lgs vol2 indo-european phylo

5= INDO-EUROPEAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 385

5=INDO-EUROPEAN phylosector

This phylosector covers 10 sets of languages (= 150 outer languages, comprising 873 inner languages) spoken traditionallyby communities across much of Eurasia, from Iceland and the British Isles in the northwest to Sri Lanka in the south,constituting the Indo-European intercontinental affinity. During the last half millennium, languages of this phylosector(principally from zones 51=, 52=, 53= and 59=) have spread to all other continents of the world, and across northern Asia,and over half the world's population now speaks a language from this phylosector (as either primary or alternate voices).

Zones 50= to 57= cover languages traditionally spoken in Europe, and 58= to 59= cover languages traditionally spoken inwestern and southern Asia. Zones are arranged in the approximate geographic order of their traditional areas in Eurasia,moving from northwestern Europe to southern Asia, and this order has no implication for prehistorical reconstructions:

50= CELTIC phylozone 51= ROMANIC phylozone 52= GERMANIC phylozone53= SLAVIC phylozone 54= BALTIC phylozone 55= ALBANIC phylozone56= HELLENIC phylozone 57= ARMENIC phylozone 58= IRANIC phylozone59= INDIC phylozone

☛ Before consulting the following tables, please see Guide to the Register in Volume One

Additional or improved data on languages and communities covered by this sector will be welcomed by e-mail at: [email protected], or by letter-post at: LINGUASPHERE PRESS, HEBRON SA34 0XT, WALES (UK).

COLUMN 1 & 2

layers of reference codes and reference-names

COLUMN 3

other nomenclature and notes COLUMNS 4 & 5

nation-states scale of(+ provinces) and speakers

50= CELTICphylozone

covers the "Celtic", "Gaelic+ Welsh" or Gaeilge+ Cymraeg set,part of the "Indo-European" intercontinental affinity;comprising 1 set of languages (= 5 outer languages) spokenby communities in insular and maritime northwestern Europe,from the Hebridean islands to the Breton peninsula:

50-A GAEILGE+ CYMRAEG

The internal unity of the [50] Celtic set appears less closethan that of other sets in this phylosector, and there may be acase for regarding the [50] Gaeilge+ Gàidhlig (Gaelic) and[50] Cymraeg+ Brezhoneg (Britannic) chains as separatecomponents of the Indo-European intercontinental affinity.

France (Bretagne); Ireland; Man;United Kingdom (Scotland; Wales;Northern Ireland); with migrationsto Argentina; Australia; Canada;USA

6

50-A GAEILGE+CYMRAEG set

GAELIC+ WELSH, "celtic", in [50] Gaeilge (Irish): ceilteach, in [50]Cymraeg (Welsh): celteg

50-AA GAEILGE+GÀIDHLIG chain

GAELIC, "goidelic", "Q-celtic"; in [50] Cymraeg (Welsh): goedeleg

50-AAA GAEILGE+GÀIDHLIG net

50-AAA-a Gaeilge+ Gàidhlig gaeilge + gàidhlig+ ghailckagh, in [50] Cymraeg (Welsh): gaeleg;including gaeilge, "irish gaelic", "irish"… gàidhlig, "scottish gaelic"…ghailckagh, "manx" bilingual in [52] English �from c.350: Oghamscript; Erse, Celto-Latin script; Latin script #"Gaelic" is pronounced"Gallic" in Scotland & "Gaylic" in Ireland ⊕covering a sequence ofidioms now extending from the Hebrides islands to the south-westcoast of Ireland (originally covering the whole of Ireland and HighlandScotland, with the Isle of Man) ¶severely reduced and submerged by[52] English in the rural Highlands of Scotland as a result of the ethnicclearances of the 18th century, and in rural Ireland as a result of thefamine-related ethnic clearances of the 19th century.

Ireland (including UK: NorthernIreland); UK (Scotland); Man; alsomigration> Canada; Australia; USA”

6

The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition

50-AAA-aa ✍ gàidhlig-F. "formal scottish gaelic", in [52] Scots: hielans, in [50] Gaeilge (Irish):gaeilge na hAlban, including "church gaelic"… "modern literary scottishgaelic" �Latin script, from c.1650; Church Gaelic is based on anarchaic Perthshire model

( Scotland) 5

50-AAA-ab gàidhlig-NE. "scottish gaelic"-NE. ⊕Caithness… Sutherland-E counties: Brora…Golspie… Embo coast

(Scotland: Highland-NE.) 3

50-AAA-ac gàidhlig-CW. "scottish gaelic"-CW. (Scotland-W.); also migration>Canada (Nova Scotia; PrinceEdward Island)

5

50-AAA-aca leodhaisach lewis ⊕Leodhais, Lewis island (excluding Harris peninsula) �to bereclassified as an inner-language, with constituent dialects

(Western Isles) 4

50-AAA-acb hearadhach hearadh, harris ⊕Na Hearadh, Harris peninsula (Western Isles)50-AAA-acc uibhistach-N. uist-N. ⊕Uibhist-a'Tuath, North Uist island (Western Isles)50-AAA-acd beinn-na-faoghla benbecula ⊕Beinn-na-Faoghla, Benbecula island (Western Isles)50-AAA-ace uibhistach uist-S. ⊕Uibhist-a-Deas, South Uist island (Western Isles)50-AAA-acf barraighach barra ⊕Barraigh, Barra island (Western Isles)50-AAA-acg sgianach sgitheanach=⊕Skye, Eilean Sgianach, Eilean Sgitheanach island (Highland-W.) 450-AAA-ach rhumach+ eiggach ⊕Rum… Eigg islands (Highland-W.)50-AAA-aci tyree+ coll ⊕Coll… Tiree islands (Strathclyde-NW.)50-AAA-acj mull ⊕Isle of Mull island (Strathclyde-NW.)50-AAA-ack gàidhlig-NW. ⊕Sutherland-W… Ross-&-Cromarty… Inverness-W. counties (Highland) 350-AAA-acl gàidhlig-C. ⊕Argyll-N… Perth-W counties (Strathclyde-N.; central-N.)50-AAA-acm argyll-S. ⊕Argyll-S county (Strathclyde-SW.) 350-AAA-acn arran ⊕Arran island (Strathclyde) 250-AAA-aco peairt ⊕Perth-SW. county (Strathclyde) 350-AAA-acp alba-nuadh "new albion gaelic" ⊕Cap Breton island… Prince Edward island migration> Canada (Nova Scotia;

Prince Edward Island)3

50-AAA-ad � gaeilge-L. "historical literary irish", "old common gaelic", 'erse' �from c.350 Ireland; (Scotland); Man50-AAA-ae ✍ gaeilge-F. "formal irish", "modern literary irish", "modern standard irish",

"dublin irish", in [50] Cymraeg (Welsh): gwyddeleg �from c.1650Ireland

50-AAA-af gaeilge-NE.* "traditional irish"-NE. �transitional to Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig-CW.) (Northern Ireland, major part ofUlaidh, Ulster: Antrim-N.)

50-AAA-afa rathlin ⊕Rathlin island (Antrim-N.)50-AAA-afb antrim-glens ⊕Antrim Glens valleys ¶extinct in 1940's (Antrim-N.) 050-AAA-ag gaeilge-N. "traditional irish"-NW. Ireland (Ulaidh-W., Ulster-W.); UK

(Ireland-N., major part of Ulaidh,Ulster)

4

50-AAA-aga ard-macha ⊕Ard-macha, Armagh county (Armagh)50-AAA-agb dún-na-n-gall-NW. ⊕Dún-na-n-gall-NW., Donegal-NW. county: Toraigh, Tory island…

Árainn Mhór, Aran island(Donegal)

50-AAA-ah gaeilge-C. "traditional irish"-C. Ireland (Connachta, Connaught) 450-AAA-aha maigh-eo ⊕Maigh-eo, Mayo county (Mayo) 350-AAA-ahb gaillimh ⊕Gaillimh-W., Galway-W.… Maigh-eo-SW., Mayo-SW. counties: Partry

mountains(Mayo) 4

50-AAA-ahc aran ⊕Clare county: Aran islands (Clare)50-AAA-ahd mí "mixed" gaeilge-C.+ gaeilge-S. �creation of new mixed dialect

⊕resettled speakers> Mí, Meath county(Meath) 3

50-AAA-ai gaeilge-S. "traditional irish"-S. Ireland (Mumhain, Munster;Leinster-S.)

4

50-AAA-aia ciarraí ⊕Ciarraí-W., Kerry-W. county: Uibh Rathach… Dingle peninsula…Corca Dhuibne

(Kerry) 3

50-AAA-aib corcaigh ⊕Corcaigh-W., Cork-W. county: Oileán Chléire, Clear island… BéalÁtha an Ghaorthaidh… Baile Bhúirne… Cúil Aodh

(Cork) 3

50-AAA-aic phort-láirge ⊕Phort-láirge-S., Waterford-S. county: An Sean a'Phobal… An Rinn (Waterford) 250-AAA-aj gaelg "manx", manaweg, ghailckagh, ghailck, gailck, ghaelg, chengey-ny-

mayrey, "manx gaelic", in [50] Gaeilge (Irish): manainnis, gaeilgeOileán Mhanann, in [50] Cymraeg (Welsh): manaweg, gaeleg y Manaw⊕isle of Man

Man 1*

50-AAA-aja � gaelg-L. "literary manx", including "traditional legal manx" �recorded fromc.1650

Man

50-AAA-ajb manaweg-NW. "manx"-NW. ¶extinct submerged by [52] English Man 050-AAA-ajc manaweg-SE. "manx"-SE. ¶extinct �submerged by [52] English Man 050-AAA-ajd manaweg-S. "manx"-S. ¶extinct in 1974 �submerged by [52] English Man 050-AAA-aje ✍ manaweg-F. "revived manx" ¶revived from c.1950 Man 1*


50-AB CYMRAEG+BREZHONEG chain

BRITANNIC, "P-celtic", "brythonic", "british", in [50] Cymraeg (Welsh):brythoneg, in [50] Gaeilge (Irish): briotanach, in [51] Français:brittonique #the linguistic term 'Brythonic' avoids confusion with themodern political use of 'Britannic' (associated with the united crowns ofEngland and Scotland), but it is appropriate to redefine 'Britannic' asoriginally applied to the Celtic communities (and Welsh-relatedlanguages) of the island of Great Britain. ⊕originally covering most ofthe island of Great Britain (Clydeside… Cornwall), but now confinedlargely to Wales and (as a result of migration in the 1st Millennium) toBrittany.

50-ABA CYMRAEG net WELSH, "britannic"-N.50-ABA-a Cymraeg y gymraeg, iaith gymraeg, "welsh", "cymric", in [50] Gaeilge (Irish):

breatnais, in [51] Français: gallois, cymrique, kymrique; including awide range of local forms of the language-name: cymraig, cymrêig,cwmrâg, cymrâg, cymrêg, etc. �bilingual in [52] English#the traditional English name "Welsh" is derived from Old English walh=«Celtic or Roman foreigner», and a case can be made for thepromotion of "Cymric" as a more appropriate name in English ¶afterstrong survival throughout Wales until the 19th century, there was asteady decline in the number and proportion of Welsh-speakersthroughout the 20th century, a trend arrested and reversed in theyounger generation by the institutionalisation of Welsh as a co-officiallanguage in Wales (Welsh Language Act, 1967) and by its strongpromotion in education and the media �strong lexical links (cognatesplus loans) with [51] Latin �from c.650: Latin script

UK ( Cymru, Wales); Nantmawr(England: Shropshire border); alsomigration> England (Liverpool,London…); Argentina (Patagonia);USA (Pennsylvania) ”

5

50-ABA-aa � cymraeg-L. "traditional literary welsh", "traditional literary cymric", including "oldwelsh"… "middle welsh"… "early modern" welsh �from c.650

(Cymru, Wales; formally Scotland-S.; England)

50-ABA-ab ✍ cymraeg-F. "book welsh", "unified cymric" �including standardised forms of Welshfor the purposes of preaching, literary composition, formal teaching,publishing and broadcasting, and as an educational resource foremigré communities in the Americas

(Cymru, Wales)

50-ABA-aba cymraeg-y-beibl "bible welsh", including cymraeg-y-pulpud, "conservative pulpit welsh"�from 1588 (first translation of Welsh Bible); now being submerged byModern Literary Welsh

(Cymru, Wales)

50-ABA-abb cymraeg-lenyddol "modern literary welsh" �from c.1650 (reinforced by 1988 newtranslation of Bible)

(Cymru, Wales)

50-ABA-abc cymraeg-safonol "modern standard welsh", "generalised welsh" �a flexible standardbased on Modern Literary Welsh, but with a tolerance of regionalvariations; promoted in education and the media.

(Cymru, Wales)

50-ABA-abd cymraeg-byw "learners' normalised welsh", "learners' cymric" #cymraeg-byw=«livingwelsh», from c.1960, since abandoned

(Cymru, Wales)

50-ABA-abe cymraeg-americanaidd "american welsh" ¶the Welsh language as cultivated by smallcommunities and families of Welsh or partial Welsh origin in the USA;sustained by a network of Welsh-speaking associations andpublications �influenced especially in pronunciation by [52]Northamerican General English ⊕Delta+ Bangor (Pennsylvania)…Evansville (Wisconsin)… Oneida (NY)… Gallia (Ohio)…

USA; also Canada

50-ABA-abf cymraeg-y-wladfa "patagonian welsh", in [51] Español: galés patagón �bilingual in [51]Español ⊕Patagonia, (in Cymraeg) Y Wladfa: Chubut lower valley:Gaimán… Trelew… Rawson; Golfo Nuevo coast… Puerto Madryn,Porth Madrun; Chubut, Camwy upper valleys: Leleque… Esquel¶settlement from different parts of Wales (and Welsh speakers fromLiverpool) between 1865 & 1914

migration> Argentina (Patagonia:Chubut)

3

50-ABA-ac cymraeg-N. cymraeg y gogledd, "welsh-N.", "cymric"-N., "northwalian welsh",perjorative 'iaith y gogs', (obsolete) gwyndodeg, "venedotian"

(Cymru-N., Wales-N.); alsomigration> Argentina (Patagonia)

5

50-ABA-aca iaith-ynys-môn "angelsey welsh" part of cymraeg-y-gogledd-orllewin, "welsh"-NW.⊕Môn, Angelsey island

(Sir Môn, Angelsey)

50-ABA-acb cymraegsir-gaernarfon

"caernarvonshire welsh", part of cymraeg-y-gogledd-orllewin, "welsh"-NW. ⊕Llŷn, Lleyn peninsula… Caernarfon+ Bangor+ Conwy coast…Conwy, Conway valley… Eryri, Snowdonia mountains

(Sir Gaernarfon, Caernarvonshire)

50-ABA-acc iaith-y-cofis "caernarvon-town welsh", part of cymraeg-y-gogledd-orllewin, "welsh"-NW. #iaith-y-cofis=«language of the cove» �influenced by[52]English ¶developed when Caernarfon was a medieval port andEnglish-occupied garrison town ⊕Caernarfon town

(Sir Gaernarfon, Caernarvonshire)

50-ABA-acd cymraeg-NE. cymraeg-y-gogledd-ddwyrain, "welsh"-NE., "cymric"-NE. ⊕Clwydvalley… Rhyl+ Fflint coast… Dyfrdwy, Dee valley

(Sir Ddinbych, Denbighshire; Sir yFflint, Flintshire)

50-ABA-ace cymraeg-C. cymraeg-y-canolbarth, "welsh"-C., "mid-welsh"; (obsolete) powyseg,"powysian", "ordovician" ⊕Powys valley… Dyfi, Dovey valley…Tywyn+ Harlech coast �transition between Cymraeg-NE. & Cymraeg-CS.

(Sir Meirionnydd, Merionethshire;Sir Drefaldwyn, Montgomeryshire);also England (Shropshire border)

4

50-ABA-ad cymraeg-S. cymraeg-y-de, iaith-y-sowth, "welsh-S.", "southwalian welsh", "cymric"-S. with local forms cymrâg-y-de, cwmrâg-y-de etc., (pejorative) 'iaith yrhwntws'

Cymru-S., Wales-S. 5

50-ABA-ada cymraeg-CS. cymraeg y canolbarth dde, "welsh"-CS. ⊕Wye upper valley: RheadrGwy, Rhayader… Llanfair ym Muallt, Builth Wells… Aberhonddu,Brecon…

(Sir Faesyfed, Radnorshire;Brycheiniog, Breconshire)


50-ABA-adb cymraeg-W. cymraeg-y-gorllewin, "welsh"-W., "cymric"-W., "demetian"-NW.,preseli+ ceredigion, including iaith sir benfro, iaith shir bemro,"pembrokeshire-welsh"-N., "preseli welsh"… iaith ceredigion, iaithcardi, "cardiganshire welsh"; part of (obsolete) deheubartheg, dyfedeg,"demetian" ⊕St.David's peninsula… Preseli hills… Tâf upper valley…Ceredigion

(Ceredigion, Cardiganshire; SirBenfro-N., Pembrokeshire-N.,adjacent Sir Gaerfyrddin,Carmarthenshire)

4

50-ABA-adc cymraeg-SW. cymraeg-y-de-orllewin, "welsh"-SW., "cymric"-SW., part of (obsolete)deheubartheg, dyfedeg, "demetian" ⊕Tywi lower, Towy lower…Gwendraeth… Nedd, Neath valleys

(Sir Gaerfyrddin, Carmarthenshire;Sir Morgannwg-W., Glamorgan-W.)

5

50-ABA-add gwenhwyseg cymraeg-y-de-ddwyrain, "traditional welsh"-SE., "traditional cymric"-SE., (obsolete) "gwentian". "silurian" ⊕last vestiges in Rhondda…Wysg, Usk valleys �following the near-extinction of this idiom,standard Welsh (Cymraeg-safonol) is being reintroduced in the late20th century through Welsh-medium schools

(Sir Morgannwg-E., Glamorgan-E.;Sir Fynwy-W., Monmouthshire-W.;adjacent Brycheiniog-S.,Breconshire-S.)

2*

50-ABA-ade cymlish cymraeg yr ysgolion cymraeg ="welsh-schools' welsh" �new "mixed"dialect, with characteristic pronunciation and marked influence from[52] English in vocabulary, syntax and intonation ¶developed since1980's among pupils in Welsh-medium secondary schools in southeastWales #name created locally from Cym(raeg) plus (Eng)lish

(Sir Morgannwg-E., Glamorgan-E.;Sir Fynwy-W., Monmouthshire-W.)

3

50-ABB BREZHONEG+KERNEWEK net

BRETON+ CORNISH, "britannic"-S.

50-ABB-a Kernewek Cornish, "insular cornish", in [51] Français: cornouaillais insular�bilingual in [52] English �from c.1450: Latin script

UK (England: Cornwall) 1*

50-ABB-aa � kernewek-L. "historical cornish" �progressively submerged by [52] English ¶extinctfrom 1777

(Cornwall) 0

50-ABB-ab ✍ kernewek-F. "revived cornish" � revived from c.1900; including competition amongat least three proposed standards; reinforced by vocabulary modelledon [50] Cymraeg & Brezoneg (Welsh & Breton)

(Cornwall) 2

50-ABB-b Brezhoneg Breton, in [51] Français: breton, in [50] Cymraeg (Welsh): llydaweg, in[50] Gaeilge (Irish): briotáinis �bilingual in [51] Français�from c.750:Latin script

France (Bas-Bretagne) 5

50-ABB-ba � brezhoneg-L. "pre-modern literary" breton, including "old"… "middle"… "earlymodern" breton �from c.750

(Bas-Bretagne)

50-ABB-bb ✍ brezhoneg-G. "general" breton, in [51] Français: breton harmonisé (Bas-Bretagne)50-ABB-bba brezhoneg-beleg in [51] Français: breton francisé, breton de prêtre #brezhoneg

beleg=«priest's breton»(Bas-Bretagne)

50-ABB-bbb brezhoneg-KLT kerneweg+ leoneg+ tregereg, "standard" breton 1 � Leoneg+Tregereg model #KLT =anagram of kerneweg+ leoneg+ tregereg

(Bas-Bretagne)

50-ABB-bbc brezhoneg-peurunvan brezhoneg-ZH, KLT+ gwenedeg, KLTG, 'zedacheg', "standard" breton2, in [51] Français: breton interdialectal #brezhoneg-perunvan=«completely unified breton»

(Bas-Bretagne)

50-ABB-bbd brezhoneg-falhuneg "university" breton, "standard" breton 3, in [51] Français: bretonuniversitaire #brezneg-falhuneg =«(Father) Falc'hun's Breton»

(Bas-Bretagne)

50-ABB-bc leoneg brezoneg-NW., "traditional" breton-NW., in [51] Français: léonais,léonard ⊕Bro-leon, Léon country

(Bas-Bretagne: Finisterre-N.) 5

50-ABB-bca batz ⊕Batz island (Bas-Bretagne: Finisterre-N.)50-ABB-bcb leoneg-E. in [51] Français: part of haut-léoneg ⊕Haut-Léon country (Bas-Bretagne: Finisterre-N.)50-ABB-bcc leoneg-C. ⊕Pagan country (Bas-Bretagne: Finisterre-N.)50-ABB-bcd leoneg-W. in [51] Français: part of haut-léoneg ⊕Bas-Léon country (Bas-Bretagne: Finisterre-N.)50-ABB-bce uchant ⊕Uchant, Ouessant island (Bas-Bretagne: Finisterre-N.)50-ABB-bcf molène ⊕Molène island (Bas-Bretagne: Finisterre-N.)50-ABB-bd tregereg+ kerneweg brezoneg-C., "central traditional" breton, including "continental cornish",

in [51] Français: trégorrois+ cornouaillais continental ⊕Bro-dreger,Trégor country… Goelo-NW. country… Bro-gerne, Cornouaille country

(Bas-Bretagne: Côtes-d'Armor-W.;Finistèrre-S.)

5

50-ABB-bda tregereg-W. in [51] Français: petit-trégorrois ⊕Petit Trégor country, Queffleut right-bank

(Bas-Bretagne)

50-ABB-bdb tregereg-C. ⊕Léguer+ Jaudy valleys & coast (Bas-Bretagne)50-ABB-bdc tregereg-SE. ⊕Trieux valley, Plouagat (Bas-Bretagne)50-ABB-bdd goelo ⊕Goelo-NW country, Paimpol (Bas-Bretagne)50-ABB-bde kerneweg-NE. ⊕Quintin-W country, Blavet upper valley (Bas-Bretagne)50-ABB-bdf kerneweg-N. ⊕Poher country, Aulne basin (Bas-Bretagne)50-ABB-bdg kerneweg-NW. ⊕Crozon peninsula (Bas-Bretagne)50-ABB-bdh kerneweg-W. ⊕Cap Sizun peninsula (Bas-Bretagne)50-ABB-bdi sénan ⊕Sein island (Bas-Bretagne)50-ABB-bdj kerneweg-SW. ⊕Bigouden country (Bas-Bretagne)50-ABB-bdk kerneweg-SE. ⊕Aven valley… Isolé valley (Bas-Bretagne)50-ABB-bdl gwenedeg-W. in [51] Français: bas-vannetais ⊕Bro-wened-W, Bas-Vannetais country,

Lorient… Pontivy(Bas-Bretagne: Morbihan-W.)

50-ABB-be gwenedeg-E. bezhoneg-SE., breizhoneg-SE., "traditional" breton-SE., in [51]Français: haut-vannetais ⊕Bro-wened-E, haut-Vannetais country

(Bas-Bretagne: Morbihan-C.) 4

50-ABB-bea ✍ gwenedeg-F. "standard" breton-SE., in [51] Français: haut-vannetais normalisé. (Bas-Bretagne: Morbihan-C.)50-ABB-beb vannes ⊕Vannes (Bas-Bretagne: Morbihan-C.)50-ABB-bec groix ⊕Groix island (Bas-Bretagne: Morbihan-C.)50-ABB-bed houat ⊕Houat island (Bas-Bretagne: Morbihan-C.)


50-AC SHELDRUUnotional chain

SHELTA �classified for referential purposes within [50] Celtic on basisof a substantial core of vocabulary derived from [50] Gaeilge.

50-ACA SHELDRUU net "cryptic anglo-gaelic"50-ACA-a Sheldruu "irish travellers' cant", "irish tinkers' cant" (<Irish: caint = «speech»),

gammon, gammoch, shelta (= «the old thing»), sheldru, shelru, tarri,minkyers' tari, minklers' tari, bawconi jib, hinditemeskri jib, 'bog latin';speakers: mincéir, tinncéir, mínkyeery, "irish tinkers" �mixed crypticlanguage; morphology & syntax from [52] English + cryptic lexiconpartially from [50] Gaeilge �bilingual in [52] English

UK; USA; Canada… ” 4*

50-ACA-aa sheldruu-W. "english-shelta", "irish-shelta" UK (Ireland; Scotland; alsomigration> UK (Cymru, Wales;England); USA; Canada…

4*

50-ACA-ab sheldruu–N. "gaelic-shelta", "scots-shelta" UK (Scotland-W.)


51= ROMANICphylozone

covers the "Romance" or Italiano+ Româneasca set, part ofthe "Indo-European" intercontinental affinity; comprising 1 setof languages (= 30 outer languages) spoken traditionally bycommunities throughout southern Europe, from Portugal toMoldova, with extensions to all other continents of the world:

51-A ITALIANO+ ROMÂNEASCA

including 4 arterial languages: Português (Portuguese);Español (Spanish); Français (French); Italiano (Italian)

This phylozone comprises the modern Romance relatives ofLatin (and Latin itself), the only surviving languages of the"Italic" component of the Indo-European intercontinentalaffinity.

The present internal diversity of the Romance idioms in Italymay reflect an historical influence from other Italic languagesabsorbed by Latin during the earliest period of Roman power.In the same way, the internal diversity among Romanceidioms in northern Italy and further west probably reflects aninfluence from the former [50] Celtic ("Gaulish" or Britannic-related) languages of continental Europe, whose ownrelationship with Italic (including Latin) no doubt acceleratedtheir submersion.

Albania; Algeria; Andorra; Angola;Argentina; Belgium; Belize; Benin;Bolivia; Bosnia; Brazil; Bulgaria;Burkina Faso; Central AfricanRep.; Cambodia; Cameroon;Canada; Cape Verde; Chad;Channel Islands; Chile; China;Colombia; Comoro Islands; Congo;Congo-Zaire; Costa Rica; Croatia;Cuba; Côte d'Ivoire; Djibouti;Dominican Rep.; East Timor;Ecuador; Egypt; El Salvador;Equatorial Guinea; France; FrenchGuiana; French Polynesia; Gabon;Greece; Guadeloupe; Guatemala;Guinea; Guinea-Bissau; Haiti;Honduras; India; Indonesia; Israel;Italy (Val d'Aost); Laos; Lebanon;Macedonia; Madagascar;Malaysia; Mali; Martinique;Mauritania; Mauritius; Mexico;Moldova; Monaco; Morocco;Netherlands West Indies; NewCaledonia / Kanaky; Nicaragua;Niger; Panama; Paraguay; Peru;Philippines; Portugal; Romania;Ruanda; Réunion; San Marino;Senegal; Seychelles; Singapore;Slovenia; Spain; Sri Lanka;St.Lucia; Switzerland; Togo;Trinidad; Tunisia; Turkey; USA;Ukraine; Uruguay; Vatican;Vanuatu; Venezuela; Vietnam;Virgin Islands; Wallis & Futuna;Western Sahara.

8

51-A ITALIANO+ROMÂNEASCA set

ROMANCE, "italian+ romanian", in [51] Français: roman, in [51]Español: romance, in [51] Italiano: romanzo; part of former italic�from c.æ450: Hellenic script; Etrusco-Italic script; Latin script

51-AA ITALIANO+ROMÂNEASCA chain

51-AAA ITALIANO+PORTUGUÊS net

ROMANCE-WEST, "italian+ portuguese", in [51] Français: romanoccidental

51-AAA-a Português+ Galego Portuguese+ Galician, "wider portuguese", "luso-romance","lusitanian", "ibero-romance"-W., in [51] Español: portugués�widespread (translingual) understanding of [51] Español

Portugal; Spain; Brazil; CapeVerde; Angola; Mozambique; etc.”

8

51-AAA-aa � português-L. "pre-modern literary portuguese" �from 12th cent.: Latin script Portugal…51-AAA-ab galego galleg, gallego, "galician" �translingual in [51] Español Spain (Galicia…); Argentina 651-AAA-aba ✍ galego-F. "standard galician", "literary galician" �Latin script (Galicia…)51-AAA-abb galego-W. ⊕La Coruña… Vigo (Galicia…)51-AAA-abc galego-E. ⊕Lugo… Orense (Galicia)51-AAA-abd galego-argentina ⊕Buenos Aires migration> Argentina51-AAA-ac português-N. "traditional portuguese"-N. Portugal51-AAA-aca português-NE. �transition to [51] Astur+ Leonés Portugal (Alto-Minho; Trás-Os-

Montes; Alto Douro)51-AAA-acb português-CN. Portugal (Beira-Baixa; Beira-Alta;

Douro-Litoral; Douro-Minho)51-AAA-ad ✍ português-F. "modern literary portuguese", "standard portugueses" Portugal; Brazil; Cape

Verde; Guinea Bissau; São-Tomé; Angola; Mozambique;

Macao; India (Goa); migration>France; South Africa; Canada

8

51-AAA-ada portugal-F. "standard metropolitan portuguese", "formal metropolitan portuguese" Portugal….51-AAA-adb brasil-F. "standard brazilian portuguese", "formal" brasileiro Brazil…51-AAA-ae português-G. "generalised colloquial luso-portuguese" Portugal (Algarve; Alentejo;

Ribatejo; Lisbõa; Estremadura;Beira-Litoral)

51-AAA-aea riodonorés rionor �transition to [51] Español Portugal; Spain frontier51-AAA-aeb português-africa-W. "west-african" portuguese Cape Verde; Guinea-Bissau; São

Tomé51-AAA-aec prêtoguês "southern african portuguese" #derived from prêto= «black»+ final

syllable of portuguêsAngola; South Africa; Mozambique

51-AAA-aed português-goa "goan portuguese" ⊕Goa India (Goa)51-AAA-aee português-macão ⊕Macão Macão51-AAA-aef português-timor ⊕Timor-E. island East Timor

5= INDO-EUROPEAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 39151-AAA-af madeirense "madeiran portuguese" Portugal (Madeira)51-AAA-afa funchal ⊕Madeira island (Madeira)51-AAA-afb porto-santo ⊕Porto Santo island (Madeira)51-AAA-ag açoriano "azorian portuguese" Portugal (Açores)51-AAA-aga açoriano-E. ⊕Açores-E. islands (Açores)51-AAA-agb açoriano-C. ⊕Açores-C. islands (Açores)51-AAA-agc açoriano-NW. ⊕Açores-NW. islands (Açores)51-AAA-ah brasileiro-G. "generalised colloquial brazilian" Brazil51-AAA-aha brasileiro-NE. "brazilian"-NE. ⊕São-Luís… Recife coast & hinterland Brazil (Maranhão; Piaui; Ceara;

Rio Grande do Norte; Paraïba;Pernambuco)

51-AAA-ahb brasileiro-E. "brazilian"-E. Brazil (Alagoas; Bahia; MinasGerais; Espirito Santo)

51-AAA-ahc rio-de-janeiro "generalised" rio ⊕Rio de Janeiro… Brazil (Rio de Janeiro)51-AAA-ahd são-paolo "generalised" são paolo ⊕São Paolo… Brazil (São Paulo)51-AAA-ahe brasileiro-SE. ⊕Curitiba… Rio Grande coast & hinterland Brazil (Parana; Santa Catarina; Rio

Grande do Sul)51-AAA-ahf mato-grosso ⊕Mato Grosso plateau Brazil (Mato Grosso; Mato Grosso

do Sul; Goiás)51-AAA-ahg amazonas ⊕Amazonas basin Brazil (Amapá; Pará; Amazonas;

Acre; Rondonia)51-AAA-ai falares-baianos #falares baianos=«dialects of Bahia» Brazil (Bahia)51-AAA-aj mineiro Brazil (Minas Gerais)51-AAA-ak carioca ⊕Rio de Janeiro "popular urban" Brazil (Rio de Janeiro)51-AAA-al paulista São-Paolo "popular urban" ⊕São-Paolo Brazil (São-Paolo)51-AAA-am fronteiriço fronterizo, "hispano-brazilian" #fronteiriço =«frontier» �transition to

[51] EspañolBrazil; Uruguay frontier

51-AAA-b Español Spanish, "ibero-romance"-C., castellano+ andaluz, "wider castillian" Spain; Morocco; Cuba; PuertoRico; USA; Mexico; {SouthAmerica} {Central America};Equatorial Guinea; Philippines;{United Nations} ”

8

51-AAA-ba � castellano-L. "pre-modern literary castillian" �from 11th century: Latin script Spain…51-AAA-bb ✍ español-F. español académico, lingua castellana, "formal castillian spanish",

"literary castillian", "standard castillian"Spain; Morocco; Western

Sahara; Equatorial Guinea;Cuba; Puerto Rico;Dominican Rep.; Virgin Islands;

Trinidad & Tobago; Mexico;Belize; Guatemala; Salvador;

Honduras; Nicaragua;Costa-Rica; PanamaVenezuela; Colombia;Ecuador; Peru; Chile;Bolivia; Paraguay; Uruguay;Argentina; Philippines

8

51-AAA-bba ✍ castellano-F. "formal iberian spanish" �Castille model Spain…51-AAA-bbb ✍ americano-F. español académico americano, castellano americano, "formal american

spanish" �Mexican model{Latin America}

51-AAA-bc español-G. castellano vulgar, "generalised castillian" �including regional variants Spain51-AAA-bca españa-G. "generalised ibero-spanish", "generalised castillian" Spain51-AAA-bcb castilla+ léon (Castilla y Léon)51-AAA-bcc galicia (Galicia)51-AAA-bcd asturias (Asturias)51-AAA-bce cantabrica (Cantabrica)51-AAA-bcf rioja (La Rioja)51-AAA-bcg vasco �influenced by [40] Euskera (Basque) (Pais Vasco)51-AAA-bch navarra (Navarra)51-AAA-bci madrid (Madrid)51-AAA-bcj la-mancha (Castilla la Mancha)51-AAA-bck estremadura (Estremadura)51-AAA-bcl español-aragón (Aragón)51-AAA-bcm español-valencia �influenced by [51] Català+ Valencià (Valencia)51-AAA-bcn español-cataluña �influenced by [51] Catalá+ Valencià (Catalunya, Cataluña)51-AAA-bco español-baleares �influenced by [51] Catalá+ Valencià (Islas Baleares)51-AAA-bd andaluz andalusian Spain (Andalucia; Murcia;

Gibraltar; Ceuta–Melilla; MoroccoTanger)

51-AAA-be español-canario "canary-islands spanish" Spain (Canarias)


51-AAA-bf español-sahariano "saharan spanish" Western Sahara51-AAA-bg español-guineo "guinean spanish" Equatorial Guinea51-AAA-bh americano-S. "generalised latin american spanish" ¶spoken as a primary language by

so-called Ladino ("Latino") communities and widely as an alternatelanguage by other speech communities

{Latin America}

51-AAA-bha mexicano "mexican spanish" Mexico51-AAA-bhb beliceño "belize spanish" Belize51-AAA-bhc guatemaltacao "guatemalean spanish" Guatemala51-AAA-bhd salvadoreño "salvaldorean spanish" El Salvador51-AAA-bhe hondureño "honduran spanish" Honduras51-AAA-bhf nicaragüense "nicaraguan spanish" Nicaragua51-AAA-bhg costarricense costarriqueño, "costarican spanish" Costa-Rica51-AAA-bhh panameño "panamanian spanish" Panama51-AAA-bhi cubano "cuban spanish" Cuba51-AAA-bhj dominicano "dominican spanish" Dominican Rep.51-AAA-bhk puertorriqueño "puertorican spanish" Puerto Rico51-AAA-bhl virgenense "virgin-islands spanish" Virgin Islands51-AAA-bhm trinidadeño "trinidadian spanish" Trinidad51-AAA-bhn venezolano "venezuelan spanish" Venezuela51-AAA-bho colombiano "colombian spanish" Colombia51-AAA-bhp ecuatoriano "ecuadorian spanish" Ecuador51-AAA-bhq peruano "peruvian spanish" Peru51-AAA-bhr chileno "chilean spanish" Chile51-AAA-bhs boliviano "bolivian spanish" Bolivia51-AAA-bht paraguayo "paraguayan spanish" Paraguay51-AAA-bhu uruguayo "uruguayan spanish" Uruguay51-AAA-bhv argentino "argentinian spanish" Argentina51-AAA-bhw filipino "filipino spanish" ¶in decline during 20th century Philippines51-AAA-bi rioplatense "italianised south-american spanish" �influenced by [51] Italiano

¶spoken by immigrant community of Italian origin ⊕Rio Plata estuaryArgentina; Uruguay 5

51-AAA-bia cocoliche ⊕Montevideo port Uruguay51-AAA-bib lunfardo lunfa (< lombardo) ⊕Buenos Aires port #lunfa <derived from lombardo

(cf.name of [51] Lombardo in Northern Italy)Argentina

51-AAA-bj ucayaliano peruano ultraoriental, "peruvian vehicular"-E. ⊕Ucayali valley Peru (Loreto; Ucayali) 451-AAA-bk chicano "united states spanish", "anglo-spanish" �influenced by [52] English USA 751-AAA-bka chicano-california ⊕Los Angeles (California)51-AAA-bkb chicano-arizona (Arizona)51-AAA-bkc chicano-new-mexico (New Mexico)51-AAA-bkd chicano-colorado (Colorado)51-AAA-bke chicano-texas "texan spanish" (Texas)51-AAA-bkf chicano-louisiana (Louisiana)51-AAA-bkg chicano-tampa florida "anglo-spanish" ⊕Tampa (Florida)51-AAA-bkh chicano-miami ⊕Miami (Florida)51-AAA-bki chicano-DC ⊕Washington D.C. (Washington D.C.)51-AAA-bkj chicano-new-york ⊕New York (New York)51-AAA-bkk chicano-illinois ⊕Chicago (Illinois)51-AAA-c Astur+ Leonés Asturian+ Leonese, "ibero-romance"-N. �translingual in [51] Español

�Latin scriptSpain (Asturias; León); Portugal(Bragança) ”

5

51-AAA-ca astur asturiano, asturianu, 'bable', "asturian" ⊕Cordillera Cantabricamountains> N.

