopedand. Other protestorsarefighting the rvidening of Piero Avenuein SanJuan, nother roject hat wouldeliminatehundredsof trees. o reparrsomeof the damagc, hc DepartmentofEnvironment s planning o plant 1 mil-lion trees.-TheNew York Times

ChinaExposed o Acrid SkiesBEIJINC.Af tcr yearsof s i lence,forty Chinesecities ecentlybegan ssu-ing nee l l r r t .p r r r t r isc los inghei ra i rpollution levels.Th e data shows hatBeiiing with over 178,000 r.'mature4 Sustoinobletranspoag

upper-respiratorv eathsannually-isone of the most polluted cities n thewor ld . A recentWor ld Bank repor tputs f ive Chinese i t iesamong thewor ld 'sd i r t ies t op ten. Be i j ing 's .3million registered ars up from 200,000onlv ten yearsago), which on averageemit l0 to 15 imesmore exhaust hanthe i r Amer icancounterpar ts , re agrowing part of the problem. Beijingrecentlvbanned eadedgasoline,begantailpipe spot checks, nd next year willrequ i re that a l l new cars comeequipped with catalyticconverters.-New York Times, n ternational,Sunday, un e14,1998.

Cyclistland Pedestrians8ratheEasierhan DriversCar dr iversbreathe i r that s asmuch as five times morc polluted thanair breathedby nearbypedestrians ndcvc l is ts , ccord ing o the UK-basedEnvi ronmenta lran\p( ) r tA .soc ia t ionTrust (ETA). Further,ETA researchersfound that car ventilationsystemshavelit t le impact on air pollution evel. As imi lar Aust ra l ian tudy found thatbenzene evels n cars exceedambientlevelsby up to 1l times. For older carslack in8 cata ly t ic onver ters , r iverexposure o benzenewas up to 27 timesgreaterduring typical commuting rips.-Air Quality Issues,Vol. 3. Issue3,

January 998.

Malaysian tudntsProtstExpresswayKUALA LUMPUR. In Ku: r l ; rLumpur in February ,dbout 2 ,000University of Malav studentsand mcn)bers of the public protested he con-s t r u c t i o n o f t h e K e r i n c i L i n kExpressway. he demonstrators,vhoconverged at the main entrance o theuniversitv,were up in armsabout heimpactof the proposed oad,whichwould cut through heir beloved am-pus. Nearby eside nts aYealso akentheir concems o the press. TheKenncrL ink is a componentof t he Spr in tExpressway etwork,a RM1.3bilhonproiect hat is scheduledo be complet-ed by the year 2000.Residents fKampungSungaiPencala, Malayvi llage set t lement n the outsk i r ts ofKuala Lumpur, have expressed imilarconcemsover the Pencalaink, anotherlink road in the network which wouldpare as muchas 38 hectaresr f he i rwildlife eserveand.-TheSun,BeritaHarian and UtusdnMalaysiaMalaysian ewspapers)BudapestNixesFreeParking

BUDAPEST.Two out o f threeBudapestes ident* t i l l commute iapublic transport,but traffic n down-town Budapesthas been ncreasing9'X,per year since1991. n response,heMunicipalitV s graduallyeliminatingfree parking downtown. Attila Pocs,p r o g r a m d i r e c t o r o l t h e I ' a r k i n gAlliance the newly-formed ody thatwill line Budapest's treetswith park-in8 metersan d hire a squadof metermaids to patrol hem is determinedto stem the increasing rovesof dri-vers. lcome to wlrrLbv subwayeveryday. I wish evervbody would followm y e x a m p l e n d m a k e t h i s c i t y ahealthier lace o ive n," hesaid.-Budapest usiness.loumalEuropcanommissionlaimsEco-Tar6on Roads rea lladeEanieri ctMstsProtest.

SCHONBERC, ustria.While theEuropeanCommission ust signed tsnew White Paperon Fair and Efficientf r i c i n g , t r sc o n t i n u i n Be g a l c t r o nagainstAustria for enactingenviron-ment - re la ted o l l increases n theBrennermotorway- the vital north-south ransalpine olorway onnecting


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Austria and ltaly. The EC claimssucheco-taxes onstitutea trade barrier andthus violate he EurovignetteDirective,despite he fact hat the Directiveha salreadv been revised to allow the eco-chargesand is on ly awai t ing theCommission'ssignature. Outraged.env i ronmenta l c t iv is ts locked hemotorway for two days in mid-June.The activistsnow face egal action romthe In ternat iona l Road Transpor tUnion, who are a lso odg ing com-plaintsagainst he Austrianauthoritiesfor allowing the action."ForaWorldWithoutCars":CalBusters{agazineDebuts

A new Intcmational magazine,Ca rBusters, hit the newstands in the U.5.and Western Europe. Seeking to cuitr-va te wha t one Am ste rdam ac t i v i s tca l led . " a B loba l ac t ion f ee ) ing " ,Ca rBusters, published in f ive langua6les,leature! 'how'to" art icle5about tactic\being employed by activists throughoutthe movement. Randy Ghent, co-editor,sum m ar ized one such a r t i c le : " . . . aBudapest activist founded a tactic thatI 've dubbed "car-bikinp;": When carsblock her path in the bike lane, she

picks up her bike and "rides" it overthe cars , f poss ib le eav ingmuddytracks to sh ow what had happened.This causes o damage o the car,bu tgives he driver a clear messa8ehatbike lanesare for bikes." Also featuredare an e\poseon Ford'scollaborationwi th the Nazis , recent tor ture o fAr8entineFord workers,and articlesonhow to make vour b ike take up as

much spaceas a car. To subsc be toCar Bustert contactlCAR BUSTERS Magazine &Resource entre,44 rue Burdeau,69001Lyon, France, el.: +(33)4 72 00 23 57;fax: +(33) 17a 28 57 78,[email protected] eft Out of lUnnelDeaelopment

A 200 million dollar tunnel projecthas been proposed o connect he portcity of Santos,Brazil, o its neighbor,Guaruja'. The proposed tunnel designexcludesprovisions or cyclists,whocomprisehalf of the traffic crossing hebay. tf the project goes hrough, thou-sandsof bicyclingdockworkerswhoorrently bring their bicyclesacrossonthe ferrieswill be forcedonto the slow-er moving yet more expensive uses.Aaron Colub of ITDP is currentlydo ing a s tudy o f the pro ject .Addi t iona l ly , severa l communi tygroups, nc lud ing he dockworkersunion, are organizingand advocatingfor bicycle provisions o be included Inthe tunnel desiF.a f t a a t

fi i


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WillJoining he EUWreckHungarian ailroads?he ateof HungarianNationalRailwaysMAV)maybe decided n the next year.MAV faceswo threats.First, with a newgovemrnent n powet MAV facesfurthercutbacksn public support. Second,Hungary'snegotiationsor joining he EuropeanUnion begin neamest his fall. While ntemational ransport ssues rehigh on the agenda,ail intercstsar virhrally absent romthe alks. f Hungarydecideso oin heEU,by 2002MAVwill facecompehtionrom recentlyderegulatedWestemEuropean ail carrierson all of its international outes;competitionor which t is ll-prepared.

by WalterHook


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If MAV is unable o modernize, twill be'unable o competewith both roadtraveland WesternEuropean ail compa-n ies. The Srowing t ra f f ic betweenWesternEuropean d both Turkey an dthe formerSovietUnion will switch fromrail to roads,and Hungarv will lose ast ra teB ic ector o fore ign-dominatedfirms.Major Cutbacksand LayoffsLikelyThis spring,a center-right oalitionbetween he voung Fideszpartv and therural SmallholdersPartv,came o power.Politicalunknowns. hev have ew ties oMA V or its unions. They are likelv todecidewhether r not to cut rail inesatthe beginn ingof the i r te rm n of f ice .Ilhile MAV's current deficits, at l2'X,ofoperatingcosts.are considered man-agable'by he EBRD, his was achievedmainlv through massivedebt write-offsbv the Government n 199.1 nd 1995.Expertsdisagreeaboutthe financialbene'fitof cuttingbranch ines,and an out-moded ticketin!!systemmakes t impos-sible o know which lines are profitable.In 1997,MAV'S managementr ied topush through theclosingof 1480 ilome-tersof branch ines .rnd 0 out of 1,100sl,ttion., nd the reducti,rnrf.taff irom58,000o.19,000v the vear2001, u twere stoppedbv the unions, ocalgov-crnmentofficials, nd citizen'sgroups.The final 5 YearPlanonlv included herep lacemr .n tf l00Lm oI branch inerh'ith bus services, nd required

th e EuropeanUnion- is likely to passrev is ions of the 1989 Eurov ignet teDirective, ncreasingallou,able ruckingfeesbecause f the extensive oad dam-age and ecological amage hey cause.Coupledwith growing traffic congestionand rail deregulation,hese hanges aveindustrv expertspredicting a renaissancefr'rrEuropean ail.Unf'rrtunatelv, AV is prrorlvposi-tioned o compete.While Hungariansub-sidies o roadusershave ncreased v l?uof CNP since1989, ubsidieso t he rail-

road have fallen bv l'7i,of CNP.Today , gove rnm en t revenuesuppo r t o f M AV is on ly 28 ' 1 , ,compared to the EU average of46 ' )1 , .Wh i le Hu nga ian roadusers cover onlv 80'lu of govem-ment expenditures through roaduse r f ees l i ke gas taxes , t heWes te rn Eu ropean ave ragc i s200"f,.Losing business to moreheavilv subsidized road travcl,MAV's m.rinten.tnce as dt' terio-r a e d . T h e r e . t r e n o r r ' s p e e c lrestrict ions on J0'1, of the net-u'ork, up from 7",, n 1990,an dthe roll inS stock is 20'1, olderthan in 1990 . M AV' s locom o t i ves . r r cmostly inefficient diesel engines from the1960sor electric engines from the 1970s.And of MAV's staff, only 300 of their58,000 emplovees can pass the state for-cign language exam in anv foreign lan-g r rag t ' .Wh i le ne$ coope ra t i ve ag ree -

n l c n t s \ \ ' i t h t h e U k r a i n i . r n a n dAus t r ian R : r i l r r ' : r vso p ( rY ic iei() i r l tservicesu il l help, t $' i l l

