Level 2 Unit 2

Material for Test

WORKS AND JOBS

accountant(s) baker(s) barber(s)

barman (barmen) builder(s) butcher(s)

carpenter(s) cashier(s) chambermaid(s)

chef(s) cleaner(s) dentist(s)

doctor(s) electrician(s) engineer(s)

fireman (firemen) fishmonger(s) flight attendant(s)

hairdresser(s) judge(s) lawyer(s)

nurse(s) optician(s) painter(s)

photographer(s) plumber(s) policeman (policemen)

porter(s) post[wo]man

(post[wo]men) receptionist(s)

reporter(s) sales assistant(s) sales representative(s)

scientist(s) secretary (secretaries) surgeon(s)

tailor(s) teacher(s) technician(s)

vet(s) waiter(s) welder(s)

Work - What do they do? Where do they work?

Job What do they do? Where do they work?

Accountants Look after the finances in an

organisastion. They work in an office.

Bakers Bake bread. They work in a bakery.

Barbers Shave men's beards and cut

men's hair. They work in a barbers.

Barmen/women Serve drinks. They work in a bar, pub

or restaurant.

Butchers Prepare and sell meat. They work in a

butchers.

Chambermaids Clean and tidy rooms. They work in a hotel.

Chefs Prepare and cook food. They work in a kitchen.

Dentists Look after people's teeth. They work in a dentists.

Doctors Look after people's health. They work in a hospital

or surgery.

Fishmongers Prepare and sell fish. They work in a

fishmongers.

Flight attendants Look after passengers. They work in an

airplane.

Hair dressers Cut and style people's hair. They work in a hair

salon.

Judges Judge and sentence people. They work in a law

court.

Lawyers Defend and prosecute people.

They work in a law

court and in a lawyers

office.

Nurses Look after patients . They work in a hospital

or doctor's surgery.

Opticians Look after people's eye sight. They work in an

opticians.

Porters Carry other people's bags and

luggage.

They work in a hotel or

train station.

Receptionists Meet and greet visitors. They work in reception.

Sales Assistants Sell goods and look after

customers. They work in a shop.

Secretaries Arrange appointments, type

letters and organise meetings. They work in an office.

Surgeons Operate on people who are

sick. They work in a hospital.

Tailors Design, make, alter or repair

garments,

They work in factories

and shops.

Teachers Teach people. They work in a school.

Technicians Organise and repair technical

equipment. They work everywhere!

Vets Look after people's animals.

They work in a

veterinary surgery or

vets.

Waiters/Waitresses Serve people food and drink. They work in a

restaurant.

Welders Weld metal to make things. They work in factories

and construction.

The Past Tenses

Simple Past

Simple Past Used to show a completed

action

• I studied English last Saturday.

Past Progressive/Continuous

Past Progressive

Often used to

say when

something

was being

done or what

was

happening

when

something

else

happened

• I was studying English last

Monday when my friend rang.

• I was studying English at 5pm

last Monday.

The Future Tenses

The future can be indicated in several different ways in English. It is often created with

the use of auxiliaries: "She will be a student.", "She is going to drive a new car."

English can even create the future by using the simple present (used for

timetables,programs etc.), "The train arrives at 10pm" or the present progressive (used

for future plans), "He is collecting his mother from the station tonight."

Simple Future (uses will or shall or going to + base form)

Simple Future (Some

uncertainty)

Decide to do

something at

the time of

speaking

I think I'll do my English homework

tonight.

Simple Future (Certain)

Have already

decided or

arranged to

do something

I am going to study English next

Saturday.

Future Progressive/Continous (uses will be, shall be or going to be +-ing form)

On the hour

Past / to the hour

Prepositions What to say

Writing the time

Time Idioms

When it's "on the hour" we say "o'clock". But only when it's on the hour.

Twelve o'clock

Six o'clock

One o'clock

Seven o'clock

Two o'clock

Eight o'clock

Three o'clock

Nine o'clock

Four o'clock

Ten o'clock

Five o'clock

Eleven o'clock

Because it can be difficult to say whether 12 o'clock is during the day or the night, we

use two special terms.