Spain (Asturias) 5

51-AAA-caa ✍ astur-F. "literary" asturian, "standard" asturian �Oviedo model (Asturias)51-AAA-cab astur-E. "asturian"-E. ⊕Cangas of Onís (Asturias)51-AAA-cac astur-C. oviedo,"asturian"-C. ⊕Uviéu, Oviedo (Asturias)51-AAA-cad astur-W. "asturian"-W. ⊕Navia right-bank (Asturias)51-AAA-cae astur-gallaico gallego-asturiano �transition to [51] Galego ⊕Navia left-bank (Asturias)51-AAA-cb mirandés �transition to [51] Galego ⊕Miranda do Douro Portugal (Bragança)51-AAA-cc leonés "leonese" ⊕Cordillera Cantabrica mountains> S. Spain (León) 451-AAA-cca leonés-N. ⊕Léon (León)51-AAA-ccb leonés-S. ⊕Tierra del Vino (León)51-AAA-ccc leonés-W. ⊕Tierra del Pan (León)51-AAA-ccd leonés-E. ⊕Tierra of Campos (León)

5= INDO-EUROPEAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 39351-AAA-d Aragonés+

Benasqués"Wider"-Aragonese, "ibero-romance"-NE. �translingual in [51]Español �from c.950: Latin script

Spain (Aragon) 4

51-AAA-da ✍ navarro-aragonés "pre-modern literary navarro-aragonese" �from c.950 (Navarra, Aragon)51-AAA-db aragonés-A. fabla aragonesa, "aragonese" #fabla= «language» (Aragon: Huesca) 451-AAA-dba ✍ aragonés-F. "standard" aragonese (Huesca)51-AAA-dbb fobano aragonés-SE. ⊕Fueva lower valley (Huesca-CE.)51-AAA-dbc semontanés somontano, aragonés-CS., including ayerbensé; ⊕Somontano,

Semontano country (Lo Grau, El Grado+ Balbastro+ Alquezra,Alquézar+ Uesca, Huesca), including Ayerbe

(Huesca-C.)

51-AAA-dbd aragonés-pre-pirenaico "pre-pyrenean aragonese", aragonés-SW. ⊕Sierra of Guaramountains… Anzánigo

(Huesca-CW.)

51-AAA-dbe chaqués aragonés-E. ⊕Canal de Berdún+ Aisa valleys… Campo de Jaca+Canfranc valleys… Ancha+ Acumer valleys

(Huesca-NE.)

51-AAA-dbf sarrablés aragonés-CW. ⊕Tena lower+ Basa+ Serrablo+ Guarga valleys (Huesca-N.)51-AAA-dbg sobrarbés aragonés-CE., including bergotès, broto ⊕Sobrarbe country… Ara

lower (Boltaña+ Fiscal)+ Solana+ Broto valleys… Vio+ Puértolas+Fueva+ Cinca upper valleys (Labuerda upstream)

(Huesca-CN.)

51-AAA-dbh ribagorzano-W. baxorribagorzano-W., ribagorçan-W., aragonés-E., in [51] Catalan:baix-ribagorçan occidental, including estadillano… grausino…campés… ⊕Estadilla… Ésera lower & middle basin: Olvena+ Graus+Campo+ Seira

(Huesca-E.)

51-AAA-dc ansotano ⊕Ansó+ Veral upper valleys (Huesca-NW.) 251-AAA-dd cheso ⊕Hecho, Echo+ Aragües valleys (Huesca-NW.) 251-AAA-de tensino–pandicuto �transition to [51] Gascou+ Biarnés (Huesca-N.) 251-AAA-dea tensino ⊕Tena upper valley (Huesca-N.) 051-AAA-deb pandicuto panticuto ⊕Caldarés valley: Pandicosa upstream (Huesca-N.) 251-AAA-df belsetán ⊕Bielsa+ Pineta, Cinca valleys (Huesca-N.) 251-AAA-dg chistabín in [51] Español: chistabíno ⊕Gistain valley (Huesca-NE. ) 351-AAA-dh benasqués benasque, benesc, benasc, altorribagorzano-W., in [51] Català: alt-

ribagorçan occidental �transition to [51] Català ⊕Benasque valley(Huesca-NE.) 3

51-AAA-e Català+ Valencià "Wider"-Catalan, "ibero-romance"-SE., including balear �translingualin [51] Español

Spain; France; Andorra; Italy…migration> France ”

7

51-AAA-ea � català-L. "pre-modern literary catalan" �from 12th cent.: Latin script Spain…51-AAA-eb català catalan Spain ( Catalunya); France

(Roussillon); Andorra7

51-AAA-eba ✍ català-F. català comù, "common catalan", "standard catalan", "modern literarycatalan" �Català-C. model

Spain (Catalunya); France(Roussillon); Andorra

51-AAA-ebb català-C. catalan-C. (Barcelona city; Tarragona-E.,Tarragona-N.; Gerona-C., Gerona-N.)

51-AAA-ebc salat ⊕Costa Brava coast Spain (Gerona-E.)51-AAA-ebd rossellonès catalan-N., català septentrional, in [51] Français: roussillonnais

�transition to [51] Lengadocian �translingual in [51] FrançaisFrance (Pyrénées Orientales-C.,Pyrénées Orientales-E.)

51-AAA-ebe capcinès �transition to [51] Lengadocian �translingual in [51] Français⊕Formiguera, Formiguères… Quérigut

France (Pyrénées Orientales-W.;Ariège-E.)

51-AAA-ebf puigcerda part of català pireneo, "pyrenean catalan" �translingual in [51]Français and/or [51] Español

France (Pyrénées Orientales-SW.);Spain (Gerona-NW.; Lerida-NE.)

51-AAA-ebg andorrès "andorran", part of català pireneo, "pyrenean catalan" �translingual in[51] Español and/or [51] Français

Andorra

51-AAA-ebh pallarès part of català pireneo, "pyrenean catalan" ⊕Pallars country: Ferrera+Tor+ Cardós+ Palleresa upper valleys+ Sort

Spain (Lerida-N.)

51-AAA-ebi barrabès alt-ribagorçan oriental, part of català pireneo, "pyrenean catalan"�transition to [51] Aragonés ⊕Taüll Bohi… Barrabés valley…Castanesa

Spain (Huesca; Lerida-NW.)

51-AAA-ebj ribagorçan-E. baix-ribagorçan oriental �transition to [51] Aragonés ⊕Isábena valley(upstream of Lasquarri)… Pont de Suert… Areny de Noguera… Pontde Muntanyana

Spain (Huesca-E.; Lerida-E.)

51-AAA-ebk lliterà in [51] Español: lliterano �transition to [51] Aragonés ⊕Estopiñán…Peralta of of la Sal… Sant Esteve of Litera… Tamarit of Litera

Spain (Huesca-SE.)

51-AAA-ebl català-NW. including tortosí ⊕Segre upper valley (Seo de Urgel downstream.)…Llanos de Urgel… Palleresa, Ebro lower valleys (Tortosa)

Spain (Lérida; Tarragona-W.)

51-AAA-ec alguerès algherois, "sardinian" catalan, in [51] Italiano: algherese �translingualin [51] Italiano ⊕Alghero

Italy (Sardegna)

51-AAA-ed valencià "valencian", in [51] Español: valenciano Spain (Valencia)51-AAA-ee eivissenc eivissenca, in [51] Español: ibicenco, in [51] Français: ibizois, part of

balear, in Français: baléarique ⊕Ibiza+ Formentera islandsSpain (Baleares)

51-AAA-ef mallorquí in [51] Español: mallorquín, in [51] Français: maillorquin, part of balear,in Français: baléarique ⊕Mallorca island

Spain (Baleares)

51-AAA-eg menorquí in [51] Español: menorquín, in [51] Français: minorquin, part of balear,in Français: baléarique ⊕Menorca island

Spain (Baleares)


51-AAA-f Gascou+ Biarnés "Wider"-Gascon, "gallo-romance"-SW.; part of lengua d'oc, oc, "wider"occitan, "gallo-romance"-S., in [51] Français:(part of) langue-d'oc, gallo-roman méridional �translingual in [51] Français �since 12th cent:Latin script #oc =Old Gallo-Romance-S.«yes», in opposition to oïl =OldGallo-Romance-N.«yes»

France (Aquitaine; Midi-Pyrénées);Spain (Catalunya) ”

6

51-AAA-fa gascou "gascon"-C., in [51] Français: gascon des plaines #gascon des plaines= «gascon of the plains»

France (Aquitaine; Midi-Pyrénées) 5

51-AAA-faa medoquin in [51] Français: médoquin ⊕Médoc country (Gironde-W.)51-AAA-fab bordalés in [51] Français: bordelais ⊕Bordelais-S. country (Gironde-C.)51-AAA-fac bazadés in [51] Français: bazadais ⊕Bazadois country (Gironde-SE.)51-AAA-fad landés in [51] Français: landais ⊕Landes country (Landes)51-AAA-fae neraqués in [51] Français: néracais ⊕Nérac (Lot-et-Garonne-SW.)51-AAA-faf gascon-lomagne ⊕Lomagne (Tarn-et-Garonne-SW.; Haute-

Garonne-NW.)51-AAA-fag armagnaqués armanhaqués ⊕Armagnac country (Gers-N.)51-AAA-fah astaraqués astarac ⊕Astarac country (Gers-S.)51-AAA-fb biarnés "gascon"-SW., in [51] Français: béarnais �transition to [51] Aragonés

⊕Béarn-E. country (Pau)… Ossau+ Aspe valleysFrance (Aquitaine) 4

51-AAA-fba palois ⊕Pau (Pyrénées-Atlantiques-NE.)51-AAA-fbb biarnés-ossau ⊕Ossau valley (Pyrénées-Atlantiques-SE.)51-AAA-fbc aspés ⊕Aspe valley (Pyrénées-Atlantiques-SE.)51-AAA-fc bigordan "gascon"-S., in [51] Français: bigourdan, bigourdain ⊕Bigorre country France (Midi-Pyrénées) 451-AAA-fca tarbais in [51] Français: bigourdan de la plaine (Hautes Pyrénées-N.)51-AAA-fcb argelès ⊕Argelès & upstream > Arrens valley… Estaing valley… Cauterets

valley… Gavarnie valley… Barrège valley(Hautes Pyrénées-SW.)

51-AAA-fcc bagnères ⊕Bagnères-de-Bigorre+ Campan… Lesponne valley… Gripp valley (Hautes Pyrénées-S.)51-AAA-fcd aure ⊕Aure valley (Hautes Pyrénées-SE.)51-AAA-fd comengés in [51] Français: commingeois, part of "gascon"-S ⊕Comminges

country: Garonne upper valley… Luchon valley… Sengouagnet(Midi-Pyrénées: Haute-Garonne-S.; Hautes Pyrénées-S.E.)

4

51-AAA-fe couseranés in [51] Français: couseranais, part of "gascon"-SE. ⊕Couseranscountry: Orgibet… Lez valley… Salat upper basin… Massat)

(Midi-Pyrénées: Ariège-W.) 4

51-AAA-ff aranés "gascon"-E., in [51] Français: aranais, aranois �translingual in [51]Español ⊕Arán valley

Spain (Catalunya) 4

51-AAA-ffa pujolo "lower" aranés (Catalunya)51-AAA-ffb canejan "upper" aranés ⊕Canejan (Catalunya)51-AAA-g Prouvençau+

Lengadocianpart of lengua d'oc, oc, "wider" occitan", "gallo-romance"-S., in [51]Français: (part of) langue-d'oc, gallo-roman méridional, in [51] Italiano:lingua d'oco �translingual in [51] Français �since 10th cent.: Latinscript

France; Spain; Italy ” 6

51-AAA-ga � proensal-L. proensales, lemosi, "historical" oc, "pre-modern literary" provençal,"old" provençal

(Provence…)

51-AAA-gb lengadocian lo lengadocian, lengadoucian, "languedocian", in [51] Français:languedocien, including guyennais

France (Languedoc-Roussillon;Midi-Pyrénées)

5

51-AAA-gba ✍ occitan-F. occitan "compromise standard", lengadocian "compromise standard" France-S.51-AAA-gbb agenés in [51] Français: agenais, part of guyennais ⊕Agen (Lot-et-Garonne-NE.)51-AAA-gbc brageiragués in [51] Français: bergeracois, part of guyennais ⊕Bergerac (Dordogne-S.)51-AAA-gbd carcinòl quercinol, in [51] Français: quercinois, part of guyennais ⊕Haut-

Quercy+ Bas-Quercy country(Lot; Dordogne-SE.; Tarn-et-Garonne)

51-AAA-gbe roërgàs rouergat, roërgat, in [51] Français: part of guyennais ⊕Rouerguecountry: Villefranche-de-R. … Aubrac… Rodez… Millau

(Aveyron)

51-AAA-gbf orlhagués+ carladésenc aurlhagués+ carladés, in [51] Français: aurillacois+ carladais ⊕Doirevalley… Cère upper & middle valley (Aurillac+ Carlat)… Célé sources(Maurs)

(Cantal-SW.)

51-AAA-gbg barrasenc in [51] Français: barresien ⊕Mur-de-Barrez (Aveyron-N.)51-AAA-gbh gavaudanés in [51] Français: gévaudanais, gabalitain, lozérien-NW. ⊕Gévaudan

country(Lozère-NW.)

51-AAA-gbi lozérien-NE. �transition to [51]Auvergnat-S. ⊕Mercoire forest+ Aroux basin (Lozère-NE.)51-AAA-gbj mendois in [51] Français: lozérien-S. ⊕Lot (Mende)… Tarn upper valleys (Lozère-S.)51-AAA-gbk cebenòl cévenol, cevenòl ⊕Cévennes country (Lozère-SE.; (Aveyron-SE.; Gard-

W.; Ardèche--S.; Hérault-N.)51-AAA-gbl lengadocian-E. in [51] Français: bas-languedocien, languedocien méditerranéan;

including in Français: lodévois… in Français: lunellois…monpelhierenc, in Français: montpelliérain… agatenc, in Français:agadais… bezierenc, in Français: biterrois… narbonés, in Français:narbonnais ⊕Lodève… Lunel… Montpellier + Sète… Florensac…Pézenas+ Agde… Béziers… Narbonne

(Herault; Aude-E.)

51-AAA-gbm lengadocian-C. in [51] Français: languedocien central, including tolosan, tolzan, parlar-mondin…, in Français: toulousain… in Français: lauragais… inFrançais: carcassonnais … in Français: albigeois ⊕Toulouse…Lauragais country… Carcassonne… Albi

(Haute-Garonne-C.; Tarn; Aude)

51-AAA-gbn foissenc in [51] Français: fuxéen, bas ariégeois ⊕Ariège lower valley (Foix) (Ariège-N.)51-AAA-gbo ariegés-S. in [51] Français: haut ariégeois, lengadocien pyrénéen ⊕Ariège upper

basin(Ariège-S.)

5= INDO-EUROPEAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 39551-AAA-gc prouvençau provençal, lou prouvençau, provençal; including prouvençau dóu

Rose… prouvençau-central… prouvençau de la mar, in [51] Français:provençal rhodanien, provençal du Rhône… provençal central…provençal maritime �translingual in [51] Français

France (Provence-Alpes-Côtes-d'Azur; Languedoc-Roussillonadjacent)

5

51-AAA-gca ✍ prouvençau-F. "literary" provençal �Rhône model, Mistral model France-SE.51-AAA-gcb coumtadin comtadin, part of prouvençau dóu Rose ⊕Orange… Avignon (Vaucluse-W.)51-AAA-gcc arlaten arlésien, part of prouvençau dóu Rose ⊕Arles (Bouches-du-Rhône-W.)51-AAA-gcd camarguen camargais, part of prouvençau dóu Rose ⊕Camargue country (Bouches-du-Rhône-SW.)51-AAA-gce bagnoulen bagnolais, part of prouvençau dóu Rose �transition to [51]

Lengadocian ⊕Bagnol-sur-Cèze(Gard-NE.)

51-AAA-gcf nimoués nîmois, part of prouvençau dóu Rose �transition [51] Lengadocian⊕Vidourle valley… Rhône valley: Bollène downstream

(Gard-SE.)

51-AAA-gcg fourcauquieren+manousquin

part of prouvençau-central ⊕Forcalquier… Manosque (Alpes-de-Haute-Provence-SW.)

51-AAA-gch aptois part of prouvençau-central ⊕Apt (Vaucluse-SE.)51-AAA-gci sestian aixois, part of prouvençau-central ⊕Aix-en-Provence, z'Aiset (Bouches-du-Rhône-E.)51-AAA-gcj barjoulen+ draguignanen part of prouvençau-central ⊕Barjols… Draguignan (Var-N.)51-AAA-gck prouvençau-castellane part of prouvençau-central �transition to [51] Oc-Cisalpin ⊕Castellane (Alpes-de-Hautes-Provence-SE.)51-AAA-gcl marsihés marseillais, part of prouvençau de la mar ⊕Marsiho, Marseille (Bouches-du-Rhône-SE.)51-AAA-gcm toulounen toulonnais, part of prouvençau de la mar ⊕Toulounet, Toulon (Var-SW.)51-AAA-gcn maures part of prouvençau de la mar ⊕Maures (Var-SE.)51-AAA-gco grassenc part of prouvençau de la mar ⊕Grasse, Grasso (Alpes-Maritimes-W.)51-AAA-gcp canenc cannois, canen, part of prouvençau de la mar �transition to [51]

Nissart ⊕Cannes, Cano(Alpes-Maritimes-W.)

51-AAA-gd nissart nissarte, in [51] Français: niçard, niçois, provençal du pays niçois, partof prouvençau de la mar �transition to [51] Ligure

France (Provence–Alpes-Côtes-d'Azur; Alpes-Maritimes)

4

51-AAA-gda nissart-U. niçois urbain ⊕Nice town51-AAA-gdb nissart-N. in [51] Français: provençal de l'arrière-pays-niçois ⊕Nice hinterland51-AAA-gdc esteron ⊕Esteron country51-AAA-gdd haute-vésubie ⊕Haute-Vésubie country51-AAA-ge 'oc-cisalpin' in [51] Français: provençal alpin oriental, provençal d'Italie, "cisalpine

oc" �transition to [51] Lombardo+ Emiliano (Gallo-Italian) & Lyonnais+Valdôtain (Franco-Provençal) �translingual in [51] Piemontese,Italiano &/or Français

Italy (Piemonte) 4

51-AAA-gea limunenc ⊕Limone-Piemonte (Cuneo-S.)51-AAA-geb antraigin ⊕Entracque (Cuneo-S.)51-AAA-gec aisonenc–berbezan ⊕Stura di Demonte, Aisone… Bersezio (Cuneo-E.)51-AAA-ged val-grana ⊕Val-Grana (Cuneo-E.)51-AAA-gee val-máira ⊕Val-Máira: Pras, Prazzo (Cuneo-E.)51-AAA-gef val-varáita ⊕Val-Varáita: Sampéyre upstream (Cuneo-E.)51-AAA-geg chisone ⊕Chisone upper valley: Fenestrelle upstream (Torino-SE.)51-AAA-gf gavouot gavot, including "alpine" gavouot… "pre-alpine" gavouot, in [51]

Français: vivaro-alpin oriental �transition to [51] Lyonnais+ Valdôtain(Franco-Provençal)

France (Provence–Alpes-Côtes-d'Azur)

4

51-AAA-gfa briançonnais part of "alpine" gavouot, part of "upper" durance ⊕Durance uppervalley: Briançon

(Hautes-Alpes-NE.)

51-AAA-gfb queirassenc part of "alpine" gavouot, part of "upper" durance ⊕Durance uppervalley: Queyras country

(Hautes-Alpes-E.)

51-AAA-gfc embrunés part of "alpine" gavouot, part of "upper" durance ⊕Durance uppervalley: Embrun

(Hautes-Alpes-S.)

51-AAA-gfd valeien part of "alpine" gavouot ⊕Barcelonette (Alpes-de-Haute-Provence-NE.)51-AAA-gfe gavuout-tinée part of "alpine" gavouot ⊕Tinée upper valley (Alpes-Maritimes-N.)51-AAA-gff gavouot-verdon part of "alpine" gavouot ⊕Verdon upper valley (Alpes- de-Haute-Provence-E.)51-AAA-gfg gavouot-var part of "alpine" gavouot ⊕Var upper valley (Alpes-Maritimes-NW.)51-AAA-gfh gavouot-la-blanche part of "pre-alpine" gavouot ⊕La Blanche valley (Alpes- de-Haute-Provence-N.)51-AAA-gfi dignés part of "pre-alpine" gavouot ⊕Durance middle valley… Digne (Alpes- de-Haute-Provence-C.…)51-AAA-gfj sisterounés part of "pre-alpine" gavouot �transition to [51] Provençal ⊕Durance

middle valley: Sisteron(Alpes- de-Haute-Provence-C.)

51-AAA-gfk gavouot-bochaine part of "pre-alpine" gavouot �transition to [51] Vivaro-Dauphinois⊕Bochaine country

(Hautes-Alpes-SE.)

51-AAA-gfl gapian part of "pre-alpine" gavouot ⊕Gapençais country: Drac upper valley…Gap

(Hautes-Alpes-CS.)


51-AAA-gg 'vivaro-dauphinois' vivaro-alpin occidental �transition to [51] Lyonnais+ Valdôtain(Franco-Provençal) ⊕Vivarais country+ Dauphinois-S. country

(Rhône-Alpes) 4

51-AAA-gga ardèche-SE. part of vivarés-CS., in French: bas vivarois �transition to [51] Cévenol& Prouvençau ⊕Ardèche lower valley…

(Ardèche-S.)

51-AAA-ggb albenassien part of vivarés-CS., in French: bas vivarois ⊕Ardèche upper basin(Aubenas)… Coiron plateau

(Ardèche-S.)

51-AAA-ggc privadois part of vivarés-CN., in French: moyen vivarois ⊕Privas51-AAA-ggd boutierot part of vivarés-CN., in French: moyen vivarois �transition to [51]

Auvergnat-S. ⊕Boutières country: Erieux valley(Ardèche-C.)

51-AAA-gge vernoux+ doux part of vivarés-N., in French: haut-vivarois ⊕Vernoux plateau+ Douxvalley

(Ardèche-N.)

51-AAA-ggf annonéen part of vivarés-N., in French: haut-vivarois ⊕Annonay (Ardèche-N.)51-AAA-ggg valentinois drômois-NW. ⊕Valence (Drôme-N.)51-AAA-ggh drômois-NE. �transition to [51] Gavouot ⊕Vercors massif51-AAA-ggi drômois-SE. �transition to [51] Gavouot ⊕Diois massif… Baronnies massif51-AAA-ggj montilien drômois-SW. ⊕Montélimar (Drôme-C.; Drôme-S.)51-AAA-gh auvergnat-S. awvernya-S., auvèrnhat-S., awergnas-S., "upper" auvergnat

�transition to [51] Lyonnais+ Valdôtain (Franco-Provençal) ⊕MassifCentral-S. highlands

(Auvergne) 4

51-AAA-gha cantalés cantalou, cantalien ⊕Cantal-C.… Cantal-N. highlands (Cantal)51-AAA-ghb vellave-N. ⊕Velay-N. highlands (Haute-Loire-C.)51-AAA-ghc vellave-S. ⊕Velay-S. highlands (Haute-Loire-S.; Ardèche-W.)51-AAA-ghd yssingelais �transition to [51] Auvergnat-N. ⊕Yssingeaux (Haute-Loire-E.)51-AAA-gi auvergnat-N. awvernya-N., auvèrnhat-N., awergnas-N., "lower" auvergnat

�transition to [51] Lyonnais+ Valdôtain (Franco-Provençal) ⊕MassifCentral-N. highlands

(Auvergne) 4

51-AAA-gia forezien ⊕Forez mountains (Puy-de-Dôme-E.)51-AAA-gib livradois ⊕Livradois highlands (Puy-de-Dôme-SE.)51-AAA-gic clermontois ⊕Limagne de Clermont-Ferrand country (Puy-de-Dôme-C.)51-AAA-gid issoirien ⊕Limagne d'Issoire country (Puy-de-Dôme-S.)51-AAA-gie brivadois ⊕Limagne de Brioude country (Haute-Loire-NW.)51-AAA-gif monts-dômes ⊕Dômes mountains (Puy-de-Dôme-W.)51-AAA-gig combraillais ⊕Combraille plateau (Puy-de-Dôme-N.)51-AAA-gj lemozin limousin, lemosin, limosin, lemouzi, lemouzin ⊕Limousin country (Limousin) 551-AAA-gja lemozin-N. part of "upper" limousin, in [51] Français: haut limousin (Haute-Vienne; Creuse-W.)51-AAA-gjb lemojaud part of "upper" limousin, in [51] Français: haut limousin ⊕Limoges (Haute-Vienne)51-AAA-gjc millevaches �transition to [51] Auvergnat-N. ⊕Millevaches plateaux (Creuse-SE.; Corrèze-N.)51-AAA-gjd corrézien lemozin-S., "lower" limousin, in [51] Français: bas limousin ⊕Vézèré…

Corrèze… Luzège valleys(Corrèze)

51-AAA-gje sarladés ⊕Sarladais country (Dordogne-SE.)51-AAA-gjf peiregordin périgourdin �transition to [51] Quercinol ⊕Périgord country (former

county)(Dordogne; Charente-SE.)

51-AAA-gjg nontronés nontronnais ⊕Nontronnais country (Haute-Vienne-S.W.; Dordogne-NE.)

51-AAA-gjh montberonés ⊕Montbron (Charente-E.)51-AAA-gji saint-eutrope ⊕Saint Eutrope (enclave) (Charente-S.)51-AAA-gk marchois in [51] Français: parlers du Croissant �transition to [51] Gallo+ Wallon

(Peripheral Oïl)(Limousin-N.; Auvergne-N.) 3

51-AAA-gka croissant-W. ⊕Saint-Cloud (Charente-NE.)51-AAA-gkb marchois-C. ⊕Marche plateaux (Creuse-N.; Haute-Vienne-N.)51-AAA-gkc montluçonnais ⊕Montluçon (Allier-SW.)51-AAA-gkd croissant-E. (Allier-SE.)51-AAA-h Gallo+ Wallon "Peripheral" Oïl, "peripheral" langues d'oïl; part of gallo-romance-N.

⊕idioms listed clockwise in spiral sequence (excluding Central Oïl, i.e.French), plus "transatlantic" langues d'oïl �widely submerged byregional forms of [51] Français �translingual in [51] Français �from9th cent.: Latin script #oïl =Old Gallo-Romance-N.«yes», in oppositionto oc =Old Gallo-Romance-S.«yes»

France; Channel Islands; Belgium;Luxemburg; Switzerland;migration> Canada; USA ”

7

51-AAA-ha parlange poitevin+ saintongeais, poitou+ charentais, oïl-SW. (Poitou-Charentes; Pays-de-Loire) 451-AAA-haa maraîchin ⊕Marais Breton (Vendéen) marshes… Noirmoutier island… Bocage

Vendéen country… Collines Vendéennes hills(Vendée-NW.)

51-AAA-hab poitevin-N. �transition to [51] Angevin+ Orléanais ⊕Bressuirais+ Thouarsaiscountry… Loudunais+ Châtelleraudais country

(Deux-Sèvres-N.; Vienne-N.)

51-AAA-hac poitevin-W. vendéen ⊕Bocage Vendéen country+ Vendée coast+ Yeu island (Vendée)

5= INDO-EUROPEAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 39751-AAA-had poitevin-C. ⊕Parthenaisien+ Gâtine-W. country… Mirebolais country… Poitiers (Deux-Sèvres-C.; Vienne-C.)51-AAA-hae poitevin-S. ⊕Saint-Maixentais+ Mellois country (Saint-Maixent+ Niort+ Melle)…

Civraisien+ Montmorillonais country (Civray+ Montmorillon)(Deux-Sèvres-S.; Vienne-S.)

51-AAA-haf aunisien including rochelais, rochelois… rétais ⊕Aunis country (formerprovince), including La Rochelle… Ile-de-Ré island

(Charente-Maritime-N.)

51-AAA-hag saintongeais including santais… royannais ⊕Saintonge country (former province),including Saintes… Royan

(Charente-Maritime-S.; Gironde-NE.)

51-AAA-hah angoumois ⊕Angoumois country (former county) (Charente)51-AAA-hai gavache "gasconised" poitevin-saintongeais �influenced by [51] Gascon

⊕Petite Gavacherie, Entre-deux-mers country (enclave)(Gironde-NE.)

51-AAA-hb gallo gallot, gallèse, oïl-W. (Bretagne; Pays-de-la-Loire) 451-AAA-hba malouin ⊕Saint-Malo (Ille-et-Vilaine-NW.)51-AAA-hbb bocage ⊕Bocage Breton country (Ille-et-Vilaine-N.)51-AAA-hbc rennais �transition to [51] Angevin+ Orléanais ⊕Rennes basin (Ille-et-Vilaine-C.)51-AAA-hbd châteaubriantais �transition to [51] Angevin+ Orléanais ⊕Châteaubriant (Loire-Atlantique-N.)51-AAA-hbe nantais �transition to [51] Poitevin-Saintongeais ⊕Pays Nantais country:

Nozay… Pays de Retz country… Vallet(Loire-Atlantique)

51-AAA-hc anglo-normand insular-norman, "channel islands french", part of oïl-NW. �bilingual in[52] English

Channel Islands 4

51-AAA-hca dgernésiais-NW. part of guernesiais ⊕Guernsey, Guernesey-NW. island (Guernsey)51-AAA-hcb dgernésiais-S. part of guernesiais ⊕Guernsey, Guernesey-S. island (Guernsey)51-AAA-hcc jèrriais-NW. jèrrais-NW., part of jersiais+ sercquais ⊕Jersey-NW. island: Saint-

Ouen(Jersey-NW.)

51-AAA-hcd jèrriais-W. jèrrais-W., part of jersiais+ sercquais ⊕Jersey-W. island (Jersey-W.)51-AAA-hce jèrriais-E. jèrrais-E., part of jersiais+ sercquais ⊕Jersey-E. island (Jersey-E.)51-AAA-hcf sercquais part of jersiais+ sercquais ⊕Sark, Sercq island (Sark)51-AAA-hcg aurigniais ¶extinct c.1911 ⊕Alderney, Aurigny island (Aurigny, Alderney)51-AAA-hd normand norman, nourmaund, nouormaund, normaund, "norman", part of oïl-

NW.(Normandie)

51-AAA-hda cotentinais-N. including haguais, haguard… bauptais ⊕Cotentin peninsula: Haguecountry… Bauptois country

(Manche-N.)

51-AAA-hdb coutançais cotentinais-S., including coutançais-N.… coutançais-S. ⊕Countançaiscountry

(Manche-C.)

51-AAA-hdc calvadosien ⊕Bessin country… Bocage country… Cinglais country (Thury-Harcourt)… Caen plain… Auge country

(Calvados)

51-AAA-hdd lieuvin+ evrecin ⊕Lieuvin country… Ouche country… Evreux… Neubourg plain (Eure-W.; Eure-C.)51-AAA-hde vexinois ⊕Vexin-normand plateau… Forêt de Lyons forest… Andelle valley (Eure-NE.)51-AAA-hdf roumois ⊕Roumois country… Seine lower valley (Eure-N.; Seine-Maritime-S.)51-AAA-hdg cauchois including grand-cauchois… dieppois… petit-cauchois ⊕Grand-Caux

country… Dieppe… Petit-Caux(Seine-Maritime)

51-AAA-hdh bray �transition to [51] Picard ⊕Bray country (Seine-Maritime-E.)51-AAA-he picard including picar-S.… boulonnais… calaisien… artésien… ch-ti-mi…

picar-N., oïl-N. ¶officially recognised in francophone Belgium as anendogenous language (langue endogène)

(Picardie; Nord-Pas-de-Calais);Belgium (Wallonie; Vlaanderenadjacent)

5

51-AAA-hea laonnois part of picar-S. ⊕=Laonnois country (Aisne-NE.)51-AAA-heb vermandois part of picar-S. ⊕=Vermandois country (Aisne-NW.)51-AAA-hec noyonnais part of picar-S. ⊕=Noyonnais country (Oise-NE.)51-AAA-hed amiénois part of picar-S. ⊕Amiénois+ Santerre country… Beauvaisis-N. country (Somme; Oise-N.)51-AAA-hee vimeu part of picar-S. ⊕Vimeu country (Somme-W.)51-AAA-hef marquenterre part of picar-S. ⊕Marquenterre+ Ponthieu country+ Etaples coast (Somme-N.; Pas-de-Calais-SW.)51-AAA-heg boulonnais-paysan ¶spoken by farming community ⊕Boulonnais country (Pas-de-Calais-W.)51-AAA-heh boulonnais-marin parler de la beurière ¶spoken by fisherfolk ⊕Boulogne-sur-Mer port (Pas-de-Calais-W.)51-AAA-hei calaisien ⊕Calaisis country (Pas-de-Calais-NW.)51-AAA-hej ternois part of artésien ⊕Ternois country (Pas-de-Calais-C.)51-AAA-hek arrageois part of artésien ⊕Arras (Pas-de-Calais-S.)51-AAA-hel ch-ti-mi including lillois… roubaisien+ tourquennois… "belgian" ch-ti-mi ⊕Lille…

Roubaix+ Tourcoing… WarnetonFrance (Nord); Belgium(Vlaanderen-W.)

51-AAA-hem hennuyer picar-N., rouchi, including manouyé, manou… montois… borain…maubeugeois… avesnois ⊕Tournai… Ath… Soignies… Masnuy+Herchies+ Erbisœul… Mons… Borinage country… Pays des Fagnescountry… Hainaut Français country: Maubeuge+ Avesnes-Sur-Helpe

Belgium (Hainaut); France (Nord)


51-AAA-hf wallon walon, oïl-NE., "walloon", in [52] Nederlands: waalsch ¶officiallyrecognised in francophone Belgium as an endogenous language(langue endogène)

Belgium (Wallonie); Luxemburg;France (Champagne-Ardenneadjacent)

5

51-AAA-hfa wallon-W. "walloon"-W., wallo-picard �transition to [51] Picard ⊕Nivelles…Louvière+ Charleroi+ Thuin… Philippeville+ Fagnes-E. country… Botteof Givet-W. enclave (Meuse left-bank)

Belgium (Wallonie: Brabant-S.;Hainaut-E.; Namur-W.); France(Champagne-Ardennes: Ardennesadjacent)

51-AAA-hfb wallon-C. "walloon"-C., "wider" namurois, including hesbignon-W.… namurwès,namurois "proper"… condruzien-W.… li famène-W.… ardennaisnamurois ⊕Hesbaye-W. country… Namur… Condroz-W. country…Dinant… Famenne-W. country… Ardennes Belges-W. country… Botteof Givet-E. enclave (Meuse right-bank)

Belgium (Wallonie: Namur.C.;Namur-E.); Frannce (Champagne-Ardennes: Ardennes adjacent)

51-AAA-hfc wallon-E. "walloon"-E., "wider" liégeois, including hesbignon-E.… lîdjwès, liégeois"proper"… condruzien-E… verviétois+ hervien … malmédien…ardennais liégeois ⊕Hesbaye-E. country… Liège… Condroz-E.country… Verniers+ Pays de Herve country… Malmédy country…Ardennes (Belges)-NE. country

(Wallonie: Liège)

51-AAA-hfd wallon-S. "walloon"-S., wallo-lorrain, including li famène-E.… ardennaisliègeois… �transition to [51] Lorrain ⊕Famenne-E. country…Ardennes belges-C. country… Neufchâteau… Bastogne …Luxemburg-NW. grand-duchy

Belgium (Wallonie: LuxembourgBelge); Luxemburg

51-AAA-hfe wallon-américain part of "transatlantic" langues d'oïl ⊕Lake Michigan: Green Bay migration > USA (Wisconsin)51-AAA-hg champaignat champenois, oïl-CN. France (Champagne-Ardenne);

Belgium (Wallonie)4

51-AAA-hga bassignot+ langrois �transition to [51] Bourguignon ⊕Bassigny… Langres plateau (Haute-Marne-S.; Côte d'Or-N.)51-AAA-hgb sennonais ⊕Sens (Yonne-NE.)51-AAA-hgc vallage ⊕Vallage country (Haute-Marne-N.; Aube-E.)51-AAA-hgd troyen ⊕Troyes (Aube)51-AAA-hge briâd briard ⊕Brie country (Seine-et-Marne-E.; Aisne-S.)51-AAA-hgf côte-champenoise (Marne-W.)51-AAA-hgg der+ perthois �transition to [51] Lorrain ⊕Der country + Perthois country (Marne-SE.)51-AAA-hgh rémois ⊕Reims country (Marne-N.)51-AAA-hgi argonnais-W. �transition to [51] Lorrain (Marne-E.)51-AAA-hgj porcien ⊕Porcien country (Ardennes Françaises)51-AAA-hgk ardennais ⊕Charleville+ Mézières (Ardennes Françaises)51-AAA-hgl sugny ⊕Sugny (Luxembourg Belge)51-AAA-hh lorrain lorrain roman, oïl-CE. ¶officially recognised in francophone Belgium as

an endogenous language (langue endogène)France (Lorraine; Champagne-Ardennes); Belgium (Wallonie)

4

51-AAA-hha argonnais ⊕Argonne country (Meuse left-bank)… Woëvre country (Meuse right-bank)

(Ardennes Françaises-E.; Meuse;Meurthe-et-Moselle)

51-AAA-hhb longovicien ⊕Longwy+ Longuyon (Meurthe-et-Moselle-N.)51-AAA-hhc gaumais (Wallonie: Luxembourg Belge)51-AAA-hhd nancéin ⊕Nancy (Meurthe-et-Moselle)51-AAA-hhe spinalien ⊕Epinal (Vosges)51-AAA-hhf déodatien ⊕Saint-Dié (Vosges-E.)51-AAA-hi welche welsch, oïl-E. �Romance outliers in Alsace France (Alsace)51-AAA-hia bruche ⊕Bruche upper valley (Bas-Rhin)51-AAA-hib villé ⊕Villé valley (Bas-Rhin)51-AAA-hic lièpvre ⊕Lièpvre valley (Haut-Rhin)51-AAA-hid kaysersberg ⊕Kaysersberg valley (Haut-Rhin)51-AAA-hie orbey ⊕Orbey valley (Haut-Rhin)51-AAA-hj jurassien comtois, franc-comtois-N., oïl-SE. France (Franche-Comté);

Switzerland (Jura Suisse)4

51-AAA-hja saône-N. ⊕Saône upper plateau (Haute-Saône; Haute-Marne-SE.)51-AAA-hjb doubs+ ognon ⊕Ognon valley… Doubs middle valleys (Haute-Saône-S.; Jura Français;

Doubs-N.)51-AAA-hjc lomont+ doubs ⊕Lomont massif… Doubs upper valley (Doubs-E.); (Jura Suisse-W.)51-AAA-hjd ajulot ⊕Ajoie, Elsgau frontier country… Savoureuse valley… Sundgau-W.

country… Porrentruy(Territoire-de-Belfort; Haut-Rhinadjacent); (Jura Suisse-NW.)