Unt i l MAV's managements ab le olobby on it s own behalfand implementthe sorts of changes equi red to make itmorc entrcpreneurialand competitive, twill neverbe able o competewith thearmy of highway obbvists.Engineeringa MAV ComebackModern iz ing ts s ta f f s key to aMAV comeback. cn iorbureaucratswithout henece\carvlills o modemjzethe companvneed o be replacedwithpersonnel rained n marketinfi telecom-

municationsand logistics,oudst promo-tion, real estate evelopment, dvertis-ing, and


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bing unilaterally dismantledand soldto scrap ron dealers,and at a ttmewhen auto-induced air pollution andcongestionare rising dramatically.The move will only hasten motor-ization in Calcutta.The motor vehiclefleet in Calcutta lose from 310,531n1985 o 640,915n 197. Roughly 48%ofthe vehicles are motorcycles,45olo recars and jeepneys,and only 1.2% arebuses. This rapid increase n the num-ber of motorcycleshas led to levels ofsuspendedparticulate matter morethan 15 times higher than World HealthOrganization- recommended evels inw in ter months, dnd carc inogenicBenzene evels 10 times those of mosrEuroDeancities.Mi"-unageme.tt of the tram sys-tem has led to def ic i ts and sharPdeclines n public transit use, oda)'accounting or only 1/3 of total traveldemand.Calcutta rams, n their prime,carriedpassengers t 200-300'/" aPaci-ty. Subsidieskept the tlams the mostaffordable mode of transport. Subsidiescannot be blamed for the deficiu mis-management ies at the root of th eproblem, Often there are shortagesofdrivers, yet the tram to crew ratio is1:30. E f for ts to e l im inate def ic i tsinstead cut v i ta l t ram operat ions.Consequently,maintenanceof carsdeteriorated nd dershipwaned, ead-ing to further drops in eamings. CTClost r idership o unregulatedPrivatebus and paratransit services, and othermorepolluting modes.lnstead of remedying the misnan-agement of CTC trams, the CTC bought300 buses to reDlace ram services,eventhough there were already four statebus companies n operation under theCalcutta StateTransport Corporation(CSTC)all of which have an evenhigh-er deficit and higher subsidy per pas-senger than the tram system. The aver-age ife of a statebus in Calotta is just5. 4 years,versus50-70years or thetrams.Widespread protests stopped thetram system from being totally disman-tled, but maintenance and managementof the systemremains poor. There are5000 bad track ioints in the ntwork,with gaps as wide as six inchesand

i numerousmissing rai ls that take asi long as six months to repair. Weldingj failures appear even in newly replacedt aacks within days of installation. Tram3 car maintenance costscould be substan-

t ial ly reduced if thc tracks were marn-tained propcrlv, ve t hundreds of idleq l r l l q r ' g r r r s i pa n J ' m o l e r r h i l r . nuni f( ) rm. Timet.rblesare also misman-aged. Tr ;rms stop frequently on l ines\ { i t h l i t t l e r i de r sh ip , u ' h i l e s t r . r nd inghundreds of waitinll passengers on themost popular l incs. Lack oi pcdcstr ianfaci l i t ies on congested road$'aYs alstrdiscourages idershipr. he co st of a r ideis also an obscur c, unrouncied f igure,requir rng crr rn.rge.el. jom oun.l in cir-culation.

Re ! v i ng thc CTC t r ams wou ldcos t r ough l r $15 . $ 1 i mr l l i on . r r 52qper passenger,but the agencv hasn'teven requested the money. Bv contr.rst,

Crl/.r / irr 's fdrrsl.r f- .rn's)ECl: l r . rs.rgreer lkr iund a scc-on d linc on thc Cnlcutt.r mctro, \\ 'hiahhas onlr abotrt 2()0,00t) ai lv passen-gers , anc l cos ts5186 t ) c r Passeng( ' r ,and highwav tl \ '()vers t sevcr.r ldown-toh'n intcrsections, osting the munlcrpali lv $128per motorist. In a poor ci lvl i ke Ca l cu t ta ,where an ins iSn i f i can tproportion of the population dependon pri latelv orrnt'd vehicles, this is aserious mis-al location of sc;rrcepublicfunds.

ISome supp le ment . r r v n r : t te r i a lfrom Prof.John \hitt ' leggl|{ANILANGOsPUSHor REVISIONOf 'TANII.A"iA5TERIAN

Bv Phil i l l l tot.s -Strslnirral l lcrttttslortA f te r the Genera l Assembly o f

SUSTRAN, sevcral Phil ippino NCOsfo rmed a coa l i t i on ca l l ed theSustainableTransport Network, (STN)\4'hichwil l advocate for more sustarn-able transport policies in Manila, no$'th e world's,l th most polluted citv. Th e

STN grew out o f the Susta inab leTransport Forum, which held a con{er-enceon Transportand Environmentlast December.The STN'S first effortwill be to comment on and facilitatepublic part icipation in the MetroManila TransportationMaster Plan.Currently, the Master Plan calls forover $6 billion in new road construc-t ion, which wil l cost he Phil ippinesroughly a quarter of their CNP iust tomeet the interest payments.The recent construction of theCircumJerential Road #5 (C5)displacedroughly 5,000 urban poor families whowere evicted.Urban poor groups wereactively nvolved in the resett lementconflicts. They complained to Japan'sOECF, the funder of the project, andOECF forced some mprovements nthe resett lement. To the south ofManila, groups are fighting the pro-posed South Luzon Tollway Extension.The farmers opposed it, and organizedto prevent he road from being built. Itwas rerouted through a 'sacredmoun-tain'area,which s also meehng esis-tance,PEDEsTRIANSINTHEIRRIGHTSn SEOULKOREA-By Mr. Lim Sornji , Diector, Networkfor Greerr rnnsportNCT)NGT, which rose out of the democ-ratic movement and the transport laboruniont starteda campaign o improvepedestrian's rights in the early 190s.They held a March for Pedestr iansn1993, March for DisabledAccess n1994,and an Earth Day Bike Parade n1995. Thev demanded that theGovemmeni collect data on pedestriantr ips. It turned out that 30% of totaltrips in Seoul are pedestrian trips, and47% of the 15,000 raffic fatalities a yearare pedestrians. Armed with this data,NGT's head, Samjin Lim, previouslythe MC on an environmental talk show,was able to popularized the notion ofPedestrianRights through the mediaTheD in 1992 they got the Act forPedestrian Rights passed for the SeoulMetro Area. The new law requires thecity to make a pedestrianmaster Planevery 5 years, and allows for the cre-a t ion of 'Pedest r ian Only Zones, 'Severalwere created.Now ,10 rganiza-tions frorn 25 cities are working to passantinuedono.'18


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Tomaz Salomao,becauseothers sti l ldon't acknowledge ny problems. hisblew up in lune 1997, t a meeting o dis-cuss he restructuringof the programwith the Bank...bywhich t ime ROCSwas far along,ROCS I was halfway, andwe are already hinking about ROCSm.And Salomao, w i th a map ofMozambique n front of him, says o theCountry Director(CD): "l think we havea problem with theroads.Recently, Iwent overland romPemba o Maputo;on that stretch heroad doesn't exist.From here to hereyou can makesomeprogress; rom hereto here the mainte-nance s appalling;from here to Sofala,folget it; fromZambezia o Sofala,qu i te imposs ib le , and then inInhambane. . . " e d id the whole t r iDfrom north to south. The CD had neverheard or even magined what the statusof the national road program might be;she had to hear t from the minister.Shesaid, "We need more money for mainte-nance.""Madam, to maintain what?" he

repliedShecalled he Directorof RoadsandBridges and asked him to explain whythey hadn't been able to make the sys-tem work. "The problem is this: we sendthe graderout, but after the f irst rain,when a truck goes by, the road fal lsapart. We would need major nationaland e\temal resourcesust to maintain -more or less - the system". "So what'sthe answer?""Very s im-ple," he said,"A presiden-t ia l decreec los ing theroads duringthe rainy sea-son."I thoughthe was jok-ing; dur ingth e cashewm a r k e t i n gseason, ou're going to close he roads?Now he 's d iscuss ing he idea w i thMinister White, and he wants to controlthe traffic on the roadsduring the rainyseason; or example,no trucks for 48hours after a downpour, and no pick-uptrucks or 12 hours. A totally bureaucrat-ic solution, in other words; how on earth

can you do that? Is some inspeitorgoing to be on every road measuringrainJall and truck weights? My problemis that they won't admit that there'sanyother approach, ut there s.Some ime back I was with MinisterWhite and asked him "Why don't youcancel hose contracts?" It's very com-plicated" he said. On some secondaryroads we will have the sameproblems.We w i l l soon have prob lemson theQuelimane-Mocubaoad. Some roadshave already disappeared,but the debtremalns.But le t me s t ressone th ing: theROCS has been a very good training andcapacity building tool in Mozambique.The Directorof Roadsand Bridges akesthe students rom the university andgives them a scholarship at the engineer-ing school; hey do practical training inthe ROCSduring their vacationsan dthen go straight into the ROCSprogramto repldce he expatriates.And the engi-neersalso get retrained.That should def-initely be recognized. The problem is thewrong technology.

