levamisole synthesis

15
8/20/2019 Levamisole Synthesis http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/levamisole-synthesis 1/15 METHODS OF SYNTHESIS ND TECHNOLOGY OF PRODUCTION OF DRUGS LEVAMISOLE AND ANALOGS. i. METHODS OF SYNTHESIS (REVIEW) N. N. Romanov, Yu. P. Kovtun, and P. M. Kochergin UDC 615.276.4.012,1 2,3,5,6-Tetrahy dro-6-phenylimida zo [ , l - b ] hiazole hydrochloride (I), abbreviated to tetramisole (DL-I) (correspondingly, the levo-rotating optical isome r- levamisole [L(--)-I] and the dextro-rotating isomer -- dextramisole [D(+)-I]) has been known from the middle of the 1960s, when it was introduced into veterinary practice as a wide spectrum anthelmintic p r e p a r a t ion. L r N N HCI 1 ph I The appearance of these drugs was the result of a concerted.massive research program, in the course of which about 3000 heterocyclic compounds were synthesized and tested for their anthelmintic activity [119]. It should be noted that at approximately the same time, research was also being in- tensively carried out in the USSR on the synthesis of compounds with similar structure [i]. At the beginning of the 1970s the influencewas discovered of levamisole on the mechanism of the immune protection of the organism [138], which made possible the use of this compound for the stimulation of the immune response. As soon as they appeared on the market, tetramisole and levamisole evoked at once great interest for both practicing physicians and research-biologists. According to the data of J. Symoene [140], by 1978, more than 1000 publications had appeared in reputable scientific journals and books on the anthelmintic properties of these preparations, and about 500 on their ~mmune-modulating action. Judging from the undiminishing flow of publications (with a shift of emphasis to immunology), the undoubted interest with respect to these preparations, which were introduced into regular clinical practice, has not slackened. The investigations of the medicobiological properties of levamisole and tetramisole are summarized in a large number of reviews, of which we shall mention only a few which seem to us to be most informative: on helminthology [116, 141], immunology [5, 8, 9, i00, 113, 128- 130, 138, 139], and general pharmacology [7, 99, i01, 108, 118, 131, 134, 136, 140]. At the same time, the quite abundant data on the chemistry of tetramiso!e have not yet been correlated, and descriptions of methods of their preparation are centered mainly in the patent literature. In the present review an attempt was made to examine the methods of synthesis of levamisole, tetramisole and their analogs, and also several other aspects, which could be of interest for chemists and pharmacochemists, concerned with the chemistry of heterocyclic compounds, synthesis and study of immunostimulants, anthelmintic preparations, and also other physiologically active preparations. METHODS OF SYNTHESIS On the basis of the .general principles of constructing condensed heterocyclic systems with a junction nitrogen atom, the existing methods of synthesis of tetrahydroimidazothiazole ean be provisionally divided into three groups: adding the imidazole ring onto the existing thiazo!e ring, adding the thiazo!e ring onto the imidazo!e ring, and synthesis from linear Institute of Organic Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, Kiev. S. Ordzhonikidze All-Union Scientific Research Chemical Pharmaceutical Institute, Moscow. Trans lated from Khimiko-farmatsevticheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 206-217, February, 1989. Original article submitted May 19, 1988. 0091 150X/89/2302 0167512.50 9 1989 Plenum Publishing Corporation 167

Upload: xcaitlinjiex

Post on 07-Aug-2018

221 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Levamisole Synthesis

8/20/2019 Levamisole Synthesis

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/levamisole-synthesis 1/15

M E T H O D S O F S Y N T H E S I S N D TE C H N O L O G Y O F P R O D U C T I O N O F D R U G S

L E V A M I S O L E A N D A N A L O G S .

i . M E T H O D S O F S Y N T H E S I S ( R E V I E W)

N. N. Romanov, Yu. P. Kovtun,

a n d P . M. K o c h e r g i n

U D C 6 1 5 . 2 7 6 . 4 . 0 1 2 , 1

2 , 3 , 5 , 6 - T e t r a h y d r o - 6 - p h e n y l i m i d a z o [ , l - b ] h i a z o l e h y d r o c h l o r i d e ( I) , a b b r e v i a t e d t o

t e t r a m i s o l e ( D L - I ) ( c o r r e s p o n d i n g l y , t h e l e v o - r o t a t i n g o p t i c a l i s o m e r - l e v a m i s o l e [ L( -- )- I]

a n d t h e d e x t r o - r o t a t i n g i s o m e r -- d e x t r a m i s o l e [ D ( + )- I ] ) h a s b e e n k n o w n f r o m t h e m i d d l e o f

t h e 1 9 6 0s , w h e n i t w a s i n t r o d u c e d i n t o v e t e r i n a r y p r a c t i c e a s a w i d e s p e c t r u m a n t h e l m i n t i c

p r e p a r a t i on .

L r

N N HCI

1

ph

I

T h e a p p e a r a n c e o f t h e s e d r u g s w a s t h e r e su l t o f a c o n c e r t e d . m a s s i v e r e s e a r c h p r o g r a m ,

i n t he c o u r s e o f w h i c h a b o u t 3 0 0 0 h e t e r o c y c l i c c o m p o u n d s w e r e s y n t h e s i z e d a n d t e s t e d fo r

t h e i r a n t h e l m i n t i c a c t i v i t y [ 1 1 9] .

I t s h o u l d b e n o t e d t h a t a t a p p r o x i m a t e l y t h e s a m e t i m e , r e s e a r c h w a s a l s o b e i n g i n -

t e n s i v e l y c a r r i e d o u t i n t h e U S S R o n t he s y n t h e s i s o f c o m p o u n d s w i t h s i m i l a r s t r u c t u r e [ i ] .

A t t h e b e g i n n i n g o f t h e 1 97 0 s t he i n f l u e n c e w a s d i s c o v e r e d o f l e v a m i s o l e o n th e m e c h a n i s m o f t he

i m m u n e p r o t e c t i o n o f t h e o r g a n i s m [ 13 8] , w h i c h m a d e p o s s i b l e t h e u s e o f t h i s c o m p o u n d f o r t h e

s t i m u l a t i o n o f t h e i m m u n e r e s p o n s e .

A s s o o n a s t h e y a p p e a r e d o n t h e m a r k e t , t e t r a m i s o l e a n d l e v a m i s o l e e v o k e d a t o n c e g r e a t

i n t e r e s t fo r b o t h p r a c t i c i n g p h y s i c i a n s a n d r e s e a r c h - b i o l o g i s t s . A c c o r d i n g t o th e d a t a o f

J . S y m o e n e [ 14 0] , b y 19 7 8 , m o r e t h a n 1 0 0 0 p u b l i c a t i o n s h a d a p p e a r e d i n r e p u t a b l e s c i e n t i f i c

j o u r n a l s a n d b o o k s on t h e a n t h e l m i n t i c p r o p e r t i e s o f t h e s e p r e p a r a t i o n s , a n d a b o u t 5 0 0 o n

t h e i r ~ m m u n e - m o d u l a t i n g a ct i o n . J u d g i n g f r o m t h e u n d i m i n i s h i n g f l o w of p u b l i c a t i o n s ( w i th a

s h i f t of e m p h a s i s t o i m m u n o l o g y ) , t h e u n d o u b t e d i n t e r e s t w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e s e p r e p a r a t i o n s ,

w h i c h w e r e i n t r o d u c e d i n t o r e g u l a r c l i n i c a l p r a c t i c e , h a s n o t s l a c k e n e d .

T h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n s of t he m e d i c o b i o l o g i c a l p r o p e r t i e s o f l e v a m i s o l e a n d t e t r a m i s o l e a r e

s u m m a r i z e d i n a l a r g e n u m b e r o f r e v i e w s , o f w h i c h w e s h a l l m e n t i o n o n l y a f e w w h i c h s e e m t o

u s t o b e m o s t i n f o r m a t i v e : o n h e l m i n t h o l o g y [ 11 6, 1 4 1 ] , i m m u n o l o g y [ 5, 8, 9 , i 0 0 , 1 1 3, 1 2 8 -

130, 138, 139], and general phar mac olo gy [7, 99, i01, 108, 118, 131, 134, 136, 140].

A t t h e s a m e ti m e , t h e q u i t e a b u n d a n t d a t a o n t h e c h e m i s t r y o f t e t r a m i s o ! e h a v e n o t y e t

b e e n c o r r e l a t e d , a n d d e s c r i p t i o n s o f m e t h o d s o f t h e i r p r e p a r a t i o n a r e c e n t e r e d m a i n l y i n

t h e p a t e n t l i t e r a t u r e . I n t h e p r e s e n t r e v i e w a n a t t e m p t w a s m a d e t o e x a m i n e t h e m e t h o d s o f

s y n t h e s i s o f l e v a m i s o l e , t e t r a m i s o l e a n d t h e i r a n a l og s , a n d a l s o s e v e r a l o t h e r a s p e c t s , w h i c h

c o u l d b e o f i n t e r e s t f o r c h e m is t s a n d p h a r m a c o c h e m i s t s , c o n c e r n e d w i t h t h e c h e m i s t r y o f

h e t e r o c y c l i c c o m p o u n d s , s y n t h e s i s a n d s t u dy o f i m m u n o s t i m ul a n t s , a n t h e l m i n t i c p r e p a r a t i o n s ,

a n d a l s o o t h e r p h y s i o l o g i c a l l y a c t i v e p r e p a r a t i o n s .

M E T H O D S O F S Y N T H E S I S

O n t h e b a s i s o f t h e . ge ne ra l p r i n c i p l e s o f c o n s t r u c t i n g c o n d e n s e d h e t e r o c y c l i c s y s t e m s

w i t h a j u n c t i o n n i t r o g e n a t o m, t h e e x i st i n g m e t h o d s o f s y n t h e s i s of t e t r a h y d r o i m i d a z o t h i a z o l e

e a n b e p r o v i s i o n a l l y d i v i d e d i n t o t h r e e g r ou p s : a d d i n g t h e i m i d a z o l e r i n g o n t o t h e e x i s t i n g

t h i a z o ! e r i n g, a d d i n g t h e t h i a z o ! e r i n g o n to t h e i m i d a z o ! e r i ng , a n d s y n t h e s i s f r o m l i n e a r

I n s t i t u t e o f O r g a n i c C h e m i s t r y , A c a d e m y o f S c i e n c e s o f t h e U k r a i n i a n S S R , K i e v . S .

O r d z h o n i k i d z e A l l - U n i o n S c i e n ti f i c R e s ea r c h C h e m i c a l P h a r m a c e u t i c a l I n s ti t u t e , M o s c o w . T r a n s

l a t e d f r o m K h i m i k o - f a r m a t s e v t i c h e s k i i Z h u r n a l , V o l . 2 3 , N o . 2 , p p . 2 0 6 - 2 1 7 , F e b r u a r y , 1 9 8 9 .