51-AAA-hje vâdais ⊕Delémont (Jura Suisse-NE.)51-AAA-hjf taignon ⊕Franches massif (Jura Suisse-SW.)51-AAA-hk bourguignon part of oïl-CS. France (Bourgogne-E.) 451-AAA-hka charollais ⊕Charollais mountains (Saône-et-Loire)51-AAA-hkb beaunois ⊕Côte d'Or massif… Beaune (Côte-d'Or-S.)51-AAA-hkc auxois ⊕Auxois country (Côte-d'Or-W.)51-AAA-hl morvandiau morvandeau, part of oïl-CS. ⊕Morvan mountains France (Bourgogne-C.)51-AAA-hla morvandiau-N. (Yonne-SE.)51-AAA-hlb morvandiau-W. (Nièvre-E.)51-AAA-hlc morvandiau-SE. (Saône-et-Loire-NW.)51-AAA-hld morvandiau-E. (Côte-d'Or-SW.)

5= INDO-EUROPEAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 39951-AAA-hm bourbonnais+

berrichonoïl-S France (Centre; Auvergne;

Bourgogne)4

51-AAA-hma bourbonnais ⊕Bourbonnais country (Allier; Cher-S.)51-AAA-hmb nivernais ⊕Nivernais country (former province) (Nièvre)51-AAA-hmc auxerrois ⊕Auxerrois country (Yonne-W.)51-AAA-hmd haut-berrichon part of berrichon ⊕Haut-Berry country (Cher-N.; Cher-E.)51-AAA-hme bas-berrichon part of berrichon ⊕Bas-Berry country (Indre; Cher)51-AAA-hn angevin+ orléanais oïl-CW. France (Pays-de-la-Loire; Centre;

Basse Normandie adjacent; HauteNormandie adjacent)

4

51-AAA-hna orléanais ⊕Orléanais country (Loiret)51-AAA-hnb blésois ⊕Blois (Loir-et-Cher)51-AAA-hnc tourangeau ⊕Touraine country (Indre-et-Loire)51-AAA-hnd manceau ⊕Upper-Maine country (Sarthe)51-AAA-hne angevin �transition to [51] Gallo ⊕Anjou country (former province) (Maine-et-Loire)51-AAA-hnf mayennais �transition to [51] Gallo ⊕Bas-Maine country (Mayenne)51-AAA-hng avranchin+ mortainais part of normand-S. (Manche-S.)51-AAA-hnh virois part of normand-S. ⊕Vire (Calvados-SW.)51-AAA-hni falaisien part of normand-S. ⊕Campagne de Falaise country (Calvados-S.)51-AAA-hnj varenne part of normand-S. ⊕Varenne+ Houlme… Passais country (Orne)51-AAA-hnk hiémois–séois part of normand-S. ⊕Hiémois+ Séois country (Orne-C.)51-AAA-hnl percheron part of normand-S. ⊕Perche upper valley (Orne-E.)51-AAA-hnm saint-andré part of normand-S. ⊕Saint-André plain (Eure-S.)51-AAA-hnn thimerais ⊕Thimerais country (Eure-et-Loire-N.)51-AAA-hno chartrain ⊕Chartres (Eure-et-Loire)51-AAA-ho acadjin acadian, acadien, français d'Acadie, "traditional acadian french", part

of "transatlantic" langues d'oïl �bilingual in [52] EnglishCanada (Maritime provinces;Québec); USA (Louisiana)

6

51-AAA-hoa acadien-d'acadie Canada (former Acadia, NovaScotia; New Brunswick)

51-AAA-hob acadien-québequois migration> (Québec)51-AAA-hp cajun cajan, acadien de Louisiane �extension of acadjin, following expulsion

of Acadien-speakers from former French Acadia (now Nova Scotia) andresettlement in Louisiana ⊕Mississippi right-bank: Avoyelles+Evangeline+ Allen+ Calcasieu parishes & southward �bilingual in [52]English

deportation> USA -S. 6*

51-AAA-hpa 'marsh-french' (Louisiana)51-AAA-hpb 'prairie-french' (Louisiana)51-AAA-hpc 'big-woods-french' (Louisiana)51-AAA-hq canadien "traditional canadian french"; part of "transatlantic" langues d'oïl (Canada) 651-AAA-hqa québecois québecois traditionnel, "traditional quebec french" (Québec; Ontario adjacent)51-AAA-hqb joual montréalais traditionnel, montreal "traditional urban" ⊕Montréal (Québec)51-AAA-i Français French, langues d'oïl-C., oïl-C; part of "gallo-romance"-N., including:

"traditional" oïl-C.… "literary" french… "generalised european french"…"overseas french"

France; Belgium; Switzerland;Channel Islands ”

8

51-AAA-ia � français-L. "pre-modern literary" french, including "historical" langues d'oïl… "oldfrench"… "middle french" �from 9th cent.: Latin script

51-AAA-ib francien "traditional" central oïl, "traditional" île-de-france, francilien�submerged by generalised [51] Français ⊕Valois country… Thellecountry… Pays-de-France country… Vexin-français… Yvelinescountry… Drouais country… Hurepoix country… Brie-W. country

France (Ile-de-France: Oise; Vald'Oise; Yvelines; Essonne; Seine-et-Marne)

51-AAA-ic ✍ français-F. français littéraire, français normatif, français normalisé, françaisacadémique, "standard french", "literary french"

France, including overseasdepartments & territories; Andorra;

Belgium; Switzerland;Monaco; Luxemburg; Italy

( Val d'Aosta); ( ) ChannelIslands; Haïti; �Canada; USA(Louisiana); �Tunisia; (�)Algeria;(�)Morocco; (�)Mauritania;�Mali; �Senegal; �Guinea;�Burkina Faso; �Côte d'Ivoire;�Togo; �Bénin; �Niger; �Chad;�Cameroon; �CAR; �Gabon;�Congo; �ex-Zaire; �Ruanda;�Burundi; �Comores; Mauritius;�Madagascar; �Seychelles;(�) former French colonies inIndia; (�)Vietnam; (�)Laos;(�)Cambodia; �Vanuatu; Wallis& Futuna; �{United Nations}

8

51-AAA-ica parisien-F. "formal parisian model" France…51-AAA-icb belge-F. "formal belgian model" Belgium51-AAA-icc suisse-F. "formal swiss model" Switzerland51-AAA-icd canadien-F. "formal canadian model" Canada


51-AAA-id français-G. français populaire de France, "generalised french", franco-français,"franco-french", including les dialectes régionaux français, les françaisrégionaux de France, "french regional dialects" ⊕northern idioms listedclockwise in spiral sequence, followed by Français méridional(excluding Français germanique) �transition to [51] Gallo+ Wallon(Peripheral Oïl), Lyonnais+ Valdôtain (Franco-Provençal), Prouvençau+Lengadocian & Gascou+ Biarnés (Oc)

France 7

51-AAA-ida français-A. "current spoken non-regional french of France" France51-AAA-idb parisien-U. parisien urbain traditionnel, "traditional parisian urban" (Paris)51-AAA-idc banlieue parler banlieue, "parisian popular counter-stream", île-de-france

"popular suburban", formerly called banlieusard #banlieusard=«suburbanite»; banlieue =«suburb»

(Ile-de-France)

51-AAA-idd français-de-normandie français régional de Normandie, "current regional french of Normandy" (Normandie)51-AAA-ide français-du-nord français régional du nord, "current regional french of northern France" (Picardie; Nord-Pas-de-Calais)51-AAA-idf français-du-nord-est français régional du nord-est, "current regional french of north-east

France"(Champagne-Ardenne; Lorraine;Alsace-N.)

51-AAA-idg français-de-l'est français régional de l'est, "current regional french of east France" (Alsace-S.; Franche-Comté;Rhône-Alpes-N.)

51-AAA-idh français-de-bourgogne français régional de Bourgogne, "current regional french of Burgundy" (Bourgogne)51-AAA-idi français-du-centre français régional du centre, "current regional french of central France" (Centre)51-AAA-idj français-de-l'ouest français régional de l'ouest, "current regional french of west France" (Poitou-Charente)51-AAA-idk français-du-nord-ouest français régional du nord-ouest, "current regional french of north-west

France"(Pays-de-la Loire; Haute-Bretagne)

51-AAA-idl français-breton français régional brittonique, "regional brythonic french" �overlapswith French of north-west France; influenced by [50] Breton �bilingualin [50] Breton

(Basse-Bretagne)

51-AAA-idm français-d'auvergne français régional d'Auvergne, "current regional french of Auvergne",part of français méridional

(Auvergne)

51-AAA-idn français-du-limousin français régional du Limousin, "current regional french of Limousin",part of français méridional

(Limousin)

51-AAA-ido français-du-sud-ouest français régional du sud-ouest, "current regional french of south-westFrance", part of français méridional

(Aquitaine)

51-AAA-idp français-basque français régional basque, "regional basque french", part of françaisméridional �overlaps with French of south-west France �influencedby and �bilingual in [40] Basque

(Aquitqine-S.)

51-AAA-idq français-du-sud français régional du sud, "current regional french of south France", partof français méridional

(Midi-Pyrénées; Languedoc-Roussillon)

51-AAA-idr français-du-sud-est français régional du sud-est, "current regional french of south-eastFrance", part of français méridional

(Provence-Alpes-Côtes-d'Azur;Rhône-Alpes-S.)

51-AAA-ids français-de-corse français régional du sud-est, "current regional french of south-eastFrance", part of français méridional

(Corse)

51-AAA-ie français-belge français régional de Belgique, "belgian regional french" �transition to[51] Walloon

Belgium (Wallonie)

51-AAA-if français-suisse français régional de Suisse, "swiss regional french" �transition to [51]Romand

Switzerland

51-AAA-ig français-d'aoste français régional d´Aoste; aosta "regional french" �translingual in [51]Italiano ⊕Val d'Aosta valley

Italy

51-AAA-ih français-germanique "germanic french" �bilingual in [52] Deutsch+ Nederlands 651-AAA-iha français-flamand "flemish french" �bilingual in [52] Nederlands France (Nord-Pas-de-Calais).

Belgium51-AAA-ihb français-francique "franconian french" �bilingual in [52] Deutsch-C. Belgium, Luxemburg, France

(Lorraine-N.)51-AAA-ihc français-alsacien "alsatian french" �bilingual in [52] Deutsch-S. France (Alsace)51-AAA-ihd français-suisse-allemand "swiss-german french" �bilingual in [52] Schwytzertütsch Switzerland51-AAA-ii français-nord-

américain"north american french" �bilingual in [52] English St.-Pierre & Miquelon; Canada;

USA51-AAA-iia français-de-saint-pierre St.-Pierre & Miquelon 351-AAA-iib français-du-canada ⊕St.Laurence estuary… Canadian prairies Canada (Quebec, Ontario

westwards…)51-AAA-iic français-des-maritimes Canada (Maritimes provinces)51-AAA-iid français-de-nouvelle-

angleterreUSA (New England)

51-AAA-iie français-de-louisiane louisianais USA (Louisiana)

5= INDO-EUROPEAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 40151-AAA-ij français-antillais "west-indian french" �transition to [51] Gallo-Creole Haïti; Guadeloupe; Martinique;

French Guiana51-AAA-ija français-haïtien Haïti51-AAA-ijb français-guadeloupéen Guadeloupe51-AAA-ijc français-martiniquais Martinique51-AAA-ijd français-guyanais French Guiana51-AAA-ik français-du-levant "levantine french" Greece; Lebanon; Syria; Egypt51-AAA-ika français-de-grèce �bilingual in [56] Helleniki Greece51-AAA-ikb français-de-liban-syrie �bilingual in [12] 'Arabiyya Lebanon; Syria51-AAA-ikc français-d'égypte �bilingual in [12] 'Arabiyya Egypt51-AAA-il français-maghrebin français-du-Maghreb, "maghribi french" �bilingual in [12] 'Arabiyya

and/or [11] Berber{Africa-NW.}

51-AAA-ila français-tunisien Tunisia51-AAA-ilb français-algérien Algeria51-AAA-ilc français-marocain Morocco51-AAA-ild maghrebin-france migration> France51-AAA-ile pied-noir-france migration> France51-AAA-im français-d'afrique "african french" (excluding "maghribi french") ⊕listed in geographic

sequence{Africa south of Sahara}

51-AAA-ima français-de-mauritanie Mauritania51-AAA-imb français-de-sénégal Senegal51-AAA-imc français-de-mali Mali51-AAA-imd français-de-guinée Guinea51-AAA-ime français-de-burkina-faso Burkina-Faso51-AAA-imf français-de-côte-d'ivoire Côte d'Ivoire51-AAA-img français-de-togo Togo51-AAA-imh français-de-bénin Benin51-AAA-imi français-de-niger Niger51-AAA-imj français-de-cameroun Cameroun51-AAA-imk français-de-gabon Gabon51-AAA-iml français-de-congo Congo51-AAA-imm français-de-tchad Tchad51-AAA-imn français-de-centrafrique C.African Rep.51-AAA-imo français-de-zaïre ex-Zaire51-AAA-imp français-de-ruanda-

burundiRuanda; Burundi

51-AAA-imq français-de-djibouti Djibouti51-AAA-imr français-des-comores Comoro Islands51-AAA-ims français-de-madagascar Madagascar51-AAA-imt français-de-réunion Réunion51-AAA-imu français-de-maurice Mauritius51-AAA-imv français-des-seychelles Seychelles51-AAA-imw africain-france migration > France51-AAA-in français-d'inde "indian french" �former official language of French possessions in

India; still studied and spoken by small bilingual communitiesIndia

51-AAA-ina français-de-mahé (Mahé)51-AAA-inb français-de-pondichéry (Pondichéry)51-AAA-inc français-de-karikal (Karikal)51-AAA-ind français-de-yanaon (Yanaon)51-AAA-ine français-de-

chandernagore(Chandernagore)

51-AAA-io français-du-sudest-asiatique

"south-east-asian french" �former official language of French Indo-China; still studied and spoken by small bilingual communities

Vietnam; Laos; Cambodia

51-AAA-ioa français-de-viêt-nam Vietnam51-AAA-iob français-de-laos Laos51-AAA-ioc français-de-cambodge Cambodia51-AAA-ip français-d'océanie "oceanic french" ⊕listed in geographic sequence New Caledonia / Kanaky; Vanuatu;

Wallis & Futuna; French Polynesia51-AAA-ipa français-caldoche ¶spoken by community of French settlers in New Caledonia / Kanaky

(or better treated as dialect of [51] Français-G.)New Caledonia / Kanaky

51-AAA-ipb français-canaque ¶spoken as alternate language by primary speakers of languages in37=Kanakic phylozone

New Caledonia / Kanaky

51-AAA-ipc français-de-vanuatu Vanuatu51-AAA-ipd français-de-wallis-futuna Wallis & Futuna51-AAA-ipe français-de-polynésie French Polynesia


51-AAA-j Lyonnais+ Valdôtain Franco-Provençal, "gallo-romance"-E., arpitan, romand, in French:gallo-roman oriental #romand is a potential new cover-name (byanalogy with Suisse Romande=«Gallo-Romance Switzerland»), toreplace the inappropriate compound 'franco-provençal' �translingualin [51] Français �from c.1250: Latin script

France; Switzerland; Italy ” 5

51-AAA-ja franc-comtois jurassien-méridional France (Franche-Comté; Rhône-Alpes; Bourgogne); Switzerland(Neuchâtel; Vaud; Berne)

4

51-AAA-jaa neuchâtelois (Neuchâtel)51-AAA-jab vaudois-NW. (Vaud-NW.)51-AAA-jac pontissalien ⊕Pontarlier (Franche-Comté: Doubs-S.)51-AAA-jad ain-N. ⊕Ain upper valley (Franche-Comté: Jura Français)51-AAA-jae valserine ⊕Valserine valley (Rhône-Alpes: Ain-NE.; Franche-

Comté; Jura Français adjacent )51-AAA-jb lyonnais �transition to [51] Auvergnat-N. & Auvergnat-S. France (Rhône-Alpes; Bourgogne

adjacent; Franche-Comtéadjacent)

3

51-AAA-jba bugey ⊕Bugey country (Ain-SE.)51-AAA-jbb bressan ⊕Bresse country & Revermont country (Saône-et-Loire-E.; Jura-SW.; Ain-

W.)51-AAA-jbc mâconnais ⊕Mâconnais country (Saône-et-Loire-SE.; Rhône)51-AAA-jbd lyonnais-rural ⊕Lyonnais mountains… Dombes country+ Balmes country (Rhône-S.; Ain-SW.; Isère-N.)51-AAA-jbe roannais+ stéphanois ⊕Roannais country… Forez plain… St.Étienne (Loire)51-AAA-jc dauphinois-N. �transition to [51] Vivaro-Dauphinois France (Rhône-Alpes) 351-AAA-jca dauphinois-rhodanien ⊕Rhône valley (Vienne downstream) (Rhône-S.; Loire-SE.; Ardèche-N.;

Drôme-N.; Isère-W.)51-AAA-jcb crémieu ⊕Crémieu plateau (Isère-N.)51-AAA-jcc terres-froides ⊕Terres Froides country (Isère-CN.)51-AAA-jcd chambaran ⊕Chambaran plateau (Isère-CS.)51-AAA-jce grésivaudan ⊕Graisivaudan country (Isère-E.)51-AAA-jd savoyard �transition to [51] Gavouot France (Rhône-Alpes) 451-AAA-jda bessanèis bessanais ⊕Maurienne country, Arc valley: Bessans (Savoie-S.)51-AAA-jdb langrin ⊕Maurienne country, Arc valley: Lanslebourg (Savoie-S.)51-AAA-jdc matchutin ma'tchuta, valloirin #matchutin = [51] Français mais écoute = «but

listen» ⊕Maurienne country, Arc valley: Valloire(Savoie-S.)

51-AAA-jdd tarentaise including tignard ⊕Tarentaise country, Isère uppervalley, includingTignes

(Savoie-E.)

51-AAA-jde arly ⊕Arly valley (Savoie-N.)51-AAA-jdf chambérien ⊕Chambéry (Savoie-W.)51-AAA-jdg annecien including viutchoïs ⊕Annecy… including Viuz-la-Chiésaz (Haute-Savoie-SW.)51-AAA-jdh faucigny ⊕Faucigny country (Haute -Savoie-SE.)51-AAA-jdi chablais+ genevois ⊕Chablais country… Genevois hinterland (Haute -Savoie-N.)51-AAA-je vaudois Switzerland (Vaud; Fribourg) 451-AAA-jea vaudois-interlacustre (Vaud-W.)51-AAA-jeb gruyère ⊕Gruyère country (Fribourg-W.)51-AAA-jec enupper ⊕Enupper country (Vaud-E.)51-AAA-jed valaisan valaisan romand Switzerland (Valais) 451-AAA-jf valdôtain in [51] Italiano: valdostano �translingual in [51] Français �transition

to [51] Oc-CisalpinItaly (Val d'Aosta, Val d'Aoste) 4

51-AAA-jfa val-veni ⊕Doire Baltée, Dora Baltea upper valleys (Val d'Aosta-NW.)51-AAA-jfb val-di-ferret ⊕Doire Baltée, Dora Baltea upper valleys (Val d'Aosta-NW.)51-AAA-jfc doire-baltée-C. ⊕Doire Baltée, Dora Baltea middle valleys (Val d'Aosta-NW.)51-AAA-jfd val-du-grand-saint-

bernard⊕Val d'Aosta left-bank (Val d'Aosta-N.)

51-AAA-jfe val-pelline ⊕Val d'Aosta left-bank (Val d'Aosta-N.)51-AAA-jff val-tournanche ⊕Val d'Aosta left-bank (Val d'Aosta-N.)51-AAA-jfg ayassin ⊕Val d'Aosta left-bank (Val d'Ayas) (Val d'Aosta-N.)51-AAA-jfh val-de-la-thuile ⊕Val d'Aosta right-bank (Val d'Aosta-S.)51-AAA-jfi val-grisanche ⊕Val d'Aosta right-bank (Val d'Aosta-S.)51-AAA-jfj val-de-rhêmes ⊕Val d'Aosta right-bank (Val d'Aosta-S.)51-AAA-jfk val-savaranche ⊕Val d'Aosta right-bank (Val d'Aosta-S.)51-AAA-jfl val-de-cogne ⊕Val d'Aosta right-bank (Val d'Aosta-S.)51-AAA-jfm val-de-camporcher ⊕Val d'Aosta right-bank (Val d'Aosta-S.)

5= INDO-EUROPEAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 40351-AAA-k Rumantsch+

Grischun"Wider"-Rumantsch, "rheto-romance"-W., romauntsch, romaunsch,romonsch, romansch, in [51] Français: rhétique occidental �fromc.1150: Latin script; since 1892, dual-standard official language(Romantsch+ Grischun) in Grischun; since 1938, dual standarddesignated national language in Switzerland �bilingual in [52]Hochdeutsch & translingual in [51] Italiano

Switzerland (Grischun;Graubünden; Grisons)

4

51-AAA-ka sursilvan "upper" rumantsch, "upper" romansch, in [52] Deutsch: surselvisch,obwaldisch, part of oberländisch ⊕Surselva, Sopraselva, Bündner-Oberland country, Vorderrhein–Tavetsch valley #sursilvan=«above thewoods»

(��Grischun-W.) 4

51-AAA-kaa tujetsch tavetsch, part of "catholic" sursilvan ⊕Tujetsch, Tavetsch upper valleys (Grischun)51-AAA-kab medel part of "catholic" sursilvan ⊕Val Medel, Medelserrhein valleys (Grischun)51-AAA-kac cadí part of "catholic" sursilvan ⊕Disentis downstream, Cadí country (Grischun)51-AAA-kad ilanz part of "protestant" sursilvan ⊕Ilanz upstream (Grischun)51-AAA-kae lumnezia part of "protestant" sursilvan ⊕Lumnezia, Lugnezer valley (Grischun)51-AAA-kaf flims part of "protestant" sursilvan ⊕Flims (Grischun)51-AAA-kag plaun part of "protestant" sursilvan ⊕Plaun country, Vorderrhein+ Domleschg

confluence(Grischun)

51-AAA-kb sutsilvan+ surmiran "lower" rumantsch, "lower" romansch, in [52] Deutsch:mittelbündnerisch, nidwaldisch, part of oberländisch ⊕Mittelbündencountry #sutsilvan=«below the woods»

(Grischun-C.) 4

51-AAA-kba sutsilvan-N. part of subsilvan, subselvan, in [52] Deutsch: sutselvisch, sotselvisch⊕Domleschg valley

(Grischun)

51-AAA-kbb sutsilvan-S. part of subsilvan, subselvan, in [52] Deutsch: part of sutselvisch,sotselvisch ⊕Schams valley, Schons country, Andeer

(Grischun)

51-AAA-kbc surmiran-N. in [52] Deutsch: part of surmeirisch, surmeierisch ⊕Albula lower valley,Sutsés country, Tiefencastel

(Grischun)

51-AAA-kbd surmiran-C. in [52] Deutsch: part of surmeirisch, surmeierisch ⊕Savognin+Mulegns… Julia, Oberhalbstein valley, Sursés country

(Grischun)

51-AAA-kbe surmiran-S. in [52] Deutsch: part of surmeirisch, surmeierisch ⊕Julia upper valley,Bivio

(Grischun)

51-AAA-kc grischun engadine, puter+ vallader, ladin-W., in [52] Deutsch: engadinisch,'churwelsch' ⊕Engiadina, Engadin country ¶distinct from [51] Grischun(Ladin-C.)

(��Grischun-E.) 4

51-AAA-kca bravuogn bergün, in [52] Deutsch: halbsteinisch, including unterhalbsteinisch…oberhalbsteinisch ⊕Albula upper valley, Bravuogn, Bergün

(Grischun)

51-AAA-kcb putèr-S. in [52] Deutsch: part of oberengadinisch ⊕Engiadin'ota-S.,Oberengadin-S. country, San Murezzan, St.Moritz

(Grischun)

51-AAA-kcc putèr-N. in [52] Deutsch: part of oberengadinisch ⊕Engiadin'ota, Oberengadin-N. country, Zuoz

(Grischun)

51-AAA-kcd vallader-W. in [52] Deutsch: part of unterengadinisch ⊕Engiadina bassa,Unterengadin country-W., Susch

(Grischun)

51-AAA-kce vallader-E. in [52] Deutsch: part of unterengadinisch ⊕Engiadina bassa-E.,Unterengadin-E. country, Scuol

(Grischun)

51-AAA-kcf vallader-SE. müstair, in [52] Deutsch: münstertalisch ⊕Val Müstair, Münstertal valley (Grischun)51-AAA-l Nones+ Cadorino Ladin-C., dolomitic ladin, "rheto-romance"-C., in [51] Français: rhétique

central, in [52] Deutsch: ladinisch �translingual in [51] Italiano �fromc.1650: Latin script ¶distinct from [51] Grischun (Ladin-W.)

Italy (Trentino–Alto-Adige; Veneto) 4

51-AAA-la nones nones-blot, nonesh, in [52] Deutsch: nonsbergisch �transition to [51]Lombardo (Trentino) ⊕Val di Non, Anaunia, Nonsberg, Noce, Noslower valley: Cles

(Trentino–Alto-Adige Trento-NE. )

51-AAA-lb badio in [52] Deutsch: badiotisch (Trentino–Alto-Adige Bolzano)51-AAA-lba badia ⊕Valle Badia, Abteital, Gádera, Gadertal valley (Trentino–Alto-Adige Bolzano)51-AAA-lbb mareo ⊕San Vigilio, Vigiltal valley, Mareo, Marebbe, Enneberg commune (Trentino–Alto-Adige Bolzano)51-AAA-lc gründno gardena, gardenesi, in [51] Italiano: agordino, in [52] Deutsch:

gardenisch, grednerisch ⊕Valle Gardena, Grödnertal valley(Trentino–Alto-Adige Bolzano )

51-AAA-ld fassa+ fiamazzo (Trentino–Alto-Adige Trento )51-AAA-lda fassa ⊕Val di Fassa, Fassatal valley, Vigo di Fassa + Moena (Trentino–Alto-Adige Trento )51-AAA-ldb fiamazzo �transition to [51] Lombardo (Trentino) ⊕Val di Fiemme valley,

Predazzo+ Cavalese(Trentino–Alto-Adige Trento )

51-AAA-le cadorino ⊕Cadore country (Veneto Belluno)51-AAA-lea santa-lucia ⊕Colle-Santa-Lucia, Buchenstein-1 (Veneto Belluno)51-AAA-leb livinallongo ⊕Pieve-di-Livinallongo, Buchenstein-2, Cordévole upper valley (Veneto Belluno)51-AAA-lec comèlico �transition to [51] Venetan ⊕Cortina d'Ampezzo downstream, Boite

valley(Veneto Belluno)

51-AAA-m Furlan Friulian, friûl, "frioulian", "rheto-romance"-E., in [51] Français: rhétiqueoriental, frioulan, in [51] Italiano: friulano, in [52] Deutsch: friaulisch�translingual in [51] Italiano �from c.1150:Latin script

Italy (Friuli–Venezia-Julia);adjacent Slovenia ”

5

51-AAA-ma carnico furlan-N.=⊕Carnia pre-alpine country (Friuli–Venezia-Julia)51-AAA-maa degano ⊕Degano valley (Friuli–Venezia-Julia)51-AAA-mab fella ⊕Fella valley (Friuli–Venezia-Julia)51-AAA-mac tagliamento ⊕Tagliamento valley (Friuli–Venezia-Julia)


51-AAA-mb furlan-W. (Friuli–Venezia-Julia)51-AAA-mba spilimbergo ⊕Spilimbergo (Friuli–Venezia-Julia)51-AAA-mbb pordenone ⊕Pordenone (Friuli–Venezia-Julia)51-AAA-mc furlan-CE. (Friuli–Venezia-Julia)51-AAA-mca udin ⊕Udin, Udine (Friuli–Venezia-Julia)51-AAA-mcb cividât ⊕Cividale del Friulí (Friuli–Venezia-Julia)51-AAA-mcc gurizze ⊕Gurizze, Gorizia (Friuli–Venezia-Julia)51-AAA-n Venetan �Latin script Italy; Croatia ” 651-AAA-na istrioto istriano, "istrian" �translingual in [51] Italiano & bilingual in [53]

Hrvatski ⊕Istra-SW., Istria-SW. peninsulaCroatia 3

51-AAA-naa rovigno ⊕Rovigno, Rovinj Croatia51-AAA-nab dignano ⊕Dignano Croatia51-AAA-nac sissano ⊕Sissano Croatia51-AAA-nb veneto "venetan proper", "wider venetian" �translingual in [51] Italiano Italy (Friuli–Venezia-Giulia;

Veneto)6

51-AAA-nba veneto-giuliano încuding triestino ⊕Trieste (Friuli–Venezia-Giulia-SW.)51-AAA-nbb feltrino–bellunese ⊕Belluno… Feltre (Veneto Belluno)51-AAA-nbc trevigiano (Veneto Treviso)51-AAA-nbd veneziano-U. venetian-"proper", "urban venetian" in [51] Français: vénitien, in [52]

Deutsch: venezianisch ⊕Venezia, Venise, Venice, Venedig(Veneto Venezia)

51-AAA-nbe veneziano-della-laguna ⊕Laguna Veneta lagoon islands (Veneto Venezia)51-AAA-nbf veneziano-rural ⊕Venezia hinterland (Veneto Venezia)51-AAA-nbg vicentino+ padovano (Veneto Vicenza; Padova)51-AAA-nbh veronese (Veneto Verona)51-AAA-nbi rovigo �transition to [51] Emiliano–Romagnolo (Veneto Rovigo)51-AAA-o Lombardo+ Emiliano Gallo-Italian, gallo-italiano �translingual in [51] Italiano �Latin script Italy (Trentino–Alto-Adige;

Lombardia; Piemonte; Liguria;Emilia-Romagna; Marcheadjacent); migration> (Sicilia-NE.);Switzerland (Ticino; Grisons); SanMarino ”

7

51-AAA-oa trentino (Trentino–Alto-Adige)51-AAA-ob ticinese Switzerland (Ticino; Tessin;

Grisons); Italy51-AAA-oba lugano ⊕Lugano lake (Ticino)51-AAA-obb bellinazona ⊕Leventina valley… Mesolcina+ Calanca valleys (Ticino; Grisons )51-AAA-obc locarno ⊕Maggia valley… Maggiore-N. lake (Ticino)51-AAA-oc lombardo-alpino "alpine lombard" (Lombardia Brescia-N.; Sondrio)51-AAA-od lombardo "lombard", "lombardian" (Lombardia-S.; Piemonte Novara) 651-AAA-oda cremonese part of lombardo-E. (Cremona)51-AAA-odb bresciano part of lombardo-E. (Brescia-S.; Matova-N.)51-AAA-odc bergamasco (Bergamo)51-AAA-odd comasco (Como)51-AAA-ode varese (Varese)51-AAA-odf milanese-U. "traditional urban milanese" ⊕Milano (Milano)51-AAA-odg milanese-rural (Milano)51-AAA-odh pavese �transition to [51] Emiliano+ Romagnolo (Pavia)51-AAA-odi novarese �transition to [51] Piemontese (Novara-S.)51-AAA-odj domodossolano ⊕Domodossola (Novara-N.)51-AAA-oe lombardo-siculo "sicilian lombard" (Migré > Sicilia-NE.)51-AAA-of piemontese piedmontese, in [51] Français: piémontais (Piemonte) 651-AAA-ofa vercelli (Vercelli)51-AAA-ofb canavese ⊕Canavese country (Torino-N.)51-AAA-ofc torino-U. "traditional urban turinese" ⊕Torino, Turin (Torino-C. )51-AAA-ofd dora-riparia ⊕Susa valley (Torino-W.)51-AAA-ofe alto-po ⊕Po upper valley (Torino-SW.; Cuneo-W.)51-AAA-off cuneo ⊕Cuneo (Cuneo-C. )51-AAA-ofg langhe ⊕Langhe country (Cuneo-E.; Monferrato-S. )51-AAA-ofh asti ⊕Asti (Monferrato )51-AAA-ofi alessándria ⊕Alessándria51-AAA-og brigasc brigasque, ligure alpino �bilingual in [51] Gavouot France (Provence-Cote D'azur

Alpes-Maritimes); Italy (Ligurie)51-AAA-oga roya ⊕Roya upper valley, La Brigue (Alpes-Maritimes-W.)51-AAA-ogb tanaro ⊕Tanaro upper valley (Cuneo )

51-AAA-ogc argentina ⊕Argentina upper valley (Imperia )

5= INDO-EUROPEAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 40551-AAA-oh ligure ligurian, "wider genoese", in [51] Français: ligurien Italy (Ligurie; Sardegna); Monaco;

France (Provence-Alpes-Coted'Azur adjacent); migration>(Corse)

6

51-AAA-oha monegasc in [51] Français: monegasque Monaco51-AAA-ohb imperia (Imperia)51-AAA-ohc savona (Savona)51-AAA-ohd genovesi-rural "rural genoese", in [51] Français: génois rural (Genova)51-AAA-ohe genovesi-U. "traditional urban genoese", in [51] Français: génois urbain ⊕Genova,

Gênes, Genoa(Genova )

51-AAA-ohf lunigiano ⊕Riviera di Levante coast (Genova-E.; La Spezia )51-AAA-oi genovesi-di-corsica "corsican genoese", in [51] Français: génois de Corse �translingual in

[51] Corsu & [51] Françaismigration (from Genova) > France(Corse)

51-AAA-oia cargese51-AAA-oib bonifacien ⊕Bonifaziu, Bonifacio51-AAA-oj genovesi-di-

sardegna"sardinian genoese", in [51] Français: génois de Sardaigne�translingual in [51] Campidanese

migration (from Genova >Sardegna)

51-AAA-oja carloforte ⊕San Pietro island51-AAA-ojb calasetta ⊕Sant Antioco-N. island51-AAA-ok emiliano+

romagnolo"emilian-romagnol", in [51] Français: émilien-romagnol Italy (Emilia-Romagna; Lombardia

Pavia-S.; Mantova-S.)6

51-AAA-oka vogherese �translingual in [51] Lombardo ⊕Voghera-S51-AAA-okb mantovano ⊕Mantova (Matova-S. )51-AAA-okc piacenza part of emiliano-W. (Piacenza)51-AAA-okd parma emiliano-W. (Parma)51-AAA-oke reggio emiliano-W. (Reggio Nell Emilia)51-AAA-okf modena part of emiliano-E. (Modena)51-AAA-okg bologna part of emiliano-E. (Bologna)51-AAA-okh ferrara part of emiliano-E. (Ferrara)51-AAA-oki ravenna romagnolo di Ravenna (Ravenna)51-AAA-okj forli romagnolo di Forlí (Forlí)51-AAA-okk san-marino romagnolo di San-Marino San Marino51-AAA-okl marchigiano-N. �transition to [51] Campano-Molisano (Marche-N)51-AAA-p Corsu Corsican, lingua corsa, in [51] Français: corse; part of "italo-romance"-

C. �translingual in [51] Français or [51] Italiano �Latin scriptFrance (Corse); Italy (Sardegna-N.) ”

5

51-AAA-pa corsu-N. "corsican"-N, (Corse: Haute-Corse) 551-AAA-paa cortenais ⊕Corte, Corti (Haute-Corse)51-AAA-pab castagniccia ⊕Castagniccia (Haute-Corse)51-AAA-pac casinca ⊕Casinca (Haute-Corse)51-AAA-pad bastiais ⊕Bastia (Haute-Corse)51-AAA-pae nebbio ⊕Nebbio (Haute-Corse)51-AAA-paf balanin ⊕Balagne country (Haute-Corse)51-AAA-pag galéria ⊕Galéria (Haute-Corse)51-AAA-pb corsu-C. "corsican"-C. (Corse: Corse-du-Sud) 551-AAA-pba vicu �transition to [51] Corsu-N. ⊕Vico, Vicu (Corse-du-Sud)51-AAA-pbb ajaccien ⊕Ajaccio, Aiacciu (Corse-du-Sud)51-AAA-pbc tavarais ⊕Olmeto, Ulmetu (Corse-du-Sud)51-AAA-pbd petreto-bicchisano ⊕Pitretu-Bicchisgià (Corse-du-Sud)51-AAA-pbe bastelica (Corse-du-Sud)51-AAA-pbf fiumorbais ⊕Fiumorbo (Corse-du-Sud)51-AAA-pbg solenzara ⊕Solenzara (Corse-du-Sud)51-AAA-pc corsu-S. "corsican"-S. �transition to [51] Gallurese (Corse-du-S.)51-AAA-pca zonza ⊕Zonza (Corse-du-S.)51-AAA-pcb sartè sartenais ⊕Sartène (Corse-du-S.)51-AAA-pcc purtivechju ⊕Purtivechju, Porto-Vecchio (Corse-du-S.)51-AAA-pd gallurese gallurien ⊕Gallura country (Sardegna-NE.: Sassari) 451-AAA-pe sassarese sassarien �transition to [51] Ligure ⊕Sassari… La Nurra country (Sardegna-NW.: Sassari-S.) 451-AAA-q Italiano Italian, part of "italo-romance"-C. �from 11th cent.: Latin script Italy, Switzerland… ” 751-AAA-qa toscano tuscan, lingua toscana "traditional", "tuscan traditional", in [51]

Français: toscan traditionnelItaly (Toscana; Lazio-N.)