[Forexample, he heavily traveled8km Avenue Lenin extension n Maputowas built using concretepaverson sandwith labor-intensivemethods.The marn-continuednp.19

atflve

t l


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RcincarnatingheIndianCyelcRiskshawT/rf .1011d?r,ir.(rcou,ilt rtcttlt dtulop-tlr\tts it ITDP s CVc/t' Rrcks/rnzr'l4rrort'

t , t t ! P r r t t I 71 t to r t l n t n l l , / ' , , . iL l ( . / . 9 , tims rrporltd in The Cvclc Rickslra.{' d,Sai,t thr: Taj Mahal; Tht Taj Mahtl can Satttht lttdian Cycle RickshatL,"ST#7)"l t Will Never Work"

BBC repo r t e r Pau l Shu t t l eswor t h\ r ' an t ed o shoo t lTD I "s l nd ian Cvc leRickshaw Improvement Project. I bldhim to call back in October, when ourprototypes n'oulcl be better developed.Yes, \{ (r wcrc a l i t t le bchind schedule."We l l , " Mr . Shu t t l e * or th rep l i ed , " lr t ' a l l v nced son le i n f o rm a t ion no$ , ,becauseue're leaving for Delhi tomor-rorv." Lnter, rr'e leanred thathe w.rntt 'd thc material forhis science shou' called "l tWill Never Work." Creat.

When I arrived in Delhion Ma\' ;[ , ITDP consultantK a r l M i l l e r h a d b e e n i ncoun t r v f o r t u 'o m on t h s ,s w e t e i n g i n 1 1 5 d e g r e eheat, developing three pro-to tvpes . Con t ra r y to ( )urhopes, thev \,/eren't ready.K;r l, u'ho'd clcvelopecl ana \ ' n d - \ \ ' i nn n I h u n1a -po rv t ' r t ' r i r l u .r d acvc le i nCh ina , ha , . 1 un i n t o son leProolams.\\ 'e'd clecidcci o clo thcdes ign r l o r k i n - coun t r \ , s ( )t h n t \ \ c c o u l d c o o p c r . r t ewith Mr. C.l '. Bhatnagar,anlndian engineer ! \ ' i th t ies tothe local bikc indust\ ', t tho had devel-oped neu ricksh.r* designs of his own.Our project p. lrtners, he Asian Instrtutef o r T ranspo r t D t ' r ' e l opm en t , (A I TD) ,agreed to co-()perate vith ITDP on thep r o t e c t , . r s A I T D ' s D r . A n a n d , t h eD i r e c t o r o f t h e N a t i o n a l C a n d h iMuseum, had just published a book oncvcle r ickshaws in India, and supportedt he i r deve lopm en t as cons i s t en t b ' i t hGandh ian deve lopm en t t heo rv . The , vwere going to bring in Mr. Bhatnagar o

work on the pro jcc t ,and we wou ldwork out of his shop until a new shopcouldbe setup .Unfortunately,Mr. Bhatn.rgar ndAITD ran into somesort of contractuald ispute , and Mr . Bhatnagar r 'asnolonger wil l ing to $'or k on the proiect.Consequentlv, r. Miller had to spendhis f irstweeksworking with AITD's Mr.Mehta finding and settingup a shop.Kar l then had to do the dcs ignworkmore or lessbv himself,although Mr.R.P.Cupta 0t ShrratrCvclc


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It Probably Won't Work The FirstPlototypesAre DevelopedWorkingnight and day to preparethe prototypes or their formal unveilingto the Delhi Advisory Board on May 15,I helpcd as Karl partiallv completed woinnovative prototypes,and closed n ona third.lmprovements n cvc le ickshawtechnologyhave been nhibited becausetheir low and moderate ncomeopera-tors and cusk)mers re understandablyrisk-averse.We knew if we u'ere o over-come these baftiers, we would need tttbring the manufacturers, nd potentialcustomers nd operatorsdirectlv nto thedesign process. So we a sked Karl t< rdevelop three prototvpes.By the day ofthe demonstration, his s what rse had:"Delhi Model"Designedor costparity with exist-ing cvcle ickshawsused n Delhi, thrsmodel was completed. arl modif ied awork-bikecarriage nd attached t to astandardNeelhamcycle rickshawktt.Th i \ innovat i ( 'n educed he car r iageweight by 20 ki los, madcthe seatwider and morecomfortabJe,owered hegear ratio, and gave t abetter canopy and lessairdrag, at a price competi-

t ve w i th the ex is t ingvehicle."T ai T xi"Designed o meet therequirementsof lucrativetourist markets n Agra,home of the Taj Mahal,and other tourist cities,aswel l as for expor t , h ismodel was done exceptfor the canopv. Karl man-aged to get th e weightdown bv 25kilos, oweredthe centerof gravity andshor tened he veh c le ,m a k i n g t m o r e s t a b l e ,

Save it a new diffc'rential that he and Mr.Gupta of Shivati developed, five speeds,and mounta in -b i ke hand lebars ,u ' h i l esti l l usin8 the standard Neelham kit. Ino rder to make some o f th ese nnova-tions, howevcr, the passengershad to sitfacing backwards."New Age"

This model was intended to demon-strate the technological capabil i t ies ofhuman powered passenger transport,using modem ma terials,with an integral

frame,maximizing tabil i tv, ravelcom-fort, speed,an d safety.The day of thedemonst ra t ion h is veh ic lewas s t i l lpropped up on bricks, as the drive trainhad still not beenworked out.On the dar of the demonst ra t ion,Dr. Anandand Mr. Mehtaof AITD, stu-dents and teachers rom the Ind ianlnst i tu te of Technologv,and otherNCOs came o scrutinizeand test theprototypes.Dr . Anand liked the Delhimodel, which was ighter,more comfort-able, while sti l l affordable,but h'anted better armrestsand a re t ractab le anopy.The studentsand Mr. Mehtawere intrigued by the "NewAge," but it wasn't ready fora test drive. Most observersfelt the Taj Tari was mucheasier o pedal ,more com-for tab lc ,more stab le ,andhandledbet ter , u t a l l fe l tthat the rear-facing assen,ger seatwas inappropriate,p a r t i c u l a r l y f o r t o u r i s t sapproaching he Taj Mahal.Th e rear-facingdesignpresented notherproblem.When Dr. Y .P. Anand, for-mer d rector o f lnd ianNational Railr.r'avsnd cur-

rent d i rectoro f the Nat ion-a lGandhiMuseunl sat on the p.rssengereat, hefrontof the vehiclepoppedup, jostl inghim. Karl, rcd-faced, xplained hat theshort wheel baseof thc vchiclc, whilemaking i t ex t remelvmaneu erab le ,mad i t p rone to pop-up unless hepuller was already eated s a counter-weiSht. He pointedout that this couldbe remedied bv placing the axle fartherto the reartrf the vehicle's rame.Ot her adv isorv board membersdidn't fai l to point out othcr flaws.Th echa inpopso f f when swi tch ing ears .The designcrsshowed poor taste n seatand canopv color selection; hey shouldhave used more chrome and less peagreen. Thereshould be more passengeramenit ies, uch as soft-drink holders,armrest adding,and space'for arccls.C lear ly , he pro to tvpes eededmorework.Af ter the presentat ion, be lea-guered Mr . Mi l le r , h is u , i fe and h isthree-vear ld son returned to the coolofthe i r nat ive Calgary ,Canada,and Ireturned o the air- condit ionedapart-ment of the family I was stayingwith, to

take stock of my n()tes, video recordingsand phok)graphs of Mil ler 's work, andf i na l l y to a f i t f u l s l eep . A t 3 :00 a .m. Ia l l o l e i n a p u d d l e u f \ w e J t - t h e . r i rconditioning had cut off again.It was clear n'e needed an Indianengineer on the design tea m. The nextda y I set out for the Indian Insti tute ofTcchno logv l lT t . as usua l . , r n mt b i cv -c l ( ' . r y i ng t r ' f , r l l , ,w n the l o ( , t \ t epco ll n d i a ' s m o s t f a m o u s p r o p o n e n t o fhuman-powered t ranspor t , Candh i ,

who's ife n'ashis message.l' d brouthtrn y bike over for basic ransportation,and to do a l i t t l c tour ingon the s ide.Sweating n ll5 degreeheat,and wlthparticulate evelsbetween en and a hun-dred t imes h igher han in the U.S. ,looked ike a coalminerafterevery ide.)A mile t lown thc r\ 'ad.J gnntl in61or


