level viii module iii 2015
TRANSCRIPT
7/23/2019 Level VIII Module III 2015
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Level VIII, Module III
Target grammar: Can You/Could You/Would You Mind…?
Can you?/¿Puedes?
Could you?/¿Podras?
Would you mind !i" I#…?/¿Te im$ortara !si yo#…?
%& Could you do me a "avor?/¿Podras 'a(erme un "avor?)& Can you lend me a $en?/¿Puedes $restarme una $luma?*& Would you mind not smo+ing?¿Te im$ortara no "umar?& Could you $lease re$eat t'e -uestion?/¿Podras $or "avor re$etir la $regunta?.& Would you mind lending me your (ar "or 'al" an 'our?/¿Te im$ortara $restarme tu
(arro $or media 'ora?& Could you give me a ride to Mary0s $arty?/¿Podras llevarme a la "iesta de Mary?
1& Can you give me your $'one num2er?/¿Puedes darme tu numero de tele"ono?3& Would you mind lending me your 2oo+ to study? I lost mine&/¿Te im$ortara
$restarme tu li2ro $ara estudiar? Perdi el mio&
Com$lete t'is re-uest 4it' a$$ro$riate "orms o" t'e ver2 in $arent'eses&
%& Mr& 5rant& 666666666666 !e7$lain# t'e ans4er again?)& Paula& 666666666666 !'el$# me 4it' t'is Mat' $ro2lem?*& 87(use me, sir& 666666666666 !move# your (ar?& 9rad& 666666666666 !lend# me your (al(ulator "or a se(ond?
Target grammar: e(ond Conditional&
87am$les:
I" I 4ere you, I 4ould 2rea+ u$ 4it' my 2oy"riend&/i yo "uera tu, rom$era (on mi novio&
I" I sa4 a $oor $erson stealing "ood, I 4ouldn0t tell t'e $oli(e&/i yo viera a una $ersona
$o2re ro2ando (omida, no le dira a la $oli(ia&
87er(ise: Com$lete t'e senten(es 4it' (orre(t "orms o" 4ould and t'e ver2s in
$arent'eses&
%& I" I 666666 !2e# you, I 666666 !2uy# t'at s'irt, it0s 'orri2le;)& W'at 666666 you do i" you 666666 !see# someone stealing money?*& I" I 666666 !'ave# a lot o" money, I 666666 !travel# a lot&& Moni(a 666666 666666 !2e# a good student i" s'e 666666 !study# a lot&.& I" 4e 666666 !live# in t'e <& & 4e 666666 666666 !s$ea+# $er"e(t 8nglis'&
87er(ise: Com$lete t'e (onversation 4it' (orre(t "orms 4it' t'e "ollo4ing list&
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Tal+ say =no4 2e as+ 4ould
>lan: W'at0s t'e matter, Mi+e? on0t you li+e t'is game?
Mi+e: orry, it0s not t'at& I +ind o" 'ave a $ro2lem&
>lan: W'at0s 4rong?
Mi+e: Well, I 4ant to as+ andie Peters out, 2ut I don0t t'in+ s'e
666666 I0m alive;
>lan: @ave 666666 to 'er?
Mi+e: Yea', you +no4, in (lass and sometimes in t'e 'all&
>lan: A+ay, i" I 666666 you, I0d try to tal+ to 'er more& it
Be7t to 'er at lun('&
Mi+e: 'ould I 666666 'er out?
>lan: I 666666 as+ 'er out yet& 5et to +no4 'er 2etter "irst&
T'en invite 'er to 'ave i(e (ream a"ter s('ool or somet'ing not
> real date&
Mi+e: W'at i" s'e 666666 no?
Conversational
W'at 4ould you do i" you sa4 your 2est "riend0s 2oy"riend/girl"riend at a
restaurant 4it' anot'er $erson?
I" you +ne4 your 2rot'er 4as using your $arent0s (ar 4it'out $ermission, 4ould
you tell t'em?
W'at 4ould you do i" you "ound ..& under your seat at a movie?
@o4 4ould you "eel i" a good "riend didn0t invite you to 'er $arty? W'at 4ould
you do?
@ave you ever 2oug't a lottery ti(+et or registered to 4in a $riDe? id you 4in?
o you +no4 anyone 4'o 'as 4on a $riDe or money in t'e lottery?