51-AAA-qaa fiorentino-U. "traditional urban florentine", ⊕Firenze, Florence (Firenze)51-AAA-qab fiorentino-rural "rural florentine" (Firenze)51-AAA-qac lucca part of toscano-W. (Lucca)51-AAA-qad pistoia part of toscano-W. (Pistoia)51-AAA-qae pisa part of toscano-W. (Pisa)51-AAA-qaf livorno part of toscano-W. (Livorno)


51-AAA-qag aretino including chianaiola ⊕Arezzo… Val di Chiana valley (Arezzo; Siena-E.)51-AAA-qah senese (Siena)51-AAA-qai grosseto (Grosseto)51-AAA-qaj romano-rural "toscanised rural roman" �transition to [51] Umbro-Romanesco (Lazio-N.; Viterbo; Roma)51-AAA-qb � italiano-L. "historical italian", "historical" lingua toscana �from 11th century51-AAA-qc ✍ italiano-F. "formal" lingua toscana, "literary" lingua toscana, "literary italian", lingua

comune, "standard italian", in [51] Latin: lingua vulgaris", in [51]Français: italien #lingua comune =«common language»

�Italy; �Switzerland; Slovenia;Croatia; (�)Albania; Malta;(�)Libya; (�)Somalia;(�)Ethiopia; (�)Eritrea;migration>USA; Australia; France;Canada; Brazil; Argentina

7

51-AAA-qd italiano-G. italiano popolare, "generalised urban italian" #italiano popolare=«popular italian»,

Italy…

51-AAA-qda italiano-di-torino ⊕Torino, Turin51-AAA-qdb italiano-di-genova ⊕Genova, Gênes, Genoa51-AAA-qdc italiano-di-milano ⊕Milano, Milan51-AAA-qdd italiano-di-venezia ⊕Venezia, Venise, Venice51-AAA-qde italiano-di-trieste ⊕Trieste51-AAA-qdf italiano-di-roma ⊕Roma, Rome51-AAA-qdg italiano-di-napoli ⊕Napoli, Naples51-AAA-qdh italiano-di-palermo ⊕Palermo51-AAA-r Napoletano+

SicilianoNeapolitan+ Sicilian, "italo-romance"-S. �Latin script Italy; migration>USA ” 7

51-AAA-ra umbro–romanesco "umbro-romanesque" (Umbria; Lazio) 551-AAA-raa umbro "umbrian", in [51] Français: ombrien (Umbria)51-AAA-rab romanesco-rural romanesco autoctono, "traditional rural roman" (Lazio)51-AAA-rb campano+ molisano "wider" napoletano, "wider neapolitan" (Marche-S.; Abruzzo; Latium

adjacent; Molise; Campania;Puglia; Baslicata)

6

51-AAA-rba marchigiano-S. (Marche-S.)51-AAA-rbb reatino+ aquilano ⊕Reatini+ Abruzzesi mountains (Abruzzo-W.; Latium adjacent)51-AAA-rbc abruzzese (Abruzzo Maritime)51-AAA-rbd molisano (Molise)51-AAA-rbe campano campano "rural", part of napoletano "proper", "neapolitan proper" (Campania)51-AAA-rbf napoletano-U. campano "urban", part of napoletano "proper", "neapolitan proper"

⊕Napoli, Naples(Campania )

51-AAA-rbg pugliese-N. (Puglia-N.&-C.)51-AAA-rbh lucano "lucanian" (Basilicata)51-AAA-rc salentino ⊕Salentina peninsula (Puglia-S. ) 551-AAA-rd calabrese "calabrian" (Calabria) 551-AAA-re siciliano-CE. "sicilian"-C.&-E. (Sicilia-C.&-E.) 651-AAA-rea messinese ⊕Messina (Sicilia)51-AAA-reb catanese+ siracusano ⊕Catania… Siracusa (Sicilia)51-AAA-rec siciliano-NE. (Sicilia)51-AAA-red siciliano-SE. (Sicilia)51-AAA-ree agrigentino-E. (Sicilia)51-AAA-ref nisseno-ennese (Sicilia)51-AAA-reg siciliano-delle-madonìe (Sicilia)51-AAA-rf siciliano-W. "sicilian"-W. (Sicilia-W.) 651-AAA-rfa agrigentino-CW. (Sicilia)51-AAA-rfb trapanese ⊕Trapani… (Sicilia)51-AAA-rfc palermitano ⊕Palermo… (Sicilia)51-AAA-s Sardu Sardinian �Latin script Italy (Sardegna) 651-AAA-sa logudorese "sardinian"-N. (Sardegna) 551-AAA-saa logudorese-W. ⊕Villanova (Sardegna)51-AAA-sab logudorese-C. ⊕Ozieri (Sardegna)51-AAA-sac logudorese-NE. ⊕Monti (Sardegna)51-AAA-sb nuorese logudorese-SE. ⊕Nuoro (Sardegna) 551-AAA-sc gennargentese ⊕Gennargentu mountains (Sardegna) 451-AAA-sd campidanese "sardinian"-S. ⊕Cagliari51-AAA-t Vegliot+ Ragusan Dalmatian �transition to [51] Româneasca+ Armâneasca (East

Romance); now extinctCroatia (Dalmatia) �

51-AAA-ta vegliot ⊕Krk, Veglia island ¶extinct in 19th cent. (Dalmatia)51-AAA-tb ragusan ⊕Dubrovnik, Ragusa ¶extinct c.1700 (Dalmatia)


51-AAB LATINE+ LADINOnotional net

�notional net, covering Latin and other West Romance vehiculars

51-AAB-a ✍ Latine Latin, lingua latina #parlare latine=«to speak (in) Latin; lingua latina=«Latin language» � from c.-150: Latin script

�Vatican… {international} ” 3*

51-AAB-aa ✍ latine-A. latin "proper", "inflected" latin, �extinct as a natural spoken language,but still cultivated on a small scale, especially within the Catholicchurch, as an international written and spoken vehicular

{Europe… international}

51-AAB-aaa � latin-L. "historical" latin, including "early"+ "classical"+ "medieval" latin (�) {former Roman Empire}51-AAB-aab ✍ latin-F. "christian liturgical" latin �especially in formalised Christian prayer {international}51-AAB-aac ✍ latin-V. "modern vehicular" latin, including "church vehicular" latin + "scientific"

latin{international}

51-AAB-ab ✍ latino-sine-flexione

interlingua, "simplified" latin #latino sine flexione =«Latin withoutinflection» �artificial vehicular invented in 1903 by Giuseppe Peano

{international} 3*

51-AAB-b Ladino+ Djudezmo Judeo-Romance, "hebraicised romance" �influenced by [12] Ivrit(Hebrew) � Hebrew script

{Mediterranean} ” 5*

51-AAB-ba � ladino "liturgical judeo-spanish" �from c.1350 Spain; Portugal…51-AAB-bb hakitia haketiya, part "judeo-spanish" Morocco51-AAB-bc tetauni part of "judeo-spanish", in [51] Français: judéo-roman oranais Algeria51-AAB-bd djudezmo "vernacular" ladino, balkan "judeo-romance", dzhudezmo, espanyoliko,

spanyol, sefardi, part of "judeo-spanish"(formerly Spain; Portugal…);exodus end 15th cent.> Turkey;Greece; Macedonia…; migration20th cent.> USA; Argentina; Israel

5

51-AAB-bda ✍ djudezmo-F. "modern literary ladino" �influenced by [51] Français Greece; Turkey…51-AAB-bdb djudezmo-kérkira ⊕Kérkira, Corfu island �influenced by [51] Judeo-Veneziano Greece (Iónio Nísoi)51-AAB-bdc djudezmo-thessaloníki ⊕Thessaloníki, Saloniki, Salonique Greece51-AAB-bdd djudezmo-türkiye ⊕Istanbul… Edirne ⊕Izmir Turkey51-AAB-bde djudezmo-sofiya ⊕Sofiya Bulgaria51-AAB-bdf djudezmo-skopje ⊕Skopje Macedonian51-AAB-bdg djudezmo-bosnia+ serbia ⊕Sarajevo… Beograd Bosnia; Yugoslavia (Serbia)51-AAB-bdh djudezmo-new-york ⊕New York USA (New York)51-AAB-bdi djudezmo-buenos-aires ⊕Buenos Aires Argentina51-AAB-bdj djudezmo-israel ⊕Tel Aviv Israel51-AAB-be judeo-veneziano part of judeo-italian ⊕Venezia, Venise, Venice ¶extinct Italy 051-AAB-bf italkian part of judeo-italian ⊕Livorno Italy 351-AAB-c Lingua-Franca Sabir {Mediterranean} ��

51-AAB-ca lingua-franca �pan-Mediterranean vehicular, probably of Roman origin but reinforcedduring the Crusades and in use until the late 19th century ¶now extinct

{Mediterranean}

51-AAB-d ✍ Esperanto+Novial

{international} ” 6

51-AAB-da ✍ esperanto esperanto "proper", lingvo internacia �artificial vehicular,predominantly Romance-based, invented in 1887 by L.Zamenhof

{international} 6

51-AAB-db ✍ ido # ido = in [51] Esperanto «derived from» �artificial vehicular derivedfrom Esperanto in 1928 by Louis de Beaufront

{international}

51-AAB-dc ✍ novial #nov-i-a-l =«new (nova)+ international+ auxiliary+ language» �artificialvehicular derived from Esperanto in 1928 by Otto Jespersen

{international}

51-AAC CRIOULO+ CRÉOLEnet

CREOLE-ROMANCE �Latin script

51-AAC-a Crioulo Luso-Creole, "creole-portuguese" Cape Verde; Guinea-Bissau; São-Tomé; Equatorial-Guinea; Brazil;India; Sri Lanka; Malaysia;Indonesia ”

6

51-AAC-aa caboverdense "capeverdian luso-creole" Cape Verde 551-AAC-aaa barlavento Cape Verde51-AAC-aab sotavento Cape Verde51-AAC-ab guineense "guinean luso-creole", "guinean" kriol, "guinean" kriyol Guinea-Bissau; Senegal-S.;

migration>Gambia5

51-AAC-aba guineense-N. ⊕Cacheu+ Zinguinchor Guinea-Bissau; Senegal(Casamance)

51-AAC-abb guineense-bissau ⊕Bissau+ Bolama coast Guinea-Bissau51-AAC-abc guineense-bijago ⊕Bijago islands Guinea-Bissau51-AAC-abd guineense-C. ⊕Bafatá Guinea-Bissau51-AAC-ac são-tomense–

principensesão-tomé+ príncipe "luso-creole" São-Tomé–Príncipe 5

51-AAC-aca forro são-tomense ⊕São-Tomé island São-Tomé–Príncipe51-AAC-acb principense lun'gwiye ⊕Principé island São-Tomé–Príncipe51-AAC-ad angolar ngola, são-tomé "bantuised luso-creole" �influenced by [99] Bantu

languages ⊕São-Tomé islandSão-Tomé–Príncipe

51-AAC-ae fa-d'ambu "annobonese luso-creole" ⊕Annobón island Equatorial-Guinea (Annobon) 351-AAC-af cafundo "brazilian bantuised luso-creole" ⊕Cafundo Brazil (Minas Gerais–São Paolo

frontier)3


51-AAC-ag indo-português "indian luso-creole", "indo-portuguese" India; Sri Lanka 451-AAC-aga diu ⊕Diu India (Daman & Diu )51-AAC-agb daman ⊕Daman India (Daman & Diu)51-AAC-agc korlai ⊕Korlai India51-AAC-agd cochin ⊕Cochin India (Kerala)51-AAC-age ceilão "ceylonese luso-creole" ⊕Batticaloa;=Colombo;=Trincomalee Sri Lanka51-AAC-ah malaio-português "malayo-portuguese", "malaysian luso-creole" Malaysia; Singapore; Indonesia… 351-AAC-aha malaquense malaquiero, malaquenho, malaquês, papia-kristang, kristang, serani,

bahasa-serani, bahasa-geragau, malaccan, malacca "portuguese","moluccan luso-creole"

Malaysia (Malacca)

51-AAC-ahb singapore singapore "luso-creole" Singapore51-AAC-ahc sumatra "sumatran luso-creole" Indonesia (Sumatera)51-AAC-ahd java jakarta, pekan-tugu, "batavian luso-creole" ⊕Jakarta Indonesia (Java)51-AAC-ahe flores+ adonara ⊕Flores… Solor … Adonara islands Indonesia51-AAC-ahf timor-E. bidau Indonesia; East Timor51-AAC-ahg maluku "moluccan proper" Indonesia (Maluku)51-AAC-ahh ternateño ⊕Ternate island Indonesia (Maluku)51-AAC-ahi sulawesi "celebes luso-creole" Indonesia (Sulawesi)51-AAC-ahj borneo Indonesia (Borneo; Malaysia

Sarawak; Sabah); Brunei51-AAC-ai makista macauenho, macaense, macão "luso-creole" China (Macão; migration> Hong-

Kong)3

51-AAC-aia makista-macão ¶extinct (Macão) 051-AAC-aib makista-hong-kong ⊕Hong-Kong (Hong-Kong) 351-AAC-b Criollo Hispano-Creole, "creole spanish" Philippines; Colombia; Venezuela;

Netherlands West Indies… ”5

51-AAC-ba chabacano chabakano, chavacano, "philippines hispano-creole" Philippines… 551-AAC-baa caviteño Philippines51-AAC-bab cotabato-chabacano Philippines51-AAC-bac ternateño-chabacano ternateño 2 Philippines51-AAC-bad davao-chabacano davaoeño, español-abakay Philippines51-AAC-bae zamboangueño zamboanga Philippines51-AAC-baf ermitaño ermiteño Philippines51-AAC-bag chabacano-sabah migration>Malaysia (Sabah)51-AAC-bb chocoano part of "colombian hispano-creole" �translingual in [51] Español Colombia-W. (Chocó) 351-AAC-bc palanquero part of "colombian hispano-creole" �translingual in [51] Español

⊕San Basilio of PalenqueColombia Bolivar): 3

51-AAC-bd criollo-de-bobures "venezuelan hispano-creole" �translingual in [51] Español⊕Bobures… Maracaïbo lake

Venezuela-NW. 3

51-AAC-be papiamento papiamentu, papiements, papyamentu, papiam, "west-indian hispano-creole" �influenced by [52] Nederlands

Netherlands West Indies… 5

51-AAC-bea curassese curaçoleño ⊕Curaçao island (Curaçao )51-AAC-beb aruba ⊕Aruba island (Aruba)51-AAC-bec bonaire ⊕Bonaire island (Bonaire )51-AAC-bed maíz ⊕Maíz islands Nicaragua51-AAC-c Créole Gallo-Creole, "creole french", kweyol, 'patois' d'outre-mer USA; Antilles; French Guiana;

Océan Indien; migration> France”

7

51-AAC-ca louisianais gombo, louisiana "gallo-creole" �bilingual in [52] English USA (Louisiana; Texas; migration>California)

4

51-AAC-caa saint-martin ⊕St.Martin parish (St.Martinville+ Breaux Bridge+ Cecilia) (Louisiana)51-AAC-cab "new-roads"+ edgard ⊕New Roads+ Edgard (Louisiana )51-AAC-cac houma houma community �community descended partly from Amerindian

speakers of [68] Choctaw(Louisiana ) 4*

51-AAC-cad gombo-texas (Texas-E.)51-AAC-cae gombo-california ⊕Sacramento (California )51-AAC-cb haïtien "haitian gallo-creole", ayisyen Haïti 651-AAC-cba port-au-prince ⊕Port-au-Prince… Haïti51-AAC-cbb fablas Haïti51-AAC-cbc plateau-haitien Haïti51-AAC-cbd haitien-N. Haïti

5= INDO-EUROPEAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 40951-AAC-cc antillais "west-indian gallo-creole", créole des Antilles, antiye Guadeloupe; Dominica;

Martinique; Saint-Lucia; Grenada;Trinidad & Tobago

51-AAC-cca saint-barthélemy saint-barthélemy "gallo-creole" ⊕Saint-Bathélemy island Guadeloupe51-AAC-ccb grande-terre part of guadeloupéen, "guadeloupean gallo-creole" ⊕Grande-Terr

islandGuadeloupe

51-AAC-ccc basse-terre part of guadeloupéen, "guadeloupean gallo-creole" ⊕Basse-Terreisland

Guadeloupe

51-AAC-ccd marie-galante part of guadeloupéen, "guadeloupean gallo-creole" ⊕Marie-Galanteisland

Guadeloupe

51-AAC-cce dominiquais "dominica gallo-creole" �now in competition with [52] Leeward(Dominica) Anglo-Creole

Dominica 4

51-AAC-ccf martiniquais "martiniquan gallo-creole" ⊕Martinique island Martinique 551-AAC-ccg sainte-lucien "saint-lucian gallo-creole" �now in competition with expanding [52]

Leeward (Saint Lucia) Anglo-Creole ⊕St.Lucia islandSaint-Lucia 4

51-AAC-cch panamanéen "panamanian créole" �translingual in [51] Español ⊕originally SaintLucia island; Isla del Rey island (San Miguel) ¶migration from St.Lucia,in 19th cent

migration> Panama 3

51-AAC-cci carriacou part of "grenadan gallo-creole" ⊕Carriacou island Grenada51-AAC-ccj grenadien part of "grenadan gallo-creole" ⊕Grenada island �largely submerged

by [52] Grenadan Anglo-CreoleGrenada

51-AAC-cck trinidadien "trinidadian gallo-creole" ⊕Trinidad island �largely submerged by [52]Trinidadian Anglo-creole & [52] Trinidadian English

Trinidad & Tobago (Trinidad) 4

51-AAC-cd guyanais "guianese gallo-creole" French Guiana; & adjacent Brazil(Amapá)

4

51-AAC-cda guyanais-C. ⊕Cayenne… French Guiana51-AAC-cdb guyanais-NW. �influenced by [51] Antillais (Guadeloupéen & Martiniquais)

⊕St.Laurent-du-Maroni… Mana… IracouboFrench Guiana

51-AAC-cdc guyanais-SE. ⊕St.Georges-de-l'Oyapock… Régina… Kaw French Guiana51-AAC-cdd karipúna "brazilian gallo-creole", caripúna Brazil (Amapá); French Guiana

frontier3

51-AAC-ce mauricien+seychellois

"mauritian+ seychellese gallo-creole", morisyen+ seselwa �Seychelles 4

51-AAC-cea seychellois créole seychellois=⊕Mahé… Praslin islands… Seychelles51-AAC-ceb aldabra ⊕Aldabra islands Seychelles51-AAC-cec mauricien "mauritian gallo-creole", morisyen, morisiĉ, créole mauricien Mauritius 551-AAC-ced rodriguais ⊕Rodrigues island Mauritius51-AAC-cee agalega zilwa-W. ⊕Agalega islands #zilwa =«of the islands» Mauritius51-AAC-cef chagos zilwa-E. ⊕Chagos islands #zilwa =«of the islands» ¶speakers

displaced to Mauritius in early 1970's, after sale of islands to USAformer British Indian OceanTerritory

51-AAC-cf réunionnais "reunion gallo-creole", réunioné Réunion 551-AAC-cg tayo "new caledonian gallo-creole", kanaky "gallo-creole" New Caledonia / Kanaky 351-AAD ROMÂNEASCA+

ARMÂNEASCA netROMANCE-EAST

51-AAD-a Jeiani+ Susnjevica Istro-Romance �Latin script Slovenia; Croatia (Istria) ” 551-AAD-aa jeiani zejane, jeisane ⊕Istria-N. peninsula Slovenia; Croatia 251-AAD-ab susnjevica cicarija, valdarsa ⊕Istria-S. peninsula Croatia 351-AAD-b Armâneasca+

MeglenitsaAromanian, in [51] Français: aroumain �Greek script; Latin script Macedonia ex-Yugoslavia; Albania;

Greece; dispersed> Bulgaria;Romania.; migration> France;Germany; USA ”

5

51-AAD-ba limba-armâneasca armâna, aromâna, aromuna, armina, aroman, aromoune, macedo-româna, macedo-român, tsintsari, "vlachian", "aromanian", in [56]Greek: vlach, vlahâ, 'kutzo-valach', in [51] Français: macédo-roumain,vlaque, koutzo-valaque; armân person

5

51-AAD-baa bitolia ⊕Bitolia country: Bitola… Monastir… Ohrida Macedonia-SW. ex-Yugoslavia51-AAD-bab vlorë+ berat ⊕Vlorë, Valona+ Berat Albania-CW.51-AAD-bac muscopola ⊕Muscopola Albania-SE.51-AAD-bad pindhos ⊕Pindhos, Pindus mountains Greece (Ipiros; Thessalía)51-AAD-bae olympo-vlach ⊕Caterina-SW., Kateríni-SW.… Olympus, Olimbos massif Greece (Thessalía)51-AAD-baf aliákmon ⊕Aliákmon basin: Veria, Véroia Greece (Makedhonia)51-AAD-bb meglenitsa vlachi-meglenitsi, "megleno-romanian", in [51] Français: meglénite,

meglénitique, megléno-roumain, valaque meglénite ⊕Meglena valleyGreece (Makedhonia) 4


51-AAD-c Româneasca+Moldova

Daco-Romance �from 16th cent.: Cyrillic script; from 19th cent.: Latinscript

�Romania; �Moldova; Serbia;Bulgaria; Ukraine ”

7

51-AAD-ca ✍ limba- româneasca-F.

"formal" limba româneasca, "standard romanian", "standardroumanian" �influenced by [51] Français & [51] Latine

Romania; Moldova 7

51-AAD-caa romania-F. �Latin script: Romania model Romania51-AAD-cab moldova-F. �Cyrillic script: Moldova model Moldova51-AAD-cb limba-româneasca-G. "generalised" limba româneasca, "generalised romanian", "generalised

roumanian", including bucure˙ti "urban"… chi˙inau "urban"⊕Bucure˙ti, Bucharest… Chi˙inau

Romania; Moldova

51-AAD-cc muntenia "muntenian", "walachian traditional"-E., in [51] Français: valaque-E.⊕Muntenia country

(Walachia: Muntenia )

51-AAD-cd oltenia "walachian traditional"-W,, in [51] Français: valaque-W. ⊕Olteniacountry

(Walachia: Oltenia)

51-AAD-ce banat "banat traditional" ⊕Banat country (Timiş)51-AAD-cf transilvania-S. "transylvanian traditional"-S. ⊕Transylvania-S. country (Transylvania-S.)51-AAD-cg transilvania-N. "transylvanian traditional"-N. ⊕Transylvania-N. country (Transylvania-N.)51-AAD-ch crişana "cri˙ana traditional" ⊕Crişana country (Crişana)51-AAD-ci maramureş "maramure˙ traditional" ⊕Maramureş country (Maramureş)51-AAD-cj bucovina "bukovina traditional" ⊕Bucovina country Ukraine51-AAD-ck moldova "moldavian traditional", including "standard moldovian" �Cyrillic script

still in useMoldova; Romania (Moldavia) 6


52= GERMANICphylozone

covers the "Germanic" or Norsk+ Frysk set, part of the "Indo-European" intercontinental affinity; comprising 1 set oflanguages (= 25 outer languages) spoken traditionally bycommunities in Europe, extending from Iceland to easternEurope, with extensions to all other continents of the world:

52-A NORSK+ FRYSK

including 2 arterial languages: English; Deutsch (German).

Historically, the Germanic set was tripartite, represented bythe [52-A] Nordic, [52-C] Continental West Germanic & [52-D]extinct Gothic chains. [52-B] Anglic (English+ Anglo-Creole)is now better treated as a fourth chain, having diverged fromthe languages of [52-C] under influence from [51] Romance,esp. French, and also [52-A] Nordic (see also note belowunder [52-C] Frysk+ Frasch).

This zone and set include (1) the language spoken in Europewest of Russia by the largest number of primary voices, i.e.German, and (2) the language spoken on the planet by thelargest number of alternate voices, i.e. English.

English is represented bycommunities of primary and/oralternate speakers and learners invirtually every country in the world.Other Germanic languages (ofwhich German is the most widelydistributed) are spoken bycommunities in:Argentina; Australia; Austria;Bahamas; Belgium; Bolivia; Brazil;Canada; Colombia; Czech Rep.;Denmark; Estonia; Faroe Islands;Finland; France; Germany;Hungary; Iceland; Italy; Lesotho;Liechtenstein; Lithuania;Luxemburg; Mexico; Namibia;Netherlands; Netherlands WestIndies; Norway; Poland; Russia;Slovakia; Slovenia; South Africa;Surinam; Swaziland; Sweden;Switzerland; USA; Ukraine;Uruguay.

9

52-A NORSK+ FRYSK set GERMANIC, �from 8th cent.: Runic, Futhark script �Latin script52-AA NORSK+ SVENSKA

chainNORDIC, "north-germanic", "scandinavian", nordisk, "norse", in [51]Français: norois, norrois

52-AAA NORSK+ SVENSKAnet

�from 8th cent.: Runic, Futhark script �Latin script

52-AAA-a Íslensk+ Føroysk Icelandic+ Faeroese, part of "north-sea nordic", "nordic"-W. ⊕carriedby Viking migrations from Scandinavia, westwards to the British Isles,Iceland, Greenland and northeast North America, southwards toNormandy and the Mediterranean; also eastwards to Russia (includingdivergence of Dansk+ Svenska from North Sea Nordic, from c.1000)

Iceland; Faeroes… ” 5

52-AAA-aa íslensk icelandic, íslenzk, islendzk, in [52] Danish: islandsk �Iceland; also modern migration>Canada

5

52-AAA-aaa � íslensk-L. "old norse", gamalnorsk, "old icelandic", "pre-modern literary icelandic"�from c.1200

Iceland

52-AAA-aab ✍ íslensk-F. "standard icelandic", "literary icelandic" �relexified in the 19th century,by replacement of loanwords with Norse-derived vocabulary

Iceland

52-AAA-aac íslensk-G. "generalised icelandic ", including reykjavik "urban" Iceland52-AAA-aad íslensk-W. ⊕Olafsvik… Iceland52-AAA-aae íslensk-NW. ⊕Ísafjördhur… north-west fjords Iceland52-AAA-aaf íslensk-N. ⊕Akureyri… Iceland52-AAA-aag íslensk-E. ⊕Húsavik… Neskaupstadhur Iceland52-AAA-aah íslensk-S. ⊕south coast… Vestmanna-eyjar islands Iceland52-AAA-aai íslensk-SW. ⊕Selfoss… Iceland52-AAA-aaj íslensk-manitoba "canadian icelandic" migration> Canada (Manitoba)52-AAA-ab føroysk faeroese, "faroese", føryskt, foeryskt, in [51] Français: féroén, in [52]

Danish: færøsk, in [52] Deutsch: färöisch �translingual in [52] Danish�Faeroes 4

52-AAA-aba ✍ føroysk-F. "formal" føroysk, "literary faeroese" Faeroes52-AAA-abb føroysk-G. "generalised" føroysk, including tórshavn "urban" Faeroes52-AAA-abc nordhuroysk ⊕Nordhuroyar islands Faeroes52-AAA-abd eysturoysk-N. ⊕Eysturoy-N. island Faeroes52-AAA-abe eysturoysk-S. ⊕Eysturoy-S. island Faeroes52-AAA-abf streymoysk-N. ⊕Streymoy-N. island: Westmanna… Faeroes52-AAA-abg streymoysk-S. ⊕Streymoy-S. island Faeroes52-AAA-abh vágarsk ⊕Vágar island Faeroes52-AAA-abi sandoysk ⊕Sandoy island Faeroes52-AAA-abj sudhuroysk-N. ⊕Sudhuroy-N. island Faeroes52-AAA-abk sudhuroysk-S. ⊕Sudhuroy-S. island Faeroes52-AAA-ac norn #=«northern, norse» ¶extinct since 19th cent. in Shetland (earlier

elsewhere) �progressive convergence, prior to extinction, towards[52] Anglic (Scots and English) ⊕Shetland & Orkney islands…Caithness mainland… Hebrides islands

formerly Scotland (Faeroes) �


52-AAA-b Norsk-W.+ Nynorsk Norwegian-W.+ New-Norwegian, part of "north-sea nordic" Norway; Denmark (Jylland) ” 652-AAA-ba norsk-W. vestnorsk, "norwegian traditional"-W. Norway-W.52-AAA-baa norsk-SW. (Vest-Agder; Aust-Agder

Sætesdal; Telemark-W.; Rogaland;Hordaland-S.)

52-AAA-bab norsk-NW. (Hordaland-N.; Sogn; Fjordane;Romsdal)

52-AAA-bb midlands-norsk midlandsnorsk, "norwegian traditional"-C. (Vestfold; Telemark-E.; Buskerud;Oppland)

52-AAA-bc trøndelags-norsk trøndelagsnorsk, "norwegian traditional"-CN. (Sør-Trøndelag; Nord-Trøndelag)52-AAA-bd nordlands-norsk nordlandsnorsk, "norwegian traditional"-N. (Nordland)52-AAA-be ✍ ny-norsk "new norwegian proper", nynorsk, landsmål, landsmaal, "standardised

traditional norwegian", "neo-norwegian" #ny-norsk =«new norwegian»;landsmål =«country language» �established in 19th century by IvarAasen, modelled on Norsk-W. �transition to [52] Dano-Norwegian

�Norway 6

52-AAA-bea nynorsk-F. "standard new norwegian", "literary new norwegian" Norway52-AAA-beb nynorsk-G. "generalised new norwegian" (majority language in: Møre-og-

Romsdal; Sogn-og-Fjordane;Hordaland; Rogaland) (importantminority language in: Sør-Trøndelag; Nord-Trøndelag;Oppland; Telemark; Aust-Agder;Vest-Agder)

52-AAA-bf jysk-W.* vest-jysk, "jutlandish traditional"-W., "jutish traditional"-W., in [52]Deutsch: west-jütisch �transition to generalised [52] Danish

Denmark (Jylland: Viborg…Ringkøbing… Veyle… Ribe…Sønderjylland…); Germany(Schleswig-Holstein-N.)

52-AAA-bfa thy+ mors ⊕Thy… Mors (Ringkøbing-N.)52-AAA-bfb harsyssel+ salling ⊕Harsyssel… Salling (Ringkøbing-C.&-S.; Viborg-W.)52-AAA-bfc vejle (Vejle)52-AAA-bfd als ⊕Als island (Sønderjylland)52-AAA-bfe slesvigsk-N. ⊕Nordslesvig country (Sønderjylland)52-AAA-bff slesvigsk-S. �bilingual in [52] Deutsch (High German & North German) (Schleswig-Holstein Flensburg;

Nordfriesland)52-AAA-c Svenska+ Dansk Swedish+ Danish, "nordic"-E., "baltic-sea nordic", östnordisk, Denmark; Norway; Sweden;

Finland… ”7

52-AAA-ca � dansk-L. "pre-modern literary danish", "old danish" �from c.1200 Denmark; formerly Norway;Sweden-S.

52-AAA-cb ✍ riks-dansk riksdansk, "formal" dansk, "formal danish" #riks-dansk =«danish of thekingdom»

�Denmark; Germany (Schleswig-Holstein); �Faeroes;�Greenland; (�)Iceland

6

52-AAA-cc dansk-G. "generalised" dansk, "generalised danish", including københavnsk,"copenhagen urban" �with regional variations

Denmark, Faeroes Greenland

52-AAA-cd ✍ norsk-F. "standardised urban norwegian", dansk-norsk, "formal dano-norwegian"�transition to [52] Nynorsk (New Norwegian)

�Norway; migration> USA 6

52-AAA-cda bok-mål bokmål, bokmaal #=«book language» �official model Norway52-AAA-cdb riks-mål riksmål, "king's norwegian" �conservative model Norway52-AAA-ce by-mål bymål, "generalised urban norwegian", including oslo "urban"

#=«language of the town»; with regional variationsNorway

52-AAA-cf amerikansk-norsk "american dano-norwegian" �bilingual in [52] English USA (Illinois; Wisconsin;Minnesota; Dakotas…)

52-AAA-cg norsk-E. østnorsk, østlandet, "norwegian traditional"-E. Norway-E.52-AAA-ch jysk-E. østjysk, jysk-E., "jutlandish traditional"-E., "jutish traditional"-E., in [52]

Deutsch: ost-jütisch(Jylland-NE.)

52-AAA-cha lesø ⊕Lesø island (Nordjylland)52-AAA-chb vendsyssel ⊕Vendsyssel island (Nordjylland-N.)52-AAA-chc himmerland ⊕Himmerland country (Nordjylland-S.)52-AAA-chd viborg (Viborg-E.)52-AAA-che århus (Århus)52-AAA-ci øen-dansk øendansk, "island danish traditional" #=«island danish» �transition to

generalised [52] DanishDenmark

52-AAA-cia samsk ⊕Samsø island (Århus)52-AAA-cib fynsk ⊕Fyn island (Fyn)52-AAA-cic ærøsk ⊕Ærø island (Fyn)52-AAA-cid langelandsk ⊕Langeland island (Fyn)52-AAA-cie sjællandsk-W. ⊕Sjælland-W. island (Fyn)

5= INDO-EUROPEAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 41352-AAA-cif sjællandsk-S. ⊕Sjælland-S. island (Storstrøm)52-AAA-cig lollandsk ⊕Lolland island (Storstrøm)52-AAA-cih falstersk ⊕Falster island (Storstrøm)52-AAA-cii mønsk ⊕Møn island (Storstrøm)52-AAA-cj bornholmsk ⊕Bornholm island Denmark (Bornholm)52-AAA-ck svenska-S. södersvenska, østdansk, sydsvenska mål, "swedish traditional"-S.,

"dano-swedish", "danish"-E.Sweden

52-AAA-cka skånska (Skåne)52-AAA-ckb halländska-S. söderhalländska (Halland-S.)52-AAA-ckc blekingska (Blekinge)52-AAA-ckd småländsk (Småland)52-AAA-cl � svenska-L. "pre-modern literary swedish", "old swedish" �from c.1200 Sweden52-AAA-cm ✍ hög-svenska högsvenska, riksspråk, "formal" svenska, "formal" svenskt, "formal

swedish" #=«high swedish»; riksspråk= «language of the kingdom»�Sweden; �Finland 7

52-AAA-cn tal-språk talspråk, "generalised swedish", including stockholmsk, "stockholmurban" #talspråk =«colloquial language» �with regional variations,influenced by traditional idioms

Sweden, Finland

52-AAA-co bohuslänska part of "swedish+ norwegian transition" �transition to generalised [52]Svenska (Swedish) & traditional Norsk-E. (East Norwegian)

(Bohuslän)

52-AAA-cp götamål "swedish traditional"-CS. �transition to generalised [52] Svensk(Swedish)

Sweden-CS.

52-AAA-cpa dalsländska (Dalsland)52-AAA-cpb göteborgska (Göteborg)52-AAA-cpc halländska-N. (Halland-N.)52-AAA-cpd västgötska (Västergötland)52-AAA-cpe småländska-N. (Småland-N.)52-AAA-cpf östgötska (Östergötland)52-AAA-cpg öländska (Öland)52-AAA-cq värmländska part of "swedish+ norwegian transition" �transition to generalised [52]

Talspråk (Swedish) & traditional Norsk-E. (East Norwegian)Sweden (Värmland)

52-AAA-cr sveamål "swedish traditional"-CN. �transition to generalised [52] Talspråk(Swedish)

Sweden CN.