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Rickshawcontiuedfrorn 7t.'],3Maybe it Will WorkMr. Mehta oadedmy bicycle ntothe back o f h is car and drove me toJhandewalan ycle Market, a Nirvanafor cycle enthusiasts,where in ten mtn-

utes he mechanic ad my front fork on ahydrau l ic press and bent back in toshape.Twenty minutes ater, my bicyclewas back together and finely tuned. Mvconfidencewas making a comeback.Meanwhile,bearing he AdvisorvBoard'scomments n mind, ITDP's Vice

whetherthe vehicleswould work or not:the rycle rickshawwallahs hat makethetrip to the Taj on a daily basis.Mr. Mehta and I secureda 10,000 q.f t . workspace, appropr ia te ly , onMahatmaGandhi Road.We outfitted theshop with workbenches, ools and sup-plies. Workers were busy whitewashingthe walls and installing ight fixtures. Atthe f ronto f the bu i ld ing, he pre \ oustenantshad left a huge sign where theyhad painted their logo. It was time tohang a shingleand give this proiecta

ed it off. I guess hey did want it, afterall." We called he painterback,and hepainteda new sign.I then met with Rajiv Narain, theGeneral Managerof the Taj View Hoteland Chai rman of the Agra Tour is tPromotion Board.He aireedo Chairour Agra Advisory Board,along with.everalother (runst nduqtrv \eculives,manufacturers,assemblers, overnmentof f ic ia ls ,and r ickshan 'wal lahs.Mr .Narainwas a wealthof information. epointed out that the main advantageofthe cycle rickshawover the Baiaj motorr ickshaw) ishat t a f ford \ , rn \pans ive,open air feelin& so the canopy needs obe completelyretractable.He suggestedwe include such featuresas on-boardmaps, rate sheets, rink holders,an dother items which would help the cyclerickshaw unction s.r top-flight ouringvehicle.Reactions rom the WallahsI first spotted Mohammed Khan ashe and his 100-pound ingle-speed ycler ickshaw were crank in6; wo stoutCerman ourists nd heir uggage phil lin blistering heat. I gave chase mmedi-ately.As I sidled up to Mohammedonmy Cannondale, noticed hat he wasvery thin, and his sandalswere wornthrough so that the balls of his bare feettouched his pedals. tried to ask himsomequest ionsn my brokenHind i .Despitebreathing air as poisonousassmoking 40 cigarettesa day, he said t


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"And," he added, theserickshaws ouhave are not prettv." Then he launchedin to a lec tureabout Mughal ar t andarchitecture, lements f which, absenton our prototypes.are part of the beautyof thecurrent ickshaws.ThenMohammedsharedhis bundleof photosand letters rom satistfiedcus-t o m e r s r o m a r o u n d h e w o r l d , a l lwrapped-up n h is "good luck" ban-dana. ndeed, r ide in Mohammed'sriclshaw, th ug h((casi(rnallv one-jdr-ring, is )an nformative nd memorableexperience," and-scribbled ne devo-tee. "You were a veritableencvclopediaof Taj lore" said another. We continuedchat t ing about gear ing, wheel baselengths,carriagematerials,differenrrars,and what makes ourist. ip. In (losing,he emphasizedhe ever-importantssueof afiordabilityt such nnovative rick-shawsare wor th lessunless hey areobtainable or the thousandsof Agrarickshaw wallahs",he said.This prcrject, f i t doesnothing or Mohammed,rvillbea failure.

On to Ludhiana:The BicycleShangn-La of lndiaIn Ludhiana, he centerof bicyclemanufacturing n India, proiect ortunescontinucd o improve.Neelam, hemainIndian manufacturer f cycle ickshan,"k i ts" ( the ront end of the r ickshawwhich rickshawassemblershroughoutInd ia use o const ruct omplete ick ,shawsaf teradd ing hei r own un iquecarriaSes) greed o partnerwith us toproduceour new rickshaw rameswhenth e time comes o manufacturea trialfleet.Research nd designexecutivesatHero Cycles- the largestbicycle manu-facturer n t he world, producing3 mil-lion bicyclespei year- offered theirassistancen putting our new designsonCAD-CAM (a computerdes ign pro-gram), and pledged to back our proiectwith other formsof technical upportNext StepsOn September,lcc8, Mr Mdrtignoni

will return to ITDP's rickshawdesignand manufactur ingac i l i t iesn Delh idnd ABrr .A l th is ime.Mr . Mar t ignoniw i l l be work ing wi th Mr . Prabhu,agradudte tudent n mechanica l ng i -neer ing rom the Ind ian Inst i tu teofTechnologv-Delhiwh o has extensrveexperienceworking on cycle ickshawdesignand proto type development .Togetherwith Sunil Kumar of Hari Om

M0ttt'oMirf igrlotli tr hisPetalunasloltCycle Mart, they u,ill finish the prob-tYpes.Then,bY la te C)ctober ,TDP n ' i l lconYenc he mcmbersof both ProjectAdvisorv Boardsan d present o themthe fullv finalizedprobtypes. In the fol-low ing weeks, he des ign eam wi l lincorporate heir final suggestionsnt othe completed rototvpes, hus endingPhase of the project.Then we'11 ontractout a local-hanufacturer o build a tdalfleetof ten to twenty vehiclesof the TatTaxi, the Delhi Model, and the schoolchildren model.The Delhi Model fleetr{ill be tested n Delhi by our proiectpartners,AITD. At the same ime, wewill neSoiidte it h severdlourislserviceproviders n Agra, hold a competitrve

bidding process, nd then identify a trialoperator who will operateand maintainthe t r ia l f leet or a per iod of severa lmonths.ITDP's improved cycle rickshawsshould be able to attracta significantshareof tourist trips and school rips,a l low ing the par t ic ipat ing ickshawpul lers to increase the i r income.lncreased ncomeshould make possiblethe n t roduct ionof an improved butmore expensive ehicle,a necessary on-dition if this project s to work.EpilogueAs my stint n India drew to a close,I set out on a four-day biwcle tour fromLudhiana o Dharamshala,he homeof'Tibet in Exile' located n the foothills ofthe Himalayas.Other cyc l is tswouldoften ride with me as I passedHindutemplesand familiesof monkeys,withthe snow-covered peaks of theHimalayasvisible n the distance.Bu tthe heatwas intense,and the road oftenno more than brokenbits of concrete ndmud. I camped, tayed n hoste ls , rwith village families who pu t me up.Nervous about the strengthof my frontfork because f Ramu's acc ident ,loadedmv gearentirely onto my backrack.On the third day the rack gaveout,and makeshi f t oads ide epai rsw i thelectric wire proved unsuccessful. wasstranded,and couldn't understandwhynobody would pick up a sweaty, dust-coveredcvclist.After a while, however,was finally able o flag a bus. As soonasI climbed up on the roof with my bike,the bus took off. I held on for dear ife asthe driver swerved around road work-ers , pedest r ians, ows, t rucks, andryclists adenwith firewood.When I f ina l ly reachedDharamshala,heTibetans er edancingon the rooftops.A hero's welcome,welldeserved?No, it turned out to be theDalarLama'sbirthday. spent he ddysconferringwith the re-incarnation f the7th Markham Dakpa Rinpoche.We hada vision.Lamason bikes?Why not!Hungary

cot1|it lueLlfront p.7wh i le gene ra t ing revenues . S t ra teg icpartnerships with the tourist industry onrail l ines with tourism potential valuecould save several short lines threatenedwith closing.whi le simull.!neouslvbring-

ing ecologicallvriendly economicdevel-opment o rurdl areas. elecommunica-t ion\ jnvestmentsor leas ing r ran5 le-mentscouldalsobe furtherexplored.Hungarian Railways s one of theoldest railroads n Europe, and its tracknetworks s one of the most dense.Modernized oday, it c ould becomea

vital, intemationally competitive ndus-try, capitalizing on Hungary's skil ledlabor force,extensive nfrastructure,andlow labor costs.But without significanti n v e s t m e n t a n d m o d e r n t z a t i o n ,Hungary wi l l losea key indust ry inwhich they could be in ternat iona l lycompetitive.al 5


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55oPaulo urbing arUseBu Eduardo . Vasconcellos

fter decadesof unsuccessful fforts tobuild their way out of a world-class rafficcongestionnightmare,the State and Cityof Sio Paulohave finally be8un to adoPt trafficcontrolmeasurcs.One Plan, nitiated by the StateDepartment of the Environment under FabioFeldmannas a pollution conttol measure,estrict-ed accesso the city by eachautomobileone day aweek between7AM and 8PM dur ing wintermonths. The plan was firmly opposed by th emedia, he automobile-dependent iddle class,many traffic plannersand the Seo Paulo CityCovernment, which, besidesbelonging to anopposingpolitical party, has historicallyadvocat-ed pro-automobilePolicies.Nevertheless, heplan was approvedbv the StateChamber,andbecameaw. Theplan reducedCO levels y 12%,reducedweekly CO2emissions v 17 tons,an ddecreased ongestion y 20')i,n the afternoon.Thesecongestionbenefits convinced the cityauthorities o propose heir own licensePlatescheme,which restricted raffic only during theoeak hours, from 7-10AM and 17-20PM, butyear round. In both cases, ompliancehas beenabout90%.Brazil'sNew EconomicPlan of 1994,whichintroduced the Real and curbed inflation, led to10%a year ncreasesn the automobile leet. TheCitv of SAoPaulo now has 4 million cars,orroughly400 carsper 1000people,which have cre-ated 60-mile ong traffic am s ha t cost he cityover $1 b $2 bi l l ion a vear,and2 mil l ion lost working hoursdai ly. The miles of conge:itedroads during peak hours havedoubled from 60 km to 12 0kmsince hen, slorvingbus speedsan d increasing heir oPeratingcostsan d faresbv l5' l ' .

