lexical cohesionlexical cohesion operates between units which encode lexical content. these are what...
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LEXICAL COHESION
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The cohesive resource of lexical relations refers to how the
writer/speaker uses lexical items (nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs)
and event sequences (chains of clauses and sentences) to relate
the text consistently to its area of focus or its field.
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So, lexical cohesion analysis derives from observing that there are certain expectancy relations
between words.
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For example, if you read the word mouse in a text, you will not be
surprised to come across the words cheese, squeak, tail, rodent, or even computer in a nearby text.
But you would be much more surprised to come across the words thunderstorm, bark or
ironing board.
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Lexical relations analysis is a way of systematically describing how words in a text relate to each
other, how they cluster to build up lexical sets or lexical strings.
Lexical cohesion is an important dimension of cohesion.
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Lexical cohesion operates between units which encode lexical content. These are what we call the open-class items of nouns, main verbs,
adverbs and adjectives.
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Grammatical words, or closed-class items (such as prepositions, pronouns,
articles and auxiliary verbs) do not encode lexical content. This means
that closed-class items do not contribute to lexical cohesion, even
though they contribute to the grammatical relations in a text.
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There are two main kinds of lexical relations that we can recognize
between words:
Taxonomic lexical relations
Expectancy relations
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1) Taxonomic lexical relations: where one lexical item relates to another through either class/sub-
class (rodent-mouse) or part-whole (tail-mouse) relations.
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2) Expectancy relations: where there is a predictable relation between a process (verb) and
either the doer of that process, or the one effected by it (mouse-squeak; nibble-cheese). These
relations link nominal elements with verbal elements.
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Words which are taxonomically related may be distinguished into
either classification or composition.
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CLASSIFICATION
This is the relationship between a superordinate term and its members, or hyponyms.
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The main kinds of classification relations are:
- co-hyponymy;
- class/sub-class;
- contrast;
- similarity
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- Co-hyponymy: when two (or more) lexical items used in a text are both subordinate members of
a superordinate class.
For example: influenza – pneumonia (both terms are
hyponyms of the superordinate class illness)
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- Class/sub-class: when two (or more) lexical items used in a text
are related through sub-classification.
For example: illness – pneumonia
(here the relationship is superordinate term to hyponym)
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- Contrast: when two (or more) lexical items encode a contrast
relationship or antonymy.
For example: clear – blurry / wet – dry / joy – despair (here the
relationship is one of opposition)
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- Similarity: when two (or more) lexical items express similar meanings. There
are two main-types:
a) Synonymy: when two words essentially relate to each other (message
– report; news – intelligence)
b) Repetition: when a lexical item is repeated (death – death)
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The second main type of taxonomic relation is that of
COMPOSITION
This is the part / whole relationship between lexical items which are meronyms or co-meronyms.
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There are two possible types:
a) meronymy: when the two lexical items are related as whole to part (or
vice versa): body – heart.
b) co-meronymy: when two lexical items are related by both being parts of a common whole: heart – lungs.
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Expectancy relations are the second main type of lexical relation. They
operate between a nominal element and a verbal element. For example,
the relation may operate between an action and the typical (expected)
“doer” of that action: doctor – diagnose / baby – cry /
sparrows – twitter.
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We can capture the lexical cohesion in a text by listing all
related lexical items, showing how they form lexical strings that add
texture to text.
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A lexical string is a list of all the lexical items that occur
sequentially in a text that can be related to an immediately prior word (if possible) or to a head word either taxonomically or
through an expectancy relation.