52-AAA-cra hälsingemål (Hälsingland)52-AAA-crb västmanländska (Västmanland)52-AAA-crc uppländska (Uppland; Uppsala)52-AAA-cs dalmål darlanasvenska, part of "swedish+ norwegian transition" �transition to

generalised [52] Talspråk (Swedish) & traditional Norsk-E. (EastNorwegian)

Sweden (Dalarnas län)

52-AAA-ct svenska-E. östersvenska, finnlands-svenska, "swedish"-E. �transition togeneralised [52] Talspråk (Swedish) �bilingual in [41] Suomi (Finnish)and/or Eesti (Estonian)

Finland; Estonia

52-AAA-cta österbottniska Finland (Vasa; Vaasa)52-AAA-ctb åländska Finland (Åland Is.)52-AAA-ctc åboländska Finland (Åboland; Turku)52-AAA-ctd helsingforsiska Finland (Helsingfors; Helsinki)52-AAA-cte estländska "estonian swedish" Estonia (Dagö; Hiumaa island)52-AAA-cu jämtska part of "swedish+ norwegian transition" �transition to generalised [52]

Svenska (Swedish) & traditional [52] Trøndelags-norsk (Central NorthNorwegian)

Sweden (Jämtland)

52-AAA-cua härjedalska (Jämtland-S.)52-AAA-cub jämtska-N. (Jämtland-N.)52-AAA-cv norrländska norrlandssvenska, "swedish traditional"-N. �transition to generalised

[52] Svenska (Swedish)Sweden

52-AAA-cva medelpadska (Medelpad)52-AAA-cvb ångermanländska (Ångermanland)52-AAA-cvc västerbottniska (Västerbotten)52-AAA-cvd norrbottniska (Norrbotten)52-AAA-cw gotländska gotland "traditional" �transition to generalised [52] Svenska (Swedish)

⊕Gotland islandSweden (Gotland)


52-AB ENGLISH+ ANGLO-CREOLE chain

ANGLIC, romanised+ nordicised west-germanic �comprising parallelEnglish and Anglo-Creole nets, now reconverging �from 5th century:Runic, Futhark script; from 8th century: Latin script

52-ABA ENGLISH net wider english, wider anglo-saxon �influenced (esp. in northern GreatBritain) by [52] Nordic from 9th century, and massively by [51]Français from 11th century.�The English net is treated below as four outer-languages:[52-ABA-a] Scots-Northumbrian traditional English (evolved from OldNorthumbrian dialect of Old English from 11th/12th centuries, nowlargely submerged by Global English);[52-ABA-b] Anglo-English traditional English (in British Isles from11th/12th centuries, now largely submerged by Global-English); and[52-ABA-c] Global-English (from 17th/18th century, comprising allother non-creole forms of English).The English-based creoles (derived lexically from Anglo-English from17th/18th centuries and now reconverging towards Global English)are classified below within a separate [52-ABB] Anglo-Creole net.

52-ABA-a Scots+Northumbrian

northern british isles traditional english, northumbrian+ scotstraditional english ⊕north of line: Humber estuary to Morecambe Baycoast �largely submerged by Global English and British-Midland)

{United Kingdom} Scotland;England-N.; migration> Ireland;Canada; New Zealand ”

6

52-ABA-aa scots traditional scots, lowland scots, 'scottish', 'scotch', 'scoatch', obsoletescottis, scotis � submerged by Global-English (Scottish English)from 1603 onwards (Union of the Crowns of England and Scotland)

Scotland

52-ABA-aaa � scots-L. pre-modern literary scots, including older literary scots (from 12th

century)… revived literary scots (from 18th century)(�) Scotland

52-ABA-aab ✍ lallans lallan, recent literary scots, 'synthetic' scots, 'plastic' scots #lallans=�lowlandsÀ �developed as revived archaic medium by ScottishRenaissance writers from 1920's

Scotland

52-ABA-aac ✍ buchan-doric scots-NE. "literary" #"doric" in sense of �rustic language» �based onspoken Buchan

(Grampian)

52-ABA-aad shetlandic shetland scots, part of northern isles scots, island scots ⊕Shetlandislands �including variation from island to island, and within Mainlandisland �strong substratum influence from the now extinct [52] Norn

(Shetland)

52-ABA-aae orcadian orkney scots, part of northern isles scots ⊕Orkney islands �includingvariation from island to island �strong substratum influence from thenow extinct [52] Norn

(Orkney)

52-ABA-aaf caithness part of northeast scots ⊕Thurso… Wick… (Highland: Caithness)52-ABA-aag helmsdale part of northeast scots ⊕Helmsdale… (Highland: Sutherland-E.)52-ABA-aah black-isle part of northeast scots ⊕Black Isle peninsula (Highland: Ross & Cromarty-E.)52-ABA-aai nairn part of northeast scots (Highland: Nairn)52-ABA-aaj moray part of northeast scots ⊕Elgin… (Grampian: Moray)52-ABA-aak buchan part of northeast scots ⊕Buchan country (Grampian: Banff-N.; Aberdeen-N.)52-ABA-aal aberdonian part of northeast scots ⊕Aberdeen… Dee valley (Grampian: Aberdeen-S.;

Kincardine-N.)52-ABA-aam mounth transitional northeast+ central scots ⊕Mounth mountains… Braes of

Angus(Grampian: Kincardine-W.;Tayside: Angus-N.)

52-ABA-aan central-scots part of central+ southwest scots ⊕south of line: Clyde mouth… Eskmouth

(Tayside: Angus-S.… Perth-E.+S;Kinross; Grampian: Kincardine-S.;Fife; Central: Stirling;Clackmannan; Lothian; Borders)

52-ABA-aao glesca glaswegian, glasgow scots, clydeside scots, urban counterstreamscots, 'weegie', 'gutter scots' ⊕Clydeside, Glasgow… ¶Clydesideserves as focal point for Popular Urban Counterstream Scots incentral Scotland, cf. rôle of Sarfeast (Wider Cockney) in southeastEngland

(Strathclyde)

52-ABA-aap southwest-scots part of central+ southwest scots ⊕Kirkudbright… Wigtown (Dumfries+Galloway: Dumfries-W.)52-ABA-aaq border-scots scots-S. ⊕Teviotdale valley… Ettrick valley… Nithsdale+ Annandale

valleys… Solway Firth estuary north-bank(Borders: Roxburgh… Selkirk;Dumfries+Galloway: Dumfries-CE.)

52-ABA-aar donegal part of ulster scots, hiberno-scots, 'scotch-irish' ¶17th-18th centurymigration

migration> {Ireland} Ulster(Donegal-E.)

52-ABA-aas derry+ antrim part of ulster scots, hiberno-scots, 'scotch-irish' ¶17th-18th centurymigration

migration> {Ireland} Ulster (Derry-N.; Antrim-CN.)

52-ABA-aat county-down part of ulster scots, hiberno-scots, 'scotch-irish' ⊕Stangford lough¶17th-18th century migration

migration> {Ireland} Ulster (Down-NE.)

52-ABA-aau madeleine-scots ⊕La Madeleine islands ¶19th century migration migration> Canada (Québec)52-ABA-aav otago-scots southland scots ¶19th century migration; now extinct �submerged by

New Zealand EnglishNew Zealand / Aotearoa(Southland: Otago…)

0

5= INDO-EUROPEAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 41552-ABA-ab northumbrian north england traditional english ⊕Humber valley northward to

Scotland border �submerged by British Colloquial (British-Midland)England 5

52-ABA-aba northumberland northumberland rural traditional (Northumberland)52-ABA-abb geordie tyneside urban, part of northumbrian urban counterstream

⊕Newcastle/Tyne… Gateshead…(Tyne & Wear)

52-ABA-abc wearside wearside urban, part of northumbrian urban counterstream⊕Sunderland…

(Tyne & Wear)

52-ABA-abd tees-side tees-side urban, part of northumbrian urban counterstream⊕Middlesbrough–Stockton-on-Tees…

(Cleveland)

52-ABA-abe durham-county (Durham)52-ABA-abf swaledale+ wensleydale (North Yorkshire-W.)52-ABA-abg yorkshire-moors (North Yorkshire-E.)52-ABA-abh humberside-N. (Humberside-N.)52-ABA-abi lyne part of cumbrian traditional ⊕Lyne valley… (Cumbria: Cumberland-N.)52-ABA-abj carlisle part of cumbrian traditional ⊕Carlisle… Solway Firth estuary >S. (Cumbria: Cumberland-N.)52-ABA-abk vale-of-eden part of cumbrian traditional ⊕Vale of Eden valley: Penrith… Appleby… (Cumbria: (Cumberland-E.;

Westmorland-E.)52-ABA-abl lakeland-N. part of cumbrian traditional ⊕Lake district north, Keswick (Cumbria: Cumberland-C.)52-ABA-abm lakeland-S. part of cumbrian traditional ⊕Lake-S. district, Ambleside… Furness

country… Morecambe Bay… Camforth northward(Cumbria: old Lancashire-NW.;Westmorland-W.)

52-ABA-b Anglo-English southern british-isles traditional english (including old anglo-irish)#the term anglo-english is used here to distinguish the written andspoken idioms of localised traditional English (in England with parts ofWales and Ireland) which evolved from and submerged Old English⊕extension from England to South Wales from end 11th century andto Ireland from end 12th century �progressively submerged in itsturn by the less varied dialects of Global English (British Colloquial,Cambrian English and Hiberno-English)

England; Wales; Ireland… ” 5*

52-ABA-ba � transitional-english

pre-global english, including middle-english (12th to 14th centuries)…early-modern english, pre-standardised english, shakespeareanenglish (15th to early 17th centuries) �evolved from and submergedOld English by 11th/12th centuries, under influence of [52] Nordic and[51] Français, and evolved into Global English from 16th/17thcenturies, providing the foundations of modern Standard English (18thcentury onwards)

52-ABA-bb midlands-anglo-english

mercian english, british midlands traditional english �submerged byBritish Colloquial (British Midland) ⊕south of line: Morecambe Baycoast to Humber estuary; north of line: Wash coast to Severn middlevalley

England-C.; also Wales adjacent 5*

52-ABA-bba pennines-C. ⊕Ribble upper valley… Airedale valley (North Yorkshire-W.)52-ABA-bbb lancashire-N. ⊕Lancaster… (Lancashire-N.)52-ABA-bbc lancashire-C. ⊕Preston… Accrington… (Lancashire-CS.)52-ABA-bbd lancashire-S. ⊕Rochdale… (Greater Manchester, old

Lancashire-S.)52-ABA-bbe scouse liverpool urban counterstream, liverpudlian ⊕Merseyside: Liverpool...

Birkenhead(Lancashire-CS.)

52-ABA-bbf mancunian manchester urban, part of midlands-N. urban counterstream⊕Manchester…

(Greater Manchester)

52-ABA-bbg cheshire (Cheshire)52-ABA-bbh pennines-S. (Derbyshire-N.&-W.; Staffordshire

adjacent)52-ABA-bbi potteries ⊕Potteries country: Stoke-on-Trent… (Staffordshire-N.&-E.)52-ABA-bbj brummie birmingham urban, part of midlands-S. urban counterstream ⊕Severn

middle valley…(Cleveland)

52-ABA-bbk salop (Salop, Shropshire-N.&-W.)52-ABA-bbl severn+ avon ⊕Worcester… Stratford-on-Avon, between Severn & Avon rivers (Worcestershire-N.&-E.;

Warwickshire-N. &-W.)52-ABA-bbm rugby+ leicester ⊕Rugby… Leicester (Leicestershire; Warwickshire-W.)52-ABA-bbn lincolnshire-S. (Lincolnshire-C.&-S.)52-ABA-bbo lincolnshire-N. (Lincolnshire-N.)52-ABA-bbp derwent+ sherwood ⊕Derwent river… Sherwood forest (Derbyshire-E.; Nottinghamshire-

W.)52-ABA-bbq humber-basin (Humberside-S.; South Yorkshire;

West Yorkshire; North Yorkshire-S.&-W.)


52-ABA-bc southern-anglo-english

southern british isles traditional english �largely submerged byBritish Colloquial (British Southern) ⊕south and southwest of line:Wash-S. coast… Severn middle valley

England-S.; Wales-S. 5*

52-ABA-bca severn+ wye (Salop-S.&-W.; Worcestershire-S. &-W.; Herefordshire; Powys adjacent;Gwent-C.&-E.)

52-ABA-bcb gower gower traditional english ⊕Gower peninsula (Swansea)52-ABA-bcc pembrokeshire pembrokeshire-S. traditional english �close to extinction; distinct

from Cambrian-English; significant as first colonial extension of theEnglish language beyond England & Scotland, from end 11th century(along-side use of [51] Français as the language of the Anglo-Norman élite) ⊕"little England beyond Wales" country, south & eastof the Landsker linguistic divide, marked by northward line of Englishplace-names in Pembrokeshire: Newgale… Hayscastle… Wolf'sCastle… Ambleston… New Moat… Bletherston… RobestonWathen…Tavernspite

(Dyfed: Pembrokeshire-S.; alsoCarmarthenshire SW. adjacent)

52-ABA-bcd devon+ cornwall (Cornwall-E.; Devon; Somersetextreme west)

52-ABA-bce somerset+ dorset (Somerset; Dorset; also Devon-E.)52-ABA-bcf avon+ southampton (Avon; Gloucestershire-S.; Wiltshire;

Hampshire-W.)52-ABA-bcg wight ⊕Isle Of Wight island (Hampshire-S.)52-ABA-bch sussex (Hampshire-S.&-E.; West Sussex-

East Sussex)52-ABA-bci kent+ surrey-E. ¶virtually extinct (East Sussex-E.; Kent; Surrey-E.)52-ABA-bcj thames+ wey ¶virtually extinct ⊕Thames middle south-bank, Wey valleys (Berkshire; Wiltshire-E.; Hampshire-

N.&-E.; Surrey-W.)52-ABA-bck chilterns+ cotswolds ⊕Chiltern-S.… Thames middle & upper valley… Cotswold hills (Buckinghamshire-S.; Oxfordshire;

Gloucestershire-E.)52-ABA-bcl northamptonshire (Northamptonshire)52-ABA-bcm chilterns+ fens ⊕Chiltern Hills-N. hills… The Fens marshlands (Hertfordshire; Bedfordshire;

Cambridgeshire)52-ABA-bcn suffolk+ essex-N. (Suffolk; Essex-N.)52-ABA-bco norfolk (Norfolk)52-ABA-bcp cockney-traditional "broad" cockney, cockney "proper" �transition to Sarfeast, now

functioning as southern British urban counterstream English(London-E.)

52-ABA-bd � old-anglo-irish ¶introduced by English-speaking settlers following Anglo-Normaninvasion from late 12th century; almost extinct by end 16th century�submerged by [50] Gaeilge and from 17th cent. by New Anglo-Irish or Plantation English, introduced by a second wave of Englishsettlers or 'planters' ⊕The Pale country, Anglo-Norman and English-occupied eastern Ireland, centered on Dublin (Wexford… Dublin…Drogheda)

Ireland �

52-ABA-c Global-English modern english, linglish, in [51] Français: l'anglo-américain⊕progressive expansion from Great Britain, comprising: first English-speaking circumnavigation of globe in 16th cent.; permanentextension from 17th to Ireland (after decline of earlier Old Anglo-Irish), North America, the Caribbean and Africa, and from 18th toAsia and Australasia; televised globally from late 20th #theproposed form linglish, abbreviated from (globa)l english, has theadvantage of stressing this language's role as a global "linguafranca" rather than as the language of a specific country�treated as 23 inner-languages

{all continents} ” 9

52-ABA-ca ✍ standard-english formal english, modern literary english �as established from 18thcentury

�UK; �Ireland; �Canada; �USA;�Puerto Rico; �Belize; �Jamaica;�Bahamas; �Bermuda; �St.Lucia;�Grenada; �Trinidad & Tobago;�Guyana; �Barbados; �SaintHelena; �Tristan da Cunha;�Falkland Is.; �Gibraltar; �Malta;(�)Cyprus; Egypt; (�)Sudan;(�)Israel+ Palestine; (�)Jordan;(�)Iraq; (�)Kuwait; �Bahrain;(�)United Arab Emirates; (�)Yemen;�Gambia; �Sierra Leone; �Liberia;�Ghana; �Nigeria; �Cameroon;(�)Somalia; �Ethiopia; �Uganda;�Rwanda; �Kenya; �Tanzania;�Seychelles; �Mauritius; �Malawi;�Zambia; �Zimbabwe; �Botswana;�Namibia; �Lesotho; �Swaziland;�South Africa; �Australia; �NewZealand / Aotearoa; �Papua-NG.;�Solomon Is.; �Vanuatu; �Fiji;�Nauru; �Caroline Is.; �Kiribati;�Tuvalu; �Samoa; �Tonga;�Cook Is.; �Pitcairn Is.; �MarshallIs.;�India; �Pakistan NepalBhutan; �Bangladesh Sri Lanka;(�)Burma; (�)Malaysia;�Singapore; �China (Hong Kong)

5= INDO-EUROPEAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 41752-ABA-caa scottish-formal including morningside+ kelvinside accent �Edinburgh model Scotland52-ABA-cab central-british-formal north england+ midlands formal english England; Man52-ABA-cac southern-british-formal king's english, queen's english, b.b.c.-english, oxford-english, received

pronunciation, (abbreviated) r.p., southern england formal english, inCockney: tawkin-posh #b.b.c. =British Broadcasting Corporation¶Southeast England middle-class model, replacing former public-school model

England…

52-ABA-cad welsh-formal-english �influenced by [50] Cymraeg (Welsh) Wales52-ABA-cae irish-formal-english including ascendency accent… r.t.e. standard… received ulster

pronunciation #r.t.e. =Radio Telefis Eireann �influenced by [50]Gaeilge

Ireland, including Northern Ireland

52-ABA-caf canadian-formal �Ottawa model Canada52-ABA-cag general-american-formal american network-standard �American television newreaders' model USA52-ABA-cah southern-states-formal southern states formal english USA-SE.52-ABA-cai black-american-formal african-american formal english �Martin Luther King model USA52-ABA-caj anglo-caribbean-formal ex-british west indies formal english Jamaica…52-ABA-cak americo-caribbean-formal Puerto Rico…52-ABA-cal australian-formal Australia52-ABA-cam new-zealand-formal New Zealand / Aotearoa52-ABA-can bantu-formal-english black southern+ east-african formal english �Nelson Mandela model South Africa; Lesotho; Swaziland;

Namibia; Zimbabwe; Zambia;Malawi; Kenya; Uganda;Tanzania…

52-ABA-cao anglo-african-formal ex-british southern african formal english South Africa (Cape province;Natal; Witwatersrand) Zimbabwe…

52-ABA-cap afrikaner-formal-english afrikaans-bilingual formal english South Africa52-ABA-caq west-african-formal west-african formal english Cameroon; Nigeria; Ghana; Sierra

Leone; Gambia52-ABA-car south-asian-formal south-asian formal english India; Nepal; Pakistan;

Bangladesh; Sri Lanka; SouthAfrica…

52-ABA-cas east-asian-formal east-asian formal english Singapore; Hong Kong…52-ABA-cat oceanian-formal oceanian formal english Papua-New Guinea; Fiji…52-ABA-cb british-colloquial british generalised english �transition between Standard English and

the traditional Englishes of Great Britain (Northumbro-Scots and Anglo-English)

{United Kingdom: Great Britain}

52-ABA-cba scottish-english anglicised scots, scottish generalised english �having largelysubmerged and absorbed traditional Scots, while retaining somevariations corresponding to the traditional regional dialects of Scots;with influence (in Highlands and Hebrides) from [50] Gàidhlig (ScottishGaelic)

Scotland

52-ABA-cbb british-midland midland british generalised english �having largely submerged andabsorbed traditional Northern Anglo-English (Northumbrian &Cumbrian) and Midlands Anglo-English, while retaining some variationscorresponding to their traditional dialects ⊕north of line: Wash coast toSevern middle valley

England-C.; Wales-N.

52-ABA-cbc british-southern southern british generalised english �having largely submerged andabsorbed traditional Southern Anglo-English, while retaining somevariations corresponding to its traditional dialects ⊕south of line: Washcoast to Severn middle valley; plus Wales-S. coastal enclaves

England-S.; Wales-S.

52-ABA-cbd sarfeast wider cockney, estuary english, southern british urban counterstreamincluding generalised london cockney, london popular urban #sarfeast=«south-east» �transition between Cockney traditional and BritishSouthern Generalised

England-SE. 6

52-ABA-cc cambrian-english welsh colloquial english, 'anglo-welsh' colloquial �influence from [50]Cymraeg (Welsh)

Wales

52-ABA-cca northwalian-english �influence from Midland Anglo-English; transition to British Colloquial Wales-N.52-ABA-ccb southwalian-english including cardiffian �influence from Southern Anglo-English; transition

to British ColloquialWales-C. (Powys)

52-ABA-cd hiberno-english irish colloquial english, "wider" hiberno-english �influenced by [50]Gaeilge

Ireland, including Northern Ireland

52-ABA-cda new-anglo-irish irish traditional rural english, plantation-english, brogue �distinct from[52] Old Anglo-Irish (see above)

Ireland

52-ABA-cdb mid-ulster mid-ulster english, part of ulster traditional english, ulster-english�transition to [52] Ulster Scots

Ireland (Ulster), including NorthernIreland

52-ABA-cdc ulster-S. part of ulster traditional english, ulster-english (Ulster-S.; Leitrim-N.; Cavan-N.;Monaghan; Louth-N.)

52-ABA-cdd irish-english-G. generalised irish english, including irish-midlands Ireland52-ABA-cde belfast-urban ⊕Belfast Belfast52-ABA-cdf dublin-urban ⊕Dublin Dublin52-ABA-cdg gaelic-english "narrow" hiberno-english, including southwest irish english

�influenced by [50] Gaeilge ⊕in present-day Gaeltacht, and in areaswhich were bilingual in [50] Gaeilge before 1900

Ireland


52-ABA-ce canadian-traditional canada traditional+ extended traditional english �including the forms ofEnglish established and developed in Canada from the 17th century,and the subsequent westward extension of English to the Pacific coast�transition to Northamerican General

Canada

52-ABA-cea newfoundland newfoundland traditional english, 'newfie' ⊕Long Range peninsula…Newfoundland-S. coast… Avalon peninsula, St.John's…

Canada (Newfoundland; TerreNeuve)

52-ABA-ceb maritime maritime provinces traditional english Canada (New Brunswick, PrinceEdward Island, Nova Scotia)

52-ABA-cec ottowan ottawa-river traditional english ⊕Ottawa river �influence from Hiberno-English

(Ontario–Quebec frontier)

52-ABA-ced ontario-S. ⊕Windsor… Kingston, between Huron… Erie… Ontario lakes (Ontario-S.&-E.)52-ABA-cee ontario-W. (Ontario-C. &-W.)52-ABA-cef canadian-prairies (Manitoba; Saskatchewan; Alberta)52-ABA-ceg british-columbia (British Columbia)52-ABA-ceh canadian-arctic (Yukon; Northwest Territories;

Québec-N.)52-ABA-cei canadian-franco-english �bilingual in [51] Français Canada (New Brunswick; Prince

Edward Island; Nova Scotia;Québec; Ontario adjacent)

52-ABA-cf northern-states-traditional

northern united states traditional+ extended traditional english�including the forms of English established in New England from the17th century, and the subsequent westward extension of English fromNew England to the Pacific coast �transition to NorthamericanGeneral

USA-NE.+ westward migration

52-ABA-cfa new-england new england traditional english, yankee english, including bostonianenglish… martha's-vineyard english �transition to NorthamericanGeneral

USA (Maine; New Hampshire;Vermont-E.; Massachusetts;Rhode Island; Connecticut)

5

52-ABA-cfb newyorkese newyork urban counterstream, including brooklynese �transition toNorthamerican General; influences among component communitiesfrom [51] Napoletano-Siciliano, Italiano & Español (Puerto Rico), [52]Yiddish, etc. ⊕New York City & environs

USA (New York-S., New Jerseyadjacent)

6

52-ABA-cfc hudson-river ¶submerged traditional dialect ⊕Hudson river: Hudson towndownstream

USA (New York-E.)

52-ABA-cfd inland-northeast-american

USA (Vermont-W.; New Yorkupstate)

52-ABA-cfe north-central-american including detroit urban… chicago urban… minneapolis urban… USA (Ohio-N.; Michigan; Indiana-N.; Illinois-N.; Iowa; Wisconsin;Minnesota; North Dakota, SouthDakota)

52-ABA-cff northwest-american USA (Montana; Idaho; Oregon;Washington)

52-ABA-cg midland-states-traditional

midland united states traditional+ extended traditional english�including the forms of English established in the Middle AtlanticStates from the 17th century, and the subsequent westward extensionof English from the Middle Atlantic States to the Pacific coast;�transition to 52-Northamerican General

USA-E.+ westward migration

52-ABA-cga mid-coast american "middle atlantic" ⊕Delmarva peninsula… Delaware lower river…Susquehanna lower river

(New Jersey-S.; Pennsylvania-SE.;Delaware; Maryland)

52-ABA-cgb pennsylvanian-W. (Pennsylvania-W.)52-ABA-cgc central-midland-american including mid-west american (Ohio-S.; Indiana-S.; Illinois-S.;

Missouri; Nebraska; Kansas;Oklahoma; Texas-W.; NewMexico; Colorado; Utah; Wyoming)

52-ABA-cgd southwest-american (Arizona; Nevada; California)52-ABA-ch southern-states-

traditionalsouthern united states traditional+ extended traditional english,southern speech, 'dixie' english �including the forms of Englishestablished in the Southern States from the 17th century, and thesubsequent westward extension of English from the Southern States tothe Rio Grande �transition to [52] Northamerican General and Talkin-Black

USA-SE.+ westward migration 6

52-ABA-cha appalachian-N. 'hillbilly'-N. �transition to [52] Northamerican General ⊕Appalachian-N. mountains

(West Virginia; Virginia adjacent;Pennsylvania adjacent; Kentuckyadjacent)

52-ABA-chb appalachian-S. 'hillbilly'-S. �transition to [52] Northamerican General and Dixie⊕Appalachian-S. mountains

(Virginia-SW., North Carolina-W.,Kentucky; Tennessee; Alabamaextreme-N.; Georgia extreme-N.)

52-ABA-chc virginia-piedmont ⊕Piedmont country (Virginia)52-ABA-chd tidewater ⊕Tidewater coast (Virginia)52-ABA-che albemarle+ neuse ⊕Albemarle sound… Neuse valley (North Carolina-N.&-E.)52-ABA-chf wilmington ⊕Wilmington (North Carolina-S.&-E.)52-ABA-chg charleston ⊕Charleston (South Carolina-S.&-E.)52-ABA-chh georgia+ florida (Georgia-S.; Florida)52-ABA-chi gulf (Alabama; Mississippi; Louisiana;

Texas)

5= INDO-EUROPEAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 41952-ABA-ci talkin-black tawkin-blak, black-american english, afro-american, african-american

english, ebonics �influence from languages brought from Africa byforced immigrants, especially from within 9=Transafrican phylozone;transition to [52] Caribbean Anglo-Creole and Northamerican General#black is used here as a linguistic term, since patterns of linguisticsolidarity have been a response within communities exposed for morethan 3 centuries to major social discrimination based only on therelative pigmentation of the human skin (involving forced deportationfrom Africa; deprivement of freedom, personal name, language, cultureand all personal possessions; enslavement and forced labour in theAmericas; and frequent denial of basic human rights until moderntimes) ⊕including northward and westward migration within NorthAmerica during 19th and 20th cent. from rural to urban areas

USA; Canada 7

52-ABA-cia black-rural-SE. african-american-SE. rural �transition to [52] Dixie English52-ABA-cib black-urban-SE. ⊕Atlanta; Miami…52-ABA-cic black-urban-E. ⊕Washington; Baltimore…52-ABA-cid black-urban-NE. �transition to [52] Newyorkese ⊕New York+ Boston… (New York)52-ABA-cie black-urban-N. ⊕Chicago; Detroit… (Illinois…)52-ABA-cif black-urban-W. ⊕Los Angeles; San Francisco… (California…)52-ABA-cig black-canadian-urban ⊕Toronto… (Ontraio…)52-ABA-cih black-canadian-rural ⊕Amber valley… (Alberta)52-ABA-cj northamerican-

generalgeneral canadian english+ general american �transition betweenStandard English and the traditional Englishes of North America(Canadian; Northern States; Midland States; Southern States; andTalkin-Black)

Canada 7

52-ABA-cja canadian-general general canadian english, generalised canadian (Canada)52-ABA-cjb inland-american (Maine to Oregon)52-ABA-cjc midland-american (Pennsylvania to California)52-ABA-cjd southeast-american (Virginia to Texas)52-ABA-cje hawaian-american (Hawaii)52-ABA-ck hispanic-american-

englishspanglish Mexico; Puerto Rico; USA 7

52-ABA-cka mexican-american chicano english �bilingual in [51] Español Mexico; USA (California; Arizona;New Mexico; Texas…)

52-ABA-ckb puerto-rican-american �bilingual in [51] Español Puerto Rico; USA52-ABA-ckc cuban-american �bilingual in [51] Español Cuba; USA (Florida…)52-ABA-cl caribbean-english �transition to [52] Caribbean Anglo-Creoles 652-ABA-cla belizean-english ⊕Belize City… �absorbing [52] Belizean Creole Belize52-ABA-clb bay-islands-english �absorbing [52] Bay-islands Creole Honduras (Islas de la Bahia)52-ABA-clc nicaraguan-english �absorbing [52] Miskito-Coastal Creole Cayman Isles52-ABA-cld cayman-islands-english �absorbing [52] Cayman Creole Cayman Isles52-ABA-cle jamaican-english �absorbing [52] Jamaican Creole Jamaica52-ABA-clf british-jamaican-english �transition to [52] Cockney; absorbing [52] London-Jamaican Creole migration> England52-ABA-clg bahamian-english �absorbing [52] Bahamian-Creole Bahamas52-ABA-clh turks-&-caicos-english �absorbing [52] Turks and Caicos Creole Turks & Caicos52-ABA-cli british-virgin-islands-

english�absorbing [52] Virgin Islands Creole British Virgin Islands

52-ABA-clj american-virgin-islands-english

�absorbing [52] Virgin Islands Creole American Virgin Islands

52-ABA-clk leeward-english leeward islands english �absorbing [52] Leeward Anglo-Creole {Leeward Islands}52-ABA-cll dominican-english �influenced by [51] Dominiquais (Dominican Gallo-Creole) Dominica52-ABA-clm saint-lucian-english �influenced by [51] Saint-Lucien (Saint Lucian Gallo-Creole) Ste.Lucia52-ABA-cln saint-vincentian-english �absorbing [52] Vincentian Creole St.Vincent52-ABA-clo grenadan-english �absorbing [52] Grenadan Creole Grenada52-ABA-clp tobagonian-english �absorbing [52] Tobagonian Creole ⊕Tobago island Trinidad & Tobago52-ABA-clq trinidadian-english ⊕Trinidad island �influenced by [51] Trinidadien (Trinidadian Gallo-

Creole)Trinidad & Tobago

52-ABA-clr guyanese-english �transition to [52] Guyanese Anglo-Creole Guyana52-ABA-cls barbadian-english �having largely absorbed [52] Bajan ⊕Barbados island Barbados52-ABA-clt samaná-english samaná bay black-american, part of black-american émigré-english

⊕Samaná bayDominican Rep. 3

52-ABA-cm south-atlantic-english

{South Atlantic islands}

52-ABA-cma ascension-english ⊕Ascension island St.Helena (Ascension)52-ABA-cmb saint-helena-english 'yamstalk' ⊕St. Helena island St.Helena52-ABA-cmc tristan-da-cunha-english ⊕Tristan da Cunha island Tristan da Cunha52-ABA-cmd falklands-english ⊕Falkland islands Falkland Is.


52-ABA-cn mediterranean+west-asian-english(notional)

�a geographic grouping, with widespread influence from [12]'Arabiyya

Gibraltar… United Arab Emirates

52-ABA-cna gibraltarean-english �influenced by [51] Español Gibraltar52-ABA-cnb maltese-english �influenced by [12] 'Arabiyya (Maltiya) Malta52-ABA-cnc cypriot-english �influenced by [56] Helleniki and/or [41]Türkçe Cyprus52-ABA-cnd egyptian-english �influenced by [12] 'Arabiyya Egypt52-ABA-cne sudanese-english �influenced by [12] 'Arabiyya Sudan52-ABA-cnf israeli-english �influenced by [12] Ivrit Israel52-ABA-cng transjordanian-english including palestinian english… jordanian english �influenced by [12]

'ArabiyyaPalestine; Jordan

52-ABA-cnh gulf-english �influenced by [12] 'Arabiyya Iraq; Kuwait; Bahrain; United ArabEmirates; Oman

52-ABA-cni yemeni-english �influenced by [12] 'Arabiyya Yemen52-ABA-co west-african-english �transition to [52] West-Coast Anglo-Creole 752-ABA-coa gambian-english Gambia52-ABA-cob sierra-leonean-english Sierra Leone52-ABA-coc liberian-english �transition to [52] Americo-Liberian Liberia52-ABA-cod americo-liberian liberian settlers' english, part of black-american émigré-english;

americo-liberian, merico community ⊕Monrovia…Liberia … 6

52-ABA-coe ghanaian-english Ghana52-ABA-cof nigerian-english Nigeria52-ABA-cog cameroonian-english Cameroon52-ABA-cp east-african+ indian-

ocean-english(notional)

�a geographic grouping

52-ABA-cpa somali-english �influenced by [14] Somaali Somali52-ABA-cpb ethiopian-english �influenced by [12] Amarinya Ethiopia; Eritrea52-ABA-cpc ugandan-english �influenced by [99] Bantu Uganda52-ABA-cpd rwandan-english �influenced by [99] Bantu Rwanda52-ABA-cpe kenyan-english �influenced by [99] Bantu Kenya52-ABA-cpf tanzanian-english �influenced by [99] Bantu Tanzania52-ABA-cpg seychelles-franco-english �influenced by [51] Seselwa Seychelles52-ABA-cph mauritian-franco-english �influenced by [51] Morisyen; transition> [52] Mauritian-Asian-English Mauritius52-ABA-cq southern-african-

english�influenced by [99] Bantu languages

52-ABA-cqa malawian-english Malawi52-ABA-cqb zambian-english Zambia52-ABA-cqc zimbabwean-english Zimbabwe52-ABA-cqd botswanan-english Botswana52-ABA-cqe namibian-english Namibia52-ABA-cqf lesotho-english Lesotho52-ABA-cqg swaziland-english Swaziland52-ABA-cqh bantu-south-african-

englishSouth Africa

52-ABA-cqi coloured-south-african-english

South Africa; Namibia

52-ABA-cr euro-south-african-english

�transition to [52] Southern African English (Bantu-influenced) andSouth African Asian-English

South Africa…

52-ABA-cra anglo-african-english �transition to [52] British Colloquial (Cape; Kwazulu-Natal…)52-ABA-crb rhodesian-english settlers' rhodesian english �transition to [52] British Colloquial Zimbabwe (former Rhodesia);

Zambia; Malawi52-ABA-crc afrikaans-english �influenced by [52] Afrikaans South Africa; Namibia52-ABA-cs antipodean-english Australia; New Zealand / Aotearoa52-ABA-csa strine broad australian, australian english; including inner-sydney popular

urban, australian urban counterstream �influenced by [52] CockneyAustralia

52-ABA-csb australian-general general australian, generalised australian52-ABA-csc new-zealand-general general new zealand, generalised new zealand, including pakeha

english #pakeha in [39] Maori= «whiteman»New Zealand / Aotearoa

52-ABA-ct oceanian-english �transition to [52] Antipodean English & Oceanian Anglo-Creole52-ABA-cta black-australian-english 'aborigine' english Australia52-ABA-ctb maori-english New Zealand / Aotearoa52-ABA-ctc papua-new-guinea-

englishPapua-New Guinea

52-ABA-ctd solomon-islands-english Solomon Islands52-ABA-cte vanuatu-english new hebrides english Vanuatu52-ABA-ctf fiji-english Fiji52-ABA-ctg nauru-english Nauru

5= INDO-EUROPEAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 42152-ABA-cth kiribati-english gilbert islands english Kiribati52-ABA-cti tuvalu-english ellice islands english Tuvalu52-ABA-ctj samoa-english Samoa52-ABA-ctk tonga-english Tonga52-ABA-ctl cook-islands-english Cook Is.52-ABA-ctm pitcairn-islands-english Pitcairn Is.52-ABA-ctn marshall-islands-english Marshall Is.52-ABA-cu south-asian-english "wider" indian english, indo-english India; Nepal; Bhutan; Pakistan;

Bangladesh; Sri Lanka; migration>South Africa; Kenya; Uganda;England; Fiji…

52-ABA-cua indian-english-N. indo-aryan english �influenced by [59] Indo-Aryan India-N.&-C.; Bhutan52-ABA-cub indian-english-S. dravidian english �influenced by [46] Dravidian India-S.; Sri Lanka-N.52-ABA-cuc anglo-indian-english "chee-chee" english India52-ABA-cud pakistani-english Pakistan52-ABA-cue nepali-english Nepal52-ABA-cuf bangladeshi-english Bangladesh52-ABA-cug sri-lankan-english Sri Lanka52-ABA-cuh burgher-english euro-lankan english Sri Lanka52-ABA-cui babu-english 'boxwallah' english, 'butler' english, south-asian semi-creole vehicular India; Pakistan; Bangladesh; Sri

Lanka…52-ABA-cuj midlands-asian-english part of british indo-english migration> England52-ABA-cuk london-asian-english part of british indo-english migration> England (London)52-ABA-cul trinidadian-asian-english migration> Trinidad & Tobago52-ABA-cum guyanese-asian-english migration> Guyana52-ABA-cun gulf-states-asian-english migration> Bahrein; United Arab

Emirates; Oman; Yemen…52-ABA-cuo east-african-asian-

englishmigration> Kenya; Uganda

52-ABA-cup south-african-asian-english

migration> South Africa

52-ABA-cuq mauritian-asian-english migration> Mauritius52-ABA-cur fijian-asian-english migration> Fiji52-ABA-cv east-asian-english

(notional)�a geographic grouping

52-ABA-cva singaporean-english �influenced by [79] Han-yu (=wider Chinese) & [31] Malayu Singapore52-ABA-cvb singlish singapore semi-creole �influenced by [79] Han-yu & [31] Malayu Singapore52-ABA-cvc malaysian-english �influenced by [31] Malayu Malaysia, Brunei52-ABA-cvd hong-kong-english �influenced by [79] Yue-hai (=Cantonese) Hong Kong52-ABA-cve hong-kong-mix hong-kong mixed cantonese-english �transition to [79] Yue-hai