00:00 and 24:00 = Twelve

midnight (or midnight)

12:00 = Twelve noon

(or noon)

Time (2)

In five minute increments, when it's past the hour (up to 30 minutes past) we say "past".

When it's before the hour (after 30 minutes past) we say "to".

There are 60 minutes in an hour.

30 minutes is half an hour, we say "half past" or "thirty".

15 minutes is quarter of an hour, we say "quarter past" or "fifteen" or "quarter to" or

"forty-five".

Twelve o'clock

Twelve fifteen

or

Quarter past twelve

Twelve thirty

or

Half past twelve

We never say "half to".

Twelve forty-five

or

Quarter to one

At other "odd" times, when we want to be accurate, we add the word "minute(s)":-

It's twenty-eight minutes to

twelve.

It's one minute

past three.

If you want to avoid trying to remember when to use "minutes" and

when not to just say "nearly" or "just turned".

It's just turned half past

eleven.

It's nearly

three o'clock.

Prepositions used with time

At a point

in time

In a length of

time

"When

shall we

meet?

"Let's

meet at 12.30."

"It's 12.45,

when will you

be ready?

"I'll see you in

an hour, at about 1.45."

Naturally speaking

Digital clocks often show the time this way using the 24-hour-clock, only the police and the military actually speak using the 24 hour clock:-

If it's before noon we tend

to say "in the morning".

If it's after noon we say "in

the afternoon".

If it's late we say "at

night".

07:00

It's seven o'clock in the

morning

14:00

It's two o'clock in the

afternoon

22:00

It's ten o'clock at night

15 minutes past the hour

is quarter past:

07:15

It's quarter past seven in

the morning

14:15

It's quarter past two in

the afternoon

22:15

It's quarter past ten at

night

30 minutes past the hour

is half past:

07:30

It's half past seven in the

morning

14:30

It's half past two in the

afternoon

22:30

It's half past ten at night

45 minutes past the hour

is quarter to:

07:45

It's quarter to eight in the

morning

14:45

It's quarter to three in

the afternoon

22:45

It's quarter to eleven at

night

How to ask the time in English.

o Excuse me. What time is it,

please?

§ It's exactly eight

o'clock.

or

§ It's eight.

o Excuse me. Do you have the time,

please?

§ It's half past twelve.

or

§ It's twelve thirty.

o Excuse me. Could you tell me the

time, please?

§ It's about half past

eleven.

or

§ It's around eleven

thirty.

Writing the time

morning 00:01 -

11:59

a.m. - stands for Ante Meridiem (the time

between midnight and noon)

00:01 hrs -

12:00

noon or midday 12:00

p.m. - stands for Post Meridian (after noon) 12:01 -

24:00 hrs

afternoon 12:01 -

18:00

evening 18:01 -

22:00

night 22:01 -

24:00

midnight 24:00 /

00:00

There are 24 hours in a day, but only the military, police and computer programmers

use the 24-hour clock. When writing or speaking generally we tend to use the 12-hour

clock. The 24 hours of the day are divided into two periods called a.m. (Latin "ante

meridiem" | English: "before mid day") and p.m. (Latin "post meridiem" | English: "after

mid day").

The way people write the time varies. I prefer a.m. and p.m.

Choose from the following styles or use what your English teacher tells you to and stick

to it:-

a.m. p.m.

am pm

AM PM

A.M. P.M.

Some people (myself included) use a dot as the separator: 2.30 pm.

Some people use a colon as the separator: 2:30 pm. The colon is usually used with the

24-hour clock: 14:30.

When you are writing the time decide whether to write it using numerals or words, and

stick to that.

El pretérito (pasado) se utiliza para referir acciones o situaciones del pasado.

EL PASADO SIMPLE (Simple Past) El pasado simple funciona de manera similar al Presente simple, salvo que empleamos el auxiliar

'did' para todas las personas (incluida la tercera persona singular 'he/she/it'). En la forma

afirmativa, el auxiliar 'did' no aparece, empleando en su lugar la terminación 'ed'. Esta es la forma

de pasado para todos los 'Verbos Regulares'

Existe un amplio conjunto de verbos que no cumplen esta condición, es decir, para la forma

afirmativa no emplean la terminación 'ed' sino que su forma es irregular. No siguen ninguna regla,

por lo que la única manera de conocer su forma de pasado es aprenderla. Se denominan 'Verbos

Irregulares'.