O r i g i n a l a r t i c l e s u b m i t t e d M a y 1 9, 1 98 8 .

0091 150X/89/2302 0167512.50 9 1 9 8 9 P l e n u m P u b l i s h i n g C o r p o r a t i o n 1 6 7

Page 2: Levamisole Synthesis

8/20/2019 Levamisole Synthesis

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/levamisole-synthesis 2/15

s t r u c t u r e s . T o t he l a t t e r t y p e o f c y c l i z a t i o n s , h a v e b e e n a s s i g n e d t h o s e i n w h i c h i t i s

d i f f i c u l t t o a s c e r t a i n w h i c h o f t h e r i n g s i s f i r s t t o c l o se .

i . A d d i n g on o f t h e I m i d a z o l e R i n g

S

1 .1 <N ~ + C- - C)

A s t h e s t a r t i n g m a t e r i a l i n c o n d e n s a t i o n s o f t h i s t y p e , t h e f a i r l y r e a d i l y a c c e s s i b l e

2 - a m i n o t h i a z o l i n e I I) i s m o s t l y u s e d , w h i c h i s o b t a i n e d b y t he r e a c t i o n of 2 - h a l o e t h y l a m i n e

s a l t s w i t h t h i o u r e a [ ii 0, 1 3 5 ] , o r w i t h a l k a l i m e t a l t h i o c y a n a t e s [ i 0 , 2 6, 1 2 7 ] ,

S

II

A m o d i f i c a t i o n o f t h i s m e t h o d i s t h e s y n t h e s i s o f a m i n o t h i a z o l i n e I I f r o m a z i r i d i n e a n d

t h i o u r e a i n s u l f u r i c a c i d [ 35 ].

A d e t a i l e d s y n t h e s i s o f t e t r a m i s o l e f r o m 2 - a m i n o t h i a z o l i n e h a s b e e n d e v e l o p e d, i n

w h i c h t h e p h e n a c y l r e s i d u e i s i n t r od u c e d , f o l l o w e d b y t h e r e d u c t i o n o f t h e c a r b o n y l g r o u p i n

t h e i n t e r m e d i a t e i m i n o d e r i v a t i v e s I V) a n d V I ) a n d r o f t h e c a r b i n o l s V ) a n d

V I I ) i n t o t h e d e s i r e d e n d p r o d u c t I.

S

I I+ B r C H 2 C O P h - -- + < / / / [ ~ . + N H2 Br

I

C H 2 C O P h

Ill

I I I

l l

CH2COPh CH2CH OH) Ph

IV V

i

CH~CO Ph CH~CH OH) h

VI VII

A c c o r d i n g t o t h i s s ch e m e , t e t r a m i s o l e w as o b t a i n e d f o r t he f i r s t t ~ e i n [ 1 1 9] ; s u b s e -

q u e n t l y m a n y m o d i f i c a t i o n s o f t h e m e t h o d s f o r e a c h s t a g e h a v e b e e n d e ve l o p e d . I n i t i a ll y ,

t h e r e d u c t i o n o f s a l t I II ) w a s c a r r i e d ou t a f t e r p r e l i m i n a r i l y p r o t e c t i n g t h e i m i n o g r o u p b y

a c y l a t i o n w i t h a c et i c a n ~ d r i d e i n p y r i d i n e [ 2 8 , 1 2 5] . T h e i n t r o d u c t i o n of t h e p r o t e c t i n g

g r o u p i s d e t e ~ i n e d p o s s ~ l y , b y t wo f a c t o r s : f ir s t l y , i t is k n o ~ t h a t s a l t I II c y c l i z e s

f a i rl y r e a d il y ~ t o 2 , 3 - d i h y d r o ~ i d a z o t h ~ z o l e V II I) [ 13 ] ;

\ P h

V I I I

s e c o n d l y , d e r i v a t i v e s o f t y p e V a r e p ~ s i o l o g i c a l l y a c t i v e c o m p o u n d s , w h i c h w e r e t e s t e d i n

p a r a l l e l w i t h t h e d e s i r e d e n d p r o d u c t s , a n d t h e r e f o r e t h e y a r e o f i n d e p e n d e n t ~ t e r e s t [ 1 1 9 ,

168

Page 3: Levamisole Synthesis

8/20/2019 Levamisole Synthesis

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/levamisole-synthesis 3/15

1 4 2 ] . S h o r t l y a f t e r w a r d s i t w a s s h o w n t h a t t h e r e d u c t i o n o f t h e c a r b o n y l g r o u p c a n a l s o b e

c a r r i e d o u t w i t h o u t p r e l i m i n a r y p r o t e c t i o n o f t he i m i n o g r o u p - i n b a s e V I [ 3 4 , 3 6 ] .

I n t h i s s c h e m e , t h e c y c l i z a t i o n s t a g e o f c a r b i n o l V I I w a s f o u n d t o b e c o m p l e x a n d c u m b e r

s o m e. I t i s c a r r i e d ou t i n c o n c e n t r a t e d s u l f u r i c o r p o l y p h o s p h o r i c a c i d , a n d t h e c a r b i n o l

i s u s e d i n t h e f o r m o f a b a s e [ 3 6 ] o r s a l t s [ 27 , 6 1] . T h e c o m p l e x i t y i n t h e i s o l a t i o n o f

t e t r a m i s o l e ( n e u t r a l i z a t i o n o f a l a r g e a m o u n t o f a c i d , u s e d a s a r e a g e n t a n d s o l v e n t ) i s c o m -

p e n s a t e d f o r b y i t s g o o d y i e l d a n d q u a l i t y .

H

V I I

,,>

- - ~ t v v ~ j ~ r

/ ~ N H 2

+ N

I

CH~

I

C H +

I

P h

- - - I

T h e s y n t h e s i s o f t e t r a m i s o l e w a s a l s o c a r r i e d o u t b y t he s u b s t i t u t i o n o f t h e h y d r o x y l

g r o u p b y h a l o g e n , f o l l o w e d b y c y c l i z a t i o n i n a n a l k a l i n e m e d i u m [ 14 ]. T r e a t m e n t o f s a l t s o f

c a r b i n o l V I I ( I X ) b y h a l o g e n a t i n g a g e n t s ( SO C1 2, P C 1 3 , P B r~ , P O C I 3 ) , w i t h s u b s e q u e n t c y c l i -

z a t i o n o f t h e h a l o g e n d e r i v a t i v e f o r m e d b y t h e a c t i o n o f a l k a l i i s t e c h n o l o g i c a l l y c o n v e n i e n

b u t i n t h i s c a s e , a l r e a d y a t t h e s t a g e of t h e r e p l a c e m e n t o f t h e h y d r o x y l g r o u p a c o n s i d e r -

a b l e a m o u n t ( up t o 5 ) o f i m p u r i t y i s f o r m e d o f a h i g h l y t o x i c a n d d i f f i c u l t l y s e p a r a b l e t r a n s

styr yl (XI) o

K -

S

I

C H ~ C H O H ) Ph

IX

C H ~ C H C I ) P h

X

I LiCI/DMFA

S X -

I

C H = C H P h

XI

S

l

C H = C H P h

T h i s c o m p o u n d c a n b e o b t a i n e d i n a p u r e s t a t e b y h e a t i n g s a l t X in D M F A i n t h e p r e s e n c e

o f L i C I [ 13 7] . T h e s t y r y l X I i m p u r i t y i s a l s o f o r m e d , a l t h o u g h t o a l e s s e r e x t e n t a t t h e

s t a g e o f c y c l i z a t i o n o f s a l t X o r i t s a c y l a t e d d e r i v a t i v e , e s p e c i a l l y , w h e n t h e r e a c t i o n i s

c a r r i e d o u t i n a c o n c e n t r a t e d s o l u t i o n . T o d e c r e a s e t h e a m o u n t o f t h e s t y r y l X I i m p u r i t y ,

s p e c i a l m o d i f i c a t i o n s o f t he m e t h o d o f r e p l a c e m e n t o f t h e h y d r o x y l g r o u p b y t h e h a l o g e n a t o m

h a v e b e e n p ro p o s e d . T h u s, b y t r e at i n g t h e c h l o r i d e o r t o l u e n e - s u l f o n a t e I X s u c c e s s i v e l y b y

s u l f u r y l c h l o r i d e [ 40 , 8 4 ] , h y d r o c h l o r i c a c i d [ 47 , 8 7 ] , c h l o r o s u l f o n l c a c i d [ 5 2 , 8 8 ] , o r a

m i x t u r e o f h y d r o c h l o r i c a n d s u l f u r i c a c i d s [ 54 ], t h e c o n t e n t o f t h e i m p u r i t y i n t h e t e t r a -

m i s o l e f o r m e d d o e s n o t e x c ee d 1 . A m e t h o d h a s a l s o b e e n d e v e l o p e d f o r r e m o v i n g s t y r y l X I

f r o m t e tr am if fo le , b y t a k i n g a d v a n t a g e o f t h e b e t t e r e x t r a c t a b i l i t y o f i t s s a l t s w i t h a l k y l -

s u l f o n i c a c i d s d e r i v e d f r o m h i g h e r p a r a f f i n s [ 15 ].

C h a r a c t e r i z i n g t h e a b o v e d e s c r i b e d s y s t e m o n t he w h o le , w e s h o u l d n o t e i t s m u l t i s t a g e

c h a r a c t e r ( a l t h o u g h t h e y i e l d s a t e a c h s t a g e a r e f a i r l y h i g h ) a n d t h e n e e d t o u s e h a l o a c e t o -

p h e n o n e s , w h i c h a r e t o x ic c o m p o u n d s w i t h l a c h r y m a t o r y p r o p em t i e s .

69

Page 4: Levamisole Synthesis

8/20/2019 Levamisole Synthesis

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/levamisole-synthesis 4/15

T o s im p l if y t h e s y n t h e s i s of t o l u e n e s u l f o n a t e I X, a r e a c t i o n h a s b e e n d e v e l o p e d o f 2 ~

a m i n o t h i a z o l i n e w i t h t h e i n e x p e n s i v e a n d t h e r e a d i l y a v a i l a b l e s t y r e n e o x i d e [ 17 , 27 , 38 ].