87er(ise: Com$lete t'e senten(es 4it' i" and unless&
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%& I 4ouldn0t 2uy a lottery ti(+et 666666 I 'ad a lot o" e7tra money&)& I 4ould 2y a (ar 666666 I 4on t'e lottery&*& I 4ouldn0t ta+e t'e 2us 666666 I 'ad a (ar&& I 4ouldn0t 4ear t'at 'orri2le s'irt 666666 I 4anted to loo+ really ridi(ulous&
Target: Eeading 2ig num2ers
Fo(us: T'ere are millions, t'ousands and 'undreds&
% G Ane 'undred %, G Ane t'ousand %%, G 8leven t'ousand
) G T4o 'undred ), G T4o t'ousand %), G T4elve t'ousand
* G T'ree 'undred *, G T'ree t'ousand %*, G T'irteen t'ousand
G Four 'undred , G Four t'ousand %, G Fourteen t'ousand
. G Five 'undred ., G Five t'ousand %., G Fi"teen t'ousand
G i7 'undred , G i7 t'ousand %, G i7teen t'ousand
1 G even 'undred 1, G even t'ousand %1, G eventeen t'ousand
3 G 8ig't 'undred 3, G 8ig't t'ousand %3, G 8ig'teen t'ousand
H G Bine 'undred H, G Bine t'ousand %H, G Bineteen t'ousand
%, Ten t'ousand
), G T4enty t'ousand H, G Binety t'ousand
*, G T'irty t'ousand %, G Ane 'undred t'ousand
, G Forty t'ousand ), G T4o 'undred t'ousand
., G Fi"ty t'ousand *, G T'ree 'undred t'ousand
, G i7ty t'ousand , G Four 'undred t'ousand
1, G eventy t'ousand ., G Five 'undred t'ousand
3, G 8ig'ty t'ousand , G i7 'undred t'ousand… Ane Million G <n Millon
%,.1H,3*
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Fourteen million, "ive 'undred and seventynine t'ousand, eig't 'undred and
"ortyt'ree&
87er(ise: Eead t'e num2ers
.13,*% %.,H% 1,H1 *,)., %,1,) %*,.
87er(ise: Write t'e num2ers
3H,)% 666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666
666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666
)1,313 666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666
6666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666
H,313 6666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666
6666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666
,.*,*.% 6666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666
6666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666
).,13%,** 6666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666
6666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666
Target: Modal Ver2s
>ll t'e au7iliary ver2s e7(e$t 98, A and @>V8 are (alled modals& <nli+e ot'er au7iliary
ver2s modals only e7ist in t'eir 'el$ing "ormJ t'ey (annot a(t alone as t'e main ver2 in a
senten(e&
98, A, and @>V8 also di""er "rom t'e ot'er au7iliaries in t'at t'ey (an also serve as
ordinary ver2s in a given senten(e&
T'e modal ver2s are:
C>B / CA<L / M>Y / MI5@T / M<T / @>LL / @A<L / A<5@T TA / WILL / WA<L
C>B: 87$resses t'e (a$a2ility or a2ility to do somet'ing&
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87am$les:
T'ey (an (ontrol t'eir o4n 2udgets& >2ility/Possi2ility
We (anKt "i7 it& Ina2ility/Im$ossi2ility
Can I smo+e 'ere? >s+ing "or $ermission
Can you 'el$ me? Ee-uest
CA<L: >2ility in t'e $ast and $ossi2le "uture&
87am$les:
Could I 2orro4 your di(tionary? >s+ing "or $ermission&
Could you say it again more slo4ly? Ee-uest
We (ould try to "i7 it ourselves& uggestion
I t'in+ 4e (ould 'ave anot'er 5ul" War& Future $ossi2ility
@e gave u$ 'is old o2 so 'e (ould 4or+ "or us& >2ility in t'e $ast
M>Y: It (an 2e used instead o" Could "or $ossi2ilities in t'e "uture, a $olite 4ay
to as+ "or $ermission and give instru(tions&
87am$les:
You may leave in "ive minutes& Instru(tion
May I 'ave anot'er (u$ o" (o""ee? >s+ing "or $ermission
C'ina may 2e(ome a maor e(onomi( $o4er& Future $ossi2ility
MI5@T: It is used to indi(ate $ossi2ilities in t'e Present or t'e Future& In t'is (ase
is a synonym o" NMayO&
87am$les:
WeKd 2etter $'one tomorro4, t'ey mig't 2e eating t'eir dinner no4& Present $ossi2ility
T'ey mig't give us a % dis(ount& Future $ossi2ility
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@>LL: T'is is more (ommon in t'e <nited =ingdom t'an t'e <, it is used as
Will to "orm t'e Future tense and in general is more $olite& It is also used "or
o""ers, suggestions, re-uests and $re"eren(es&