(=Cantonese)Hong Kong

52-ABA-cvf mainland-chinese-english chinglish �influenced by [79] Han-yu (=wider Chinese) China52-ABA-cvg korean-english �influenced by [45] Hankukmal (=Korean) South Korea52-ABA-cvh japanese-english japlish �influenced by [45] Nihon-go (=Japanese) Japan52-ABA-cvi philippine-english filipino-english �influenced by [31] Tagalog Philippines52-ABA-cw transnational-

english (notional)EFL, english as an alternate ('foreign') language �established as anotionial category for forms of English learned as a foreign language, incountries without an English-language tradition, and subdivided forreference purposes by continent

8

52-ABA-cwa alternate-english-europe {Europe}52-ABA-cwb alternate-english-asia {Asia}52-ABA-cwc alternate-english-africa {Africa}52-ABA-cwd alternate-english-latin-

america{Latin America}

52-ABA-cwe alternate-english-oceania {Oceania}52-ABB ANGLO-CREOLE net �comprising the wide range of English-based creoles and so-called

'pidgins', which evolved from 17th/18th century (in the context of theetholinguistic upheavals caused by slave-trading and colonisation) butmany of which are now reconverging in the direction of Global English#the postulated historical sequence of pidgin and creole, and thecontrasted use of these terms, is irrelevant to the classification ofestablished modern idioms; previous applications of 'pidgin' are treatedbelow as creole (with alias pijin). �Latin script (also Ndjuka script)

52-ABB-a Caribbean-Anglo-Creole

west-indian anglo-creole, part of atlantic anglo-creoles �transition to[52] Wes-Kos (West-Coast Anglo-Creole)

USA; {West Indies; CentralAmerica}; migration> England…”

6

52-ABB-aa gullah-creole 'geechee', 'geedgee', 'goolah', sea islands creole ⊕Sea Islands islandsand adjacent coast

USA-S. (Carolina; Georgia;Florida)

5

52-ABB-aaa south-carolina-creole ⊕South Carolina coast & islands (South Carolina)52-ABB-aab georgia-creole ⊕Georgia coast & islands (Georgia)52-ABB-aac florida-creole ⊕Florida eastern coast (Florida)


52-ABB-ab ghenna-creole USA (Louisiana; Texas)52-ABB-aba louisiana-ghenna (Louisiana)52-ABB-abb texas-ghenna (Texas)52-ABB-ac afro-seminole-creole USA (Oklahoma; Texas); Mexico

(Coahuila)52-ABB-aca oklahoma-afro-seminole (Oklahoma)52-ABB-acb texas-afro-seminole (Texas)52-ABB-acc mexico-afro-seminole (Coahuila)52-ABB-ad belizean-creole dafuha, dafwegilong, creola, belizean kriol Belize 552-ABB-ada belize-creole-urban52-ABB-adb belize-creole-vehicular52-ABB-ae bay-islands-creole weka, bay islands english, honduran creole ⊕Islas de la Bahia, Bay

islandsHonduras (Islas de la Bahia)

52-ABB-aea guanaja-creole ⊕Guanaja island Honduras (Islas de la Bahia)52-ABB-aeb roatán-creole ⊕Roatán island Honduras (Islas de la Bahia)52-ABB-aec utila-creole ⊕Utila island Honduras (Islas de la Bahia)52-ABB-aed calabash-bight-creole* Honduras52-ABB-af mískito-coastal-

creolenicaraguan creole, Miskito coast creole ⊕Miskito coast Nicaragua 4

52-ABB-afa bluefields-creole ⊕Bluefields… Nicaragua52-ABB-afb rama-cay-creole Nicaragua52-ABB-ag limón-coastal-creole costa rican creole, mekitelyu ⊕Limón… Costa Rica 452-ABB-ah san-andrés+

providencia-creolecolombian islands creole Colombia 4

52-ABB-aha san-andrés-creole ⊕San Andrés island Colombia52-ABB-ahb providencia-creole ⊕Providencia island Colombia52-ABB-ai colón-creole part of panamanian creole ⊕Colón… Panama 552-ABB-aj rio-abajo-creole part of panamanian creole ⊕Rio Abajo Panama 552-ABB-ak bocas-del-toro-creole part of panamanian creole ⊕Bocas del Toro Panama 552-ABB-al cayman-creole ⊕colonised from Jamaica c.1734 Cayman Is. 452-ABB-ala grand-cayman-creole ⊕Grand Cayman island Cayman Is.52-ABB-alb little-cayman-creole ⊕Little Cayman island Cayman Is.52-ABB-alc cayman-brac-creole ⊕Cayman Brac island Cayman Is.52-ABB-am jamaican-creole Jamaica 652-ABB-ama jamaican-W. ⊕Montego Bay… Jamaica52-ABB-amb jamaican-E. ⊕Kingston… Jamaica52-ABB-amc maroon-creole-W. Jamaica52-ABB-amd maroon-creole-E. ⊕Moore Town… Jamaica52-ABB-ame london-jamaican-creole ⊕London-S.… �influenced by [52] Sarfeast migration> England52-ABB-an bahamian-creole Bahamas 552-ABB-ana grand-bahama-creole ⊕Grand Bahama island Bahamas52-ABB-anb great-abaco-creole ⊕Great Abaco island Bahamas52-ABB-anc andros-creole ⊕Andros island Bahamas52-ABB-and new-providence-creole ⊕New Providence island: Nassau… Bahamas52-ABB-ane eleuthera-creole ⊕Eleuthera island Bahamas52-ABB-anf long-creole ⊕Long island Bahamas52-ABB-ang inagua-creole ⊕Inagua islands Bahamas52-ABB-ao turks+ caicos-creole ⊕Turks and Caicos islands Turks and Caicos 352-ABB-aoa caicos-creole Turks and Caicos52-ABB-aob turks-creole Turks and Caicos52-ABB-ap leeward-creole leeward-islands creole ⊕Leeward islands American Virgin Is.; Brit. Virgin Is. 452-ABB-apa saint-thomas-creole part of virgin-island creole ⊕Saint Thomas island: Charlotte Amelie American Virgin Is.52-ABB-apb saint-john-creole part of virgin-island creole ⊕Saint John island American Virgin Is.52-ABB-apc saint-croix-creole part of virgin-island creole ⊕Saint Croix island: Frederiksted…

ChristianstedAmerican Virgin Is.

52-ABB-apd tortola-creole part of virgin-island creole ⊕Tortola island: Road Town British Virgin Is.52-ABB-ape virgin-gorda-creole part of virgin-island creole ⊕Virgin Gorda island British Virgin Is.52-ABB-apf anguillan-creole ⊕Anguilla island Anguilla 352-ABB-apg saint-martin-creole sint-maarten creole ⊕Sint Maarten, St.Martin island Netherlands Antilles; St.Martin

(France)3

52-ABB-aph saba-creole ⊕Saba island: Windy Side Netherlands Antilles52-ABB-api sint-eustatius-creole ⊕Sint Eustatius island: Oranjestad Netherlands Antilles52-ABB-apj kittitian-creole ⊕Saint Christopher, Saint Kitts island: Basse-Terre52-ABB-apk nevis-creole ⊕Nevis island: Charlestown52-ABB-apl barbuda-creole ⊕Barbuda island: Dulcina… Codrington Antigua52-ABB-apm antigua-creole ⊕Antigua island: St. John's Antigua

5= INDO-EUROPEAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 42352-ABB-apn montserrat-creole black irish ⊕exodus to Antigua and elsewhere in 1990's, following

volcanic activityMontserrat; migration> Antigua;Guadeloupe

4

52-ABB-apo dominica-creole ⊕Dominica island �Leeward creole has spread to this island incompetition with the longer established [51] Antillais Gallo-Creole(Dominiquais)

Dominica

52-ABB-app saint-lucia-creole ⊕Saint-Lucia island �Leeward creole has spread to this island incompetition with the longer established [51] Antillais Gallo-Creole(Sainte-Lucien)

Saint-Lucia

52-ABB-aq vincentian-creole vincentian islands creole �transition between [52] Leeward (Kittitian &Antigua) & Bajan

Saint-Vincent & Grenadines 4

52-ABB-aqa saint-vincent-island-creole

⊕Saint Vincent island: Kingstown… Georgetown

52-ABB-aqb grenadines-creole ⊕Grenadines islands: Ashton… Bequia island Saint-Vincent & Grenadines52-ABB-ar bajan badian, bajun, barbadian island creole �largely submerged by [52]

Barbadian English ⊕Barbados islandBarbados

52-ABB-as grenadan-creole grenada island-creole ⊕Grenada… Carriacou islands �having largelysubmerged [52] Antillais (Grenadien)

Grenada 5

52-ABB-at tobagonian-creole tobago island creole ⊕Tobago island Trinidad & Tobago 552-ABB-au trinidadian trinidad island creole �influenced by [51] Trinidadien (Trinidadian

Gallo-Creole); submerged by [52] Trinidadian English ⊕Trinidad islandTrinidad & Tobago 0

52-ABB-av guyanese creolese, guianese+ caribbean transitional creole Guyana… 552-ABB-ava guyanese-urban52-ABB-avb guyanese-rural52-ABB-avc surinam-guyanese �influenced by [52] Sranan-tongo migration> Surinam52-ABB-avd rupununi Guyana52-ABB-aw sranan-tongo taki-taki, in [52] Nederlands: surinaams, in [52] English: surinamese

#tongo = «language»Surinam-N coast.; migration>Netherlands

5

52-ABB-ax saramacca-tongo lusitanised+ bantuised anglo-creole, part of saramaccan #tongo =«language» �influenced by [51] Portuguese and [99] Bantu languages

Surinam-C.; > (Paramaribo);migration> French Guiana

4

52-ABB-axa saramacca-river ⊕Saramacca river52-ABB-axb suriname-river ⊕Suriname upper river52-ABB-axc matawai matoewari, matawari ⊕Saramacca river Surinam-C.: 352-ABB-ay ndjuka aukaans, aucaans, djuka, djoeka ⊕Marowijne… Tapanahonij… Cottica

rivers �Ndjuka syllabic scriptSurinam-E.: 4

52-ABB-aya opo part of ndjuka proper52-ABB-ayb bilo part of ndjuka proper52-ABB-ayc kwinti ⊕Coppename upper river Surinam-C.:52-ABB-ayd aluku aloekoe, boni Surinam+ French Guiana frontier52-ABB-aye paramaccan Surinam52-ABB-b Wes-kos west-coast anglo-creole, west-african anglo-creole, wider krio, part of

atlantic anglo-creoles #wes-kos =«west-coast» �transition to [52]Caribbean Anglo-Creole ¶the relative homogeneity of this creolereflects the employment (19th and early 20th cent.) of Krio-speakersfrom Freetown in administrative and other posts along the West Africancoast, from the Gambia to Fernando Poo.

{Africa-W.} ” 7

52-ABB-ba aku gambian creole ¶spoken as a primary language by the Aku community,and to a limited extent as an alternate language by others ⊕Banjul

Gambia… 3

52-ABB-bb krio sierra leonean creole ¶spoken as a primary language by the Kriocommunity (Freetown Creole) and widely as an alternate language byspeakers of other languages in Sierra Leone

Sierra Leone; migration>Cameroon; Equatorial Guinea

6

52-ABB-bba freetown-creole krio community ⊕Freetown… Sierra Leone52-ABB-bbb sierra-leone-V. Sierra Leone52-ABB-bbc victoria-creole ⊕Victoria… migration> Cameroon52-ABB-bbd fernando-póo-creole ⊕Fernando Póo island migration> Equatorial Guinea52-ABB-bc kroo-english kru-english, liberian coastal creole Liberia coast52-ABB-bd liberian-inland-creole liberian interior english Liberia interior52-ABB-be ghanaian-creole 'ghanaian pijin', ghanaian anglo-creole Ghana52-ABB-bf enpi 'nigerian pijin', n.p., nigerian anglo-creole #the form enpi, from the

locally used abbreviation n.p. (=nigerian pijin) is preferable to themisleading term 'pidgin'

Nigeria 6

52-ABB-bfa 'rivers'-enpi rivers pijin �spoken since 18th cent. �influenced by [98] Efik…⊕Niger delta: Calabar… Port Harcourt…

Nigeria-S.

52-ABB-bfb enpi-'mid-west' ⊕Benin City… �influenced especially by [98] Edo Nigeria (Bendel)52-ABB-bfc enpi-W. ⊕Lagos… Ibadan… �influenced especially by [98] Yoruba… Nigeria-W.52-ABB-bfd enpi-N. ⊕Kano… Zaria… Jos… �influenced especially by [19] Hausa… Nigeria-N.52-ABB-bfe enpi-E. ⊕Enugu… Onitsha… �influenced especially by [98] Igbo… Nigeria-E.


52-ABB-bg kamtok cameroonian anglo-creole, cameroons pijin #kam-tok =«Cameroon-talk», a term recently used in the Cameroonian media, avoiding use ofthe unsatisfactory term pijin �influenced by [52] Enpi (Nigerian Anglo-Creole) from the west and by [51] Français from the east

Cameroon 6

52-ABB-bga kamtok-G. generalised cameroonian anglo-creole Cameroon-S.52-ABB-bgb kamtok-U. urban cameroonian creole, including yaoundé street-wise creole, in [51]

Français: pidjin maqueraux (=«pimps' pijin») ⊕YaoundéCameroon-S.

52-ABB-bgc grafi grassfields creole �influenced by [99] Bamileke (Ouest-N.)52-ABB-bgd limbe-krio ⊕Limbe, Victoria ¶also used in African Baptist Church in Cameroon (Sud-Ouest)52-ABB-c Oceanian-Anglo-

CreoleAustralia; {Pacific} Papua NewGuinea to USA (Hawaii)…

6

52-ABB-ca australian-creole australian kriol, black-fella talk Australia (Queensland; NorthernTerritories; W. Australia)

4

52-ABB-caa fitzroy-valley-creole ⊕Fitzroy River valley (Queensland-E.)52-ABB-cab barkly-creole barkly kriol ⊕Barkly Tableland plateau (Northern Terr.-E.; Queensland-W.)52-ABB-cac roper-river-creole roper-river kriol ⊕Roper River Mission… (Northern Territories-N.)52-ABB-cad bamyili-creole ⊕Katherine: Bamyili Aborigine Location (Northern Terrritories-N.)52-ABB-cae daly-river-creole daly river kriol ⊕Daly valley (Northern Terrritories-N.)52-ABB-caf neo-nyunga "neo"-nyungar, "post"-nyunga "creole" (West Australia-S.)52-ABB-cb torres-strait-creole 'broken' Australia (Queensland) 452-ABB-cba ap-ne-ap ⊕Torres Strait islands Australia (Queensland)52-ABB-cbb langgus-creole "post"-kala-lagau-langgus creole ⊕Torres Strait islands Australia (Queensland)52-ABB-cbc cape-york-creole ⊕Cape York-N. peninsula Australia (Queensland)52-ABB-cbd lockhart-creole ⊕Cape York-E. peninsula: Lockhart River Mission… Australia (Queensland)52-ABB-cc tok-pisin-creole tok-boi, papua-new guinea pijin, neo-melanesian, melanesian pijin �Papua New Guinea 652-ABB-cd solomonic-creole solomon pijin, neo-solomonic Solomon Islands 552-ABB-ce bislama beach-la-mar, bichlamar, bichelamar, gallicised anglo-creole, in [51]

Français: bêche-la-mer�Vanuatu; migration> NewCaledonia / Kanaky

5

52-ABB-d Pacific-Creoles*(notional)

�notional classification of several relatively disparate Anglo-creoles inthe Pacific area

China (Hong Kong); {vehicular usein Pacific Ocean}

2

52-ABB-da china-coast-creole hong-kong pijin, china-coast pijin, 'chinese pijin' �former Pacificvehicular ¶extinct by 1990's

formerly China (Hong Kong) 0

52-ABB-db nauruan-creole * nauru pijin carried from China coast> Nauru 252-ABB-dc hawaiian-creole da-kine, hawaii pijin, polynesian english USA (Hawaii) 552-ABB-dca hawai'i-island USA (Hawaii)52-ABB-dcb maui ⊕Maui island & adjacent islands USA (Hawaii)52-ABB-dcc oahu ⊕Oahu island, Honululu… USA (Hawaii)52-ABB-dcd kauai ⊕Kauai island USA (Hawaii)52-ABB-dd pitcairnese pitcairn+ norfolk creole, bounty mutineers' creole ¶community

established by HMS Bounty mutineers and Tahitian women in 1790Pitcairn island > Norfolk island 2

52-ABB-dda pitcairn-island-creole ⊕Pitcairn island Pitcairn island 152-ABB-ddb norfolk-island-creole ⊕deported in 1859> Norfolk island Norfolk island 252-AC FRYSK+ DEUTSCH

chainCONTINENTAL-WEST-GERMANIC, "frisian"+ "teutonic" �for theseparation of modern West Germanic languages into separateEnglish+ Anglo-Creole and Frysk+ Deutsch chains, see notes under[52] English+ Anglo-Creole above, and [52] Frysk+ Frask below #fornote on the term "teutonic" see [52] Deutsch+ Nederlands below

52-ACA FRYSK+ FRASCHnet

FRISIAN, in [51] Français: frison, in [52] Nederlands: fries, friesch, in[52] Deutsch: friesisch �historically, the Frisian languages were closerto Old English than to the forerunners of Dutch and German (OldSaxon and Old High German) �but the subsequent influence of Dutchand Low German on Frisian, and the nordicisation and romanisation ofEnglish, make it now more appropriate to classify Frisian with Deutsch+Nederlands rather than with English+ Anglo-Creole (see also noteunder 52=Germanic) �from 5th cent.: Runic script; Latin script

52-ACA-a � Frysk-L. "old frisian" present-day Netherlands; Germany52-ACA-aa � frysk-L. �preserved especially in 9th cent. legal texts (Lex Frisionum)52-ACA-b Frysk-W. westfrysk, "frisian"-W. �translingual in [52] Nederlands Netherlands (Fryslan; Friesland) 552-ACA-ba ✍ frysk-F. "modern literary" frysk, "standardised frisian"-W.52-ACA-bb land-frysk "rural mainland" frysk, in [52] Nederlands: land-fries �distinct from [52]

Nederlands (Stad-fries) #landfrysk =«rural Frisian»; contrast stadfries=«town frisian» ⊕Fryslân, Friesland country

Netherlands (Fryslan; Friesland)

52-ACA-bc terschelling-W. ⊕Terschelling-W. island Netherlands (Fryslan; Friesland)52-ACA-bd terschelling-E. ⊕Terschelling-E. island Netherlands (Fryslan; Friesland)52-ACA-be schiermonnikoog ⊕Schiermonnikoog island Netherlands (Fryslan; Friesland)52-ACA-c Frysk-E. seeltersk, "frisian"-E., in [52] Deutsch: ost-friesisch �translingual in

[52] Deutsch-N. & Deutsch-C. ¶submerged by [52] Sächisch-N. from15th century

Germany (Niedersachsen) 3

52-ACA-ca seeltersk seelter-frysk, in [52] Deutsch: seelter-friesisch ⊕Saterland country:Cloppenburg

Germany (Niedersachsen) 3

52-ACA-cb wangeroogsk ¶extinct c.1930 ⊕Wangerooge island Germany (Niedersachsen) 0

5= INDO-EUROPEAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 42552-ACA-d Frysk-NW. friisk-NW., "insular frisian"-NW., part of "frisian"-N., in [52] Deutsch:

nord-friesisch �translingual in [52] Deutsch-N. & Deutsch-C.Germany (Schleswig-Holstein-Nord-Friesland)

3

52-ACA-da sölring salreng, söl'ring ⊕Sylt island Germany (Schleswig-Holstein-Nord-Friesland)

3

52-ACA-db öömrang+ fering in [52] Deutsch: amringisch+ föhringisch ⊕Amrum+ Föhr islands Germany (Schleswig-Holstein-Nord-Friesland)

52-ACA-dba öömrang ⊕Oomram, Amrum island Germany (Schleswig-Holstein-Nord-Friesland)

52-ACA-dbb oldsum-fering in [52] Deutsch: west-föhringisch, part of fering, ferring ⊕Feer, Föhrisland: Oldsum…

Germany (Schleswig-Holstein-Nord-Friesland)

52-ACA-dbc oevenum-fering in [52] Deutsch: ost-föhringisch, part of fering, ferring ⊕Feer, Föhrisland Oevenum…


52-ACA-dbd borgsum-fering in [52] Deutsch: süd-föhringisch, part of fering, ferring ⊕Feer, Föhrisland Borgsum…


52-ACA-dbe helgoland in [52] Deutsch: helgoländisch ⊕Helgoland island Germany (Schleswig-Holstein-Nord-Friesland)

52-ACA-e Frasch friisk-NE., "mainland frisian"-NE., part of "frisian"-N., in [52] Deutsch:nord-friesisch �influenced by [52] Deutsch-N. and [52] Dansk�translingual in [52] Deutsch-N. & Deutsch-C.

Germany (Schleswig-Holstein:-Nord-Friesland)

3

52-ACA-ea wieding+ mooring ⊕Wieding+ Böking… Mooring, Moring, Moringa… Germany (Schleswig-Holstein-Nord-Friesland)

52-ACA-eaa wieding ⊕Wiedingharde country, Horsbüll… Germany (Schleswig-Holstein-Nord-Friesland)

52-ACA-eab böking ⊕Bökingharde country, Dagebüll… Germany (Schleswig-Holstein-Nord-Friesland)

52-ACA-eac mooring-W. westmoring, westmoringa ⊕Niebüll… Germany (Schleswig-Holstein-Nord-Friesland)

52-ACA-ead mooring-E. ostmoring, ostmoringa ⊕Lindholm… Germany (Schleswig-Holstein-Nord-Friesland)

52-ACA-eae karrharde ⊕Karharde country Germany (Schleswig-Holstein-Nord-Friesland)

52-ACA-eaf oland part of hallig-friesisch ⊕Halligen islands: Langeness island Germany (Schleswig-Holstein-Nord-Friesland)

52-ACA-eag langeness part of hallig-friesisch ⊕Halligen islands: Oland island Germany (Schleswig-Holstein-Nord-Friesland)

52-ACA-eah gröde part of hallig-friesisch ⊕Halligen islands: Gröde island Germany (Schleswig-Holstein-Nord-Friesland)

52-ACA-eai goesharde-N. ⊕Goesharde country: Langenhorn… Germany (Schleswig-Holstein-Nord-Friesland)

52-ACA-eaj goesharde-C. ⊕Goesharde country: Drelsdorf… Germany (Schleswig-Holstein-Nord-Friesland)

52-ACA-eak goesharde-S. ⊕Goesharde country: Hattstedt… Germany (Schleswig-Holstein-Nord-Friesland)

52-ACA-eb pellworm+nordstrand


52-ACA-eba pellworm ⊕Pellworm island Germany (Schleswig-Holstein-Nord-Friesland)

52-ACA-ebb nordstrand ⊕Nordstrand island Germany (Schleswig-Holstein-Nord-Friesland)

52-ACB DEUTSCH+NEDERLANDS net

GERMAN+ DUTCH, deutsch+ "dutch", 'teutonic' �The modern spokenand recorded idioms of this net are classified below within the followingouter-languages: [52-ACB-a] Nederlands+ Vlaams for traditional andstandardised idioms of Dutch, spoken or recorded in the LowCountries; [52-ACB-b] Afrikaans+ Creool for semi-creolised andcreolised idioms of Dutch spoken by communities outside Europe; [52-ACB-c] Deutsch-N. (Norddeutsch) for traditional and standardisedidioms of 'Low' German (in the geographic sense, excluding Dutch);[52-ACB-d] Deutsch-C. (Mitteldeutsch) for traditional and standardisedidioms of Central German (including New 'High' German in the culturalsense); [52-ACB-e] Deutsch-S. (Süddeutsch+ Österreichisch) fortraditional non-Swiss idioms of 'Upper' German (in the geographicsense, including the medieval literary language known as Middle 'High'German, in both the geographic and cultural sense); [52-ACB-f]Schwytzertütsch for the distinctive southwestern idioms of UpperGerman spoken in the Swiss cantons and adjacent areas; [52-ACB-g]Yiddish for the Hebraicised idioms of German; [52-ACB-h]Auswanderungsdeutsch for idioms of German developed andmaintained by a diaspora of émigré communities throughout the world;and finally [52-ACB-i] Yenish (Rotwelsch or German cant).�There has been, and continues to be, widespread transition andinfluence among individual idioms of Deutsch+ Nederlands (bothamong and within the voices of individual speakers), but with apredominanting influence from the principal standardised idioms, [52]Hochdeutsch-F. and [52] Algemeen-Nederlands. #the term 'teutonic'(cognate with deutsch and dutch, and no longer used as a synonym ofGermanic as a whole) would provide an appropriate single name forthis net, but may still retain some unacceptable cultural overtones.�from c.750: Latin script


52-ACB-a Nederlands+ Vlaams "Wider" Dutch, "netherlandic", "wider" nederlands, "wider"nederlandsch, nederfrankisch, "wider dutch", "lower franconian", in [51]Français: néerlandique, bas-francique, in [52] Deutsch: niederländisch,niederfränkisch �from 12th cent.: Latin script

Netherlands; Belgium; France;Germany; Netherlands WestIndies; Surinam; South Africa;Namibia… ”

7

52-ACB-aa � nederlands-L. "pre-modern literary netherlandic" �including middelnederlands fromlate 12th to 16th centuries

52-ACB-ab ✍ algemeen-nederlands

"netherlandic proper", "modern" nederlands+ vlaams, "dutch+ flemish","formal & generalised dutch", in [51] Français: hollandais au sens large#algemeen-nederlands =«general Dutch» �from 17th cent.

�Netherlands; �Belgium;�Surinam; �Netherlands WestIndies; (�)South Africa;(�)Indonesia

7

52-ACB-aba nederlands-F. algemeen-beschaafd-nederlands (= ABN), nederlandse standaardtaal,"standard dutch", "formal dutch" #algemeen-beschaafd(-nederlands)=«general cultivated Dutch»; standaardtaal =«standard language»

52-ACB-abb nederlands-G. nederlandse omgangstaal, "generalised dutch" �with national andregional variations #omgangstaal =«colloquial language»

Netherlands; Belgium; Surinam;Netherlands West Indies;Indonesia

52-ACB-ac hollands "traditional hollandish", in [51] Français: hollandais proprement dit Netherlands (Zuid-Holland; Noord-Holland)

6

52-ACB-aca rotterdams ⊕Rotterdam (Zuid-Holland)52-ACB-acb haegsch haags ⊕Den Haag (Zuid-Holland)52-ACB-acc leids ⊕Leiden (Zuid-Holland)52-ACB-acd amsterdams ⊕Amsterdam (Noord-Holland)52-ACB-ace haarlems ⊕Haarlem (Noord-Holland)52-ACB-acf kennemerlands noord-holland "central coastal" (Noord-Holland)52-ACB-acg zaans ⊕Zaandam… (Noord-Holland)52-ACB-ach waterlands ⊕Volendam… (Noord-Holland)52-ACB-aci westfries+ noordhollands ⊕Alkmaar… (Noord-Holland-N.)52-ACB-ad vries-hollands fries-hollands, "frisian dutch" �influenced by [52] Frisian (Friesland)52-ACB-ada bildts ⊕Oude+ Niuewe Bidtdijk (Friesland)52-ACB-adb stad-fries stadfries, stedsk #stadfries =«town frisian»; distinct from [52] Land-

Frysk {landfries) =«rural frisian» ⊕Leeuwarden… Franeker…Harlingen… Dokkum… Bolsward… Sneek

(Friesland)

52-ACB-adc midslands ⊕Terschelling island centre: Midsland (Friesland)52-ACB-add amelands ⊕Ameland island (Friesland)52-ACB-ae utrechts+

alblasserwaardslek "traditional" ⊕Lek river-plain Netherlands (Utrecht; Zuid-

Holland-SE.)6

52-ACB-aea utrechts-U. utrecht "urban" (Utrecht town)52-ACB-aeb utrechts-rural ⊕Lek right-bank (Utrecht)52-ACB-aec alblasserwaards ⊕Lek left-bank (Zuid-Holland-S.&-E.)52-ACB-af zeeuws+ westhoeks "zeelandish" Netherlands (Zeeland; Zuid-

Holland & Noord-Brabant adjacent)6

52-ACB-afa westhoeks (Noord-Brabant-W.)52-ACB-afb overflakkees ⊕Overflakkee island (Zuid-Holland-S.&-W.)52-ACB-afc schouwens+ duivelands ⊕Schouwen+ Duiveland island (Zeeland)52-ACB-afd tholens ⊕Tholen island (Zeeland)52-ACB-afe walcherens+ bevelands ⊕Walcheren+ Beveland islands (Zeeland)52-ACB-ag westvlaemsch flemish-W., west-vlaemsch, west-vlaamsch, west-vlaams, "flemish"-

W., in [51] Français: ouest-flamandBelgium (-W.-Vlaanderen);Netherlands (Zeeland); France-N.

5

52-ACB-aga zeeuws-vlaams ⊕Zeeuws-Vlaanderen country (Zeeland-S.)52-ACB-agb brugs in [51] Français: brugeois ⊕Brugge; Bruges… (West Vlaanderen-N.&-E.)52-ACB-agc oostendsch ⊕Ostende; Oostende… (West Vlaanderen-N.&-W.)52-ACB-agd duinkerksch dunkerquois ⊕Dunkerque, Duinkerk… (Nord-N.)52-ACB-age westhoeksch westhoeks 2 ⊕Hazebrouck… Steenvoorde… (Nord-C.)52-ACB-agf iepersch ⊕Ypres, Ieper… (West Vlaanderen-S.&-W.)52-ACB-agg roeselarsch ⊕Roulers, Roeselare (West Vlaanderen-C.)52-ACB-agh kortrijksch ⊕Courtrai, Kortrijk… (West Vlaanderen-S.&-E.)52-ACB-ah oostvlaandersch flemish-E., oost-vlaandersch, oost-vlaams, "flemish"-E.,

in [51] Français: est-flamandBelgium (Oost-Vlaanderen) 5

52-ACB-aha ronse ⊕Ronse, Renaix… (Oost-Vlaanderen-S.)52-ACB-ahb maldegemsch ⊕Maldegem… (Oost-Vlaanderen-N.&-W.)52-ACB-ahc gentsch gantois ⊕Gand, Gent… (Oost-Vlaanderen-C.)52-ACB-ahd sint-niklaas ⊕Sint-Niklaas… (Oost-Vlaanderen-N.&-E.)52-ACB-ahe alost ⊕Alost; Aalst… (Oost-Vlaanderen-E.)52-ACB-ai brussels "brussels franco-flemish urban", in [51] Français: bruxellois, franco-

flamand de Bruxelles, brabançon urbain francisé �influenced by [51]Français ⊕Brussel, Bruxelles

Belgium (Brussel, Bruxelles) 5

52-ACB-aj antwerps in [51] Français: anversois ⊕Antwerpen, Anvers Belgium (Antwerpen, Anvers) 5

5= INDO-EUROPEAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 42752-ACB-ak brabants brabants+ noord-limburgs, brabançon Belgium (Antwerpen; Brabant;

Brussel; Bruxelles; Limburg);Netherlands (Noord-Brabant;Noord-Limburg)

5

52-ACB-aka asse ⊕Asse… (Brabant-N.&-W.)52-ACB-akb brabants-C. ⊕Brussel environs (Brabant-C.)52-ACB-akc vilvoorde ⊕Vilvoorde… (Brabant-N.)52-ACB-akd hagelands ⊕Hageland… (Brabant-N.&-E.)52-ACB-ake mechelens ⊕Mechelen, Malines… (Antwerpen-S.)52-ACB-akf herentals ⊕Herentals… (Antwerpen -C.&-S.)52-ACB-akg kempenlands in [51] Français: parlers de la Campine ⊕Eindhoven… Kempenland;

Campine country(Antwerpen-N.& -E.; Limburg-N.,-E.&-S.; Noord-Brabant-S.)

52-ACB-akh roosendaals ⊕Roosendaal… (Noord-Brabant-S.&-W.)52-ACB-aki breda+ tilburg- ⊕Breda… Tilburg (Noord-Brabant-C.)52-ACB-akj 's-hertogenbosch ⊕'s-Hertogenbosch (Noord-Brabant-N.)52-ACB-akk peels ⊕Peel country (Noord-Brabant-E.; Noord-

Limburg-N.)52-ACB-akl genneps ⊕Genep… (Noord-Limburg-N.)52-ACB-al westplatt limburgesch+ bergisch, in [52] Deutsch: limburgisch+ bergisch,

südrheinmaas-fränkisch, in [52] Nederlands: zuidrijnmaasfrankisch,part of platdutsch, including limburgs, in [52] French: rhéno-mosan-méridional, including limbourgeois #Westplatt is proposed here as anew designation for this hitherto awkwardly named language�transition between [52] Nederlands and [52] Deutsch-N.&-C.

Belgium (Limburg; Liege);Netherlands (Noord-Limburg);Germany (Nordrhein-Westfalen)

5

52-ACB-ala limburgesch-W. west-limburgesch ⊕Sint-Truiden; St.Trond… Hasselt… Kempenland-E.… Weert

(Limburg-S.&-W.); (Noord-Limburgadjacent)

52-ACB-alb limburgesch-C. centraal-limburgesch ⊕Tongeren, Tongres… Maaseik… Panningen>S. (Limburg-E.); (Noord-Limburgadjacent)

52-ACB-alc limburgesch-S. zuud-limburgesch, in [51] Français: limbourgeois-sud �transition to[52] Ripwarisch ⊕Sint-Maartens-Voeren… Hombourg… Hergenrath…Epen

(Limburg-S.&-E.; Liège-N.&-E.);(Noord-Limburg-S.&-E.)

52-ACB-ald limburgesch-E. oost-limburgesch, in [51] Français: limbourgeois-est ⊕Hertogs-Voeren… Valkenburg… Sittard… Roermond… Heinsberg…Wassenberg… Viersen… Krefeld

(Limburg-S.&-E.; Liège); (Noord-Limburg-S.&-C.); (Nordrhein-Westfalen-W.)

52-ACB-ale bergisch "bergian" ⊕Düsseldorf–Solingen… (Nordrhein-Westfalen-W.)52-ACB-am zuidgeldersch zuid-geldersch, in [52] Deutsch: nordrheinmaas-fränkisch, in [52]

Nederlands: noordrijnmaasfrankisch, part of platdutsch, in [51]Français: gelderlandais-sud, rhéno-mosan-septentrional

Netherlands (Gelderland-S.);Germany (Nordrhein-Westfalen-W.)

5

52-ACB-ama waals ⊕Waal fluvial plain: including Herwijnen (Gelderland-S.)52-ACB-amb nijmegens ⊕Nijmegen… (Gelderland-S.)52-ACB-amc arnhems ⊕Arnhem… (Gelderland-S.)52-ACB-amd zevenaars ⊕Zevenaar… (Gelderland-S.)52-ACB-ame klevisch+ weselisch ⊕Kleve; Wesel… (Nordrhein-Westfalen-W.)52-ACB-an pella-dutch ¶spoken by descendants of immigrants from Netherlands to Iowa from

1847, retaining linguistic & social links with Zuidgeldersch (aroundHerwijnen) �bilingual in [52] English ⊕Marion-NE.+ Mahaska-NW.counties: Pella…

USA (Iowa) 2

52-ACB-b Afrikaans+ Creool "creolised and semi-creolised dutch" �Latin script South Africa; Namibia; VirginIslands; Guyana ”

6

52-ACB-ba afrikaans+ kaaps obsolete 'plat-hollands', kaaps-hollands, "cape-dutch" �a semi-creolised from of Dutch developed in the region of the Cape (of GoodHope) from 1652 ¶associated with the arrival of mainly Nederlands-speaking settlers, but evolving as the idiom of a new mixed community(the so-called 'Coloured' community, including individuals with mixedAfrican, European and/or Asian ancestry). Afrikaans-speaking settlersof European ancestry migrated further northeastwards (as far asTraansvaal) from the 1830's.

South Africa; Namibia 6

52-ACB-baa ✍ afrikaans-F. "literary" afrikaans, "standard" afrikaans ¶replaced [51] Nederlands in1925 as the co-official language of South Africa, with [52] English

�South Africa; (�)Namibia

52-ACB-bab kaaps "cape-dutch proper", cape-afrikaans South Africa (Cape-W.); Namibia-S.

6

52-ACB-bac afrikaans-C. "rural" afrikaans-C. South Africa (North-West; Orange-Free-State)

6

52-ACB-bad afrikaans-U. "urban" afrikaans ⊕Johannesburg… Pretoria South Africa (Gauteng) 652-ACB-bae afrikaans-NW. transvaal afrikaans South Africa (Eastern Transvaal;

Northern Province)6

52-ACB-baf namibia-afrikaans �influence from [52] Deutsch-C. Namibia52-ACB-bb oorlans "creolised" afrikaans �influenced by [99] Bantu South Africa52-ACB-bc negerhollands part of "creool, dutch-creole" ⊕St.Thomas island ¶in danger of

extinctionAmerican Virgin Islands 2

52-ACB-bd berbice part of "creool, dutch-creole" �influenced by [52] Guyanese Guyana 152-ACB-be skepi part of "creool, dutch-creole" ⊕Essequibo valley Guyana


52-ACB-c Deutsch-N. Low-German, nord-deutsch, niederdeutsch, plattdeutsch, "german"-N.,in [52] Nederlands: nederduits, in [51] Français: bas-allemand�transitional to [52] Nederlands & [52] Deutsch-C. �Latin script�translingual in [52] Deutsch-C. (Hochdeutsch-G.)