T h e p r o c e s s i s c a r r i e d o u t a t r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e i n t h e c o u r s e o f 2 d a y s . S u c h m i l d c o n -

d i t i o n s a r e p r o b a b l y u s e d t o a v o i d t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f f o r m a t i o n o f b y - p r o d u c t s , w h i c h , w e m a y

a s s u m e , i n c l u d e t h e i s o m e t r i c p r o d u c t s o f t h e a d d i t i o n o f s t y r e n e o x i d e t o a n e x o c y c l i c

n i t r o g e n a t o m ( a s h a s b e e n o b s e r v e d i n t h e c a s e o f 2 - a m i n o p y r i d i n e [ 6] ). T h e y i e l d o f s a l t

I X h a s n o t b e e n s t a t e d , b u t j u d g i n g f r o m t h e a m o u n t s o f t h e r e a g e n t s u s e d , i t c a n n o t e x c e e d

50%.

A o n e - s t a g e s y n t h e s i s o f t e t r a m i s o l e f r o m 2 - a m i n o t h i a z o l i n e h a s b e e n c a r r i e d o u t t h r o u g h

i t s r e a c t i o n w i t h d i b r o m o e t h y l b e n z e n e

II -{-- PhCH(Br)CH~B r I.

T h e r e a c t i o n p r o c e e d s u n d e r r i g o r o u s c o n d i t i o n s - - p r o lo n g e d b o i l i n g i n t h e p r e s e n c e o f

s o d i u m a m i d e [ 66 ]. T h e y i e l d o f t h e p r o d u c t h a s a l s o n o t b e e n s t a t e d , b u t i t i s r a t h e r

l o w, s i n c e b o t h t h e s t a r t i n g m a t e r i a l s a n d t h e p r o d u c t a r e u n s t a b l e u n d e r t h e r e a c t i o n

c o n d i t i o n s .

T h e a b i l i t y o f a m i n e s t o a d d t o t h e a c t i v a t e d C = C b o n d w a s t a k e n a d v a n t a g e o f f o r t h e

p r e p a r a t i o n o f t e t r a m i s o l e a n a l o g s [ 10 4] a c c o r d i n g t o t he s c h e m e :

II q- A r--CH=CH (Br)CO=Et

I E t 3 N

S

Ar \ r

XII

T h i s p a t h o f b u i l d i n g u p t h e r in g o f t e t r a h y d r o i m i d a z o t h i a z o l e i s p r o m i s i n g , a l t h o u g h

t h e y i e l d i s l o w i n t h i s c a s e ( ~ 3 0% ) .

I t c a n b e s e e n t h a t a l s o t h i s m e t h o d d o e s n o t s o l v e t h e b a s i c g e n e r a l p r o b l e m o f t h e

s y n t h e s i s o f t e t r a m i so l e . T h e r e f o r e , m e t h o d s h a v e b e e n i n t e n s i v e l y d e v e l o p e d f or t h e

p r e p a r a t i o n o f e a r b i n o l V I I a n d i t s s a l t s I X f r o m t h e c o n d e n s a t i o n p r o d u c t o f s t y r e n e o x i d e

w i t h a z i r i d i n e [ 11 5]

H N < -~ P h C H ~ C H 2

O

PhCH(OH)CH2N# ~) SCN- >. VII, IX.

6) =C(NH2)2

XII I

I t w a s f o u n d t h a t t h e d e s i r e d e n d p r o d u c t s a r e r e a d i l y f o r m e d i n t h e r e a c t i o n o f 1 - ( 2 -

h y d r o x y - 2 - p h e n y l e t h y l ) a z i r i d i n e ( X II I ) w i t h t h i o c y a n a t e s o r w i t h t h i o u r e a [ 14 , 16 , 2 4, 2 5 ,

3 9 , 4 1 , 4 4 , 5 1, 6 5 , 1 0 3 , 1 37 ] . T h e s a m e m e t h o d w a s u s e d f o r t h e p r e p a r a t i o n o f a n a l o g s o f

t e t r a m i s o l e b y i n t r o d u c i n g s u b s t i t u e n t s a t t a c h e d t o th e a z i r i d i n e c a r b o n a t o m s i n t o t he

a r y l r e s i d u e o f s t y r e n e o x i d e , a n d a l s o f o r t h e s y n t h e s i s of t e t r a m i s o l e w i t h a r a d i o a c t i v e

3 S S t r a c e r [4 ] f r o m t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g l a b e l e d t h i o u r e a .

A n i n t e r e s t i n g v a r i a n t o f t h i s m e t h o d , b u t p r o b a b l y l a c k i n g p a r t i c u l a r a d v a n t a g e s , w a s

p r o p o s e d b y J a p a n e s e a u t h o r s : a z i r i d i n e X I I I i s o p e n e d b y s o d i u m t h i o s u l f a t e , w h i l e t h e

c l o s u r e o f t h e t h i a z o l e r i n g t a k e s p l a c e b y t r e a t m e n t w i t h c y a n i d e s [ 94 ].

XIII -b Na2S~Oa -- ~

PhCH(OH)CH2NHCH2CH2SSO~H

V I I .

NaCN

>

T h e m a i n d i s a d v a n t a g e o f t h e m e t h o d s f o r t h e s y n t h e s i s o f t e t r a m i s o l e f r o m s u b s t i t u t e d

170

Page 5: Levamisole Synthesis

8/20/2019 Levamisole Synthesis

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/levamisole-synthesis 5/15

a z i r i d i n e X I I I c o n s i s t s i n t h e n e e d o f w o r k i n g w i t h e t h y l e n i m i n e , w h i c h i s a h i g h l y t o x i c a n d

m u t a g e n i c c o m p o u n d . T o o b t a i n t h e o p t i m a l y i e l d o f p r o d u c t X I I I in t h e r e a c t i o n o f s t y r e n e

o x i d e w i t h e t h y l e n i m i n e , i t s t h r e e f o l d e x c e s s i s r e q u i r e d [ 11 5] . T h e p u r i f i c a t i o n o f t h e

p r o d u c t b y d i s t i l l a t i o n u n d e r h i g h v a c u um , f o l l o w e d b y r e c r y s t a l l i z a t i o n , w h i c h i s p r o b a b l y

n e c e s s a r y b e c a u s e o f t h e r e a d y p o l y m e r i z a b i l i t y o f t h e s t a r t i n g c o m p o n e n t s , i s a l s o t e c h n o l o g -

i c a l l y i n c o n v e n i e n t .

P o s s i b l y b e c a u s e o f t h i s , a m e t h o d h a s b e e n d e v e l o p e d f o r t h e p r e p a r a t i o n o f c a r b i n o l

X I I I b y r e d u c i n g l - p h e n a c y l a z i r i d i n e X I V ) [ 70 ].

P h C O C H 2 N / I

Nail,A1

OCH_*CH_~OCH~)._,

X I I I .

l y

l

W e s h o u l d n o t e t h a t a z i r i d i n e X I V i s a l s o u s e d f o r t he s y n t h e s i s o f p h e n a c y l t h i a z o l i d i n e

VI [69] :

X I V K S C N V I .

I n t h e p r e p a r a t i o n o f c a r b i n o l V I I f r o m s t y r e n e o x i d e , e t h y l e n i m i n e c a n b e r e p l a c e d b y

m o n o e t h a n o l a m i n e . F o r t h is , b o t h th e p r e f e r e n t i a l l y f o r m e d s u b s t i t u t e d b e n z y l a l c o h o l X V)

[ 1 1 2 ] a n d i t s i s o m e r X VI ) a r e u s e d a f t e r r e p l a c i n g t h e t e r m i n a l h y d r o x y l g r o u p by a h a l o g e n

a t o m o r a s u l f o g r o u p [ 3 7 , 4 3 ] ) .

PhCH OH)CH2NHCH2CH2OHxv

. . . . ~ PhCH(Hal)CH2NHCH'~CH2Hal- -

P h CH ( C H 2O H ) N H C H ~C H tO H ~ P h C H ( C H ~ H a l ) N H C H 2 C H 2 H a l - - ~

X V I

S = C N H , ) ~

H a l C H . o C H z N ~ P h C H ( O H ) C H 2 N H C H ~ C H 2 Y 9

V I I

N p h X V I I

Y H a l , O S 0 3 H .

T h e i n t e r m e d i a t e p r o d u c t X V I I Y = C I) i s p o s s i b l y t h e k e y p r o d u c t i n t he o ri g i n a l ,

a l t h o u g h m u l t i s t a g e s y n t h e s i s [ 2 2 ] o f h y d r o x y i m i n o t h i a z o l i d i n e V I I f r o m t h e i n e x p e n s i v e a n d

r e a d i l y a v a i l a b l e s t a r t i n g m a t e r i a l s -- s t y r e n e t h e s t a r t i n g c o m p o u n d f o r t h e s y n t h e s i s o f

s t y r e n e o x i d e ) a n d s u b s t i t u t e d d e r i v a t i v e s of m o n e t h a n o l a m i n e - - u r e t h a n e X V II I ) or o x a -

zoli dino ne XIX) [Iii]o

O

C I C H 2 C H 2 N H C O 2 E t

~ N ~ O

l

...... H

XVIII XIX

A s i m i l a r p r i n c i p l e w a s u s e d p r e v i o u s l y i n [ 1 02 ] f o r t h e p r e p a r a t i o n o f t e t r a m i s o l e

f r o m s t y r e n e

X V I I I ( X I X )

> > > 2. S----C NH,)~/SCN- II

I

I I I

B r CH~CH Br) h CH~CH OH)Ph

T h e m e t h o d i s b a s e d o n t h e a b i l i t y o f N - b r o m o - s u b s t i t u t e d d e r i v a t i v e s t o ad d t o u n -

s a t u r a t e d c o m p o u n d s

P h C H = C H = + C H 3 C 6 H . S O 2 N C I 2 ,~, C H 3 C ~ H 4 S O ~ N ~ p\

X X

D i c h l o r a m i n e T r e a d i l y a d d s t o s t y r e n e w i t h t h e f o r m a t i o n o f N - t o s y l p h e n y l a z i r i d i n e X X )

w h i c h i s f u r t h e r s u b j e c t e d t o r e a c t i o n w i t h m o n o e t h a n o l a m i n e .

171

Page 6: Levamisole Synthesis

8/20/2019 Levamisole Synthesis

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/levamisole-synthesis 6/15

XX

H,NCH,CH,OHj--)- TSNHCH(Ph)CH~NHCH~CH~OHxxI

L..~. T S NHCH~CH Ph)NHCH~CH20H

X X I I

H o w e v e r , t h e o p e n i n g o f t he a z i r i d i n e r i n g p r o c e e d s n o n s e l e c t i v e l y , a n d, a l t h o u g h t h e

f o r m a t i o n o f b y - p r o d u c t X X I I c a n b e p r e v e n t e d b y c a r r y i n g o u t t h e r e a c t i o n i n a n a p r o t i c

s o l v e n t ( o p t i m a l l y i n d i o x a n e ) , t h e y i e l d o f t h e r e q u i r e d p r o d u c t X X I i s n e v e r t h e l e s s l o w.