87am$le:
'all I 'el$ you 4it' your luggage? Q A""er
'all 4e say ):* t'en? uggestion
'all I do t'at or 4ill you? >s+ing 4'at to do
@A<L: 87$resses o2ligation or re(ommendation&
87am$les:
We s'ould sort out t'is $ro2lem at on(e& aying 4'atKs rig't or (orre(t
I t'in+ 4e s'ould ('e(+ everyt'ing again& Ee(ommending a(tion
Pro"its s'ould in(rease ne7t year& <n(ertain $redi(tion
A<5@T TA: Is a synonym o" 'ould 4'i(' e7$resses o2ligation or
re(ommendation&
87am$les:
We oug't to enoy em$loy a $ro"essional 4riter& aying 4'atKs rig't or (orre(t
'e oug't to -uit smo+ing& Ee(ommendation
I oug't to (all my $arents& A2ligation
M<T: Im$lies an o2ligation, $ro'i2ition or ne(essity& It (an 2e used li+e a synonym o"
@ave to&
87am$les:
We must say good 2ye no4& Be(essity/A2ligation
T'ey mustnKt disru$t t'e 4or+ more t'an ne(essary& Pro'i2ition
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Target: Past Parti(i$le
<8 % Com$leted >(tion 9e"ore omet'ing in t'e Past
T'e Past Per"e(t e7$resses t'e idea t'at somet'ing o((urred 2e"ore anot'er
a(tion in t'e $ast& It (an also s'o4 t'at somet'ing 'a$$ened 2e"ore a s$e(i"i(time in t'e $ast&
87am$les:
I 'ad never seen su(' a 2eauti"ul 2ea(' 2e"ore I 4ent to =auai&
I did not 'ave any money 2e(ause I 'ad lost my 4allet&
Tony +ne4 Istan2ul so 4ell 2e(ause 'e 'ad visited t'e (ity several times&
@ad usan ever studied T'ai 2e"ore s'e moved to T'ailand?
'e only understood t'e movie 2e(ause s'e 'ad read t'e 2oo+&
=ristine 'ad never 2een to an o$era 2e"ore last nig't&
We 4ere not a2le to get a 'otel room 2e(ause 4e 'ad not 2oo+ed in advan(e&
>: @ad you ever visited t'e <&& 2e"ore your tri$ in )?
9: Yes, I 'ad 2een to t'e <&& on(e 2e"ore&
<8 ) uration 9e"ore omet'ing in t'e Past !BonContinuous Ver2s#
Wit' BonContinuous Ver2s and some non(ontinuous uses o" Mi7ed Ver2s, 4e
use t'e Past Per"e(t to s'o4 t'at somet'ing started in t'e $ast and (ontinued u$
until anot'er a(tion in t'e $ast&
87am$les:
We 'ad 'ad t'at (ar "or ten years 2e"ore it 2ro+e do4n&
9y t'e time >le7 "inis'ed 'is studies, 'e 'ad 2een in London "or over eig't years&
T'ey "elt 2ad a2out selling t'e 'ouse 2e(ause t'ey 'ad o4ned it "or more t'an "orty
years&
>lt'oug' t'e a2ove use o" Past Per"e(t is normally limited to BonContinuous
Ver2s and non(ontinuous uses o" Mi7ed Ver2s, t'e 4ords live, 4or+, tea(',
and study are sometimes used in t'is 4ay even t'oug' t'ey are BAT Bon
Continuous Ver2s&
IMPAET>BT $e(i"i( Times 4it' t'e Past Per"e(t&
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<nli+e 4it' t'e Present Per"e(t, it is $ossi2le to use s$e(i"i( time 4ords or
$'rases 4it' t'e Past Per"e(t& >lt'oug' t'is is $ossi2le, it is usually not
ne(essary&
87am$le:
'e 'ad visited 'er Ra$anese relatives on(e in %HH* 2e"ore s'e moved in 4it' t'em in
%HH&
MAE8AV8E
I" t'e Past Per"e(t a(tion did o((ur at a s$e(i"i( time, t'e im$le Past (an 2e used
instead o" t'e Past Per"e(t 4'en 2e"ore or a"ter is used in t'e senten(e& T'e
4ords 2e"ore and a"ter a(tually tell you 4'at 'a$$ens "irst, so t'e Past
Per"e(t is o$tional& For t'is reason, 2ot' senten(es 2elo4 are (orre(t&
87am$les:
'e 'ad visited 'er Ra$anese relatives on(e in %HH* 2e"ore s'e moved in 4it' t'em in
%HH&
'e visited 'er Ra$anese relatives on(e in %HH* 2e"ore s'e moved in 4it' t'em in %HH&
@AW8V8E
I" t'e Past Per"e(t is not re"erring to an a(tion at a s$e(i"i( time, Past Per"e(t is
not o$tional& Com$are t'e e7am$les 2elo4& @ere Past Per"e(t is re"erring to a la(+
o" e7$erien(e rat'er t'an an a(tion at a s$e(i"i( time& For t'is reason, im$le Past
(annot 2e used&
87am$les:
'e never sa4 a 2ear 2e"ore s'e moved to >las+a& Bot Corre(t
'e 'ad never seen a 2ear 2e"ore s'e moved to >las+a& Corre(t
>V8E9 PL>C8M8BT
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T'e e7am$les 2elo4 s'o4 t'e $la(ement "or grammar adver2s su(' as: al4ays,
only, never, ever, still, ust, et(&
87am$les:
You 'ad $reviously studied 8nglis' 2e"ore you moved to Be4 Yor+&
@ad you $reviously studied 8nglis' 2e"ore you moved to Be4 Yor+?