Germany-N.; also Netherlands;Denmark; Poland-N.; migration>Lithuania; Russia; Ukraine;Canada; USA; Mexico; {CentralAmerica}; {South America}; SouthAfrica ”

7

52-ACB-ca � mittel-niederdeutsch

mittel-niederdeutsche schriftsprache, "standard middle low german",hansesprache ¶used as an administrative and also literary idiom fromc.1200-1650, based on the confederation of cities in the HanseaticLeague �subsequently submerged by [52] Hochdeutsch-F. (HighGerman) as official standard language in North Germany ⊕Hamburg;Bremen; Lübeck… (with usage closest to Lübeck, cf.modernLübeckisch)

Germany-N., with usage extendingto other {North Sea & Baltic} ports

52-ACB-cb sächsisch-N. lower-saxon, nord-sächsisch, nord-niedersächsisch, sachsensprache,in [52] Nederlands: noord-nedersaksisch

Netherlands (Friesland; Groningen;Drente); Germany (Niedersachsen;Bremen; Hamburg; Schleswig-Holstein)

52-ACB-cba kollumerlands �translingual in [52] Nederlands ⊕Kollumerland country (Friesland–Groningen;)52-ACB-cbb gronings+ noorddrents gronings + noord-drents ⊕Groningen… Assen �translingual in [52]

Nederlands(Groningen; Drente-N.)

52-ACB-cbc groningisch-E. ost-groningsch ⊕Groningen eastwards (Niedersachsen)52-ACB-cbd ostfriesisch "post-frisian" �substratum influence from [52] Frysk-E. (East Frisian),

progressively replaced by Nordsächsisch from 15th cent.(Niedersachsen)

52-ACB-cbe jeverländisch ⊕Jeverland country (Niedersachsen)52-ACB-cbf emsländisch-N. nord-emsländisch ⊕Emsland-N. country (Niedersachsen)52-ACB-cbg oldenburgisch ⊕Oldenburg (Niedersachsen;)52-ACB-cbh bremerisch ⊕Bremen (Bremen)52-ACB-cbi diepholzisch ⊕Diepholz (Niedersachsen)52-ACB-cbj hannoversch-N. nord-hannoversch, lüneburgisch ⊕Lüneburg… (Niedersachsen)52-ACB-cbk hamburgisch hamburg "urban" ⊕Hamburg (Hamburg)52-ACB-cbl missingsch hamburg "mixed urban" �influenced by [52] Hochdeutsch-G.

⊕Hamburg(Hamburg)

52-ACB-cbm dithmarsch ⊕Heide… Marne (Schleswig-Holstein-W.)52-ACB-cbn eiderstedtisch ⊕Eiderstedt country (Schleswig-Holstein-W.)52-ACB-cbo plattdänisch �influenced by [52] Jysk & Dansk (Schleswig-Holstein-N. frontier)52-ACB-cbp anglisch ⊕Angeln country: Kappeln… #through its extension to Great Britain,

with the establishment of the Angles in what came to be known asEngland in the 1st millennium, this local and formerly ethnic name isnow also associated with the most widely spoken language in theworld.

(Schleswig-Holstein-N.&-E.)

52-ACB-cbq schleswigsch ⊕Schleswig52-ACB-cbr kielsch ⊕Kiel52-ACB-cbs holsteinisch ⊕Holstein country: Oldenburg-in-Holstein… Neustadt-in-Holstein (Schleswig-Holstein-SW.)52-ACB-cbt lübeckisch ⊕Lübeck52-ACB-cc mecklenburgisch+

pommersch"mecklenburg-pommeranian" Germany (Mecklenburg-

Westpommern; Niedersachsen)52-ACB-cca wendländisch ⊕Wendland country: Jeetze lower river (Niedersachsen-E.)52-ACB-ccb mecklenburgisch ⊕Ludwigslust… Schwerin… Rostock… Müritz lake (Mecklenburg-Westpommern)52-ACB-ccc westpommersch neuvorpommersch ⊕Rügen island… Stralsund… Greifswald…

Usedom island(Mecklenburg-Westpommern)

52-ACB-ccd strelitzisch ⊕former Mecklenburg-Strelitz territory: Neustrelitz northeastwards52-ACB-cd ijssels ijsselländisch, part of "ijssels+ westphalian", ijsselländisch+ westfälisch Netherlands (Gelderland;

Overijssel; Drente; Friesland);Germany (Nordrhein-Westfalen;Niedersachsen)

52-ACB-cda graafschaps+ twents ⊕Doetinchem… Enschede… Vreden… Bocholt(Gelderland-E.; Overijssel-E.;Nordrheinland-Westfalen adjacent)

52-ACB-cdb veluws ⊕Veluwe country (Gelderland-W.)52-ACB-cdc twents ⊕Zwolle (Overijssel)52-ACB-cdd stellingwerfs (Drente-W.; Friesland-S.)52-ACB-cde zuiddrents zuid-drents ⊕Hoogeveen (Drente-S.)52-ACB-cdf middendrents midden-drents ⊕Assen… Emmen (Drente)52-ACB-cdg emsländisch-S. ⊕Meppen… Rheine (Niedersachsen-W.;

Nordrheinland-Westfalen border)52-ACB-ce westfälisch westphalian, part of "ijssels+ westphalian traditional", ijsselländisch+

westfälisch �in an area (together with Ostfälisch) of complexphonological and morphological transition, within which the delimitationof traditional idioms is to some extent arbitrary ⊕idioms are listed inanti-clockwise sequence

52-ACB-cea osnabrückisch ⊕Osnabrück (Niedersachsen)52-ACB-ceb münsterländisch münsterländer platt ⊕Münsterland country (Nordrheinland-Westfalen-N.)52-ACB-cec märkisch+ sauerländisch part of "wider westphalian", westfälisch ⊕Dortmund… Sauerland-W.

country (Olpe)(Nordrheinland-Westfalen)

5= INDO-EUROPEAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 42952-ACB-ced engrisch-W. west-engrisch, "west-engrian" ⊕Soester Börde country… Winterberg

hills(Nordrheinland-Westfalen)

52-ACB-cee waldecksch ⊕Waldeck northwestwards (Hessen; Nordrheinland-Westfalenborder)

52-ACB-cef paderbornisch ⊕Paderborn (Nordrheinland-Westfalen)52-ACB-ceg rietbergisch ⊕Rietberg (Nordrheinland-Westfalen)52-ACB-ceh strombergisch ⊕Stromberg (Nordrheinland-Westfalen)52-ACB-cei ravensbergisch ⊕Bielefeld (Nordrheinland-Westfalen)52-ACB-cf ostfälisch "wider" eastphalian, including ost-engrisch, "engrian"-E. �in an area

(together with Westfälisch) of complex phonological and morphologicaltransition, within which the delimitation of traditional idioms is to someextent arbitrary ¶idioms are listed in anti-clockwise sequence

(Nordrheinland-Westfalen;Niedersachsen-SE.; Hessen-N.)

52-ACB-cfa mindisch ⊕Minden (Nordrheinland-Westfalen)52-ACB-cfb lippisch ⊕Lippe valley �transitional to Westfälisch (Nordrheinland-Westfalen)52-ACB-cfc göttingisch+ sollingsch ⊕Göttingen… Solling country (Niedersachsen)52-ACB-cfd ostfälisch-C. ⊕Hildesheim… Goslar (Niedersachsen)52-ACB-cfe elbostfälisch ⊕Braunschweig… Halberstadt… Bode valley �transition to

Brandenburgisch; also influenced by Deutsch-C. (Magdeburgisch)(Niedersachsen; Sachsen-Anhalt)

52-ACB-cff papenteichisch ⊕Aller+ Oker confluence (Niedersachsen)52-ACB-cfg hannoversch-S. calenbergisch ⊕Bückeburg… Hannover (Niedersachsen)52-ACB-cfh hamelnsch ⊕Hameln (Niedersachsen)52-ACB-cg mark-

brandenburgisch"brandenburgish", märkisch �influenced by [52] Sächsisch-N., andnow largely overlaid and submerged by [52] Deutsch-C. (Berlin-Brandenburgisch) ⊕idioms are listed in clockwise sequence #the termmark-brandenburgisch is introduced to clarify the distinction betweenthe traditional Brandenburg idioms and berlin-brandenburgisch

(Sachsen-Anhalt-E.; Brandenburg;Mecklenburg-Westpommern);Poland

52-ACB-cga altmärkisch part of brandenburgisch-N. ⊕Altmark country: Salzwedel… Stendal…Genthin

(Sachsen-Anhalt)

52-ACB-cgb prignitzisch-W. west-prignitzisch, part of brandenburgisch-N. ⊕Prignitz country:Lenzen… Wittstock

(Brandenburg)

52-ACB-cgc prignitzisch-E. ost-prignitzisch, part of brandenburgisch-N. ⊕Prignitz country:Löwenberg… Templin

(Brandenburg)

52-ACB-cgd westmittelpommersch west-mittel-pommersch, "pommeranian"-CW., uckermärkisch⊕Uckermark country: Prenzlau… Uckermünde

(Brandenburg; Mecklenburg-Westpommern)

52-ACB-cge ostmittelpommersch ost-mittel-pommersch, "pommeranian"-CE. ⊕Oder lower valley:Szczecin, Stettin… Szczeciński, Stargard ¶most speakers dispersedwestwards in or after 1945

Poland (Szczecińskie, ex-Pommern)

52-ACB-cgf neumärkisch ⊕Schwedt… Gorzów-Wielkapolski, Landsberg ¶most speakers east ofOder dispersed westwards in or after 1945

Germany (Mecklenburg-Westpommern); Poland(Szczecińskie; Zielonogórskie / ex-Pommern; Brandenburg-E.)

52-ACB-cgg barnimsch part of brandenburgisch-C. ⊕east of Berlin: Müncheberg… Oder river (Brandenburg)52-ACB-cgh brandenburgisch-S. ⊕Berlin>S.& SE.: Frankfurt-a.d.Oder… Fürstenwalde… Luckau (Brandenburg)52-ACB-cgi flämingisch part of brandenburgisch-C. ⊕Berlin>S.& SW., including Fläming hills:

Jüterbog… Wittenberg… Zerbst(Brandenburg; Sachsen-Anhaltborder)

52-ACB-cgj havelländisch part of brandenburgisch-C. ⊕Berlin>W.: Havelland country (Brandenburg)52-ACB-ch hinterpommersch+

westpreussisch"pommeranian-E.+ prussian-W." ¶most speakers dispersed westwardsin or after 1945

Poland (Szczecińskie;Zielonogórskie; Koszalińskie;Poznańskie; Bydgoskie; Gdańskie/ ex-Pommern; Westpreussen; alsoBrandenburg)

52-ACB-cha hinterpommersch-W. including netzetal-pommersch ⊕Kołobrzeg, Kolberg… Notec, Netzevalley

(Poznańskie; Koszalińskie;Szczecińskie; Zielonogórskie)

52-ACB-chb bublitzisch ⊕Bobolice, Bublitz �dialectal enclave (Koszalińskie)52-ACB-chc hinterpommersch-E. ⊕Słupsk, Stolp… Szczecinek, Neustettin (Koszalińskie; Gdańskie adjacent)52-ACB-chd pomerellisch pommerellisch ⊕Pomorze, Pomerellen, Pommerellen country:

Chojnice, Konitz… Kościerzyna, Berent(Bydgoskie; Gdańskie; alsoKoszalińskie)

52-ACB-che westpreussisch "west-prussian", including werdesch… weichsel ⊕Gdynia, Gdingen…Gdańsk, Danzig… Wisła, Weichsel, Vistula lower valley… Bydgoszcz,Bromberg… Toruń, Thorn

(Gdańskie; Bydgoskie)

52-ACB-ci ostpreussisch "east-prussian" ¶most speakers dispersed westwards in or after 1945 Poland (Olsztynskie); Russia(Kaliningrad); Lithuania / ex-Ostpreussen

52-ACB-cia natangisch ⊕Braniewo, Braunsberg… Kętrzyn, Rastenburg Poland (Olsztynskie)52-ACB-cib samländisch ⊕Kaliningrad, Königsberg Russia (Kaliningrad)52-ACB-cic litauisch-deutsch ⊕Sovetsk, Tilsit Russia (Kaliningrad); Lithuania

adjacent


52-ACB-d Deutsch-C. Middle-German, mitteldeutsch, "german"-C. �including traditionalCentral or Middle German dialects, the Berlin-Brandenburg "urbancounterstream", and modern standard German (Hochdeutsch)�transitional to [52] Deutsch-N. and [52] Deutsch-S. �Latin script

Germany (Nordrhein-Westfalen;Rheinland-Pfalz; Saarland; Baden-Württemberg); Belgium (Liège);Luxembourg (Belge), Luxemburg;France (Alsace; Lorraine); CzechRep.; Poland; {Baltic States};Belorus; Russia; Ukraine; Slovakia;Moldavia; Romania; Kazakhstan;Kirgizstan; Tajikistan; Israel; USA;Canada; {South America}; Namibia;South Africa; Australia ”

8

52-ACB-da ripwarisch ripuarian, ripuarisch, ripuarisch-fränkisch, mittel-fränkisch, kölsch, in[51] Français: francique central, francique ripuarien

Germany (Nordrhein-Westfalen;Rheinland-Pfalz); Belgium (Liège)

52-ACB-daa stadt-kölsch ⊕Köln, Cologne town (Nordrhein-Westfalen)52-ACB-dab land-kölsch ⊕Köln, Cologne rural environs (Nordrhein-Westfalen;)52-ACB-dac ahrländisch ⊕Ahr valley (Rheinland-Pfalz; Kreis Koblenz)52-ACB-dad aachenisch ⊕Aachen, Aix-La-Chapelle… (Nordrhein-Westfalen)52-ACB-dae büllingisch ⊕Büllingen; Bullange… (Liège)52-ACB-db letzebürgesch luxembourgeois, lëtzeburgesch, luxemburgisch, luxembourgish,

"luxemburgish", luxemburg-mosel-fränkisch, in [51] Français: franciquemosellan francisé �bilingual in [51] Français

Luxemburg; Belgium(Luxembourg); France (Lorraine)

5

52-ACB-dba ✍ letzebürgesch-F. "literary luxemburgish", "standardised luxemburgish" �Luxemburg52-ACB-dbb öslingisch ⊕Ösling country Luxemburg-N.52-ACB-dbc gutländisch ⊕Gutland country (Luxemburg-S.)52-ACB-dbd sankt-vithisch ⊕Saint-Vith… country Belgium (Luxembourg52-ACB-dbe arelisch ⊕Arelerland country: Arlon Belgium (Luxembourg);52-ACB-dbf lothringisch-N. ⊕Thionville (Lorraine; Moselle, ex-Lothringen

1871-1918 & 1940-45)52-ACB-dc moselfränkisch moselle-franconian, deutsch-moselfränkisch, in [51] Français:

francique mosellan centralGermany (Rheinland-Pfalz-N.;Nordrhein-Westfalen-SE.;Saarland-W.)

52-ACB-dca trierisch ⊕Trier; Trèves… (Rheinland-Pfalz52-ACB-dcb eifelisch ⊕Eifel massif (Rheinland-Pfalz)52-ACB-dcc untermosellanisch ⊕Moselle lower valley (Rheinland-Pfalz)52-ACB-dcd west-westerwäldisch ⊕Westerwald-W. forest (Rheinland-Pfalz)52-ACB-dce siegerländisch ⊕Siegerland country (Nordrhein-Westfalen-SE.)52-ACB-dd lothringisch lothringer-platt, "lorrainian", part of süd-rheinfränkisch, in [51] Français:

francique de Lorraine, lorrain francique, part of francique rhénan du sud�bilingual in [51] Français

France (Lorraine; Moselle, ex-Lothringen 1871-1918; 1940-45);Alsace Bas-Rhin (ex-Elsass 1871-1918; 1940-45)

5

52-ACB-dda niedisch ⊕Nied valley (Moselle)52-ACB-ddb obersaarländisch ⊕Saar upper valley: Saarebourg… Sarreguemines; Saargemünd (Moselle-E.; Bas-Rhin adjacent)52-ACB-ddc bitscherländisch ⊕Bitche, Bitscherland country (Moselle-NE.)52-ACB-ddd krummes-elsass ⊕Krummes Elsass, Alsace Bossue country… Petite Pierre (Alsace: Bas-Rhin-N.&-W.)52-ACB-de westpfälzisch west-pfälzisch, süd-hinterpfälzisch, "west-palatine traditional", part of

süd-rheinfränkisch, in [51] Français: part of francique rhénan du sudGermany (Rheinland-Pfalz;Saarland)

6

52-ACB-dea saarländisch sarrois ⊕Saarbrücken… (Saarland)52-ACB-deb westrichisch ⊕Westrich country (Saarland-E.)52-ACB-dec pfälzer-bergländisch ⊕Pfälzer-Bergland country (Rheinland-Pfalz)52-ACB-ded pfälzer-wäldisch nordwest-pfälzisch ⊕Pfälzer-Wald country (Rheinland-Pfalz)52-ACB-dee schwarzwälder-

hochwäldisch⊕Schwarzwälder- Hochwald country (Rheinland-Pfalz)

52-ACB-def idarwäldisch ⊕Idarwald country (Rheinland-Pfalz)52-ACB-deg hunsrückisch ⊕Hunsrück country (Rheinland-Pfalz)52-ACB-deh naheländisch ⊕Nahe valley (Rheinland-Pfalz)52-ACB-dei rheinhessisch ⊕Alzey… (Rheinland-Pfalz;52-ACB-df vorderpfälzisch ostpfälzisch, "palatine-E. traditional", part of süd-rheinfränkisch, in [51]

Français: part of francique rhénan du sudGermany (Rheinland-PfalzVorderpfalz); France (Alsace: Bas-Rhin; Elsässisches; Unterland)

6

52-ACB-dfa elsässisch-pfälzisch in [51] Français: palatin d'Alsace ⊕Wissembourg… Outre-Forêt…Elsässisches Unterland country

(Bas-Rhin-N.;)

52-ACB-dfb haardtgebirgisch ⊕Haardtgebirge country (Rheinland-Pfalz)52-ACB-dfc speyerisch-landauisch ⊕Landau; Speyer… Mittelrhein left-bank plain (Rheinland-Pfalz)52-ACB-dfd ludwigshafnerisch ⊕Ludwigshafen… (Rheinland-Pfalz)52-ACB-dfe wörmserisch ⊕Worms town (Rheinland-Pfalz)52-ACB-dg nordbadisch mittelrheinische übergangssprache, "middle-rhine transitional", part of

süd-rheinfränkisch, in [51] Français: badois-N., part of francique rhénandu sud �transition to [52] German-S.

Germany (Baden-Württemberg-N.;Hessen adjacent)

52-ACB-dga karlsruhisch ⊕Karlsruhe… (Baden-Württemberg-N.)52-ACB-dgb kraichgäuisch ⊕Kraichgau country (Baden-Württemberg-N.)52-ACB-dgc mannemerisch mannheimerisch ⊕Mannheim; Mannem (Baden-Württemberg-N.;)

5= INDO-EUROPEAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 43152-ACB-dgd unterneckarländisch heidelbergisch ⊕Unter-Neckar lower valley: Heidelberg… (Baden-Württemberg-N.)52-ACB-dge odenwäldisch ⊕Odenwald country (Baden-Württemberg-N.; Hessen

adjacent)52-ACB-dh hessisch+

nassauischzentralhessisch+ südhessisch, "upper hessian", part of nord-rheinfränkisch, in [51] Français: hessois-C.&-S., part of franciquerhénan du nord

Germany (Hessen; Rheinland-Pfalz adjacent; Bayern-N.&-W.)

6

52-ACB-dha hessisch-S. südhessisch, "hessian"-S., in [51] Français: hessois-S. ⊕Neckar valley:Darmstadt…

(Hessen; Bayern-N.&-W.;)

52-ACB-dhb mainzerisch ⊕Mainz (Rheinland-Pfalz-E.)52-ACB-dhc taunusländisch-W. ⊕Wiesbaden… (Hessen; Taunus country-W.)52-ACB-dhd untermainländisch ⊕Unter-Main valley (Hessen)52-ACB-dhe frankfurterisch ⊕Frankfurt-Am-Main (Hessen)52-ACB-dhf wetterauisch ⊕Wetterau country (Hessen)52-ACB-dhg nassauisch ⊕Nassau country (Hessen)52-ACB-dhh westerwaldisch-E. ⊕Westerwald-E. country (Hessen)52-ACB-dhi oberhessisch ⊕Marburg… Giessen (Hessen)52-ACB-di niederhessisch nordrheinfränkisch, "lower hessian", part of nord-rheinfränkisch, in [51]

Français: bas-hessois, hessois-N.&-E., part of francique rhénan dunord

Germany (Hessen)

52-ACB-dia hessisch-N. ⊕Kassel-S.… (Hessen-N.)52-ACB-dib hessisch-E. ⊕Fulda… (Hessen-E.)52-ACB-dj ostfränkisch east-franconian, ost-fränkisch, in [51] Français: francique de l'est Germany (Bayern-N.&-W.; Baden-

Württemberg-N.; Hessen-E.;Thüringen-S.; Sachsen-S.)

6

52-ACB-dja grabfeldisch ⊕Grabfeld country (Bayern)52-ACB-djb hennebergisch ⊕Henneberg–Meiningen… (Thüringen)52-ACB-djc unterfränkisch ⊕Unterfranken country, Main middle valley (Bayern)52-ACB-djd taubergründisch ⊕Tauber lower valley (Bayern; Baden-Württemberg)52-ACB-dje hohenlohisch ⊕Schwäbisch-Hall… (Baden-Württemberg)52-ACB-djf ansbachisch ⊕Ansbach… (Bayern)52-ACB-djg oberfränkisch ⊕Oberfranken country: Bayreuth… (Bayern)52-ACB-djh bambergisch ⊕Unterfranken country: Bamberg… Kronach (Bayern)52-ACB-dji itzgründisch ⊕Itz valley… (Bayern)52-ACB-djj vogtländisch ⊕Plauen �part of transition to [52] Thüringisch+ Obersächsisch

(Meissnisch)(Sachsen); formerly Czech Rep.frontier (ex-Sudetenland)

52-ACB-djk vor-vogtländisch "pre"-vogtländisch �part of transition to Thüringisch+ Obersächsisch(Meissnisch) ⊕Glauchau

(Sachsen)

52-ACB-djl vor-erzgebirgisch "pre"-erzgebirgisch �part of transition to Thüringisch+ Obersächsisch(Meissnisch) ⊕Chemnitz

(Sachsen)

52-ACB-djm erzgebirgisch-W. �part of transition to Thüringisch+ Obersächsisch (Meissnisch)⊕Erzgebirge-W. mountains: Lössnitz… (formerly) Horní Blatná, Platten

(Sachsen); also Czech Rep.frontier (ex-Sudetenland)

52-ACB-djn erzgebirgisch-E. ⊕Erzgebirge-C. mountains �part of transition to Thüringisch+Obersächsisch (Meissnisch)

(Sachsen)

52-ACB-dk thüringisch+obersächsisch

thuringian+ upper-saxon Germany (Thüringen; Sachsen-Anhalt; Niedersachsen; Sachsen)

6

52-ACB-dka eichsfeldisch ⊕Eichsfeld country: Heiligenstadt (Thüringen)52-ACB-dkb thüringisch-N. nord-thüringisch ⊕Harz mountains… Unstrut upper valley (Thüringen: Sachsen-Anhalt;

Niedersachsen)52-ACB-dkc thüringisch-W. west-thüringisch ⊕Eisenach… Salzungen (Thüringen; )52-ACB-dkd thüringisch-C. zentral-thüringisch ⊕Thüringer Wald highlands… Erfurt… Unstrut

middle valley(Thüringen)

52-ACB-dke thüringisch-NE. nordost-thüringisch ⊕Bernburg… Unstrut lower valley (Thüringen; Niedersachsen)52-ACB-dkf ilm-thüringisch including obere schwarza ⊕Unstrut lower right-bank…Ilm valley

(Weimar)…Schwarza upper valley(Thüringen)

52-ACB-dkg thüringisch-E. ost-thüringisch ⊕Unstrut mouth… Pleisse valley (Thüringen; Sachsen)52-ACB-dkh thüringisch-SE. südost-thüringisch ⊕Thüringer Wald highlands…Pleisse source (Thüringen; Sachsen)52-ACB-dki osterländisch nord-obersächsisch, including nordost-osterländisch… südwest-

osterländisch, leipzigisch… südost-osterländisch… schraden �alinguistic crossroads, with internal variations from north to south andwest to east ⊕Halle… Leipzig… Bad Liebenwerda

(Sachsen; Sachsen-Anhalt;Brandenburg adjacent)

52-ACB-dkj anhaltisch including südmärkisch… elbe-elsterisch �transition to [52] Deutsch-N.(Mark-Brandenburgisch) ⊕Elbe+ Schwarze Elster valley: Saaleconfluence… Herzberg

(Sachsen-Anhalt; Sachsen border;Brandenburg border)


52-ACB-dkk meissnisch including nord-meissnisch… west-meissnisch… süd-meissnisch… ost-meissnisch, meissen+ dresden �a key area in the historicaldevelopment of formal and generalised German (see Hochdeutsch-F.and Hochdeutsch-G. below). �as settlers speaking northern, centraland southern idioms of German (see Deutsch-N., Deutsch-C., Deutsch-S.) converged in Saxony during the eastward colonisation of Slav-speaking areas, the Elbe valley around Meissen and Dresden becamea focal-point for the development of a compromise written and spokenform of the German language in the late Middle Ages. ⊕Mulde valley(Grimma… Lunzenau)… Elbe valley (Meissen… Dresden… Pirna)

(Sachsen)

52-ACB-dkl böhmisch-N. "bohemian german"-N. ⊕Erzgebirge-E. mountains: Chomutov,Komotau… Dĕčín, Tetschen ¶most speakers dispersed to Germany inor after 1945

Czech Rep. (Severočeský) 3*

52-ACB-dl ✍ hochdeutsch-F. high-german, "formal german", "standard german", gepflegteshochdeutsch (=«cultivated high german»), deutsche schriftsprache(=«german written language»), deutsche hochsprache (=«german highlanguage»), deutsche literatursprache (=«german literary language»),bühnendeutsch (=«stage german»), deutsche standardsprache(=«german standard language»); einheits-sprache (= «unitylanguage»), part of neu-hochdeutsch, "new high german" �thedevelopment of a compromise speech-form (Ausgleichssprache) basedon converging forms of German in Thüringen and Sachsen culminatedin the 14th cent. written language of the imperial chancellery in Prague,which was in turn consolidated in the written language of the Meissen,Dresden and other Saxon and Thüringian chancelleries, and of theuniversities of Leipzig and Wittenberg. The determining event for theestablishment of modern standard German was the publication ofLuther's translation of the Bible in the early 16th cent. To the "national"idioms listed below should be added the written idioms of Hochdeutsch(often archaic or influenced by other German or non-German idioms)which correspond to many of idioms of Auswanderungsdeutsch(Émigré German). Idioms are listed below for the countries whereGerman is currently an official language

�Germany; �Austria; formerlyalso (�) Austro-Hungarian Empire;Italy (�Südtirol; Alto-Adige);�Switzerland; �Liechtenstein;�Luxemburg; Belgium (�Liège-E.); formerly also France(�)Alsace; (�) Lorraine-N.)

7

52-ACB-dla bundesdeutsch+reichsdeutsch-F.

"formal german of Germany", including present-day bundesdeutsch,"federal german", "formal german of German Federal Republic"… andrecent d.d.r.-deutsch, "g.d.r. german"; "formal german of EastGermany", and preceded historically by n.s.-deutsch, "national-socialistgerman"… weimar-deutsch, "german of the weimar republic»…reichsdeutsch, "pre-1919 imperial german"

Germany

52-ACB-dlb wiener-hochdeutsch-F. "formal german of Austria", known immediately after 1945 asunterrichtssprache, preceded before 1919 by k.u.k.-deutsch, "austro-hungarian imperial german" #k.u.k. =kaiserlich und königlich =«imperialand royal"; unterrichtssprache =«teaching language» (as euphemism,to avoid use of deutsch) �influenced by [52] Deutsch-S.

Austria

52-ACB-dlc südtirolisch-F. "formal german of South Tirol" (since 1919) �influenced by [51]Italiano

Italy (Trentino–Alto-Adige)

52-ACB-dld grossratsdeutsch schweizerisches bundes-deutsch, "formal german of Switzerland andLiechtenstein" #grossrats-deutsch =«minister's german» �influencedby [52] Schwyzertütsch

Switzerland; Liechtenstein

52-ACB-dle belgisch+ luxemburgisch-F.

"formal german of Belgium & Luxemburg" �influenced by [51]Français

Belgium (Liège-E.); Luxemburg

52-ACB-dm hochdeutsch-G. "generalised" hochdeutsch, allgemein-deutsch, deutscheumgangssprache, part of neu-hochdeutsch, "new high german"#allgemein-deutsch =«general german»; deutsche umgangssprache=«german colloquial language»

Germany; Austria; Switzerland;Liechtenstein; Luxemburg;Belgium; France; Czech. Rep.;migration> Hungary; Romania;{Baltic states}; Russia; Ukraine;{Central Asian Republics};migration> USA; Canada; Chile;Bolivia; Brazil; Paraguay; Uruguay;Argentine; South Africa; Namibia;Australia…

52-ACB-dma bundesdeutsche-umgangsprache

binnendeutsche gemeinsprache, "federal republic colloquial highgerman"

Germany

52-ACB-dmb österreichische-umgangsprache

"austrian colloquial high german" Austria

52-ACB-dmc schweizerisches-hochdeutsch-G.

"swiss colloquial high german" Switzerland; Liechtenstein

52-ACB-dmd belgischisches-hochdeutsch-G.

"belgian colloquial high german" �bilingual in [51] Français Belgium (Liège-E.)

52-ACB-dme luxemburgisches-hochdeutsch-G.

"luxemburg colloquial high german" �bilingual in [51] Français Luxembourg

52-ACB-dmf elsass-lothringer-hochdeutsch-G.

"alsace-lorraine colloquial high german" �bilingual in [51] Français¶sharp decline in use since 1945

France

52-ACB-dmg norditalienisches-hochdeutsch-G.

"north-italian colloquial high german" �bilingual in [51] Italiano Italy (Trentino–Alto-Adige)

52-ACB-dmh böhmisches-hochdeutsch-G.

"bohemian colloquial high german" �bilingual in [53] Čeština (Czech)¶most speakers dispersed westwards in or after 1945

Czech Rep. (ex-Sudetenland)>expulsion to Germany in or after1945

52-ACB-dmi polnisches-hochdeutsch-G.

"polish colloquial high german" �bilingual in [53] Polski ¶mostspeakers dispersed westwards in or after 1945

Poland (ex-German territories)>expulsion to Germany in1945

5= INDO-EUROPEAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 43352-ACB-dmj rumänisches-

hochdeutsch-G."romanian colloquial high german" �bilingual in [51] Româneasca�influenced also by [41] Magyar ¶no ethnic clearance after 1945, butconsiderable emigration and assimilation

Romania

52-ACB-dmk mittelasiatisches-hochdeutsch-G.

former sowjetisches hochdeutsch, "central asian colloquial highgerman" �bilingual in [51] Russkiy ¶although most speakers ofGerman idioms in the European Soviet Union were dispersed in or after1945, there has been a limited survival of German-speakingcommunities in former-Soviet Asia, especially in Kazakhstan andSiberia (including the continued use of émigré idioms, see [52]Auswanderungsdeutsch)

Kazakhstan; Russia (Siberia…);Kyrghyzstan; Uzbekistan;Tajikistan

6*

52-ACB-dml südamerikanisches-hochdeutsch-G.

"south-american colloquial high german" � bilingual in [51] Españoland/or [51] Português �sometimes influenced by émigré idioms ofGerman still spoken in South America (Mennoniten-plaut, etc., see [52]Auswanderungsdeutsch)

Paraguay; Uruguay; Bolivia; Chile;Argentine; Brazil…

52-ACB-dmm südwester-deutsch "namibian colloquial high german" �translingual in [52] Afrikaans andbilingual in [52] English

Namibia

52-ACB-dmn gastarbeiter-deutsch abbreviated g.a.d. (=«migrant workers' german»), semi-creolised highgerman �bilingual in [44] Türkçe

Germany; Austria

52-ACB-dn berlin-brandenburgisch

"greater berlin urban counterstream" �including the northward spreadof Central German idioms to Berlin (and Magdeburg), which havesubsequently made wider inroads into the traditional area of NorthGerman (Deutsch-N., notably Mark-Brandenburgisch, see above).

Germany (Berlin; Brandenburg…)

52-ACB-dna berlinerisch ⊕Berlin & environs (Berlin)52-ACB-dnb magdeburgisch ⊕Magdeburg (Brandenburg)52-ACB-dnc neu-altmärkisch ⊕Altmark country (Sachsen-Anhalt)52-ACB-dnd neu-mecklenburgisch ⊕Uckermark country… Prenzlau (Brandenburg)52-ACB-do ostmitteldeutsch ost-mitteldeutsch, "german"-CE., including lausitzisch+ schlesisch

�bilingual (outside Germany) in [53] Čeština (Czech) and/or [53]Polski ¶most speakers (in areas outside present-day Germany)dispersed westwards in or after 1945

Poland (ex-Schlesien, Silesia; ex-Westpreussen, West Prussia…);Germany (Sachsen; Brandenburg);Czech Rep.; Slovakia

52-ACB-doa lausitzisch-W. "lausatian"-W. ⊕Bernsdorf… Bischofswerda Germany (Sachsen)52-ACB-dob neulausitzisch "new lausatian" ⊕Bautzen… Hoyerswerda… Weisswasser Germany (Sachsen)52-ACB-doc oberlausitzisch "upper lausatian" ⊕Neukirch… Zittau Germany (Sachsen); also Czech

Rep. (Severočeský)52-ACB-dod lausitzisch-E. "lausatian"-E. ⊕Niesky… Görlitz… Lubań, Lauban Germany (Sachsen); Poland

(Wrocławskie)52-ACB-doe niederlausitzisch "lower lausatian" ⊕Cottbus… Zary, Sorau… Sulechóv, Züllichau Germany (Sachsen); Poland

(Zielonogórskie)52-ACB-dof neiderländisch ⊕Odra, Oder valley: Zielona Góra, Grünberg… Wrocław, Breslau Poland (Zielonogórskie;

Wrocławskie)52-ACB-dog oberländisch ⊕Złotoryja, Goldberg… Nysa, Neisse Poland (Wrocławskie; Opolskie)52-ACB-doh riesengebirgisch ⊕Riesengebirge mountains: Liberec, Reichenberg… Broumov,

BraunauCzech Rep. (Severočeský,Východočeský)

52-ACB-doi glätzisch ⊕Kłodzko, Glatz Poland (Wrocławskie)52-ACB-doj schönhengstgau ⊕Schönhengstgau country, Schönhengst highlands: Lanškroun,

Landskron… Svitavy, Zwittau… Březová, Brüsau… Mohelnice, MüglitzCzech Rep. (Východočeský,Severomoravský)

52-ACB-dok iglauisch ⊕Jihlava, Iglau �convergence with [52] Donau-Österreichisch Czech Rep. (Jihormoravský)52-ACB-dol mährenschlesisch mähren-schlesisch, "moravian silesian", formerly österreichisch-

schlesisch (in former Austrian Silesia) ⊕Olomouc, Olmütz�convergence with [52] Donau-Österreichisch

Czech Rep. (Severomoravský)

52-ACB-dom oberschlesisch ober-schlesisch, "upper-silesian" ⊕Opole, Oppeln Poland (Opolskie…)52-ACB-don preussen-schlesisch ermländisch-E., "prussian silesian" Poland (Olsztynskie)52-ACB-e Deutsch-S. Upper-German (less Swiss German), süddeutsch+ österreichisch,

oberdeutsch "less" schwytzertütsch, "german"-S., in [51] Français:allemand méridional �translingual in [52] High German �from 8thcent.: Latin script #the spelling bayrisch is used below to cover"Bavarian" in the modern sense of Bavaria, whereas (mittel-)bairisch isused in the wider historical sense of "Bavarian", extending further south

Germany; Czech Rep.; France;Austria; Italy; Slovenia; Hungary;Russia; Ukraine; Moldavia;Romania; Kazakhstan; Kirgizstan;Tadjikistan… ”

7

52-ACB-ea bayrisch-N. bavarian-N., nord-bayrisch, oberpfälzisch, "bavarian"-N.; ¶mostspeakers in former Czechoslovakia dispersed or expelled in or after1945

Germany (Bayern-N.&-E.); CzechRep. (Západočeský, ex-Sudetenland)

6

52-ACB-eaa nürnbergisch �transition to [52] Deutsch-C. (Ostfränkisch) ⊕Nürnberg…Fürth…Pegnitz–Rednitz valleys

Bayern

52-ACB-eab fichtelgebirgisch ⊕Fichtelgebirge massif Bayern52-ACB-eac böhmisch-W. west-böhmisch, egerländisch, "bohemian-german-W." ⊕Aš, Asch…

Cheb, Eger… Železná Ruda, EisensteinCzech Rep. (Západočeský) 4

52-ACB-ead oberpfälzerwäldisch ⊕Oberpfälzerwald forest (Bayern)52-ACB-eae bayrischerwäldisch ⊕Bayrischerwald forest (Bayern)52-ACB-eaf oberpfälzisch "upper palatine" ⊕Oberpfalz country (Bayern)52-ACB-eb donau-bayrisch bavarian-C., donaubayrisch "traditional", "bavarian proper", "danube

bavarian", part of mittel-bairischGermany (Bayern-C.&-S.); Austriaadjacent; Czech Rep. adjacent

6

52-ACB-eba münchnerisch ⊕München (Bayern)52-ACB-ebb oberbayrisch "upper-bavarian" (Bayern: Oberbayern)52-ACB-ebc niederbayrisch "lower-bavarian" (Bayern: Niederbayern)52-ACB-ebd unterinnisch ⊕Inn lower river (Bayern)+ (Oberösterreich) frontier


52-ACB-ebe unterinntalisch ⊕Inn lower valley, Innsbruck:… Kufstein… (Tirol-N.&-E.)52-ACB-ebf nordsalzburgisch ⊕Flachgau country (Salzburg)52-ACB-ebg oberösterreichisch-W. (Oberösterreich-W.)52-ACB-ebh böhmerwäldisch ⊕Böhmerwald-S.&-W. forest: Gross-Falkenstein massif… Hochwald

massifCzech Rep. (Jihočeský)

52-ACB-ec donau-österreichisch

wienerisch+ unterösterreichisch "traditional", part of mittel-bairisch,donaubayrisch, "danubian german"

Austria (Oberösterreich;Niederösterreich; Wien); CzechRep. adjacent

6

52-ACB-eca weanerisch-F. wienerische 'herrensprache', schönbrunner deutsch, "bourgeoisviennese", part of wienerisch ⊕Wien, Vienna

52-ACB-ecb weanerisch-U. "popular urban viennese", part of wienerisch ⊕Wien, Vienna52-ACB-ecc weanerisch-G. wienerischer verkehrs-dialekt, "generalised viennese", part of

wienerisch ⊕Wien, Vienna…Austria-N.&-E.