, . s o c l ,

~

H , S O , . I

X X I 2,

SC~ - <..

N / / ~ N H

CH~CHPhNHTS

XXIII

T h e s u b s e q u e n t s t a g e s a r e f a i r l y c u m b e r s o m e a n d i n t hi s f o r m t h e m e t h o d i s p r o b a b l y

n o t u s e d in t h e i n d u s t r y . H o w e v e r , i t is p r o b a b l e t h a t s p e c i f i c a l l y t h i s e a r l y i n v e s t i -

g a t i o n s t i m u l a t e d t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f t h e s y n t h e s i s o f t h e s t a r t i n g m a t e r i a l s X X I a n d X X I I I .

T h u s , a c y l a n a l o g s o f t h e s u b s t i t u t e d e t h a n o l a m i n e X X I w e r e o b t a i n e d f r o m s u b s t i t u t e d d i -

e t h a n o l a m i n e X V w i t h n i t r i l e s i n c o n c e n t r a t e d s u l f u r i c a c i d , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e R i t t e r r e a c t i o n

[ 1 1 ]

R C N

X V ~ P h C H ( N H C O R) C H , N H C H ~ C H2 Y

XXIV

Y = O H , H a l , OSOsH.

I n t h e r e a c t i o n o f t h e s u l f a t e e s t e r X X I V ( Y = O S O 3 H ) a n d a l s o o f t h e a z i r i d i n e ( XX V)

o b t a i n e d f r o m i t , w i t h t h i o c y a n a t e s o r t h i o u r e a , t h i a z o l i d i n e ( X X VI ) i s f o r m e d , w h i c h g i v e s

t e t r a a m i s o l e b y t r e a t m e n t w i t h s u l f u r i c o r p o l y p h o s p h o r i c a c i d o r b y t h e a c t i o n o f n i t r o u s

a c i d o n a m i n o t h i a z o l i d i n e ( X X V I I) [ 3 1, 4 2 , 6 1 , 8 5 ] ,

I

\ |

Ph

X X V

CH~CH Ph)NHCOR

XXVI

- - S

< ~ / [ ~ N H N~ ~ I

CH,CH NHJPh

XXVI

T h e m a i n d i f f i c u l t y o f t h i s g r o u p o f s y n t h e s i s c o n s i s t s i n t h e l o w a c c e s s i b i l i t y o f t h e

k e y c o m p o u n d X X I V , w h i c h i s o b t a i n e d i n c o n c e n t r a t e d s u l f u r i c a c i d at a t e m p e r a t u r e l o w e r

t h a n 0 ~ a n d i s i s o l a t e d b y t h e e v a p o r a t i o n to d r y n e s s o f t h e n e u t r a l i z e d s o l u t i o n a t a

t e m p e r a t u r e n o t h i g h e r t h a n 5 0 ~

W e s h o u l d n o t e t h a t t h e a m i n o d e r i v a t i v e X X V I I w a s a l so s y n t h e s i z e d b y c a t a l y t i c h y d r o -

g e n a t i o n o f 2 - i m i n o p h e n a c y l t h i a z o l i d i n e o x i m e ( X XV I I I) [ 69 ].

S

VI ~- <N /J~.~ N H

I

CH~C(----NOH)Ph

XXVIII

H X X V I I

Pd BaCOs

172

Page 7: Levamisole Synthesis

8/20/2019 Levamisole Synthesis

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/levamisole-synthesis 7/15

- - - - S

1,2 + N--C--G)

K N >~x

S e v e r a l m e t h o d s o f s y n t h e s i s o f t e t r a m i s o l e a r e b a s e d o n t h e r e a d i l y a v a i l a b l e t h i a z o l i -

d i n e d e r i v a t i v e s : 2 - o x o - ( X X I X ) a n d 2 - t h i o x o t h i a z o - l i d i n e ( X X X ) .

H

S N

[ I 4- Ph b, ~

XX IX, XXX XXXI

S / P h H CI

L N / / J ~ ( ' N > I

XXXII

I n t h e r e a c t i o n o f t h e s e t h i a z o l i d i n e d e r i v a t i v e s w i t h 2 - p h e n y l a z i r i d i n e ( X X X I) , 2 -

a z i r i d i n y l t h i a z o l i n e ( X X X II ) i s f o r m e d , w h i c h b y t h e a c t i o n o f h y d r o c h l o r i c a c i d r e a r r a n g e s

i n t o t e t r a m i s o l e [ 64 ]. T h i s s c h e m e a t t r a c t s a t t e n t i o n n o t o n l y b e c a u s e o f it s h i g h y i e l d

( 95 ) a n d e x p e r i m e n t a l s i m p l i c i t y , b u t a l s o d u e t o t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f d i r e c t l y o b t a i n i n g

l e v a m i s o l e , i f t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g o p t i c a l l y a c t i v e a z i r i d i n e X X X I i s u s e d .

F o r t h e p r e p a r a t i o n o f t e t r a m i s o l e , a l s o 3 - s u b s t i t u t e d t h i a z o l i d i n e - 2 - t h i o n e s ( Y~ XX II I)

a r e u s e d [ 3 0 , 4 5, 8 6 ] a c c o r d i n g t o t h e sc h e m e :

X X IV ~ ~ - ~ mx

S

I

CH2CH NHCOR)Ph

XXXIII

--S

CH2CH(NHCOR)Ph

XXXlV

Q u a t e r n a r y s a l t s w i t h t h e s t r u c t u re o f X XX I V a r e c l ea r l y i n t e r m e d i a t e p r o d u c t s i n t h e

s y n t h e s i s o f t e t r a m i s o l e [ 9 8 ] f ro m. a l k y l t h i o t h i a z o l i n e s Y 2 ~ V .

S

l

XXXV

+ PhCH(NH COR)CH ~Hal : I

XXXVI

I n t h e a l k y l a t i o n o f a l k y l t h i o t h i a z o l i n e s X X X V by h a l o g e n d e r i v a t i v e s o f t h e t y p e X X X V I ,

t h e y i e l d o f t e t r a m i s o l e i s 3 0 - 4 0 . T h i s i s p o s s i b l y d u e t o t h e r i g o r o u s r e a c t i o n c o n d i t i o n s

( h e a t i n g a t 1 7 0 ~ f o r 1 .5 h ) , a t w h i c h b o t h t h e d e a l k y l a t i o n o f t h e i n i t i a l l y f o r m e d q u a t e r -

n a r y s a lt X X X I V a n d t h e d e h y d r o h a l o g e n a t i o n o f th e a l k y l a t i n g a g e n t a r e v e r y p r o b a b l e.

N e v e r t h e l e s s , t h is m e t h o d i s p r o b a b l y b e t t e r t h a n t he i n i t i a l l y p r o p o s e d a l t e r n a t i v e s t a g e -

w i s e r e a c t i o n [ 82 ]:

XXXV + PhCH(NH2)CH~OH >

~S I. SOCI,

~NHCH (Ph)CH~OH 2. OH-

O f t h e a b o v e e n u m e r a t e d m e t h o d s , w e c a n s i n g l e o u t t h e m e t h o d s o f t h e p r e p a r a t i o n o f I

f r o m 2 - a m i n o t h i a z o l i n e a n d h a l o a c e t o p h e n o n e s a s t h e p r i n c i p a l o n e s . N a m e l y i n t h i s w a y ,

b e c a u s e o f t h e a v a i l a b i l i t y o f t he v a r i o u s s u b s t i t u t e d d e r i v a t i v e s o f t he s t a r t i ng c o m p o n e n t s

n o t f e w e r t h a n t h o u s a n d s o f t e t r a m i s o l e a n a l o g s w e r e o b t a i n e d w i t h a m o d i f i c a t i o n o f s u b -

s t i t u e n t s a t t h e 6 - p o s i t i o n a l o n e [ 2 8 , 4 8, 5 8 - 6 0 , 9 2 , 9 3, 1 05 , 1 3 2 ] . A m o n g t h e . s y n t h e si z e d

173

Page 8: Levamisole Synthesis

8/20/2019 Levamisole Synthesis

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/levamisole-synthesis 8/15

c o m p o u n d s , m a n y w e r e f o u n d h a v i n g a c t i v i t y . c o m m en s u r a bl e w i t h t h a t o f t e t r a m i z o l e o r e ve n

h i g h e r w i t h r e s p e c t t o i n d i v i d u a l p a r a m e t e r s , b u t n o n e of t h e m s u r p a s s e s i t w i t h r e s p e c t t o

t h e b r e a d t h o f t h e s p e c t r u m o f i t s a c t i v i t y .

S e l e n i u m a n a l o g s o f t e t r a m is o l e , w h i c h a r e u n i n t e r e s t i n g f r o m t h e s t a n d p o i n t o f

p h y s i o l o g i c a l a c t i v i t y [ i1 7, 1 2 0] a s w e l l a s t e t r a m i s o l e c o n t a i n i n g a r a d i o a c t i v e c a r b o n

a t o m ( 14 C) a t t h e 6 - p o s i t i o n , u s e d f o r t r a c i n g t h e p a t h s o f m e t a b o l i s m o f t e t r a m i s o l e i n

t h e o r g a n i s m [ 1 2 1] , w e r e o b t a i n e d b y t h e s a m e m e t h o d .

2 . A d d i n g o n t h e T h i a z o l e R i n g

T h e s e c o n d , a l s o f a i r l y n u m e r o u s g r o u p o f m e t h o d s o f s y n t h e s i s o f t e t r a m i s o l e i s b a s e d

o n i n i t i a l l y o b t a i n e d h y d r o g e n a t e d d e r i v a t i v e s o f i m id a z o l e . F o r s o m e o f t h em , 4 - p h e n y l -

i m i d a z o l i d i n e - 2 - t h i o n e ( X XX V II ) [ 11 4] s e r v e s a s t h e s t a r t i n g m a t e r i a l , w h i c h i s a l k y a t e d

b y 1 , 2 - d i h a l o e t h a n e s ( X X X V I I I ) , X I = X 2 = l la l) , f o l l o w e d b y c y c l i z a t i o n i n a l k a l i n e m e d i u m

[29, 125]

- - N H

[ [ + XtCH=C H~X 2 ~-

p h \ N ~ s

I

X X X V I I X X X V I I I

- - N

I I I

p h / l ' N / ~ S C H ~C H ~X2

I

X X X l X

X 1 X 2 = C 1 B r , O H .