Target: ire(t and Ee$orted $ee('
ire(t $ee('
W'en 4e re$ort e7a(tly 4'at someone else 'as said, 4e use t'e dire(t style& Wit'
t'is style 4'at t'e $erson 'as said is $la(ed 2et4een -uotation mar+s !&&&# and
s'all 2e ver2atim&
87am$les:
I am going to London ne7t 4ee+, s'e said&
o you 'ave a $en I (ould 2orro4, 'e as+ed&
>li(e said, I love to dan(e&
C'rist as+ed, Would you li+e to 'ave dinner 4it' me tomorro4 nig't?
Ee$orted $ee('
Ee$orted s$ee(', unli+e t'e dire(t style, it doesnKt use t'e -uotation mar+s and
doesnKt need to 2e ver2atim& In general, 4'en Ee$orted s$ee(' is used, t'e tense
('anges&
ometimes you 'ave to use t'at in t'e a""irmative and negative $'rases to
introdu(e 4'at t'e ot'er $erson 'as said& An t'e ot'er 'and, interrogative
senten(es (an 2e used 4it' eit'er i" or 4'et'er&
IE8CT P88C@ E8PAET8 P88C@
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Present im$le Past im$le
N@e0s >meri(an,O s'e said& 'e said 'e 4as >meri(an&
NI0m 'a$$y to see you,O Mary said& Mary said t'at s'e 4as 'a$$y to see me&
@e as+ed, N>re you 2usy tonig't? @e as+ed me i" I 4as 2usy t'at nig't&
Present Progressive Past Progressive
Nan is living in an Fran(is(o,O s'e said& 'e said an 4as living in an Fran(is(o
@e said, NI0m ma+ing dinner&O @e told me t'at 'e 4as ma+ing dinner&
NW'y are you 4or+ing so 'ard? T'ey as+ed& T'ey as+ed me 4'y I 4as 4or+ing so
'ard&
Past im$le Past Per"e(t im$le
NWe 4ent to t'e movies last nig't,O 'e said& @e told me t'ey 'ad gone to t'e movies
t'e nig't 2e"ore&
5reg said, NI didn0t go to 4or+ yesterday&O 5reg said t'at 'e didn0t go to 4or+ t'e
day 2e"ore&
Nid you 2uy a ne4 (ar?O s'e as+ed& 'e as+ed me i" I 'ad 2oug't a ne4 (ar&
Past Progressive Past Per"e(t Progressive
NI 4as 4or+ing late last nig't,O Vi(+y said& Vi(+y told me s'e 'ad 2een 4or+ing late
t'e nig't 2e"ore&
T'ey said, NWe 4eren0t 4aiting long&O T'ey said t'at t'ey 'adn0t 2een 4aiting
long&
@e as+ed, NW'ere you slee$ing 4'en I (alled?O @e as+ed i" I 'ad 2een slee$ing 4'en 'e
(alled&
Present Per"e(t im$le Past Per"e(t im$le
@eat'er said, NI 'ave already eaten&O @eat'er told me t'at s'e 'ad already
eaten&
NWe 'aven0t 2een to C'ina,O t'ey said& T'ey said t'ey 'adn0t 2een to C'ina&
N@ave you 4or+ed 'ere 2e"ore?O I as+ed& I as+ed 'er 4'et'er s'e 'ad 4or+ed
t'ere 2e"ore&
Present Per"e(t Progressive Past Per"e(t Progressive
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T'e tense ('anges in t'e Ee$orted $ee(' 4it' some o" t'e Modal Ver2s&
Bote: Modal ver2s: NWould, (ould, s'ould, mig't, and oug't to,O T'e tense do
not ('ange&
IE8CT P88C@ E8PAET8 P88C@
Will Would
NI 4ill go to t'e movies tomorro4,O Ro'n said 'e 4ould go to t'e
Ro'n said& movies t'e ne7t day&
NWill you 'el$ me move?O s'e as+ed& 'e as+ed me i" I 4ould 'el$ 'er move&
Can Could
e2ra said, N>llen (an 4or+ tomorro4&O e2ra said >llen (ould 4or+ t'e ne7t
day&
NCan you o$en t'e 4indo4 $lease?O @e as+ed me i" I (ould o$en t'e 4indo4&
'e as+ed&
Must @ad to
NYou must 4ear your seat 2elt,O mom said& My mom said I 'ad to 4ear my seat 2elt&
'e said, Nyou must 4or+ tomorro4&O 'e said I 'ad to 4or+ t'e ne7t day&
'all 'ould