AFIRMATIVA

NEGATIVA

I played You played He played We played You played They played

Yo jugué

Tú jugaste

Él jugó

Nosotros jugamos

Vosotros jugasteis

Ellos jugaron

I did not play You did not play He did not play We did not play You did not play They did not play

Yo no jugué

Tú no jugaste

Él no jugó

Nosotros no jugamos

Vosotros no jugasteis

Ellos no jugaron

INTERROGATIVA

INT.-NEGATIVA

Did I play? Did you play? Did he play? Did we play? Did you play? Did they play?

¿Jugué?

¿Jugaste?

¿Jugó?

¿Jugamos?

¿Jugasteis?

¿Jugaron?

Didn't I play? Didn't you play? Didn't he play? Didn't we play? Didn't you play? Didn't they play?

¿No jugué?

¿No jugaste?

¿No jugó?

¿No jugamos?

¿No jugasteis?

¿No jugaron?

USO DEL PASADO SIMPLE

a.) Para acciones pasadas. Indican el período de tiempo durante el que se desarrolló y completó

una acción ya finalizada. Es habitual que vaya acompañado de un adverbio de tiempo.

I bought this car last year / Compré este coche el año pasado

b.) Para expresar una acción indeterminada en el pasado:

They used pencils and paper / Utilizaron lápices y papel

c.) Para expresar una acción habitual en el pasado

They never drank alcohol / Nunca bebían alcohol

d.) Puede servir para expresar una condición improbable.

If I saw her, I should speak to her / Si le viera le hablaría

EL PASADO PROGRESIVO (Past Continuous)

Su estructura se forma con el pretérito del verbo auxiliar to be + el gerundio del verbo que se

quiere conjugar.

I was playing / Estuve jugando

Para la forma negativa se añade la 'not' al auxiliar

I was not playing / No estuve jugando

En la forma interrogativa se invierte el orden del sujeto y el auxiliar:

Was I playing? / ¿Estuve jugando?

USO DEL PASADO PROGRESIVO

a.) Para expresar una acción que se estaba desarrollando en el pasado pero cuyo fin no

conocemos o carece de importancia:

It was raining / Estaba lloviendo

b.) Para expresar dos acciones que se desarrollan simultáneamente

I was reading the newspaper while I was walking home / Estaba leyendo el periódico mientras

volvía a casa caminando

c.) Para expresar dos acciones que se desarrollan en el pasado, una de las cuales tuvo su

comienzo antes que la otra:

When I arrived John was talking on the phone / Cuando llegué John estaba hablando por

teléfono.

1 - Cambia el tiempo verbal a 'past simple' en las siguientes frases, siguiendo el ejemplo: We love England We loved England

2. They don't like the film

3. They work on a farm

4. Do you work in this factory?

5. Where do you live?

6. I don't like Tokyo

7. Does he play the guitar?

8. I don't study French

9. They hate waiting

10. Does your son study here?

2 - Completa las frases escribiendo el tiempo de pasado que proceda.

1. He his motorbike when he suddenly felt ill. (ride)

2. We the television when it suddenly stopped working. (watch)

3. When the ambulance came they him inside. (put)

4. I to the radio when the phone rang. (listen)

5. When I arrived, they hello but continued studying. (say) 2.

PERIODOS DE TIEMPO

era, época era, epoch íra, ípok (UK) épok

(US)

siglo, secular century, secular cénturi, sékiular

lustro five-year period fáiv-íar píriod

año, año bisiesto year, leap year íar, líp íar

el año pasado (próximo)

last (next) year, last (next) íar

tiempos prehistóricos

prehistoric times pri-jistóric táims

edad antigua, edad media, edad moderna, edad contemporánea

ancient times, middle ages, modern times, contemporary age

énshent táims, midl eídchis, módern táims contémporari éidch

era cristiana christian era krístian íra

feudalismo feudalism fiúdalism

siglo 21 XXI century tuénti-uán cénturi

después (antes) de Cristo

after (before) Christ áfter (bifór) kráist

calendario calendar kálendar

trimestre (negocios)

quarter kuórter

trimestre (educación)

term term

meses, mensual months, monthly mánzs, mánzli

día, diario day, daily déi, deíli

semana, semanal week, weekly uík, uíkli

quincena, quincenal

fortnight, biweekly

FUTURO SIMPLE

Como tal, no existe un tiempo específico de futuro en inglés, pero existen distintos verbos y expresiones para referirnos a él. Una forma habitual de futuro en inglés tiene la siguiente estructura:

Sujeto + will + verbo

I will play / Yo jugaré

Como vemos, ésta forma de futuro en inglés es bastante simple. De hecho, suele denominarse FUTURO SIMPLE (Future Simple)

Podemos encontrarnos con otra forma auxiliar, válida también para expresar el futuro, que es 'shall'. En este caso, 'shall' sirve como auxiliar para la primera persona del singular y plural empleándose 'will' para todas las demás. Tanto 'shall' como 'will' pueden contraerse en sus formas afirmativa y negativa (You will You'll). 'Shall' es menos utilizado, especialmente en Estados Unidos. En inglés moderno se tiende a usar 'will' para todas las personas.

AFIRMATIVA NEGATIVA I (shall / will) play You will play He will play We (shall / will) play You will play They will play

Yo jugaré Tú jugarás Él jugará Nosotros jugaremos Vosotros jugareis Ellos jugarán

I (shall / will) not play You will not play He will not play We (shall / will) not play You will not play They will not play

Yo no jugaré Tú no jugarás Él no jugará Nosotros no jugaremos Vosotros no jugaréis Ellos no jugarán

En la forma interrogativa se invirte el orden de sujeto y auxiliar:

Will you play? / ¿Jugarás?

La forma estructura de la forma interrogativa-negativa es: auxiliar + sujeto + not

Will you not play? / ¿No jugarás?

EL FUTURO PROGRESIVO

Esta forma del futuro es usada en inglés con mayor frecuencia que en español. Su estructura es la siguiente:

sujeto+ futuro de 'to be' + gerundio del verbo a conjugar

You will be flying to Paris tomorrow at this hour / Mañana a esta hora estarás volando hacia Paris

Las formas negativa, interrogativa e interrogativa-negativa se construyen de forma análoga a la explicada para el futuro simple.

FORMA NEGATIVA FORMA INTERROGATIVA FORMA INT. NEGATIVA I shall / will not be playing no estaré jugando

shall / will I be playing? ¿estaré jugando?

shall / will I not be playing? ¿no estaré jugando?

USO DEL FUTURO PROGRESIVO

Sirve para indicar una acción que se desarrollará en el futuro. Pueden ser acciones o situaciones que no conocemos cuándo exactamente se producirán aunque también puede expresar acciones ya planificadas y que se producirán en un determinado momento.

They will be leaving tomorrow / Ellos saldrán mañana

OTRAS FORMAS DE EXPRESAR EL FUTURO

- El Presente como futuro.

En inglés, al igual que en español, podemos emplear tiempos del presente para hablar del futuro.

El Presente Simple puede ser usado para hablar de acciones conocidas de antemano o planificadas (que no dependen de nuestra voluntad).

Our holidays begin in August / Nuestras vacaciones comienzan en agosto Your flight leaves at 17:15 on Monday / Su vuelo sale a las 17:15 el lunes

El Presente progresivo o Presente continuo como futuro. Cuando hablamos de planes, proyectos, citas, etc. utilizamos el Presente continuo.

We're playing football this afternoon / Vamos a jugar al fútbol esta tarde

- El futuro con 'going to'

Es una forma muy habitual para referirse a una acción relativa a una intención o una decisión que se había tomado con anterioridad. Al igual que el Presente Progresivo se puede utilizar para expresar planes, citas, etc.

Are you going to take the car tonight? / ¿Vas a coger el coche esta noche?

- Con 'to be' + infinitivo, para indicar lo que está programado para el futuro

The president is to meet the congressmen tomorrow / El presidente se reunirá con los congresistas mañana

- Con 'to have to' (tener que)

I have to go to the dentist / Tengo que ir al dentista