I

T h e m e t h o d i s a l s o u s e d f or t h e p r e p a r a t i o n o f t e t r a m i s o l e a n a l o g s w i t h v a r i o u s s u b -

s t i t u e n t s i n t h e i m i d a z o l e r i n g [ 29 ].

R . A r i e s h a s d e v e l o p e d a w h o l e s e r i e s o f m o d i f i c a t i o n s o f t h i s m e t h o d . T h u s , b y t h e

r e a c t i o n o f t h i o n e X X X V I I w i t h e t h y l e n e c h l o r o h y d r i n [ 67 ], o r e t h y l e n e o x i d e [ 6 8 ] 2 - h y d r o e t h y

t h i o i m i d a z o l i n e X X X I X ( X = O H ) w a s s y n t h e s i z e d , w h i c h w a s f u r t h e r s u b j e c t e d t o th e a c t i o n o f

h a l o g e n a t i n g a g e n t s a n d c y c l i z a t i o n . I n t h e r e a c t i o n w i t h v i n y l h al i d e s , t e t r a m i s o l e i s

f o r m e d i n o n e s t a g e . [ 7 6 ] :

X X X V I I - -{ -CH ~

=

C H H a l ~ I

T h e s a me a u t h o r p r e p a r e d t e t r a m i s o l e f r o m 2 - h a l o - 4 - p h e n y l - i m i d a z o l i n e X L b o t h b y a o n e -

s t a g e ( in t h e r e a c t i o n w i t h e t h y l e n e t h i o x i d e [ 75 , 7 9] ) , a n d b y a m u l t i s t a g e s y n t h e s i s ,

u s i n g a 2 - m e r c a p t o e t h a n o l [ 71 ], t h e s o d i u m s a l t o f 2 - c h l o r o e t h y l m e r c a p t a n [ 7 3 ] o r a m i x t u r e

o f d i b r o m o e t h a n e a n d s o d i u m s u l f i d e [ 72 ].

N C I C H C H ~ . S N a

N / > X X X I X > I

P h / ~ ~ C l ~ BrCHoCH..Br~_NaoS /

f i I s

X L f , / ~ l

I t s h o u l d b e n o t e d t h a t a l l t h e s e m e t h o d s h a v e t w o s u b s t a n t i a l d r a w b a c k s . F i r s t l y , t h e

k e y c o m p o u n d , l - p h e n y l e t h y l e n e d i a m i n e ( XL I) r e q u i r e d f o r th e s y n t h e s i s o f i m i d a z o l e s

X X X V I I a n d X L, w h i c h i s o b t a i n e d b y t h e r e d u c t i o n o f p h e n y l g l y c i n e n i t r i l e [ 12 3 ], i s d i f f i -

c u l t t o p r e p a r e .

P h C H = O + K C N + N H 4C I - - +

> P h C H ( N H = ) C N L i A I ~~ Ph CH (N H = )CH = N H =

X L I

174

Page 9: Levamisole Synthesis

8/20/2019 Levamisole Synthesis

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/levamisole-synthesis 9/15

Secondly, the unequivo calit y of the direction of the cycliz ation in the above synth eses

of tetramisole arouses doubts.

In fact, the electron density on the nitrogen at oms in the mole cule of hydroge nated

imidaz oline should be similar, and hence the formatio n of isomers in particu lar during the

alkyla tion or cyclization) is equally probable:

. N H

Ph Ph ,

l

H

r - - - - N / I

Moreover, the phenyl ring in these imidazolines devia tes fro m the plane of the hetero-

cyclic ring. Similarly, the steric environment of the reactio n centers N l and N 3) also

differs.

Studies of the reacti on of 2-mercap toimidaz ole XLII) with dibromoetha ne showed [12~

that also in this case the 5-substitute d isomer XLIII is prefer ential ly formed and not

the tetramisole analog XLIV.

N H

ph [~X.N/ J%S + BrCH~CH2B r >

I

H

X L I I

- - . N N

p h - S s p h s

l

X L I I I X L I V

What is more sur prisin g is that despite these data, a similar behav ior of hydrogena ted

derivat ives was establ ished only in 1981 [107]o It was found that in the synthesis from imi-

d a z o l i n e t h i o n e X X X V I I a n d d i b r o m oe t h a n e , i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e t he o r y, t e t r a m i s o l e a n d i t s

5-phe nyl-su bstitu ted anal og XLV are formed in a i:i ratio. In the same article, a directed

synthesis of isomer XLV was described this compoun d was found to be inactive as an anthel -

mintic) accordi n~ to a scheme:

PhCH(CN )NHCH ,,CH2O H. LtAIH,>

CS

> PhCH CH2NH2)NHCH2CH2OH

~ N H

P h ~ S

t

CH2CH~OH

N

P h 7 N ~ S . H CI

X L V

T h us , t h e a b o v e d e s c r i b e d m e t h o d s b a s e d o n i m i d a z o l i n e d e r i v a t i v e s a p p a r e n t l y h a v e n o

practic al value because of the probability of formation of by-products.

175

Page 10: Levamisole Synthesis

8/20/2019 Levamisole Synthesis

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/levamisole-synthesis 10/15

T h e a b o v e n o t e d d i s a d v a n t a g e s a r e e l i m i n a t e d t o a l a r g e e xt e n t i n t h e s y n t h e s e s o f t e t r

m i s o l e f r o m 1 - s u b s t i t u t e d t h i a z o l i d i n e s h a v i n g t h e s t r u c t u r e s X L V i a n d X L V I I.

N/CH~CI-120H

H

XLVI

N / C H s C I ~ O M e

H

XLVII

I n m a n y c a s e s t h e i r c y c l i z a t i o n p r o c e e d s u n d e r m i l d c o n d i t i o n s ( u s u a ll y i n h y d r o c h l o r i c

a c i d ) i n a g o o d y i e l d . I n f a c t , t h e s e m e t h o d s d i f f e r o n l y i n t h e a p p r o a c h e s t o t he s y n -

t h e s i s o f t h e s t a r t i n g m a t e r i a l s .

I n o n e o f t h e s i m p l e m e t h o d s f o r t h e p r e p a r a t i o n o f t h i o n e XL V I , ~ - ( 2 - h y d r o x y e t h y l a m i n o -

m e t h y l ) b e n z y l a m i n e ( X LV I I I) i s u s e d .

X X I V

H +

1.

C S ,

~ PhCH(NH~)CH~NHCHtCHsOH 2. RH al XLVI

XLVII I

T o e f f e c t t h e c l o s u r e o f t h e i m i d a z o l e r i n g , d i a m i n e X L V I I I i s t r e a t e d w i t h x a n t h a t e s ,

t h i o p h o s g e n e [ 8 1 ] o r c a r b o n d i s u l f i d e [ 2, 3 , 8 0] . T h e s y n t h e s i s o f th e m e t h o x y d e r i v a t i v e

X L V I I i s a l s o p e r f o r m e d i n a c o m p l e x w a y [ 18 ].

I. C H , C N + H , S O ,

MeOC H~CH 2NH Ph CH CH 9 PhCH(OH)CH~NHCH2CH2OMe-+ 2. H,O

\ o

XLIX

, PhCH(NH2)CH2NHCH~CH2OMe ~ XLVII

I t i s i n t e r e s t i n g t h a t c o m p o u n d L c an b e s e p a r a t e d i n t o e n a n t i o m e r s a n d b e u s e d f o r t h e

s y n t h e s i s o f l e v a m i s o l e .

T h e m a i n d r a w b a c k s o f t h e s e m e t h o d s h a v e a l r e a d y b e e n d i s c u s s e d a b o v e : t h e s e a r e t h e

n o n u n e q u i v o c a l i t y o f t h e r i n g o p e n i n g o f s t y r e n e ox i d e , a n d t h e d i f f i c u l t i e s i n v o l v e d i n t h e

i s o l a t i o n o f t h e d e r i v a t i v e s o f t y p e X X I V . I n t h i s c o n n e c t i o n , a n u n u s u a l m e t h o d f o r t he

p r e p a r a t i o n o f d i a m i n e L d i r e c t l y f r o m s t y r e n e h a s b e e n p r o p o s e d i n [ 19 ]:

PhCH----CH2 + CHsCN + XLIX

N/CH2CH~,OMe

OH

Ph Me

T h e i n t e r m e d i a t e f o r m a t i o n o f t h e i m i d a z o l e r i n g i s p r e s u m e d a l s o i n s y n t h e s e s b a s e d o n

b r o m o a c e t o p h e n o n e [ 5 3 , 5 5, 56 , 9 0, 91 , 1 2 6 ] :

176

Page 11: Levamisole Synthesis

8/20/2019 Levamisole Synthesis

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/levamisole-synthesis 11/15

P h C O C H 2 B r + H o N C H o C H ~ O M e -

_ _ . N / C H ~ C H 2 0 M e

T

I

H

K O C X

~" PhC OC H. oNHC H2C H 2OM e ~_

N / C H ~ C H ~ O M e

l T

~" p h / U [ , , . N . , . . ~ O

I

A c

L I

N/. CH2CH~OMe

[ H ~ p h / [ , X N / j ~ 0

A e

PzS

XLVII

T h e k e y s t a g e o f t h i s m e t h o d , t h e h y d r o g e n a t i o n o f i m i d a z o l o n e (L I) c a n b e c a r r i e d o u t

o n c o m p l e x r h o d i u m c a t a l y s t s c o n t a i n i n g o p t i c a l l y a c t i v e l i g a n d s , w h i c h l e a d s t o t h e p r e p a -

r a t i o n o f l e v a m i s o l e . I t i s r e p o r t e d t h a t a t a l l s t a g e s t h e y i e l d s a r e g oo d , a n d a 3 0 %

o p t i c a l p u r i t y o f t h e p r o d u c t i s o b t a i n e d .

3 . S y n t h e s i s f r o m L i n e a r S t r u c t u r e s

A s h a s a l r e a d y b e e n n o t e d , t h i s t y p e o f r e a c t i o n c o v e r s t h o s e i n w h i c h t h e c l o s u r e

o f t he h e t e r o c y c l i c r i n g s o f b o t h t h i a z o l e a n d i m i d a z o l e o c c u r s a t t h e l a s t s t a g e .

F o r e xa m p l e, J a p a n e s e a u t h o r s h a v e o b t a i n e d d e r i v a t i v e s o f i s ot h i o u r e a c o n t a i n i n g a l l

t h e f r a g m e n t s o f t h e e n d p r o d u c t s ( t h e " l i n e a r t e t r a m i s o l e " ) , f r o m w h i c h t e t r a m i s o l e w a s

s y n t h e s i z e d i n o n e s t a g e [ 96 , 9 7] .