N'all 4e go to t'e 2ea(' today?O Tom as+ed& Tom as+ed i" 4e s'ould go to t'e 2ea('
t'at day&
NW'at s'all 4e do tonig't?O s'e as+ed& 'e as+ed me 4'at 4e s'ould do t'at
nig't&
May Mig't/Could
Rane said, NI may not 2e in (lass tomorro4&O Rane said s'e mig't not 2e in (lass t'e
ne7t day&
T'e 2oy as+ed, NMay I use t'e 2at'room, T'e 2oy as+ed i" 'e (ould use t'e
$lease?O 2at'room&
Bote:
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9elo4 is a ta2le 4'ere you (an o2serve t'e ('anges e7$erien(ed 2y e7$ressions
o" time 4'en using t'e Ee$orted $ee('&
IE8CT P88C@ E8PAET8 P88C@
Today T'at day
Tonig't T'at nig't
T'is 4ee+/mont'/year T'at 4ee+/mont'/year
Tomorro4 T'e ne7t day
Be7t 4ee+/mont'/year T'e "ollo4ing 4ee+/mont'/year
Yesterday T'e day 2e"ore/T'e $revious day
Last 4ee+/mont'/year T'ey day/mont'/year 2e"ore
T'e $revious day/mont'/year
Bo4 T'en/>t t'e moment
@ere T'ere
Target: >(tive and Passive voi(e&
>(tive voi(e is 4'en a $erson $er"orms an a(tion dire(tly, or 4'en t'e sto(+ "alls
dire(tly on t'at $erson&
87am$le:
@e visits t'e $ar+ every day&
We sing a song&
T'e $assive voi(e is organiDed as "ollo4s&
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Past Progressive
Ro'n 4as 4riting t'e letter& T'e letter 4as 2eing 4ritten 2y Ro'n&
@e 4as ('asing t'e tiger& T'e tiger 4as 2eing ('ased 2y 'im&
Present Per"e(t
Ro'n 'as 4ritten t'e letter& T'e letter 'as 2een 4ritten 2y Ro'n&
@e 'as ('ased t'e tiger& T'e tiger 'as 2een ('ased 2y 'im&
Past Per"e(t
Ro'n 'ad 4ritten t'e letter& T'e letter 'ad 2een 4ritten 2y Ro'n&
@e 'ad ('ased t'e tiger& T'e tiger 'ad 2een ('ased 2y 'im&
Will !Future#
Ro'n 4ill 4rite t'e letter& T'e letter 4ill 4ritten 2y Ro'n&
@e 4ill ('ase t'e tiger& T'e tiger 4ill 2e ('ased 2y 'im&
5oing to !Future#
Ro'n is going to 4rite t'e letter& T'e letter is going to 2e 4ritten 2y Ro'n&
@e is going to ('ase t'e tiger& T'e tiger is going to 2e ('ased 2y 'im&
Modal or au7iliary ver2s
I s'ould study Fren('& Fren(' s'ould 2e studied 2y me&
I must do my duties& uties must 2e done 2y me&
87er(ises:
Pla(e t'e ne7t senten(es in Past Per"e(t using t'e (orre(t "orm o" t'e ver2s in
$arent'esis&
%& >stronauts !Fly#… t'roug' s$a(e "or 'ours&
6666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666
)& T'e 2oys !teal#… t'e 2i(y(les&
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66666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666
*& T'ey !@ave#… a long and un(om"orta2le tri$&
66666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666
& My sister >nn !9egin#… 'er diet a 4ee+ ago&
66666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666
.& 'e !T'in+#… a good idea&
66666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666
& T'e $ostman !eliver#… my letter&
66666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666
C'ange t'e senten(e "rom ire(t $ee(' to Ee$orted $ee('&
1& NI0m 'ungry,O Tom said&
66666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666
3& ara' as+ed, N>re you 2usy tonig't?O
66666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666
H& NWe made a great dinner last nig't,O 'e said&
66666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666