M o t o r i z a t on h a s a l s omade the streetenvironment ncreasinglyunsafe.In 1995, ou r peoplen'erekilled everyday in amotor vehicleaccident, nd 63'l' were Pedestri-ans. Every year60,000 eopleare niured,an d9000of them severely.Air Pollution s also clear-ly linked to prematuredeathsamongthe elderlyand increasedmorbidity among children. COconcentrations re abovenational standards13"/.of the time, NOx 26%of the time, and Particulatevirtually all the time.Other major initiativesare also planned,buthave not yet been mplemented.Brazilian aw shave already set tougher tailpiPeemissionstan-dards for new automobilesand vehicles,which

are slowly but steadily mProving he emissionIevels, ut have not been ollowed by any on-street emissioncontrols, which are currentlyrestricted o trucks and buses The new trafficcode, n effect inceas t dnuary, reates manda-tory emissioncontrolsthat are being organizedOnce he conflict over who is Soing o Perform t- stateor local authorities is solved,averageconditionsmay improveremarkablyThe new metropolitan transPortationPlanalso proposesmajor nvestmentsn railway infra-structure and services, o bring daily Patronagefrom 900,000 ack up to 2 million daily Passen-gers.There are also plans o add 30 km to th esubway system by 2004,which would increasesubway rips from 2.5 million to 4 milli on. SAoPaulowill alsoad d priority intercitybus corri-dors and a new articulatedelectricbusway, com-plementing about 100 km of reservedbus lanesand exclusivebus routes and better integratingbus and the new railway services.The proposalincludesa new integrated are system, acilitatingtransferbetweenservices. ut very few efforts arebeingmade n the cit) to increase us evelof ser-vice and bus corridors emain ust a planWhat Caused he SeoPaulo Traffic Nightmare?Like most cit ies, and use regulationan dtransport decisions n Sao Paulo are completelyd isconnected. arge ow incomeset t lementsdevelop n the outskirts of the city, uncoordinat-ed with lob and pub-lic service ocation,and poorly servicedby public transpo a-t ion. In add i t ion totypical problems ofconf l ic ts betweenministriesand levels

of government , e-sponsibility or metropolitan ail systemswa sdivided between he Federal ystemand the statcrail systems.The fiscal crisis of the Federalgov-emment contributed to a steadydeteriorationofFederal ail services,which lost a siSnificantpartof its ridership.The subway,although providinggood services approvedby 90%of its users)stillonly servesa few regions.These wo systems,and the bus system, emainPoorly ntegrated.The backbone f the urban transPortationsystem s the metroPolitanbus system,whichserves5.5 million passengers aily, and the localbus systemswhich serveanother I million Pas-sengersdaily. This systemwas poorly managed, :

16 sustoinoblefrcntpo.t9


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kept low quality,unreliable nd incon-venient or most.Between1968 nd 1987the per (entagr .o fnps taken y bur inthe metropolitanarea decreased rom59"/. o 43%. Few efforts were made tocreate aiger, more efficient bus priorityschemes nd results were meagerat thereg iona l eve l , w i th theexceptionof the f ive cityin terc i ty bus cor r idor ,which prov ides a h ighquality service.No city inthe met ropo l i tan eg i on-including Sio Paulo- hasever organizeda system ocontrol th e quality of busservices n a comprehen-sive and permanentway,control s limited to admin-is t ra t iveand operat iona lissues.Conversely, he SeoPaulo agency or t ra f f icenSineeringhas developedpermanentand comprehensivendlca-tors of traff icquality,directed owardsau omobi leef f ic iency. wo at tempts(1978 nd 1985) o promotespecial usservices o middle classpeoplefailed infaceof limited scopeand planning defi-ciencies. etei iorationn the qualitv ofbu s rervices ar led a sharp ncreaseni r regu la publ ic t ranspor ta t ion byminibusesand vans, which have cap-tured from 10 o 15%of the regular bus'demand, nducing he media o call forderegulating heentire system.

Finallv,extensive oad constructionwas the only anti-congestionmeasureused n severalperiods of the citv's his-tory. From'1960 1980,nvestmentsnnew ar ter ia l oadsand expresswaysincreasedhe engtho( lanes n the mainarterial system rom 886km to 2,369 m.Thousands of c i rcu la t ion p lans toimprove fluiditv were implementedand20,000 hort term parkint spaceswerecreated n commercial reas.Recentlv,the city spentabout US$3 billion in pub-l ic moneyon tunnelsand expressways,which had no effect at all on congestionlevels.By contrast, nvestmentsn buscorridorswere eft to private nvestors,who eventually efused o finance hem.Auto ownership was facilitated ormidd le and upper c l ass res identsthroupih asier ccesso bank findncingand group sales hrough monthly install-ments. Licensing eeswere always keptlow (about US$ 50), and property taxesvaried between 2"/" and 3"k of the vehi-cles'market value, about US$300 or theaverage ar. Gasolinepriceshave alsobeen ow (currentlyUS $0.70per l i ter).Accordingly,rom lq68h' 1q87.hr.pr 'r-

centage f auk) trips in the metropolitanarea ncreased rom 26'i1,o 12'Y".High incomemotorists re allowedto consumeeight t imes as much roadspace or daily trips as ow income ran-sit passengers. verage door-to-doortravel times or automobileoperatorsare

sti l l only 25 minutes,compared o 70minutes for bus passengen,and over 90minutes or t ra in passengers. h i leautomobi les un a t 25 - 30 km h onmain roads, buseshardly travel at 15km/h. As long as hese ondit ions re-vail, thosewealthvenough o afford acar will continue o drive.Pursuing ong-term solutionsAf ter decades f admin is t ra t ivegr id lock, S io Paulo now has a rea lopportunity to address ts traffic night-mare n a more systemat icwav. Thelicenseplate scheme s a short term solu-tion, but a first step towards more com-prehensivesolutions.Economiccr lsl sprevents he city of Sao Paulo from fur-ther useless nvestments n tunnels andexpressways. he severityof the conges-tion and a Seneraldecline n the qualityol l i fe hasconvincedncreasing ort ionsof the middle class o accept estrictionson motor-vehicleuse, and to look foralternativesolutions. Ult imately, theuncivilized space hat was generatedbyautomobile-based rban transport mustbe c iv i l i zed: oad systems hould berederigned o re-appropridte pdce nfavor of non-motorizedand public trans-portation, while subiecting he automo-b i le to s t r ic t c i rcu la t ing ru les.Enforcementshould be reorganizedbycreating civilian police forcesespeciallytrained and by changingenforcementlogistics owards the most dangerousand socially unacceptable raffic offens-es,suchas hose hreatenint edestr iansand harming public transportation effi-cienry

lmproving he bur system emains

a major challenge. he answerdependson both institutional rearrangements,giving public transitboth polit icalandphysicalpriority, and adequate inancialand technicalsupport. The new systemsshould form the backboneof the publictransportationservices,with high quali-ty, f lexibleservicesmoni-tored by modern technolo-gies and tailored b differ-ent market seSments,inc lud ing hose u r rent lyserved by irregular opera-tors: he more complexeco-nomicenvironmentand thecongeshon onstraints penthe way to proposespecialpublic transportation er -vices,as part of an integrat-ed system.All bus servicesshould be provided underflexible regulatoryenviron-ments,able o optimize theuseof resources hile respecting eneralprinciplesof public nterest.Accordingly,proper qua l i ty ind icatorsshould beadoptedas a basis o guide actionandadopt correctivemeasures, imilar tothosedeveloped o ensureautomobileefficiency.