PhCH(OH)CH2NH 2 NaSCN + PhCOCI * PhCH(OH)CH2NHC(=S)NHCOPh

PhCH(OH)CH~NHC(=S)N H 2 BrCH2CH2OH

SOCI,

PhCH(OH)CH~N HC(= NH)S CH2C H2OH 9 Br

P h C H ( C 1 ) C H 2 N H C ( = N H ) S C H 2 C H z C 1 N a CO i , I

L I I

T h e y i e l d s a t a l l s t a g e s a r e g o o d, a n d t h e s c h e m e i s f a i r l y w e l l t e c h n o l o g i c a l l y f e a s i -

b l e a n d ca n b e u s e d f o r t h e p r e p a r a t i o n o f t e t r a m i s o l e a n a l o g s d i f f e r i n g i n t h e m o d i f i c a t i o n

of the phe nyl group.

T h e 1 , 2 - d i s u b s t i t u t e d t h i o u re a s , i s o m e ri c w i t h t h e t h i o u r o n i u m d e r i v a t i ve s , a r e

a p p a r e n t l y i n t e r m e d i a t e p r o d u c t s i n t h e s y n t h e s i s o f t e t r a m i z o l e f r o m i s o t h i o c y a n a t e ( L I I I )

[74, 77].

P h C H ( N = C = S ) C H 2 H a I ( N a I N I

. . . . \ H a l C H z C H z N H 2

L I I I

X N a I

A s o m e w h a t m o r e c o m p l e x s c h e m e o f b u i l d i n g t h e i m i d a z o t h i a z o i e s y s t e m s e r v e s a s t he b a s i s

f o r a m e t h o d [ 78 ], a c c o r d i n g t o w h i c h t h e i n i t i a l a d d i t i o n o f an a m i n e t o a n a c t i v a t e d C == C

b o n d i s a s s u m e d ~

P h C H ( N H ~ ) C H 2 H a +

H g ( O O A c ) z

~ H ~ C H N = C = S N a l > I

A n d l a s t l y , a m e t h o d i s k n o w n [ 6 2 ], s i m i l a r t o t h a t p r o p o s e d p r e v i o u s l y ( f r o m 2 - a m i n o -

t h i a z o l i n e a n d d i b r o m o s t y r e n e / , u s i n g t h e i n t e r m e d i a t e p r o d u c t s o f t h e s y n t h e s i s o f 2-

a m i n o t h i a z o l i n e :

177

Page 12: Levamisole Synthesis

8/20/2019 Levamisole Synthesis

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/levamisole-synthesis 12/15

H2NCH2CH~,CI + SC N-

PhCH CI)CHtCI

9 H2NCH2CH<.SCN ""

9 PhCH(CI)CH~NHCH~CHtSCN ) I

I n g e n e r a l l y c h a r a c t e r i z i n g t h i s g r o u p o f m e t h o d s i n a g e n e r a l m a n n e r , w e s h o u l d n o t e

t h e n o n u n e q u i v o c a l i t y , s i n c e i n m a n y o f t h e m a l t e r n a t i v e p a t h s o f t h e c o u r s e o f t h e r e a c ti o n

a r e a l s o f u l l y p r o b a b l e .

S ~ r i z i n g t h i s b r i e f r e v i e w o f t h e m e t h o d s f o r t h e s y n t h e s i s of t h e c o n d e n s e d r i n g o f

i m i d a z o [ 2 , l - b ] t h i a z o l e s , w e s h o u l d p o i n t o u t t h at a t t h e p r e s e n t t i m e, t h e i r d e v e l o p m e n t h a d

a l r e a d y l e d t o t h e c r e a t i o n o f a w h o l e s e r i e s o f n e w g r o u p s o f h i g h l y a c t i v e a n d s p e c i f i c a l l y

a c t i n g p r e p a r a t i o n s . O f t h e s e , w i t h r e g a r d to t h ei r p h y s i o l o g i c a l a c t i v i t y , w e s h o u l d

p a r t i c u l a r l y c i t e t h e d e r i v a t i v e s o f m - a m i n o p h e n y l - ( L l V ) [ 23 , 4 7 - 5 0 , 5 7 , 6 3 , 83 , 92 , 9 3 , 9 5 ,

1 0 5 , 1 0 6 , 12 5 , 1 3 3 ] , 6 - h e t e r y l - ( L V ) [ 14 , 5 8 - 6 0 , 1 2 4 ] a n d d i - , t r i - t e t r a s u b s t i t u t e d t e t r a -

hydroimidazothiazoles (LVl) [20, 21, 32, 33, 89, 109, 122].

...... S

L =

I I

- - N H R

LIV

R ~ ~ ' ~ N ~ N

- t

3 R l

LVI

\

Het

L V

A m o n g t h e l a t t e r c o m po u n d s , a t t e n t i o n i s d r a w n t o t h e c o m p o u n d s w i t h s t r u c t u r e L V I I a n d

L V I I I , w h i c h , j u d g i n g f r o m t h e d a t a i n [ 2 0 , 2 1 , 12 2 ] a r e m o r e a c t i v e a n d l e s s t o x i c t h a n

i evamiz ol e.

,

T

1

Z o M e

LVII

S

LVIII

L I T E R A T U R E C I T E D

i . I n v e n t o r ' s C e r t i f i c a t e N o , 2 2 6 6 2 2 ( U S S R ); I z o b r e t e n i y a , N o . 2 9 ( 1 9 6 8 ) .

2 . I n v e n t o r ' s C e r t i l i c a t e N o . 9 2 0 0 5 6 ( U S S R ): O t k r y t i y a , No . 1 4 ( 1 9 8 2) .

3. I n v e n t o r ' s C e r t i f i c a t e N o. 9 2 2 1 0 9 ( U S S R ) ; O t k r y t i y a , No . 1 1 5 ( 1 9 8 2 ).

4 . G . V . B o r n o v a l o v a , G . K . K o r o l e v , V . G . K u r a s o v a , a n d M . V . K a i n o v a , K h i m . - f a r m ~ Z h . ,

15, No. 6, 17-21 (1981).

5. I--~ G. Veks ler , S. G. An to ne nk o, E~ N. Okol ot, a nd S. G. Chub in sk aya , ~.ksp. Ont ok l., 6, No

3, 52-55 (1984).

6. Ya. L. Gol' dfa rb and M. A. Pry ani shni kov , Zh. Obshch. Khim. , 25, 100 3-1 013 (1955).

7. G. N. Dra nik and N. A. Kolesn ik, Vrach. De lo, No. 5, 12-16 (1982).

78

Page 13: Levamisole Synthesis

8/20/2019 Levamisole Synthesis

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/levamisole-synthesis 13/15

8. V. F. Kiku, Z dra voo khr ane nie (Kishinev) , No. 6, 46-4 9 (1980).

9. I. E. Kova lev, Khim. -farm . Zh., 14, No. 4, 115-12 1 (1980).

i0. K. Kuz mina , I~ G. Ostr oumo va, Yu. V. Marko va, et al., Zh. Obshch. K him. , 32, No. i0,

3 2 1 5 - 3 2 1 9 ( 1 9 6 2 ) .

ii.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16,

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

2 3

24

25

26

27

28

29~

30.

31.

32.

33.

34.

3 5 .

36.

37.

38.

39.

40.

41.

42.

43.

44.

45.

46.

47.

48.

49.

50.

51.

52.

53.

54.

55.

56.

57.

58.

59.

60.

61.

62.

63.

64.

65.

66.

67.

E . I. L e v k o e v a a n d L . N . Y a k h o n t o v , U s p . K h i m . , 4 1 , 1 3 3 7 - 1 3 6 5 ( 1 9 7 2 ).

I . A . M a z u r , P . M. K o c h e r g i n , a n d V . I. F o m e n k o , - ~ i m . - f a r m . Z h . , ~ , N o . 8 , 1 1 - 1 5 ( 1 9 6 9 ) .

Yu. V. Mark ova, K. K. Kuz mina , M. E. Pere slen i, et al., Zh. Org. Khi m., i, No. 8, 1475-

1 4 7 9 ( 1 9 6 5 ) .

A u s t r a l i a n P a t e n t 4 1 3 2 4 3 ( 1 9 70 ) ; C h e m . A b s t r . , 7 6 , 5 9 6 2 6 ( 1 9 7 2 ).

A u s t r a l i a n P a t e n t 4 2 3 2 3 4 ( 1 9 7 2) ; C he m . A b s t r . , 7 7 , 7 5 2 0 9 ( 1 9 72 ) .

B r i t i s h P a t e n t 1 0 7 6 1 0 9 ( 1 9 6 7) : C he m . A b s t r . , 6 8 , 7 8 2 7 6 ( 1 9 68 ) .

B r i t i s h P a t e n t 1 1 0 9 1 4 9 ( 1 9 69 ) .

E u r o p e a n P a t e n t 1 0 8 5 1 ( 1 9 8 0 ) : C h e m. A b s t r . , 9 4 , 1 5 7 2 7 ( 1 9 8 1 ).

E u r o p e a n P a t e n t 1 0 8 5 2 ( 1 9 80 ) ; C h em . A b s t r . , 9 4, 4 7 3 2 1 ( 1 9 8 1) .

E u r o p e a n P a t e n t 1 3 5 6 0 ( 1 9 80 ) ; C h e m . A b s t r . . 9 4, 4 7 3 3 9 ( 1 9 81 ) .

E u r o p e a n P a t e n t 1 3 6 5 1 ( 1 9 80 ) ; C h e m. A b s t r . , 9 - 4, 4 7 3 2 8 ( 1 9 8 1) .

Euro pean Paten t 475 46 (1982); Chem. Abs tr., __97, 2378 3 (1982).

E u r o p e a n P a t e n t 7 6 6 2 2 ( 1 9 8 3 ) ; C h e m . A b s t r . , 9 9 , 2 1 2 5 2 2 ( 1 9 8 3 ) .

N e t h e r l a n d P a t e n t 6 5 1 5 6 8 8 ( 1 9 6 7) ; C h em . A b s t r . , 6 8 , 5 9 5 8 1 ( 1 9 68 ) .

N e t h e r l a n d P a t e n t 6 6 1 0 1 6 6 ( 1 9 6 7 ) ; C h e m. A b s t r . , 6 8 , 4 9 5 9 1 ( 1 9 68 ) .

P o l i s h P a t e n t 8 8 0 3 8 ( 1 9 7 7) .

U S S R P a t e n t 4 8 7 4 8 6 ( 1 9 7 5 ); O t k r y t i y a , N o. 3 7 ( 1 97 7 ) .

U S S R P a t e n t 4 9 2 0 9 0 ( 1 9 7 5) ; O t k r y t i y a , N o . 4 2 ( 1 9 7 6 ) .