%& NI 'ave 2een to India t'ree times,O Melissa said&
66666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666
Convert t'e ne7t senten(es to Passive Voi(e&
%%& T'ey ma+e many movies in @olly4ood&
66666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666
%)& T'e students 4ill give a $resentation tomorro4&
66666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666
%*& T'e ('ildren 'ave eaten t'e (oo+ies&
66666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666
%& omeone 'as stolen my 2i+e;
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666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666
%.& We 4ill (om$lete t'e renovations ne7t 4ee+&
666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666
Target: Per"e(t Modals
Modal ver2s, as 4e 'ave already seen, e7$ress $ossi2ility or $ro2a2ility& W'en
t'ey are used 4it' t'e in"initive "orm o" t'e $er"e(t tense To 'ave S >(tive Ver2
in Past Parti(i$le, modal ver2s indi(ate s$e(ulation a2out t'ings in t'e $ast&
Must 'ave:
It is used to e7$ress a logi(al (on(lusion a2out somet'ing t'at 'a$$ened in t'e
$ast& WeKre not sure 4'at 'a$$ened e7a(tly, 2ut 2ased on t'e eviden(e, 4e (an(ome to some (on(lusion&
<nli+e Mig't 'ave or May 'ave, as 4e s'all see later, Must 'ave e7$ressed
more (ertainty&
87am$les:
T'e lig'ts are o""& T'ey must 'ave gone out&
I never see Ro'n and Claire toget'er anymore& T'ey must 'ave se$arated&
I +no4 you love ('o(olate& It must 'ave 2een di""i(ult to say NBoO to t'at $ie(e o" (a+e&
May 'ave/Mig't 'ave:
T'ese are used to e7$ress $ossi2ility in t'e $ast& <sing t'ese t4o modal ver2s
also e7$ress un(ertainty&
87am$les:
I t'in+ it may 'ave 4or+ed, 2ut 4e gave u$ too soon&
T'ey mig't 'ave 4on i" t'eir star $layer 'adn0t 2een inured&
I don0t +no4, it mig't 'ave 2een di""erent i" you 4ere t'ere&
Can0t 'ave:
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It is used in a similar 4ay as must 'ave 2ut in it0s negative "orm& We may use
Can0t 'ave 4'en 4eKre $retty sure t'at somet'ing doesn0t o((ur or it 4as not
true in t'e $ast&
87am$les:
I +no4 you love ('o(olate& It (an0t 'ave 2een easy to say NBoO to t'at $ie(e o" (a+e&
Fran+ "ailed t'e e7am& @e (an0t 'ave 2een $aying attention to 'is (lass&
T'ey 'ad a lot o" 4or+ to do and little time& T'ey (an0t 'ave "inis'ed everyt'ing&
Couldn0t 'ave:
It (an 2e used instead o" NCan0t 'aveO&
87am$les:
I +no4 you li+e ('o(olate& It (ouldn0t 'ave 2een ease to say NBoO to t'at $ie(e o" (a+e&
Fran+ "ailed t'e e7am& @e (ouldn0t 'ave 2een $aying attention to 'is (lass&
T'ey 'ad a lot o" 4or+ to do and little time& T'ey (ouldn0t 'ave "inis'ed everyt'ing&
Could 'ave:
It is also used to e7$ress t'at somet'ing 4as $ossi2le in t'e $ast, 2ut not
a(tually o((urred&
87am$les:
I" it 'adn0t sto$$ed raining, t'e $arty (ould 'ave 2een a disaster&
'e (ould 'ave ran "aster, 2ut s'e 4anted to save 'er energy&
We (ould 'ave 2oug't a ne4 (ar, 2ut 4e de(ided to use t'e money to go on va(ation&
Could 'ave in its a""irmative "orm, is similar to Mig't 'ave or May 'ave
e7$resses $ossi2ility in t'e $ast&
87am$les:
I t'in+ it (ould 'ave 4or+ed, 2ut 4e gave u$ too soon&
T'ey (ould 'ave 4on i" t'eir star $layer 'adn0t 2een inured&
