level ii agricultural business operations. nutrient content of feed nutritional requirements ...
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Level II Agricultural Business Operations
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Nutrient content of feed
Nutritional requirements
Analyse forage quality
Winter feeding plan
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Oesophagu
s
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ForageForage GrassGrass SilageSilage StrawStraw
ConcentrateConcentrate Barley, Wheat, Soya, RapeBarley, Wheat, Soya, Rape
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Feed
WaterDry Matter
Protein Fibre Vitamins
MineralsEnergy
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Dry matter (DM) is the feed remaining after all the
water has been taken out
DM includes:
◦ Energy (ME)
◦ Protein (CP)
◦ Fibre (NDF)
◦ Fats & Oils
◦ Vitamins & Minerals
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DM ME CP
Barley 86.0 13.2 11.5
Wheat 86.0 13.6 10.0
Maize 86.0 13.8 10.0
Soyabean 89.0 13.4 50.5
Megalac 95.0 29.0 0.0
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DM ME CP
Soyabean 86.0 13.2 50.5
Rapeseed 90.0 12.0 40.0
Distillers Maize
89.0 14.0 31.0
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ME CP NDF
Grass 11.2 16.0 57.7
Silage 10.6 13.0 46.0
Straw 6.3 3.5 81.0
Soya hulls 11.9 11.6 64.0
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1. Water
2. Energy
3. Protein
4. Fibre
5. Minerals & Vitamins
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50 – 80% cows body is water
Milk contains 87% water
Transport nutrients around body
Facilitates excretion of waste products
Regulates body temperature
A cow needs 60-116 litres water/day
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Survive (MAINTENANCE)
Produce milk (PRODUCTION)
Produce offspring (REPRODUCTION)
Gain condition (PRODUCTION)
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Cow details
650kg liveweight
40 litres/day
6 weeks calved
LWT 500 550 600 650 700 750
Maint. 59 64 69 74 79 84
The example cow is 650kg, so she will require 74MJ/day to maintain herself.
MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS
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What is the cow’s maintenance requirement?
How many MJ to make 1 litre of milk?
REQUIREMENT = MAINTENANCE + PRODUCTION
NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENT OF DAIRY COWS (2)
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(1) DAI LY MI LK YI ELD & ENERGY REQUI RED
Maintenance requirement for energyX MJ
Daily yield 5 MJ Y MJ
TOTAL ENERGY REQUIRED (X + Y) MJ / day
Litres X
74
Maintenance Value
MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS
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Cow details
650kg liveweight
40 litres/day
6 weeks calved
Milk Production
General rule = 1 litre of milk requires 5MJ of energy
Example cow = 40 x 5 = 200MJ
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(1) DAI LY MI LK YI ELD & ENERGY REQUI RED
Maintenance requirement for energyX MJ
Daily yield 5 MJ Y MJ
TOTAL ENERGY REQUIRED (X + Y) MJ / day
Litres X
74
40
DAILY MILK YIELD
200
TOTAL ENERGY FOR MILK PROD.
274
TOTALENERGY REQUIRED
PRODUCTION REQUIREMENTS
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Build & repair the body’s enzymes,
hormones, tissues (muscle, skin, organs)
Growth
Milk Production
Pregnancy
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3. Concentrate Protein 3. Concentrate Protein ContentContent
Silage CP content Concentrate Protein %
12 – 14% 18 – 21
8 – 12% Greater than 21%
Low Protein Silage – Specifically formulated diet
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To ensure efficient rumen function:
60:40 Forage:Concentrate (DM)
Length of fibre (25-50 mm)
Straw inclusion
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Bone formation – Calcium, Phosphorus
Milk production - Calcium
Reproduction – Vitamin K
Muscle function – Vitamin E, Selenium
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Steps in planning a winter feeding
plan:
Analyse forage
Balance forage with concentrates
Feed ration to ensure sufficient
intake
Monitor cow performance
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Silage is usually the main winter forage:
Take samples for analysis
Take care with sampling procedure
Take sufficient samples
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Gradually build up level of concentrate (21 day) Maximum feed level in parlour
◦10 kg cows
◦8 kg heifers
If higher feed levels are required consider◦Mid day feeds◦Out of parlour feeders◦Complete diet feeding (TMR)
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Advantages Less digestive
upsets Cheaper blend vs
nut Low cost – no
equipment needed
Disadvantages Feed Space Labour Cows bullying
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Advantages Fewer digestive
upsets Cows fed
individually Cows fed to Yield
Disadvantages Capital cost 1 station/25 cows Bullying
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Advantages Uniform diet Optimum rumen
efficiency Encourages high
intake Flexibility –
alternative feeds
Disadvantages Capital cost Complicated diets Over mixing Under/overfeeding Suitable housing
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Offer adequate fresh forage Allow 5-10% refusal Ensure adequate feed space (450 – 600 mm/cow)
Provide clean and adequate water Troughs should allow 10% of herd to drink at any one time or 100 mm/cow
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Assessment of cow fat reserves based on visual assessment and handling.
Gives subjective assessment of thin and fat cows regardless of frame size or breed.
Based on scale of 1-5 (1=extremely thin, 5=extremely fat) with increments of 0.5.
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Two main areas for assessment:
2. Loin
1. Tailhead
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Tailhead
Loin
Shallow fat-lined cavity felt at taihead.
Fatty tissue felt under the skin.
Pelvis felt easily.
Ends of transverse processes feel well rounded and upper surfaces padded with fat.
Depression visible in loin.
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Feed intakes
Milk yields
Milk protein
Condition scores
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Careful winter feed planning essential
Balance silage quality with concentrate
Feed sufficient ration
Ensure adequate intake
Monitor performance and body condition