U S S R P a t e n t 5 8 8 9 2 1 ( 1 9 7 8) ; O t k r y t i y a , N o . 55 ( 1 9 7 8 ).

U S S R P a t e n t 6 0 4 4 9 7 ( 1 9 7 8) ; O t k r y t i y a , N o . 1 5 ( 1 9 7 8 ) .

U S S R P a t e n t 8 4 7 9 1 5 ( 1 9 8 1 ) ; O t k r y t i y a , N o . 2 6 ( 1 9 8 1) .

U S S R P a t e n t 8 7 3 8 8 6 ( 1 9 8 1 ); O t k r y t i y a , N o . 3 8 ( 1 9 8 1 ).

U S S R P a t e n t 8 7 3 8 8 7 ( 1 9 8 1 ); O t k r y t i y a , N o. 3 8 ( 1 9 8 1 ).

U S P a t e n t 3 2 7 4 2 0 9 ( 1 9 66 ) .

U S P a t e n t 3 2 9 7 7 0 8 ( 1 9 6 5) .

U S P a t e n t 3 3 2 5 3 5 6 ( 1 9 6 7 ) ; C h e m . A b s t r . , 6 7 , 1 0 2 7 8 7 ( 1 9 6 7 ) .

U S P a t e n t 3 4 6 3 7 8 4 ( 1 9 6 9 );

U S P a t e n t 3 4 7 8 0 4 7 ( 1 9 69 ) .

U S P a t e n t 3 6 4 2 8 0 9 ( 1 9 7 2) .

U S P a t e n t 3 8 0 4 8 4 7 ( 1 9 7 4 ) : C h e m . A b s t r . , 8 1 , 3 9 2 0 ( 1 9 7 4 ) .

U S P a t e n t 3 8 2 8 0 6 1 ( 1 9 7 4 ) .

U S P a t e n t 3 8 4 5 0 7 0 ( 1 9 7 4 ) .

U S P a t e n t 3 8 5 5 2 3 4 ( 1 9 7 4) .

U S P a t e n t 3 8 6 2 1 6 6 ( 1 97 5 ).

U S P a t e n t 3 8 7 3 5 6 0 ( 1 9 75 ) .

U S P a t e n t 3 8 9 0 3 4 1 ( 1 9 75 ) .

U S P a t e n t 3 8 9 9 5 8 3 ( 1 9 7 6 ) ; C h e m . A b s t r . , 8 5 , 2 1 3 6 0 ( 1 9 7 6 ) .

U S P a t e n t 3 9 8 9 8 3 5 ( 1 9 7 6 ) ; C h em . A b s t r . , 8 6 , 7 2 6 4 4 ( 1 9 7 7) .

U S P a t e n t 4 0 1 4 8 9 2 ( 1 9 77 ) ; C h e m . A b s t r . , 8 7 , 6 8 3 5 9 ( 1 9 7 7) .

U S P a t e n t 4 0 1 4 9 3 2 ( 1 9 7 7 ); C h e m . A b s t r . , 8 7 , 1 1 6 5 1 ( 1 9 7 7 ).

U S P a t e n t 4 0 5 9 5 8 8 ( 1 9 7 7 ) .

U S P a t e n t 4 0 7 0 3 6 3 ( 1 9 78 ) .

U S P a t e n t 4 0 9 0 0 2 5 ( 1 9 78 ) .

U S P a t e n t 4 1 0 7 1 7 0 ( 1 9 78 ) .

U S P a t e n t 4 1 6 6 8 2 4 ( 1 9 80 ) ; C h e m. A b s t r . , 9 2 , 6 5 3 0 ( 1 9 8 0 ) .

U S P a t e n t 4 3 1 4 0 6 6 ( 1 9 8 2 ); C h e m . A b st r . , 9 7 , 7 2 3 6 8 ( 1 9 82 ) .

U S P a t e n t 4 4 7 2 4 1 9 ( 1 9 8 4 ) ; C h e m. A b s t r . , i 0 1 , 2 2 4 8 4 2 ( 1 9 8 4 ) .

F r e n c h P a t e n t 1 4 8 8 2 6 8 ( 1 9 67 ) ; C h em . A b s t r . , 6 9 , 5 9 2 4 3 ( 1 9 6 8) .

F r e n c h P a t e n t 1 4 8 8 3 2 2 ( 1 96 7) ; C h e m. A b s t r . , 6 9 , 4 3 9 1 4 ( 1 9 6 8 ) .

F r e n c h P a t e n t 1 4 8 8 3 2 9 ( 1 9 6 7) ; C h em . A b s t r . , 6 9 , 4 3 9 1 5 ( 1 9 6 8) .

F r e n c h P a t e n t 1 5 4 4 9 7 2 ( 1 9 6 8 ) : C h e m. A b s t r . , 7 1 , 1 2 4 4 1 7 ( 1 9 6 9) .

F r e n c h P a t e n t 2 1 8 3 3 1 3 ( 1 9 73 ) .

F r e n c h P a t e n t 2 1 9 9 9 7 9 ( 1 9 7 4 ): C he m. A b s t r . , 8 2 , 1 6 8 3 3 5 ( 1 9 7 5 ) .

F r e n c h P a t e n t 2 2 2 4 4 7 2 ( 1 9 74 ) ; C h e m. A b s t r . , 8 2 , 1 5 6 3 1 7 ( 1 9 7 5 ).

F r e n c h P a t e n t 2 2 3 3 3 2 9 ( 1 9 75 ) .

F r e n c h P a t e n t 2 2 3 7 9 0 0 ( 1 9 7 5) ; C h e m. A b s t r . , 8 3 , 1 1 4 4 1 1 ( 1 9 75 ) .

F r e n c h P a t e n t 2 2 5 8 3 7 9 ( 1 9 75 ) ; Ch e m . A b s t r . , 8 4 , 7 4 2 6 8 ( 1 9 7 6) .

179

Page 14: Levamisole Synthesis

8/20/2019 Levamisole Synthesis

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/levamisole-synthesis 14/15

68.

69.

70.

71.

72.

73.

74.

75.

76.

77.

78.

79.

80.

81.

82.

83.

84.

85.

86.

87.

88.

89.

90.

91.

92.

93.

94.

95.

96.

97.

98.

99.

i 0 0 .

i 0 1 .

1 0 2 .

1 0 3 .

1 0 4 .

1 0 5 .

1 0 6 .

1 0 7 .

1 0 8 .

1 0 9 .

I i 0 .

i i i .

1 1 2 .

1 1 3 .

1 1 4 .

1 1 5 .

1 1 6 .

1 1 7 .

118.

1 1 9 .

1 2 0 .

1 2 1 .

1 2 2 .

1 2 3 .

1 2 4 .

F r e n c h P a t e n t 2 2 5 8 3 8 0 ( 1 9 7 5 ) ; C h e m . A b s t r . , 8 4 , 7 4 2 6 9 ( 1 9 7 6 ) .

F r e n c h P a t e n t 2 2 5 9 0 9 2 ( 1 9 7 5 ) ; C he m . A b s t r . , 8 4 , 1 0 5 5 7 1 ( 1 9 7 6 ) .

F r e n c h P a t e n t 2 2 5 9 8 2 3 ( 1 9 7 5 ) ; C he m . A b s t r . , 8 4 , 9 0 1 4 3 ( 1 9 7 6 ) .

F r e n c h P a t e n t 2 2 6 1 2 6 7 ( 1 9 7 5 ) ; Ch e m . A b s t r . , 8 4 , 1 3 5 6 5 2 ( 1 9 7 6 ) .

F r e n c h P a t e n t 2 2 6 4 0 1 7 ( 1 9 7 5) ; C h e m. A b s t r . , 8 4 , 1 2 1 8 3 2 ( 1 9 7 6 ).

F r e n c h P a t e n t 2 2 6 4 0 1 8 ( 1 9 7 5 ) ; C h e m . A b s t r . , 8 4 , 1 2 1 8 3 1 ( 1 9 7 6) .

F r e n c h P a t e n t 2 2 7 1 2 1 1 ( 1 9 7 5 ) ; C h em . A b s t r . , 8 5 , 4 6 6 7 5 ( 1 9 7 6 ) .

F r e n c h P a t e n t 2 2 7 1 2 1 2 ( 1 9 7 5 ) ; C he m . A b s t r . , 8 5 , 4 6 6 7 6 ( 1 9 7 6) .

F r e n c h P a t e n t 2 2 7 1 2 1 3 ( 1 9 7 5 ) ; C h em . A b s t r . , 8 5 , 4 6 6 7 7 ( 1 9 7 6 ) .

F r e n c h P a t e n t 2 2 9 0 4 4 6 ( 1 9 7 6 ); C h e m. A b s t r . , 8 6 , 1 2 1 3 3 3 ( 1 9 7 6 ) .

F r e n c h P a t e n t 2 3 5 9 8 4 4 ( 1 9 7 8 ) ; C h e m . A b s t r . , 9 0 , 1 6 8 5 9 9 ( 1 9 7 9 ) .

F r e n c h P a t e n t 2 3 6 4 2 1 8 ( 1 9 78 ) .

F r e n c h P a t e n t 2 3 9 6 7 6 0 ( 1 9 79 ) .

F r e n c h P a t e n t 2 3 9 6 7 6 1 ( 1 9 7 9 ).

G F R P a t e n t 2 0 3 4 0 8 1 ( 1 9 7 1) ; C h e m . A b s t r . , 7 5, 3 6 0 3 7 ( 1 9 7 1 ) .

G F R P a t e n t 2 1 1 4 5 6 3 ( 1 9 7 1 ) ; C h e m . A b s t r . , 7 7, 1 9 6 5 0 ( 1 9 7 2 ) .

G F R P a t e n t 2 1 4 7 8 4 6 ( 1 9 7 0 ) ; C h e m . A b s t r . , 7 7, 4 8 4 6 5 ( 1 9 72 ) .

G F R P a t e n t 2 2 3 6 9 7 0 ( 1 9 7 3 ) ; C h e m . A b s t r . , 7 8, 1 2 4 5 8 8 ( 1 9 7 3) .

G F R P a t e n t 2 3 2 6 3 0 8 ( 1 9 7 3 ) ; C h e m . A b s t r . , 8 0 , 5 9 9 4 3 ( 1 9 7 4) .

G F R P a t e n t 2 4 2 9 2 2 7 ( 1 9 7 5 ) ; C h e m . A b s t r . , 8 2 , 1 7 0 9 3 2 ( 1 9 7 5) .

G F R P a t e n t 2 5 3 6 1 4 6 ( 1 97 6 ); C h e m . A b s t r . , 84 , 1 8 0 2 2 0 ( 1 9 7 6 ) .