I don0t +no4, it (ould 'ave 2een di""erent i" you 4ere t'ere&
'ould 'ave/Aug't to 'ave:
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T'ey are used 4'en somet'ing didn0t 'a$$en, 2ut it 4ould 'ave 2een 2etter i" it
'ad 'a$$ened& In its negative "orm, t'ese re"eren(es indi(ate t'at somet'ing
'a$$ened, 2ut it 4ould 'ave 2een 2etter to 2e so&
87am$les:
I told you, you s'ould 'ave studied more;
9en oug't to 'ave gone to t'e do(tor sooner& Bo4 t'ey say it 4ill 2e a mont' 2e"ore 'e
is "ully re(overed&
I s'ouldn0t 'ave eaten t'e last (oo+ie&
'e s'ouldn0t 'ave 2een angry, it 4asn0t your "ault&
Would 'ave:
T'is is +no4n as Per"e(t Conditional, it (an e7$ress an 'y$ot'eti(al t'oug't int'e $ast& T'at is, it is used to e7$ress t'e de(ision to 2e ta+en in a given
situation&
87am$les:
I 4ould 'ave gone to Be4 Yor+&
I 4ouldn0t 'ave invited you to my $arty&
Target: T'ird Conditional
T'is is +no4n as Per"e(t Conditional, (an e7$ress a 'y$ot'eti(al t'oug't in t'e
$ast& T'at is, it is used to e7$ress t'e de(ision to 2e ta+en in a given situation&
87am$les:
I" I 'ad +no4n t'en 4'at I +no4 no4, I 4ould 'ave done t'ings di""erently&
uDanne 4ouldn0t 'ave 'ad t'e 'eart atta(+ i" s'e 'ad gone on a diet as 'er do(tor
re(ommended&
Would you 'ave li+ed to go to t'e university i" you 'ad 2een a2le to a""ord it?
Target: Future Per"e(t
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Future Per"e(t 'as t4o di""erent "orms: 4ill 'ave done and 2e going to 'ave
done& <nli+e im$le Future "orms, Future Per"e(t "orms are usually
inter('angea2le&
FAEM Future Per"e(t 4it' Will
4ill 'ave S $ast $arti(i$leU
87am$les:
You 4ill 'ave $er"e(ted your 8nglis' 2y t'e time you (ome 2a(+ "rom t'e <&&
Will you 'ave $er"e(ted your 8nglis' 2y t'e time you (ome 2a(+ "rom t'e <&&?
You 4ill not 'ave $er"e(ted your 8nglis' 2y t'e time you (ome 2a(+ "rom t'e <&&
FAEM Future Per"e(t 4it' 9e 5oing To
am/is/are S going to 'ave S $ast $arti(i$leU
87am$les:
You are going to 'ave $er"e(ted your 8nglis' 2y t'e time you (ome 2a(+ "rom t'e <&&
>re you going to 'ave $er"e(ted your 8nglis' 2y t'e time you (ome 2a(+ "rom t'e <&&?
You are not going to 'ave $er"e(ted your 8nglis' 2y t'e time you (ome 2a(+ "rom t'e
<&&
BAT8: It is $ossi2le to use eit'er 4ill or 2e going to to (reate t'e Future
Per"e(t 4it' little or no di""eren(e in meaning&
<8 % Com$leted >(tion 9e"ore omet'ing in t'e Future
T'e Future Per"e(t e7$resses t'e idea t'at somet'ing 4ill o((ur 2e"ore anot'er
a(tion in t'e "uture& It (an also s'o4 t'at somet'ing 4ill 'a$$en 2e"ore a s$e(i"i(
time in t'e "uture&
87am$les:
9y ne7t Bovem2er, I 4ill 'ave re(eived my $romotion&
9y t'e time 'e gets 'ome, s'e is going to 'ave (leaned t'e entire 'ouse&
I am not going to 'ave "inis'ed t'is test 2y * oK(lo(+&
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Will s'e 'ave learned enoug' C'inese to (ommuni(ate 2e"ore s'e moves to 9eiing?
am is $ro2a2ly going to 'ave (om$leted t'e $ro$osal 2y t'e time 'e leaves t'is
a"ternoon&
9y t'e time I "inis' t'is (ourse, I 4ill 'ave ta+en ten tests&
@o4 many (ountries are you going to 'ave visited 2y t'e time you turn .?