Besureo accessITDPnline t ournewwebsite:www.itdp.otg...,,-s.)z

Con:

1 7


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$LbJIi}UltN)te'cotl tu('tl.ftottl l,1.

similar pedestrian rights l aws in othercities. NCT also worked on Seoul LocalAgenda 21. as part of a succes sful anr-pa ign to inc rease n t he num ber o fexclusive bus lanes and introduce con-ges t ion t o l l s . The conges t ion f eereduced congestion by l0 ' ) i , . Parkingcharges were also increased bv localtaxation.EIKEANESCOMEo NEWDETHI-B y Dr. Rajeet, araf,Peoplc's cienccI n s t i t u l e n d h e n d i n n t $ l i t u t c fTechnology'soad afety enttr.Some 60"1, f Delhi's populationlives n squat ter e ttlements catteredaround the city, and onlv 15".1,f thepopulation ives n housing hat wasplanned n any way. As a result, hereis ittle relationshipbetween ransporta-tion planning nd he mobil i tvneeds fthe population. n low incomeareas,,l.l%of the trips are by bicycle,26'l. areby bus, and 207"are on foot. Of th ecvclinS rip'. q0 ' ar emen.Despitehis,there are virtuallv no facilities n Delhifor cvclistsand pedestrians. s a result,road safetv ssuesare serious. Over,15% f thepopulationbelieves he com-mute to work is the most dangerouspart of working life.There are conf l ic ts in Delh ibetween nv i ronmenta l roupsandtransp!,rt \pert\. fherear en(r uctain-a b l e r a n s p o r t d v o c a c v r o u p s nDelh i vet but a coa l i t ion s needed.Environmentalists upport the metro,despite he fact hat annualper capitaincomesare only $350,and even busfaresconsume101,of the incomeof themajor i ty o f i ts users . The moncvplanned o be spenton the metro couldrun the ent i re bus system or f ree.Env i ronmenta l roupsa lsosuppor tbanning the three-wheeledmotorcvcle'Bajaj'taris,but transportexperts aytheycreateob sand ulfill an mportantmobility function.The People 's c ience n5i r tu te \working on public participationon thenew Delh i Mast er Plan, and the firstmeet ing ra ' i l lbe in Ju lv . They a lsoworked ! i th the Ind ian Inst i tu teofTechnologv ( l lT) on communi tyinvolvement n developinga pilot bicv-cle ane project n Delhi. IIT sold theproject o the municipalitvby demon-strating hat segregatingmotorized raf-l8 susrainoblerronspotg

fic from non-motorized traffic inqeasedthe travel speeds and the lane capacityof the motorizd traffic. They are nowtrying to get express bus lanes ncludedin the master plan a s well, and maydevelop an 'altemative masterplan.'CLEANINGEIHI'sSMOG-By ShefaliVerma,Centeror Scieace ndEnz.ironment,CSE)CSE is focusing on phasing out ofoutdated vehicle technology, mprov-ing the quality of the fuel, mprovingthe availability of public transit srvice,and tightening vehicle inspection andmaintenance. rematu e deaths nDelhi due to heal.v particulate in the air. ; -'^^have nsen trom 7,500a vear rn l99z to10,000 n 194. Benzene evels are also20 times EU standards, ard onlv 2% of

the vehicles use unleaded gas. Thereare no regulations controlling lead andbenzene evels in the fuel. Three wheel-ers cause 657oof the emission problem,but taxis are also major contributors tothe particulate problem, as they alsouse diesel becaus t's cheaper.Fuel isfurther adulteratedby fuel sellers.Roadtaxesare alsovery low. Road tax is paidonce for $25. CSE held a succe ssfulpub l ic awareness ampaign.Theyplaced a piece of damp white filterpape! over a suction device beside amaior street during rush hour, toresemble the action of human lungs,and in this short period of time the fil-ter tumed completely black. This got a

A three-wheeledajai: major ourcc fpartci atepollutiotl

lot of media attention. They ar e press-ing for recognition of a 'Right b CleanAir. ' They are ;rlso pushing for a 10' ) i ,congestion tax and a 101, environmen-tdl tax on fuels.

KUATALUMPUR,'IAIAYSIA:Expresswayapital f theworldBy PaulBnrter r Stula Kolandai, US-f R A N R , ' , ' t i r , , C , t t l , r . n ' t J 5 r tHustninis, P 2000Pressure uom Malaysia'spowerfulrubber tire indust rv and natio nal carindustrv have given KL more express-wav:.per capitJ han anv r)th(.r itv inth eworld. There s not muchadvocacvi n K L o n t r . r n \ p r r r t s . u c s . l h eConsumers Assoc ia t ion ssued a'PassengersCharter for PublicTransrt

which pressed publ ic t ransit operatorsto p rov ide be t te r se rv ice ,and som emajor road projects have aroused localopposition. Small, p vate-entrepreneurcontrolled minibuses were banned lastyear, an d replaced by bi8 private buscompanies owned by the automotiveindus t rv wh ich a rc un respons ive t ousers needs. KL has built a private-sec-to r co - i i nanccd le \a ted LR f \ ^h ich !expensive ;rnd poorly integrated withthe bus sys tem , and pedes t r ian andb icvc le access has been v i r t ua l l yignored. The commuter rail svstem con-tro l led by Malavsian ra i lway is doingbetter due to growing congestion andthe recent provision of minivan services


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to get people from the train stations otheir homes-PENANG,MAIAYSIA:Economic risisEndsBridgeConstruction-Bv Cnne 'hRn,aFant , cnangSocro-Econohic rd Enlironmental tstituteThe group'Sustai nable ransportand Environment in Penang STEP)grew out of the SustainablePenangInitiative, a coalitionof NGOS promot-ing a more par t ic ipatoryp lann ingprocess. TEPhasa task orce,sponsorsan annual cvcling event, s pushing forthe developmentof a cycling masterplary and has developeda list of indi-cators' and 'measuresof success,' uchas a 'comparativereport card,'whichthey would use or getting media atten-t ion and building public awareness.The liroup is trying to make he Penangbus more responsiveo user needs theroutesare decidedbv a board that ivesin Kuala Lumpur). Along with othergroups, t opposedplans o build one ofthe largest br idges in the wor ldhetweenPenang nd Georg,etownis-torical district that was to be built by acrrmpany wnedby thedaughter f Er-

#p*snbiquetenancecosts on that road have beenlzero. The other roads in Maputo havealready needed outine maintenanceand now they're being resurfaced.Theanswer is a 100%national program.First, t should be completelydecentral-ized; second, t shou ld be paid forentirely in Meticals; third, it should useonly local firms and national materialsand labor. Then the program will costonly a fraction of the ROCS,and it willbe sustainable. The main urban roadsand interurban highways can be doneby companiesof a certainsize, such asLuso-Mozambicanirms.Q: This wouldn't violate Bank policy?Chavez:Not necessarily.We're alreadydoing labor-intensive tertiary roads withthe Intemational Labor Organization, nsome casesusing a food for work sys-tem. [A toll road s being privately con-cessioned,and is being built between

IndonesianPrcsidentSoeharto, ut dueto Soeharto's fall antl the c


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5 t *

ongress pprovedan d PresidentC l i n t o n s i g n e d T E A - 2 1 , h e"Transpor ta t ionEqui tyAct forthe 21stCentury,"on June9. Passagefthe 6-vear$216bi l l ion author izat ionended(for now) a two-year pitched baFtle over Federalransportation olicy nthe United States. he law paperedovermost of the debate'spolitical fissureswi th more money, y ie ld ing mixedresults rom a sustainable ranspo per-spective.While th e "intermodal" plan-ning structure of the 1991Federal rans-portation law remains ntact, and sever-a l innovat ive programs have beenenlarged, EA-21authorizesecord ev-el sof highway spending. he atterwillsure ly feed the re lent lessupwardgrowth of Americanvehicle-milesrav-eled totaldriving).Severalmajor cross-currents hapedthe fight over successoregislation o theIn termodal Sur faceTranspor ta t ionP o l i c y A c t o f 1 9 9 1 ( I S T E A ) .Geographically, ast growing Sunbeltand Rockv Mountain statesdemandedabigger shareof the Federalpie than ear-l ie r author izat ions had prov ided.Pol i t i ca l l ) ' . he backdropof the 1994Newt Gingrich RepublicanRevolutionlon Orcutt is ,he Deputy Director of thcT -S at Tnnspoftat onCanryign

20 Sustoinablef.t,ntpo,rg

in Congressgenerateda variety of pro-posals o scaleback or eliminateFederalt ranspor ta t ionprograms and handFedera lgas tax rece ip tsback to thestates). inally, lements f thehighwaylobby facedof f w i th t ranspor ta t ionreform advocates ver extens ionorrepealof the reforms from the ISTEA of1991.ISTEA had represented sharpbreakwi th ear l ie rFedera l h ighwaybills" by relaxing ba(iers betweenhigh-w.ry, r.rnsit nd other vpe\ of projects,and bv manda ting lanningprocessesnmetropolitanareas o promote a morebalanced, in termod; r l "approach otransportplanning.Sunbel t , ad ica lRepubl ican ndroad lobbv interests ad alreadyorga-nizecl rn ISTEA-repeal oalition by early1996.ts proposal egged state's hareof Federalransportationunding o gastaxescollected n that state, ewardingcar dependence nd promisingbig cut-backs n t rans i t - r ich ta tes. t wouldhave repealedmost o f ISTEA'S lan-ning, environmentaland non-motorizedt a s p o r l p r L ' v i \ i o n s . h e c o a l r t i o n ,known as STEP-21, t one point claimedsuppolt of over 20 stategovernments.STEP-21 ook i ts cues rom an ant i -ISTEA p la t form deve loped by theAmericanAssociationof StateHighwayand TransportationOfficials(AASHTO),