G F R P a t e n t 2 7 0 1 8 5 3 ( 1 9 7 7 ); C h e m . A b s t r . , 8 7 , 1 3 5 3 1 0 ( 1 9 77 ) .

G F R P a t e n t 2 7 1 8 0 5 8 ( 1 9 7 7 ) ; C h e m . A b s t r . , 8 8 , 5 0 8 6 7 ( 1 9 7 8 ) .

G F R P a t e n t 2 7 1 8 0 5 9 ( 1 9 7 7 ) ; C h e m. A b s = r . , 8 8 , 6 2 3 7 8 ( 1 9 78 ) .

G F R P a t e n t 2 7 1 8 9 7 6 ( 1 9 7 7 ) ; C h e m . A b s t r . , 8 8 , 5 0 8 6 6 ( 1 9 78 ) .

G F R P a t e n t 2 7 4 7 1 2 2 ( 1 9 7 8 ) ; C h e m . A b s t r . , 8 9 , 4 3 4 2 4 ( 1 9 7 8 ) .

J a p a n e s e P a t e n t 6 1 8 3 . 1 5 3 ( 1 9 8 6 ); C h em . A b s t r . , 1 0 5 , 1 5 2 5 5 6 ( 1 9 8 6 ) .

J a p a n e s e P a t e n t 7 5 , 7 6 , 0 8 4 ( 1 9 7 5 ) ; C h e m. A b s t r , 8 5 , 1 2 3 9 0 4 ( 1 9 7 6 ).

J a p a n e s e P a t e n t 7 9 1 4 4 , 3 3 7 ( 1 9 79 ) ; C h e m . A b s t r , 9 2, 2 1 5 0 4 5 ( 1 9 8 0) .

J a p a n e s e P a t e n t 7 9 1 4 4 , 3 9 3 ( 1 9 7 9 ) ; C h e m . A b s t r , 9 2 , 1 8 1 1 8 6 ( 1 9 8 0 ).

J a p a n e s e P a t e n t 7 9 1 5 7 , 5 8 7 ( 1 9 7 9) ; C h e m . A b s t r , 9 3 , 7 1 7 5 4 ( 1 9 8 0) .

I . A . F i r b e r , T e r . A r k h . N o . i , 9 5 - 1 0 0 ( 1 9 8 0 )

W . K . A m e r y a n d D. A. G o u g h , O n e o l o g y , 3 8 , N o 3 , 1 6 8 - 1 8 1 ( 1 9 8 1 ) ; C h e m . A b s t r . , 9 5 , 1 3 ,

( 1 9 8 1 ) .

E . A r r i g o n i - M a r t e l l i , M e d . A c t u a l . , 1 6 , N o. i 0, 3 2 7 - 3 4 2 ( 1 9 8 0 ); C h e m. A b s t r . , 9 4 , 2 4 5 7

( 1 9 8 1 ) .

T . B a i l e y , T . S e d e n , a n d R . T u r n e J . H e t e r o c y c l . C h e m . 6, N o . 5,

751-752

( 1 9 6 9 ) .

A . B a k l i e n , M . E. L e e d i n g , a n d J . K o l m . A u s t . J . C h e m . , 2 1 , N o .

5 1557-1570

( 1 9 6 8 ) .

R . B a y l e r , P . C o u l k e t t , T . S e d e n , e t a l . , T e t r a h e d r o n L e t t . , N o . 5 1 , 4 5 8 7 - 4 5 9 0

( 1 9 7 5 ) .

K . B h a r g a w a , M . L e e , a n d I . H u a n g , J . M e d . C h e m . , 2 0 , N o. 4 , 5 6 3 - 5 6 6 ( 1 9 7 7 ) .

M . B r e w e r , R . D o r g a n , B . M a n g e r , e t a l . , J . M e d . C h e m . , 3 0 , N o . 1 0 . 1 8 4 8 - 1 8 5 3 ( 1 9 8 7) .

M . B r i e n n e a n d J. J a c o u e s , E u r . J . M e d . C h e m . C h i m . T h e r . , 1 6 , N o . 4 , 3 6 3 - 3 6 6 ( 1 9 8 1 ) ;

C h e m . A b s t r . , 9 5 , 1 8 7 1 5 2 ( 1 9 8 1) .

J . C a z i n , D . L e s i e u r , M . C a z i n , e t a l . , B u l l . S o c. P h a r m . L i l l e , 3 4 , N o . i , 1 7 - 2 9 ( 1 9 7 8

C h e m . A b s t r . , 8 9 , 1 7 3 1 9 8 ( 1 9 7 8) .

K . D h a k a , V . C h a d h a , a n d U . P u j a r i , A u s t . J . C h e m . , 2 6 , N o . 2, 4 3 5 - 4 3 6 ( 1 9 7 3) .

D . D o h e r t y , R . S h a p i r a , a n d W. B u r n e t t , J . A m . C h e m . S o c . , 7 9 , 5 6 6 7 - 5 6 7 1 ( 1 9 5 7 ).

M . D y e n a n d D. S w e r m , C h e m . R e v . , 6 7 , 1 9 7 - 2 4 6 ( 1 9 6 7) .

W . E m e r s o n , J . A m . C h e m . S o c . , 6 7 , 5 1 6 - 5 1 8 ( 1 9 4 5 ) .

J . E u z e b y , R e v . Me d . V e t . , 1 3 A N o . 6, 4 1 7 - 4 2 6 ( 1 9 86 ) .

F . F e i s t a n d H . A r n s t e i n , C h e m . B e r . , 2 8 , 3 1 6 7 - 3 7 8 1 ( 1 8 9 5 ) .

A . F u n k e a n d G . B e n o i t , B u l l . S oc . C h e m . F r a n c e , i 0 , 1 0 2 1 - 1 0 2 3 ( 1 9 5 3 ) .

J . G u e r r e r o , J . A m . V e t . M e d . A s s . , 1 7 6 , 1 1 6 3 - 1 1 6 5 ( 1 9 8 0 ).

R . H a n s o n , R . G i e s e , M . D a w i s , e t a l . , J . M e d . C h e m . , 2 1 , N o . 5 , 4 9 6 - 4 9 8 ( 1 9 7 8 ). ~

W . H s u , J . A m . V e t. M e d . A s s . , 1 7 6 , 1 1 6 6 - 1 1 6 9 ( 1 9 8 0) .

P . J a n s s e D r u g . R e s . , 2 0 , 3 7 4 - 3 8 3 ( 19 7 6 ) .

G . J o n e s , R . H a n s o n , a n d M . D e w i s , J . H e t e r o c y l . C h e m . , 2 0 , N o . 3 , 5 2 3 - 5 2 6 ( 1 9 8 3 ) .

K . K o y a m a , O y o Y a k u r i , 2 3 , N o . i , 8 9 - 1 0 0 ( 1 9 8 2) ; C h em . A b s t r . , 9 7 , 3 3 0 9 1 ( 1 9 8 2) .

S . M a s h i k u , J . M e d . C h e m . , 2 3 , N o . 1 2 , 1 3 6 4 - 1 3 7 2 ( 1 98 0 ) .

M . M a t i e r , D . O w e n s , W . C o m e r , e t a l . , J . M e d . C h e m . , 1 6 , N o. 8 , 9 0 1 - 9 0 8 ( 1 9 7 3 ) .

S . N i e l e k a n d T . L e s i a k , B e r i c h t e , 1 1 5 , N o . 3 , 1 2 4 7- 1 2 5- ~ ( 1 9 82 ) .

1 8 0

Page 15: Levamisole Synthesis

8/20/2019 Levamisole Synthesis

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/levamisole-synthesis 15/15

1 2 5 . A. R a e y m a e k e r s , F . A l l e w i j n , J . V a n d e r b e r k , e t a l . , J . Me d . C h e m . , ~ , No . 4 , 5 4 5 - 5 5 0

1966).

1 26 . S . R a g h u , A. Z w e i g , a n d W . H a n d e r s o n ~ F u n d a m . R e s . H o m o g e n , C a t a l . , ~ , 5 6 5 - 5 7 7 1 9 7 9 ).

127. G. Raiz iss and L. Clem enee , J. Am. Chem. Sor 63, 3124 -31 26 1941).

128. G. Ren oux and M. Renou x, Ann. Immunol., 128C , No. 1-2, 273-2 74 1977).

1 2 9 . G . R e n o u x a n d M . R e n o u x , A n n. l ~ u n o l . , 1 2 8 C , No . 1- 2 , 2 7 5 - 2 7 7 1 9 7 7 ).

130. G. Renou x, Drugs , 20, No. 2, 89-99 1980).

1 3 1 . G . R e n o u x , I n t . E n c y c l . P h a r m a c o l . T h e r . , 1 1 5 , 3 9 3 - 4 1 0 1 9 8 5 ).

132. J. Reyn olds , E xper ient ia, 3-3, No. 2, 154- 155 1977).

133. N. Ronald and R. Bell, So uthw est Vet., 29, No. 3, 217- 218 1976).

134. H. Schn ieden , Int. J. Irmnunopharmacol., 3, No. i, 9-13 1981).

1 3 5 o A . S c h o b e r l a n d G . H a n s e n , C he m. B e r . , 9 1 , 1 2 3 9 - 1 2 4 1 1 9 5 8 ) .

1 36 . H . S i k o r s k a , R e u m a t o l o g i a W a r z a w a ) , 1 7 , N o . 3 , 3 3 9 - 3 4 7 1 9 7 9) .

137. L. Spicer, M. Bull ock , W. Gorb er, et. al., J. Org. Chem., 33, No. 4, 1350 -135 3 1968).

1 3 8 . J . S y m o e n s a n d M . R o s e n t a l , J . R e t i c u l o e n d o t h e l S o c . , 21 , N o. 3 , 1 7 5 - 2 1 1 1 9 7 7 ).

1 3 9 . J . S y m o e n s , M . R o s e n t a l , M . D e B r a b a n d e r , e t a l . , S p r i n g e r S e m i n . , I m m u n o p s t h o l o g y , ~ ,

No. i, 49-6 8 1979).

140. J. Symoens, J. De Cree, W. Van Beve r, et al., Pha rmacol . Bioc hem. , Prep. Drug. Subst.,

2 , 4 0 7 - 4 6 4 1 9 7 9 ) .

1 4 1 . D . T h i e n p o n t , G . V a n p a r i j s , a n d A . R a e m a e k e r s , N a t u r e , 2 0 9 , 1 0 8 4 - 1 0 8 6 1 9 6 6 ).

142. M. Xie, G. Zhong, an d X. Zhon~, Ya ox ue Xu eba o, 18_,No. 2, 147- 150 1983); Chem. Abs tr.,

99, 70612 1983).