Boti(e in t'e e7am$les a2ove t'at t'e re"eren(e $oints !mar+ed in itali(s# are in
im$le Present rat'er t'an im$le Future& T'is is 2e(ause t'e interru$tions are in
time (lauses, and you (annot use "uture tenses in time (lauses&
<8 ) uration 9e"ore omet'ing in t'e Future !BonContinuous Ver2s#
Wit' BonContinuous Ver2s and some non(ontinuous uses o" Mi7ed Ver2s, 4e
use t'e Future Per"e(t to s'o4 t'at somet'ing 4ill (ontinue u$ until anot'er
a(tion in t'e "uture&
87am$les:
I 4ill 'ave 2een in London "or si7 mont's 2y t'e time I leave&
9y Monday, usan is going to 'ave 'ad my 2oo+ "or a 4ee+&
>lt'oug' t'e a2ove use o" Future Per"e(t is normally limited to BonContinuous
Ver2s and non(ontinuous uses o" Mi7ed Ver2s, t'e 4ords live, 4or+, tea(',
and study are sometimes used in t'is 4ay even t'oug' t'ey are BAT Bon
Continuous Ver2s&
E8M8M98E Bo Future in Time Clauses
Li+e all "uture "orms, t'e Future Per"e(t (annot 2e used in (lauses 2eginning 4it'time e7$ressions su(' as: 4'en, 4'ile, 2e"ore, a"ter, 2y t'e time, as soon as, i",
unless, et(& Instead o" Future Per"e(t, Present Per"e(t is used&
87am$les:
I am going to see a movie 4'en I 4ill 'ave "inis'ed my 'ome4or+& Bot Corre(t
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I am going to see a movie 4'en I 'ave "inis'ed my 'ome4or+& Corre(t
>V8E9 PL>C8M8BT
T'e e7am$les 2elo4 s'o4 t'e $la(ement "or grammar adver2s su(' as: al4ays,only, never, ever, still, ust, et(&
87am$les:
You 4ill only 'ave learned a "e4 4ords&
Will you only 'ave learned a "e4 4ords?
You are only going to 'ave learned a "e4 4ords&
>re you only going to 'ave learned a "e4 4ords?
Ver2s e7er(ise:
%& Bi(+ learned "rom 'is s(ien(e (lass t'at 4ater 66666666 at % degrees
(entigrade&
a# 9oiling
2# 9oils
(# 9oil
d# Is 2oiling
)& We 4ill $lay gol" on unday i" it 66666666&
a# doesn’t rain
2# 4on0t rain
(# didn0t
d# 4ouldn0t
*& We0ll 2egin 4'en you 6666 ready&
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a# 4ill 2e
2# 'ave
(# 'ave 2een
d# are
& 5reat ('anges 66666666 in C'ina sin(e %H3&
a# @as ta+en $la(e
2# have taken place
(# 'a2e 2een ta+en $la(e
d# too+ $la(e
.& @e 666666 4'en 4e got t'ere&
a# 4ould 'ave already arrive
2# 4ill already arrive
(# had already arrive
d# 'as already arrive
& You are "inally 2a(+& W'ere 66666666666?
a# 'ave you gone
2# you 4ent
(# did you 4ent
d# have you been
7.- How many times ____ you ____ to Los Angeles?
a 'ave &&& gone
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2# have ... been
(# 'ad &&& 2een
d# 'ad &&& gone
3& I 4ondered i" t'ey 666666 "or C'i(ago ne7t mont'&
a# are leaving
2# 4ill leave
(# were leaving
d# 'ad le"t
H& T'e man I 6666666666 yesterday is my 'ig' s('ool tea('er&
a# came across
2# (ome a(ross
(# 'as (ome a(ross
d# 'ad (ome a(ross
%& My 4at(' is ne4 & It 666666 $er"e(t time&
a# +e$t
2# 'ad +e$t
(# keeps
d# 4ill +ee$
%%& onKt get o"" t'e 2us until it 66666666666&
a# 4ill sto$
2# sto$$ed
(# sto$
d has stopped
%)& We0ll go out 4it' you 4'en our 4or+ 666666&
a# 'ave 2een done
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2# has been done
(# 'as done
d# are done
%*& 9y t'e time 'e 4as t4elve, 8dison 66666666 to ma+e a living 2y 'imsel"&
a# 4ould 2egin
2# 2egan
(# had begun
d# 4as 2eginning
%& Rose 66666666 some 8nglis' 2e"ore 'e (ame to t'e <nited tates&
a# 'as learned
2# had learned
(# 'as 2een learned
d# 'ad 2een learned
%.& I didn0t go to see t'e movie 2e(ause I 66666666 it t4i(e&
a# sa4
2# 'as seen
(# 'ave seen
d# had seen