Pork-Fcstby on Orcuttthe national organization of state rans-portation departments.As early as 1994,elementswithin AASHTO were warn-ing that "Socialand political agendasantithetical to highway expansion posea c lear and present danSer to theeconomies,public s afety, and conve-nienceof much of the United States." n1995,AASHTO askeda group of privategrant-making nstitutions o withdrawthe i r suppor t for the Sur taceTransportationPolicy Project STPP),the lead organization n the transporta-tion reform coalition th e foundatronsstuck with the group).In the end, howevet sectional nter-ests prevailed over states' ights andpave- the-wor ld i deo log ies, asCovernors and economic nterests(including local road contractorsan dconstructionunions) in the northeastand other states hat benefited rom theISTEA unding formula backed eautho-r iza t ion o f ISTEA "wi thout rad ica lchange."Moreover, STEA'semphasison cities, counties and localitieswo nover a level of governmentoften at oddswith stateDOTs. The prolSTEA forcesincluded he NationalLeague f Citiesand other municipal, regionaland coun-ty ass ociations. o gether with STPP,national environmentalorganizatronsand the Whi te House, hesegroupsblunted the attack on ISTEA'Sprogramand planningstructure.But only mo ney could break thesta lemate e tweenolder s ta teswi thcrumbling infrastructures and thoseclaiming that fast Srowth made themdeserving of more Federal aid. Passageof the law was delayed rom fall of 1997until this spring while pro-spending

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Congress iona leaders ,ed by HouseTransportationChair Bud Shuster R-PA), rounded up votesand beat backfiscalconservatives. he resultingbillwas su f f i c ien t lymd\s ive o buv a b igCongress iona l ma or i ty , thoughR e p u b l i c a n u d g e t h a w k s a n d t h eClinton Administrationboth sniped atthe Ieg is la t ion 's o ten t ia l o t ramp le1997's alanced udgetagreernent.hebig buv-off could not have been accom-plished n weakereconomic imes.TEA-21 'sund ing eve lswi l l p ro -vide$165 ill ion n guaranteed ighwayf u n d i n g a n d $ 3 5 b i l l i o n i ngua anteed ans i t fund ing("guaranteed"means he fund-in g will come from protected8a s ax revenue) ve rsi xyears.The aw authorizes nother 10bill ion or highways nd96bil-l ion fo r t rans i t , hough th isfunding will be subiect o theproblernatic rocess f annualCongress iona lppropr ia t ionfrom t he general un d (whichhas beenespecially nfriendlyto transit n recent ears).ISTEA prov ided about$157b i l l ion (o r a l l p ro6 ; ramsfrom 1992 o "1997.TEA-21's$ 3 5b i l l i o n a v e a r h i g h w a ybudget s roughly the equiva-lent of theentireGD P of Chileor Hungarv . Whi le TEA-21fund ing come c lose to therecent raditionof 8 0/20 splitsbetweenhighways and transit,the Suaranteed unding tilts infavorof highwavs,with transitgetting17.5'/". oreover,whilealmost 957"of total highwavfunding is guaranteed,his is the casefor only 84?,of transit'sshare.Whi le t rans i t w i l l rece ivemoreguaranteedmoneyunder the deal ha nwas proposed nder either he originalSenateor House ISTEA reauthorizanonbills, he massive valanche f highwayfundingWashington asnow unleashedcould easilypu t sustainableransporta-tion and anti-sprawl dvocates'backsothe wa l l fo r years o come n manys ta tes , spec ia l l y n the t rans i t -poorSouth and West.The Wall Stret oumalreported n Julv that highway contrac-tors are staffing up in anticipationofmore road work, and economistsar ewringing herrhandsover hc inflation-arv potentialof such mammoth publicspendingat the heightof the economrc

upturn. "You'd ratherdo this during arecession." ne analyst old theJournal.On the o ther hand , because heISTEAplanningstructureand fundingflexibilitywas successfullyefended, tshould be possible or strong transporta-tion reform coalitions o make headwayin thc \ tJ te \ where hese r i ' t . Somepositive spects f TEA-21 nclude:Transit Tat Benefit The aw makesthe Federa l $65 month ly tax- f reeemployer transit benefit easier or com-pan ies to o f fe r to emp loyees ,andincreaseshe benefit o $100 n 2002.The

Reform advocates ought off roadlobby e f fo r ts to make CMAQ funds"transferable"to other programs n thebill - no w only increasesver FYl997CMAQ funds fo r each s ta te w i l l betransferable.n more urban states, h.'impactof thi s changewill be relativelvr m a l l .b u t t h e u n d sc o u l db e b a d l iabused lser.r 'here.FA-21alsocontainsa new clean uel bus program,which theHouse TransportationCommitteesaysis fundedat $1.2 ill ion.Enhancements :Non-motor izedtransportation Enhancements"fund-ing, which accounted or th esubstantial ncrease n fundin5;f o r b i c y c l ea n d p e d e s t r i a ntransportation rojects uring1992-97, il l increase 0'X, nTEA-21 .Pro jec t l ig ib i l i t y sexpanded omewhat,mostsig-nificantlV n permitting fund-in8 for bicyclist nd pedestriansa fe ty ro iec ts .25 ' l . f fundsabove a s ta te 'sFY]997 En-hancementsunding level canbe transferredby the state ootherprograms.Other Features:Attemptsto weaken env i ronmen a lrev iew of h ighway pro jec tswere argely urnedback bv ana ionwide mob i l i za t ion o f

g rassroo ts env i onmentagroups .More pub l ic t ans i tmaintenance ctivities ecamce l i g i b l e o r F e d e r a l a p i t afunding, meaning hat transitmanagers il l havemore lexi-b i l i t v i n t h e u s eo f F e d e r a lfunds . The p rov is ion eascssomewhat he recentdemiseofFederalransitoperating ssistance.The bill also providesa new $750mil l ion (onlv $400mil l ion guaranteeo,"accessto jobs/ everse ommute"grantp rogram for p ro iec ts ha t inc reasemobility for transit-dependentopula-tions. STEA'scongestion ricing pilotprogram was reauthorizedand renamedthe "value pricing" program,with spe-cific emphasison developmentof "high-occupancy/toll anes."Pilot programsfor to l l co l lec t ion o cover h i6 ;hwaymain tenance n in te rs ta te ighways ,and for researchnb th e "relationshipbe tween ranspor ta t ion , ommun i tvp reserva t ion nd the env i ronment " ,which promote traffic calrningand tran-s i t -o r ien ted eve lopment ,were a lsofunded.0

Anofh.rhiglllr'aV, tlother uhurb.provision will benefit regionswith largetransit itershipsby easing ommutingcostsand increasing ransit agency rev-enue . n \ew York Ci ty , f ( ) r ns tancc ,th e benefit could reduce he costof amonthly bus/subway pass ro m $6 3 o$45 or an averageworker.C lean A i r : ISTEA's Congest ionMitigation/Ai r Qualitv" (CMAQ) pro-gram s retained,with 35%more fund-ing. CMAQ funds have beenused forbike and pedestrian rojects, urchaseof clean fuel buses, ransit capital fund-ing, and rail freight links, although avarietv of traf fic management rojectsthat actually worsenair quality in th elong term were also funded. Under thenew b i l l , s ta tescan a lso con t r ibu teCMAQ funds to Amtrak services.

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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Fairnessnd ht Farc:EquityandAdequacyn theFinancing f theOperatingAgencies l the MetrcWlitanTransportationuthori{t.Walter Hook,Richard Briffault, Elliott D. Sclar,ColumbiaLaw School,[email protected],State-ot'lhe-A Re1)iett. dited by PaulLarcher, IT Publications,1998.SBN 18539 4165TheForgivingAir. Richard C.J.Sommerville. (Surveysthe impacts ofGlobal ClimateChange n layman'sterms) University of Califomia Press,1998.8W822-657,www,ucpress.berkeley,edu,/booksChosingRickshaws.ony Wheeler andRichard ['Anson, Lonely PlanetPublications, 998. [email protected] ourCountry'sFuture?AGuide o nfuencing heWoid Bank'sAssistance trategies. eveloPmentBank Watchers' Proiect, Bread for theWorld Institute,January,1998. 100WayneAvenue,Suite1000,SilverSpring,MD [email protected] www.bread.orgAn Expensiaenoe Affai: Are YouGettingTakenfur Rids?The BicycleTransportation Alliance, 1998.503 2264676 [email protected]

Asphalt Nation:How the AutonobileTookOoerAmericaand How We ConTaket Back.JaneHoltz ay. CrownPublishers, 197. 201 East 50th St., NY,NY 10022 [email protected] f Place.Plonning or theEnuircnment,coromV,ndCofimunity.Timothy Beatley and Kristy ManninS.lsland Press,Washington.D.C., 1997.www.IslandPresc.comSuruey f theEnaionnenl 38, This sur-vey is published arurually by theHindu newspaper of India. This yearit has four articles on transport. Thearticles are: "Heterogenous Cities:Limits Of Paradigms" - by GeetamTiwari; "SmokelessVehicles For ACleaner Future" - by Prof. DineshMohan;"Third World Traffic:Altemative Approaches" - by RajeevSaraf;and "Curitiba: Where BusesHold Sway" - by [email protected],orgForcedEoictionsAnd Housing Rights nAsio A SecondRepotl) Edited byKenneth Femandes.Documents theDrocessof forced evictions thatoccurredduring 196 and 1997h 13Asian cities. Available from the AsianCoalition or Housing Rights ACHR)Secretariat,73 Soi Sonthiwattana 4Ladprao110,LadpraoRd, Bangkok1030, hailand.Tel: 6625380919,Fax:662 5399950 [email protected],net

sula makes ii a perfect place to imple-ment a Singapore-style re a icensingscheme.CYCTINGROUNDBANGKOKS RAFFICNIGHT|IARE-By Vipot Songsassen,ocialDirector, ThaiCyclingClubThe 2000-member Thai CyclingCroup in 1995convinced the Bangkok

Transpo andCommunicationsorUrbanDetvlopme: Report fTheHabitat 11GIobaIWorkshop.3-5 uly1991 Singapore.Brian Williams,Human SettlementsOfficer, UnitedNations Centre for HumanSeftlements,PO Box 30030,Nairobi,Kenya.'fel: 4 2 623916,Faxi 254262,965 [email protected]:StrdtegicocfsforheT qnsportstionAdwcofe. CampaignASainst Auto Pollution. 310D Sheet,NE, Washington DC 20002.(202)[email protected] CostiAmbientali e SocialidellaMobilittiin ltolia. (Versionengleses)Entlishversion available) A maior study onthe extemal (environmental andsocial) costs of the 3 principal tlans-port modes rail, road airplane),byAmici della Terra. Www.amiciterra.itTowardsFair and Eficient Pricing nTranspol|. White paper on intemaliz-ing the extemal costs of transport inthe European [email protected] 01: lu UNCTADWLby MiclaelTebo.www.weathervane.rff.orgor dhunKlcmterl.com

Metro Area (MBA) Governor tocreate a bike network, and this year $10million was approved for bike an dDedest r ian fac i l i t ies . The Asian: - ,DevelopmentbanKwas nelPrul ln con-vincing the Governor to support theplan. The current system has four linesbut they are not linked or integrated intoa network, and there are big problemswith motorcycles taking over the lanes.The club also has a 'recycle-a-bicycle'proiect which refurbishes bicycles forchildren.l

Sustrancontinuedrom p.19the Mumbai West lsland ExPressway,and successfully downgraded th eplannedBombay Vadodara ExPresswayto the widening of existing roads. Theyare also pushing for an area icensingschemewith a fee of $500a year to enterdowntown Bombay. Motor vehicle taxesin Bombay are very low, only $2 or $3 ayear, and Bombay's location on a pemn-22 Sustoinobleftuntrrrtr9


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INTERTRAfFIC98 -Sdo paolo,Brazil, -19 Sptember1998.Organizdtion ntertraffrc98 SouthAmerica, RAIGroup . PO Box17777, 070MS Anlfierdam, etherldnds.el,+3190 5491919,Fax, 31go 646 4469,fiicOdc.nlRail-Volution'98-Portland, regon,USA,19-16Septemeber1998.Surfac ransportation olicyProjectSPp) 800 788-7077.44t'l ryorld Congr6s of the Intemadonal Federdon forHousing and Plannlng-lisbon, Portugal. ptember13-17,1998. Contact Jak Birhuysat the IFHPSecrtariat,wassenadEeweg3, 9596 CG, The Hague,Th Netherlands.ItHP.NLointer.NLntCODATUVlll, 8th World Confurence n the Developmeit andPlannang f Urbdn and Peri-urban ransportCapeTc /n, SouthAfrica,91 - 95 Sptember 998.ClaudeBerenguier,xc.Manager, ODATU ssociation, space ille,Ru eMauriceAudin,69518Vaulxn Velin,France.el: +33 47 n4 7701,laxl+3347 904 7709.codaueen$.fTTraining Course on Managing nd Financlngof RuralTrsnsport-London, Octobr 19 - 93, 1998.Topics nclude,RuralTransport nfrastructure, uralransport Servics,RuralTransport lanning. ontdct rsonat TransportRseorchLaboratoryTRL) LindaParsley;-Fax,44-1344770119 lin-dapoo.tl.co.ukUITPAsla/Pack Congr6s .nd EJfiblton-Hong Kong,-Oct90 - 93, 1998.Contact:Mrs Phoeb au, Asia/Pacific iaisonOfficer or h IntnEtiorEl nion f PublicTranspodUITP),el:+85999938791;Fdx:+8599993 7789 pho6dombco.p.cofli.8,lth Annurl Confc"ence of the Intemadon.l Caty/Countyanagennt Association-Orlando, lorida, tobr 95-98,

1998.AnneFEton, Ct\^A, 77 NorthCapitolStre!N.E.Suite500, \Vashinston, .C. 90009. Fax, 909 969 368'1.lpsytonebna.o, rnvw.lcrna.org.CrcadngBtterCld6 vrithChlldrcnandyouth: A VorbhopSerles on Partlclpatory Stratcgies for UrbanChange-Arnstrdam,c "mbet 19 (exdctdateT&\).JoycCordus, verroes oundation,-innaeushof, 1098KHAmsterdam. Ntherlands.Fax: 31 20 5999677.Av"noasocuronetnl www.euronetnlVELOHAVANA'g& ntmldonlFBlcycle Confcrence ndExhlbltionHavana, uba, -11December,998.OrganisingCommittee,nternationalontetencendExhibition'VeloHavana98",Apartado ostal 7099, abana 7,C.P. 1700,Cuba. ax,+{53-7)3-8950lEaGpolramnetcuthH lntemdonalVorl(shopon Transportadonlannlng &lmpldrcntrdon Md|odologles or DcveloplngCountdcs:EnelngTrendsTPMDC98)Sombay,5-17Dec.,1998.DrS. Dhingrd/Prof..K. ikdar, o-ordindtors,pMDC98 CivilEngineeringepartmentIndian nstiMeof Technology c ,,a1,Bombay-40076, ndia.Fax 091099-5767309/5783480.dhingraogemini.civil.ltb.elrtlnVELOZITyTustralasianCyclingConfernce-Adelaid,AusUalia,ebruary1-19, W Petetrlly and indsay olmes,Confurence9,PO8ox9617, entTo\rn.SouthAustralia 071.Australia.-..Tel,61 83695959,Fax, 61 I8369 1116www.velozlty,ldelaide.netauCarlngCommunltlegor the 9l st Century:VlllsgesndCltles-UNHeadqLnrtrsn N6r york,February01 1,1999. ax(91 )759-5893,cceundp.org

Lettercontinutdront 3s t i r i e d t h e i n t e r e s t o f N a t i o n a lGeographic x plorer nd the BBC,bothol \\'hich r.'working n stories bout hefrol0ct.l r r ohannesburg,outhAf r ic , r ,np. . r r tncrsh ip i th the res identAf r ika(-ulturalCentre,TDP s establishingha t. (Junt rv 'si rs t youth b icyc le rogram,r rode led af ter the successfu lNYCllccvcle-A-Bicyclerogram oundedbyITDP'sKarenOver ton.The program,which is beingcapitalized v an ITDP-sponsored hipmentof 300bicvcles, 0Bur ley ra i le rs , oo lsand par tswhicharrived in Johannesburghis summer,will be kicked-off n lateAugust at a cere-monv w i th Mayorof Johdnnc\burgn

attendance,ontinuingour work with theAfrika CulturalCentreand building onthe success f ITDP'sWorkbikeProject(seeST#8) . a ter h is vear ITDP w i l lbegin mplementation f the WorkbikeCentreProtect-amultifunctionalacilitythat will providetechnical upport, rarn-ing, smal l oans, ubs id ized icyc les,workbikesand trailers o local artisansand vendors.Thanks o ITDP-affiliated ommuniwbicvcle prograrnsand NYC and DC-areaITDP members,TDP will send350quali-tV used bicycles, ools, over 75 bicycletrailers,materials nd parts o Magude,Mozambiqueo suppor tAMRU's TheNat iona lMozambican ssoc ia t ion fRuralWomen)ongoingeffortsb mobi-l ize the i rmembersh ip nd s t rengthentheir burgeoning icycleculture.

In 1999, TDP w i l l cont inue tcrdemonstratehe efficacyof cost-effective,sustainableolutionswith excitingne wproiects.n Haiti, hanks o lunding rLlmAlternativeCifts International, TDP \{'illwork with orphanagesn lort-au.l'rinceto establisha Recycle-A-Bicyclerogramthroughwhich eenswill earn heirow nbicyclesand learn how to use hem tonavigate he streetsof Port-au-Prince',earn ing nct 'me s b icvc leme\ \engcr . .mechanics, ob i levendorsand recv-clablecollectors.Th e solutions lreadyexist,but.rrecontinually gnored.Until we muster thepolitical will necessaryo back the wide-spread mplementation f proven,cost-effective,and sustainable ransportationsystems, e will continue'to et'smartp lugged ' .0 23


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Hrlp luppo( orr cib.t!. loln nDP bdty.y6, I'd llkc to support ITDP nd rcciv? SUS!|'|!U? TGr6portmagczln.Her lsmy taxdcductble contributon cf:E tro E s:s O rso O rrooE reso,l oo'"'

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