52-ACB-ecd niederösterreichisch niederösterreichisch "rural" (Niederösterreich)52-ACB-ece oberösterreichisch-E. ⊕Linz…Wels towns; Enns… Steyr valleys (Oberösterreich)52-ACB-ecf salzkammergutisch ⊕Hallstatt (Oberösterreich+ Steiermark

border)52-ACB-ecg oberennstalisch ⊕Oberenns valley (Steiermark-N.&-W.;)52-ACB-ech burgenländisch-N. ⊕Neusiedler lake (Burgenland-N.)52-ACB-eci burgenländisch-S. ⊕Bad Tatzmannsdorf (Burgenland-S.)52-ACB-ecj heanzenisch heinzenisch; heanzen, heinzen community �migration from Central

Germany; substratum of Ostfränkisch(Steiermark-E.; Burgenland);Hungary

52-ACB-eck mährisch-deutsch iglauisch-S., "moravian german" �bilingual in [53] Czech�convergence with [52] Ostmitteldeutsch ⊕Jihlava… Iglau

Czech Rep.

52-ACB-ecl slovakisch-deutsch "slovakian german" �bilingual in [53] Czech Slovakia-W.52-ACB-ecm ungarisch-deutsch-NW. "hungarian german"-NW. �bilingual in [41] Magyar (Hungarian) Hungary-N.&-W.52-ACB-ecn ungarisch-deutsch-S. "hungarian german"-S. �bilingual in [41] Magyar (Hungarian) Hungary-S.52-ACB-ed steirisch styrian, steierisch Austria (Steiermark; Salzburg-

Kärnten adjacent); Slovenia6

52-ACB-eda mürztalisch part of obersteirisch ⊕Mürz valley (Steiermark-N.)52-ACB-edb murtalisch part of obersteirisch ⊕Mur valley: Bruck upstream (Steiermark-W.:;)52-ACB-edc lungauisch obermurtalisch ⊕Lungau country: Mur upper valley (Salzburg-S.&-E.)52-ACB-edd oberlavanttalisch ⊕Lavanttal upper valley (Kärnten-E.)52-ACB-ede untersteirisch "lower styrian" ⊕Deutschlandsberg… Fürstenfeld (Steiermark-S.&-E.)52-ACB-edf grazerisch ⊕Graz town (Steiermark)52-ACB-edg steirisch-S. "styrian"-S. ⊕Maribor; Marburg… Slovenia (ex-Südsteiermark)52-ACB-ee kärntnerisch carinthian, kärtnisch, kärtnerisch+ osttirolisch Austria (Kärnten; Osttirol); Italy

(Friuli–Venezia-Giulia)5

52-ACB-eea unterkärntnerisch "lower carinthian", ostkärtnerisch ⊕Lavanttal lower valley (Kärnten)52-ACB-eeb mittelkärtnerisch-SE. südkärtnerisch, "carinthian"-S. �influenced by [53] Slovenski

(Koroshko) ⊕Karawanken mountains: Jauntal… Rosental valleys(Kärnten)

52-ACB-eec mittelkärntnerisch-C. zentralmittelkärntnerisch, gemeinkärtnerisch, stadtkärtnerisch,"carinthian"-C. ⊕Klagenfurt+ Villach+ St.Veit triangle

(Kärnten)

52-ACB-eed mittelkärntnerisch-N. ⊕Krappfeld country; Gurktal… Metnitztal… Görtschitztal valleys (Kärnten)52-ACB-eee mittelkärntnerisch-W. kärntnerisch-CW. ⊕Unterdrautal… Maltatal… Liesertal valleys (Kärnten)52-ACB-eef untergailtalerisch part of kärtnerisch-SW. �influenced by [53] Slovenski (Koroshko)

⊕Untergailtal valley: Hermagor downstream… Kanaltal valley (Tarvisio,Tarvis)

Austria (Kärnten); Italy (Friuli–Venezia-Giulia, ex-Kärnten to1918);

52-ACB-eeg obergailtalerisch part of kärtnerisch-SW. ⊕Lesachtal… Obergailtal valleys: Hermagorupstream

(Kärnten)

52-ACB-eeh oberkärntnerisch "upper carinthian" ⊕Lurnfeld country; Oberdrautal valley: Greifenburgdownstream… Mölltal valley

(Kärnten)

52-ACB-eei ost-pustertalisch westkärntnerisch+ ost-tirolisch, "carinthian"-W.+ "tirolean"-E. ⊕Iseltal…Pustertal-E.… Oberdrautal valleys: Greifenburg upstream

(Kärnten; Osttirol)

52-ACB-ef karnisch carnian, part of "romanised bavarian" �bilingual in [51] Italiano & [51]Venetan or [51] Frioulan ⊕Karnische Alpen; Carnian Alps mountains¶migration from Carinthia (Kärnten) in 13th cent.

Italy (Veneto; Friuli–Venezia-Giulia)

3

52-ACB-efa karnisch-W. "carnian"-W. ⊕Belluno Bladen, Pladen; Sappada (Veneto) 352-ACB-efb karnisch-S. "carnian"-S. ⊕Zahre, Sauris (Friuli–Venezia-Giulia) 352-ACB-efc karnisch-E. "carnian"-E. ⊕Tischlwang, Timau (Friuli–Venezia-Giulia) 352-ACB-eg zimbrisch cimbrian, zimberisch, part of "romanised bavarian"; zimbern

community �bilingual in [51] Italiano & [51] Venetan or [51]Lombardo+ Emiliano ¶migration from Tirol & Upper Bavaria(Oberbayern) in 12th-16th cent.

Italy (Trentino–Alto-Adige: Trento;Veneto)

3

52-ACB-ega vicenza-zimbrisch siebengemeinden (=«seven communes»), in [51] Italiano: sette comuni¶migration from north in 12th cent. ⊕Vicenza Roana… Mezzaselva

Italy (Veneto) 2

52-ACB-egb verona-zimbrisch dreizehngemeinden (=«thirteen communes»), in [51] Italiano: tredicicomuni ¶migration from north in 13th cent. ⊕Monte Lessini mountains:Gliegen, Giazza

Italy (Veneto: Verona) 2

52-ACB-egc trento-zimbrisch ⊕Felsental… Lusern; Luserna ¶migration from north in 16th cent Italy (Trentino–Alto-Adige: Trento) 3

5= INDO-EUROPEAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 43552-ACB-eh südtirolisch tirolean-S., mòcheni, "romanised bavarian" �bilingual in [51] Italiano

& [51] Venetan or [51] Lombardo+ EmilianoItaly (Trentino–Alto-Adige:Bolzano)

5

52-ACB-eha pustertalisch-W. ⊕Pustertal-W., Pusteria… Ahrntal; Aurina valleys 452-ACB-ehb wipptalisch-S. obereisacktalisch ⊕Eisacktal, Isarco upper valley 452-ACB-ehc untereisacktalisch ⊕Brixen, Bressanone… Bozen, Bolzano… Eisacktal, Isarco lower

valley4

52-ACB-ehd überetsch+ unterländisch ⊕Etsch, Adige middle valley: Meran downstream… 452-ACB-ehe vintschgäuisch ⊕Vintschgau country: Etsch; Adige upper valley 452-ACB-ehf passiertalisch ⊕Passiertal, Passiria valley 452-ACB-ei tirolisch tirolean, in [51] Français: tyrolien Austria (Tirol); Italy (Trentino–Alto-

Adige-N.); Switzerland (Grisons;Graubünden adjacent)

5

52-ACB-eia mittel-inntalisch ⊕Inn middle valley: Innsbruck upstream… (Tirol)52-ACB-eib oberinntalisch ⊕Inn upper valley: Landeck upstream … (Tirol; Graubünden adjacent)52-ACB-eic oberlechtalisch ⊕Lech upper valley… (Tirol)52-ACB-eid rosannatalisch ⊕Rosanna valley… (Tirol)52-ACB-eie paznauntalisch ⊕Paznaun valley… (Tirol)52-ACB-eif pitztalisch ⊕Pitz valley… (Tirol)52-ACB-eig ötztalisch ⊕Ötz valley… (Tirol)52-ACB-eih wipptalisch-N. ⊕Sill valley… (Tirol)52-ACB-ej schwäbisch swabian, randalemannisch, "peripheral allemanic", in [51] Français:

souabe, alémanique périphériqueGermany (Baden-Württemberg;Bayern-W.)

6

52-ACB-eja schwäbisch-E. ⊕Augsburg westwards.… (Baden-Württemberg; Bayern-W.)52-ACB-ejb schwäbisch-C. ⊕Tübingen eastwards… (Baden-Württemberg)52-ACB-ejc stuttgartisch ⊕Stuttgart (Baden-Württemberg)52-ACB-ejd schwäbisch-NW. ⊕Enz valley (Baden-Württemberg)52-ACB-eje oberwestschwäbisch ⊕Freudenstadt eastwards… (Baden-Württemberg)52-ACB-ejf unterwestschwäbisch part of schwäbisch-alemannisch ⊕Schwenningen… Tuttlingen (Baden-Württemberg)52-ACB-ejg schwäbisch-S. part of schwäbisch-alemannisch �transition to [52] Schweizerish-NE.

⊕Ravensburg westwards.…(Baden-Württemberg

52-ACB-ek badisch mittelbadisch, "black-forest traditional", schwarzwäldisch, nordost-alemannisch, niederalemmanisch-E., in [51] Français: badois, bas-alémanique-E.

Germany (Baden-Württemberg-W.) 6

52-ACB-eka freiburgerisch ⊕Breisgau country (Freiburg…)52-ACB-ekb schwarzwald-C. (Schwarzwald-C.)52-ACB-ekc schwarzwald-N. (Schwarzwald-N.)52-ACB-el elsässer-ditsch alsatian, elsässerditsch, elsasser-ditsch, elsässisch, nordwest-

alemannisch, west-niederalemmanisch, "alsatian traditional", in [51]Français: alsacien, alémanique-NW., bas-alémanique-W. �bilingual in[51] Français

France (Alsace: Bas-Rhin; Haut-Rhin)

6

52-ACB-ela unterelsässisch in [51] Français: bas-alsacien (Bas-Rhin)52-ACB-elb strossburjer-ditsch in [51] Français: strasbourgeois ⊕Strasbourg town (Bas-Rhin)52-ACB-elc ober-elsässisch in [51] Français: haut-alsacien (Haut-Rhin)52-ACB-f Schwytzertütsch Swiss-German, schweizerdeutsch, schweizerisch, ober-alemannisch,

süd-alemannisch, in [51] Français: suisse-alémanique, suisse-allemand, haut-alémanique, alémanique du sud �translingual in [52]High-German �Latin script

Switzerland; France; Italy;Germany; Austria; Liechtenstein”

6

52-ACB-fa schwytzertütsch-G. schwyzertütsch, "swiss-german generalised vehicular" Switzerland52-ACB-faa schwyzertütsch-W. schwyzerdütsch, schwyzerdytsch, "swiss-german vehicular"-W. �Bâle

& Berne models, influenced by [51] Français ⊕to the west of theBrünig… Napf-Reuss line

Switzerland-W.

52-ACB-fab schwyzertütsch-E. "swiss-german vehicular"-E. �Zürich model ⊕to the east of theBrünig… Napf-Reuss line

Switzerland-E.

52-ACB-fb basel-dytsch part of "traditional swiss-german"-W., in [51] Français: bâlois�transition to [52] Alsatian; influenced by [51] Français

Switzerland (Basel-Stadt; Basel-Land; Aargau-N.&-W.; Solothurn);France (Alsace extreme-S.&-E.);Germany (Baden-Württemberg-S.&-W.)

5

52-ACB-fba basel-stadt "bâle urban" ⊕Basel, Bâle town (Basel-Stadt)52-ACB-fbb basel-land "bâle rural" ⊕Basel, Bâle environs (Basel-Land)52-ACB-fbc aargau-NW. ⊕Aare lower valley westwards (Aargau-N.&-W.)52-ACB-fbd solothurn ⊕Solothurn northwards (Solothurn, Soleure)52-ACB-fbe sundgau ⊕Sundgau country (Alsace: Haut-Rhin-S.&-E.)52-ACB-fbf breisgau-S. ⊕Breisgau-S. country (Baden-Württemberg)52-ACB-fbg hotzenwald ⊕Hotzenwald country (Baden-Württemberg)52-ACB-fc bärn-dütsch bärndütsch, "bernese", part of "traditional swiss-german"-W., in [51]

Français: bernois �influenced by [51] FrançaisSwitzerland (Bern; Fribourg) 6

52-ACB-fca berner-seeland ⊕Seeland country: Bieler See lake (Bern)52-ACB-fcb freiburg-N. ⊕Freiburg, Fribourg (Freiburg, Fribourg-N.)52-ACB-fcc bärndütsch "bernese urban" ⊕Bern, Berne town (Bern)


52-ACB-fcd emmentaler ⊕Emmental valley (Bern)52-ACB-fce berner-mittelland "bernese rural" ⊕Bern, Berne environs (Bern: Mittelland)52-ACB-fcf berner-oberland-W. ⊕West Oberland country; Simmen… Kander valleys (Bern)52-ACB-fcg berner-oberland-E. ⊕East Oberland country: Brienz… Meiringen (Bern)52-ACB-fd walserisch walserdeutsch, "valaisan german", "traditional swiss-german"-S.

�bilingual in [51] Italiano & [51] Gallo-ItalianSwitzerland (Valais; Ticino); Italy(Valle d'Aosta; Piemonte)

52-ACB-fda hochwalserisch "upper valaisan" (Valais-E., Wallis-E.)52-ACB-fdb tessin-walserisch ⊕Bosco Gurin (Ticino)52-ACB-fdc aosta-walserisch ⊕Lystal river: Gressoney valley & village (Valle d'Aosta) 252-ACB-fdd vercelli-walserisch ⊕Vercelli>N. (Piemonte) 252-ACB-fde novara-walserisch ⊕Novara>N. (Piemonte) 252-ACB-fe luzern-tütsch luzerntütsch, lucernois, part of "traditional swiss-german"-E. Switzerland (Luzern; Aargau-S.&-

W.; Bern extreme-N.)5

52-ACB-fea entlebuch ⊕Entlebuch country (Luzern)52-ACB-feb luzerntütsch-U. "luzern urban" ⊕Luzern (Luzern)52-ACB-fec luzerner-gäu "luzern rural" ⊕Luzern environs (Luzern-N.&-E.)52-ACB-fed aargau-SE. ⊕Aare lower valley southwards (Aargau-S. &-E.)52-ACB-fee ober-aargau ⊕Ober-Aargau country (Bern)52-ACB-fef willisauer-mittelland ⊕Willisau… (Luzern)52-ACB-ff schwyzer-tütsch-A. schwyzertütsch "proper", urkantonenschweizerisch, part of "traditional

swiss-german"-E.Switzerland (Schwyz;Unterwalden; Uri)

5

52-ACB-ffa schwyzerisch ⊕Schwyz… Dürrenboden (Schwyz-W. &-S.)52-ACB-ffb ürisch ⊕Altdorf… Andermatt (Uri)52-ACB-ffc nidwäldisch ⊕Stans… Wolfenschiessen (Unterwalden Nidwalden)52-ACB-ffd sarnerisch ⊕Sarnen… Kaiserstuhl (Unterwalden: Obwalden-W.)52-ACB-ffe engelbergisch ⊕Melchtal valley (Unterwalden: Obwalden-E.)52-ACB-fg züri-tüütsch "wider" züritüütsch, züri-tütsch, zürichdeutsch+ aargaüisch, part of

"traditional swiss-german"-E., in [51] Français: zurichoisSwitzerland (Zürich; Aargau;Schwyz-N.); Germany (Baden-Württemburg adjacent)

6

52-ACB-fh glarnertütsch glarner-deutsch, glaronais, part of "traditional swiss-german"-E.⊕Glarus… Linthal

Switzerland (Glarus; Glaris) 5

52-ACB-fi bündner-deutsch "grison german", part of "traditional swiss-german"-E. ⊕Chursouthwards & eastwards

Switzerland (Graubünden;Grisons)

5

52-ACB-fj schweizerisch-NE. "lake-constance german", part of "traditional swiss-german"-E.�transition to [52] Deutsch-S. (Schwäbisch)

Switzerland (Appenzell; St.Gallen;Thurgau; Schaffhausen); Austria(Vorarlberg-N.); Germany (Baden-Württemberg adjacent; Bayernadjacent)

5

52-ACB-fja appenzellisch ⊕Urnäsch… Appenzell… Trogen (Appenzell)52-ACB-fjb sanktgallisch ⊕Sankt Gallen; Saint Gall (St.Gallen)52-ACB-fjc thurgäuisch ⊕Thurgau; Thurgovie (Thurgau)52-ACB-fjd schaffhausenisch schaffuuserisch ⊕Schaffhausen (Schaffhausen)52-ACB-fje hegäuisch ⊕Hegau country (Baden-Württemberg-S.)52-ACB-fjf linzgüaisch ⊕Linzgau country (Baden-Württemberg-S.)52-ACB-fjg allgäuisch ⊕Allgäu country (Bayern-S.&-W.)52-ACB-fjh vorarlbergisch-NW. ⊕Bregenz (Vorarlberg-N.&-W.)52-ACB-fk vorarlbergisch+

liechtensteinischpart of "traditional swiss-german"-E. Austria (Vorarlberg); Liechtenstein 5

52-ACB-fka vorarlbergisch-S. ⊕Feldkirch… Bludenz (Vorarlberg)52-ACB-fkb liechtensteinisch ⊕Vaduz… Liechtenstein52-ACB-g Yiddish mame-loshn (=«mother-tongue»), yidish, jidisch, jiddisch, yidiš, jidich,

jüdisch-deutsch, "hebraicised german", "judeo-german", "ashkenazigerman" �plurilingual in diverse languages �transition to [52]Deutsch-C./Central German & Deutsch-S./Upper German; developedand used by the Jewish diaspora in Europe from a German base on theMiddle Rhine from around 9th cent., substantially influenced by [12] Ivrit(Hebrew) and Aramaic, and subsequently by [53] Slavic. ¶The majorityof speakers in continental Europe were dispersed or massacred in thedecade up to 1945, with a reduction in total number of speakers fromapprox.12 million in the 1920's, principally in Europe, to approx. 4-5million in the 1990's, principally in the Americas (esp.USA and LatinAmerica) and Asia (esp.former Soviet Union and Israel). �from 11thcent.: Hebrew script

Germany; Belgium; Netherlands;Luxembourg; France; Switzerland;Austria; Italy; Slovenia; Hungary;Czech Rep.; Slovakia; Poland;{Baltic States}; Belarus; Russia;Ukraine; Moldavia; Romania;Kazakhstan; Kirgizstan; Tajikistan;Israel; {North America}; {SouthAmerica}; etc. ”

6

52-ACB-ga yiddish-W. west-jiddisch �the indigenous German and (until 19th cent. also literary)idiom of Yiddish, from which Yiddish-E. developed from 14th cent;Yiddish-W., which spread southwards to Lombardy in 15th cent. andnorthwards to the North Sea and Baltic ports, is now close to extinction.

Germany (Hessen); France(Alsace; Lorraine); Switzerland;Italy; Netherlands; Slovakia;Hungary

3*

52-ACB-gaa �yiddish-L. "historic yiddish", "old literary yiddish", including "earliest yiddish" (fromc.1050)… "old yiddish" (from c.1250)… "middle yiddish" (fromc.1500)… "early modern yiddish" (from c.1700) �progressivelyreplaced from c.1800 by Yiddish-F. �from 11th cent.: Hebrew script

Germany; former Austro-Hungarian Empire; Poland;Russia…

52-ACB-gab hessen-yiddish "traditional central german yiddish" ⊕Frankfurt am Main Germany (Hessen)

5= INDO-EUROPEAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 43752-ACB-gac elsässer-yiddish "alsatian yiddish" ⊕Strasbourg, Strassburg… Metz France (Alsace; Lorraine)52-ACB-gad schwytzer-yiddish ⊕Basel, Bâle… Zürich Switzerland; formerly also Italy-N.52-ACB-gae amsterdamer-yiddish "dutch yiddish", in [52] Nederlands: amsterdamer-joods ⊕Amsterdam Netherlands 052-ACB-gaf donau-yiddish ⊕Vienna, Wien eastwards Austria; Slovakia; Hungary-N.52-ACB-gb yiddish-E. ost-jiddisch, "judeo-german"-E., part of "expatriate german"

�developed from Yiddish-W. after the beginning of the eastwardmigrations of speakers into [53] Slav speaking areas from 14th cent.

Germany; Poland; Hungary;Lithuania; Latvia; Belarus; Ukraine;Russia; migration> USA; Israel;France; United Kingdom;{SouthAmerica}; South Africa; Australia…

6

52-ACB-gba ✍ yiddish-F. "modern literary yiddish", "modern standard yiddish" �from c.1800;phonology & spelling (standardised in 1937) based largely on Yiddish-NE., grammar on Yiddish-C. �from early 19th cent.: Hebrew script

52-ACB-gbb yiddish-NE. "yiddish"-N. ¶number of speakers in Europe has fallen by 1990's toaround 35,000 (from c. 250,000 in 1920's).

Lithuania; Latvia; Belarus… 4

52-ACB-gbc yiddish-C. part of "yiddish"-S. ¶number of speakers in Europe has fallen by 1990'sto less than two thousand (from 2.5 million in 1920's).

Poland… 3

52-ACB-gbd yiddish-SE. part of "yiddish"-S. ¶number of speakers in Europe & Asia has probablyfallen by 1990's to less than one million (from over 4 million in 1920's).The Yevreyskaya Autonomous Division (oblast), in Khabarovsk Terr. onthe Siberian frontier with China, was designated in 1928 as an area forthe resettlement of Jews in USSR, but only a small minority of thepopulation is currently Jewish (of which only some are Yiddish-speaking).

Hungary; Romania; Moldavia;Ukraine; Georgia; Russia(including Siberia)…

5*

52-ACB-gbe yiddish-G. "generalised yiddish" �including the recent fusion of eastern idiomsfrom Europe, esp. in the United States and Israel; influenced by [52]English and by [12] Ivrit (modern spoken Hebrew)

USA; Israel… 6

52-ACB-h Auswanderungs-deutsch (notional)

part of "expatriate german" ¶this notional outer-language represents asocio-linguistic category. The component communities share (with[52]Yiddish-E.) a common history of German primary languagemaintenance in an expatriate environment, with frequent exchangesand links among themselves, and with a commonly occurring dualitybetween the conservation of traditional spoken idioms (andamalgamations of traditional idioms) and the cultivation of formalwritten German (Hochdeutsch). The overlap and interchange amongforms of North, Central, South and Swiss German (see [52] Deutsch-N., Deutsch-C., Deutsch-S. and Schwytzertütsch) make it moreconvenient to treat these expatriate idioms (and communities) together,listing them in the approximate chronological order of their originaldeparture from the German-speaking heartland. Most speakers ofGerman idioms in eastern Europe (excluding Romania) were displacedin or after 1945, with many fleeing to Germany. �Latin script

Romania; Moldova; Croatia; CzechRep.; Slovakia; Poland; Ukraine;Russia; Georgia; Kazakhstan;Kirghizstan; Uzbekistan; Tajikistan;USA; Canada; Mexico; Costa-Rica;Bolivia; Paraguay; Uruguay;Argentina; Brazil; South Africa;Australia; Papua-New Guinea;exodus from 1945 of members ofmany communities in easternEurope, especially to Germany ”

6

52-ACB-ha siebenbürger-sächsisch

siebenbürgersachsen community �bilingual in [51] Româneasca(Romanian) ¶migration from North & Central Germany (Westfalen toThüringen) in 12th cent., reinforced in 18th cent. by settlers fromGerman-speaking Austria ⊕Siebenbürgersachsen country

Romania (Transilvania) 5

52-ACB-haa nösnergau ⊕Nösner-Gau country: Bistriţa… (Bistriţa-Năsăud)52-ACB-hab königsboden ⊕Königsboden country: Sibiu, Hermannstadt … (Sibiu)52-ACB-hac burzenland ⊕Burzenland country: Bra˙ov, Kronstadt, … (Bra˙ov)52-ACB-hb zipfer-sächsisch zipfer-sachsen community ⊕Spiš, Zips, Szepes country, Poprad,

Popper upper valley ¶migration from Saxony in 13thcent.; mostspeakers dispersed in or after 1945

Slovakia (formerly Hungary)

52-ACB-hba ober-zips ⊕Oberzips country, Poprad, Popper upper valley: Kežmarok,Käsmark… Levoča, Leutschau �idiom is largely Deutsch-C./CentralGerman (from Luxemburg/Rhineland, with influence from Silesia)

Slovakia

52-ACB-hbb gründlerisch ⊕Zipfer Unterland country: Gel'nica, Göllnitz �largely Deutsch-S./Upper German (Bayrisch) with Deutsch-C./ Central Germaninfluence

Slovakia

52-ACB-hc hutterer-deutsch �bilingual in [52] English ¶migration of members of the Huttererreligious community from Tirol & Kärnten.to Moravia, Romania(Siebenbürgen) and Ukraine (16th cent.), and subsequently (20th cent.)to USA and then Canada; idiom is largely Deutsch-S./Upper German,based on forms in Carinthia and Tirol (Kärtnerisch & Tirolisch).

Moravia> Romania> Ukraine;exodus> USA (Dakota; Montana);Canada (Alberta; Manitoba;Saskatchewan)

4

52-ACB-hd mennoniten-plaut mennoniten-platt, mennonitisch, mennoniten-plattdeutsch, mennoniten-niederdeutsch, "low-german mennonite" ¶originally spoken inWestpreussisch speaking-area by the northern Mennonite communitiesestablished from the late 16th cent. on the lower Vistula by migrantsfrom the Netherlands (Friesland). Carried in 18th cent by Mennonitecommunities eastwards to the then Russian Empire, subsequently from1870's to North America and from 1920's also to Mexico and SouthAmerica. �based on [52] Westpreussisch; influenced consecutively by[52] Nederlands, [53] Slavic & [54] Lietuvishkai (Lithuanian), [52]English and [51] Español. Not inter-intelligible with [52] Pennsylvanisch-Dietsch, notwithstanding their parallel histories.

Germany; Ukraine; Russia; USA;Canada; Mexico; Costa-Rica;Bolivia; Paraguay; Uruguay;Argentina; Brazil

4


52-ACB-hda russland-mennonitisch ¶migration in 18th cent. to the Russian Empire under Catherine theGreat (see also Schwarzmeerdeutsch below); emigration to theAmericas from 1920's.; surviving in scattered locations in ex-USSR,including Kazakhstan ⊕Alma Ata, and Uzbekistan ⊕Tashkent>E.

Russia (Altaic Rep.; Siberia…);Kazakhstan; Uzbekistan

4

52-ACB-hdb nordamerika-mennonitisch

"north-american mennonite", part of chortitza-mennonitisch �bilingualin [52] English ¶arrived from Eastern Europe (esp.Ukraine) from 1870's(with onward migration of some communities to Mexico and SouthAmerica from 1920's) ⊕colonies in Winnipeg (Manitoba) environs…;Hillsboro (Kansas); Reedley (Calif.); Corn (Oklahoma)

Canada (Quebec; Ontario;Manitoba; Saskatchewan; Alberta;British Columbia); USA (Kansas;California; Oklahoma)

4

52-ACB-hdc mexiko-mennonitisch "mexican mennonite" �bilingual in [51] Español ¶arrived in Mexicofrom Canada from 19 [22] 24; with colonies in ⊕Cuauhtémoc(Chihuahua); Durango; Zacatecas; Tampico (Tamaulipas)… furthermigration from 1957 to Belize, with colonies in ⊕Blue Creek (Mexicoborder)… Shipyard; Belmopán; and to Costa Rica ⊕Sarapiqui

Mexico (Chihuahua; Durango;subsequently Tamaulipas;Zacatecas); Belize; Costa-Rica

4

52-ACB-hdd südamerika-mennonitisch including altkolonistisch, chortitza-mennonitisch… neukolonistisch,molotschna-mennonitisch �bilingual in [51] Español ¶arrived inParaguay from North America, Mexico, Brazil (altkolonistisch) anddirect from USSR (neukolonistisch), ⊕(colonies in Paraguay-W )Filadelfia environs: Menno… Fernheim… Neuland; (in Paraguay-E.)⊕Rio Verde; Volendam; Friesland; Nueva Durango; Bergthal;Sommerfeld; (in Bolivia) Santa Cruz environs; (in Uruguay) El Ombú;Gartental; Delta; Montevideo

Paraguay (Boquerón; Alto Paraná;Caaguazú, San Pedro;Concepción); Bolivia (Santa Cruz);Uruguay; also Argentina; Brazil

4

52-ACB-he pennsylvanisch-dietsch

pennsilfaanisch, pennsylvanish, "pennsylvania-german", 'pennsylvania-dutch', including (1) "old order" amish, part of "plain" pennsilfaanisch…(2) "old order" mennonite, part of "plain" pennsilfaanisch… (3) "fancy"pennsilfaanisch �bilingual in [52] English ¶migration from Rhinelandand adjacent German-speaking areas (incl. Alsace, Swabia andSwitzerland) from 1727 until 19th cent �based on Südrheinfränkisch,with influence from other traditional idioms, and with internal differencesof idiom within the United States depending on the location andreligious community concerned

USA (Pennsylvania; Ohio; Indiana;also Illinois; Iowa: Nebraska;Kansas; Oklahoma; Virginia;Florida…); Canada (Ontario)

4

52-ACB-hf esserisch essekerisch, osijek "urban vernacular" �a Deutsch-S./Upper Germanidiom, �influenced by [53] Hrvatski (Croatian), [41] Magyar and/or[52] Yiddish ¶formed in the context of a former Austrian garrison town,established at a focal point on the River Drava after 1687 (Austrianoccupation terminated in 1918, and most speakers dispersed after1945) ⊕Osijek, Esseg

Croatia (Slavonija)

52-ACB-hg galizisch-pfälzisch �bilingual in [53] Russkiy and/or Ukrainska ¶migration from Pfalz in18th cent.; most speakers dispersed in or after 1945

Ukraine

52-ACB-hh banater-schwäbisch banater-deutsch, banater "swabian"; banater-schwaben community�bilingual in [51] Româneasca (Romanian) ¶migration from severalparts of western Europe at the initiative of Maria Theresa in mid-18th

cent. �predominant linguistic influence from Rheinpfalz/Franken andfrom Lorraine

Romania (Arad; Timiş; CaraşSeverin)

5

52-ACB-hha banater-schwäbisch-N. ⊕Arad… Timişoara… (Arad; Timiş)52-ACB-hhb banater-schwäbisch-S. banater-bergländisch ⊕Banatului, Banater Gebirge mountains (Caraş Severin)52-ACB-hi oberwischauisch ¶migration in 18th cent.from Bavaria, Austria and Silesia. �based on a

convergence of Deutsch-S. (Mittelbairisch) and Deutsch-C.(Ostmitteldeutsch) idioms ⊕Carpathian mountains: Vişeu de Sus,Oberwischau valley

Romania (Maramureş) 3

52-ACB-hj sathmarisch sathmarerschwaben community, "magyarised swabian" �bilingual in[51] Româneasca (Romanian) and/or [41] Magyar (Hungarian)¶migration from Germany (esp.Württemberg) in 18th cent. ⊕SatuMare>SE.

Romania (Satu Mare) 3*

52-ACB-hk bukowina-deutsch ¶migration in 18th and 19th cent. from Germany and Austria; area ofsettlement divided between Romania and USSR (Ukraine) in 1945�includes convergence of [52] Deutsch-C. (Südrheinfränkisch) andDeutsch-S. (Böhmerwäldisch) ⊕Bukovina, Bukowina country: Rădăuţi,Radautz… Chernovtsy, Tschernowitz

Romania (Suceava; Botoşani);Ukraine (Chernivtsi)

3

52-ACB-hl schwarzmeer-deutsch

"black-sea german" ¶migration to Black Sea from 1787 at the initiativeof Alexander I, initially Mennonites from West Prussia (see Mennoniten-plaut above) but subsequently also from South Germany; subsequentpartial migrations to Central Asia and Siberia and to Argentina

Ukraine; Russia; Georgia;migration> Argentine

4*

52-ACB-hla odessa-deutsch �bilingual in [53] Russkiy and/or [53] Ukrainska ⊕Odessa Ukraine (Odessa)52-ACB-hlb krim-deutsch "crimean german" �bilingual in [53] Russkiy and/or [53] Ukrainska Ukraine (Crimea)52-ACB-hlc dnjepr+ donetz-deutsch �bilingual in [53] Russkiy and/or [53] Ukrainska ⊕Dnepr+ Donetz

interfluvial: DonetskUkraine (Kherson; Zaporizhya;Donetsk)

52-ACB-hld bessarabien-deutsch �bilingual in [53] Russkiy and/or [53] Ukrainska ¶migration partly fromCrimea ⊕Tarutyne, Tarutino… Sarata environs (incl. Leipzig…Klöstitz… Katzbach settlements)

Ukraine (Odessa-S.); also Moldova

52-ACB-hle caucasus-deutsch-N. �bilingual in [53] Russkiy ⊕Krasnodar… Armavir… Stavropol… Russia (Krasnodarskiy Terr.eastwards)

52-ACB-hlf caucasus-deutsch-S. �bilingual in [53] Russkiy and/or [42] Kharthuli (Georgian) ¶migrationfrom Swabia from 1820's ⊕Tbilisi, Tiflis environs

Georgia

52-ACB-hlg argentinisches-schwarzmeer-deutsch

�bilingual in [51] Español (formerly in [53] Russkiy) ¶migration fromBlack Sea ⊕Colonel Suárez… Bahía Blanca

Argentina (Prov. Buenos Aires) 4*

5= INDO-EUROPEAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 43952-ACB-hm wolga-deutsch �bilingual in [53] Russkiy ¶migration, mainly from West Central

Germany, to the Volga in 1764-67, at the initiative of Catherine theGreat, with many descendants migrating again to Argentina and Brazil(and elsewhere in the Americas) from 1880. Speakers remaining on theVolga occupied the former Republic of the Russian Germans (Republikder Wolgadeutschen) until the Second World War, being largelydispersed in and after 1945

Russia; Argentina 5

52-ACB-hma saratowisch �bilingual in [53] Russkiy ⊕Volga, Wolga river: Marks, Marxstadt…Rovnoye, Seelmann…

Russia (Saratov, ex- Republik derWolgadeutschen)

3

52-ACB-hmb paraná-wolga-deutsch �bilingual in [51] Español ⊕between Paraná… Uruguay lower rivers;Paraná upper river

Argentina (Entre-Ríos); Brazil(Paraná)

5

52-ACB-hn mittelasiatisches-deutsch

�bilingual in [53] Russkiy �including migration and convergence ofidioms from Black Sea and Volga (Schwarzmeer-Deutsch & Wolga-Deutsch) ¶number of speakers perhaps still exceeds one million(including over 650,000 in Kazakhstan in 1970's)

Kazakhstan; Russia (Siberia…);Kirghizstan; Uzbekistan; Tajikistan

6

52-ACB-ho argentinien-schwyzertütsch

�bilingual in [52] Spanish ¶migration from Switzerland to Argentina in19th cent. ⊕Esperanza

Argentina (Santa Fé) 4

52-ACB-hp brazilinien-deutsch teuto-brasileiro, "brazilian german" �bilingual in [51] Portuguese¶migration to Brazil from 1824, from Central & Southern Germany &former Austro-Hungarian empire �includes convergences of [52]Pommersch, Sächsisch, Pfälzisch, Donau-Bairisch and Donau-Österreichisch

Brazil 6*

52-ACB-hpa 'espirito-santo' ⊕many German-speaking settlements from Serra de Aimoréshighlands southwards

Brazil (Espirito Santo)

52-ACB-hpb paranã+ rio-grande ⊕many German-speaking settlements from Serra de Apucaranahighlands… Lagoa dos Patos lagoon

Brazil (Paraña; Santa-Catarina;Rio-Grande-do-Sul)

52-ACB-hq lagunen-deutsch chile-deutsch �bilingual in [51] Español ¶migration of speakers ofUpper German/Deutsch-S. and Middle German/Deutsch-C. idioms toChile in 19th cent. �resulting in a new compromise idiom ⊕Llanquihuelake environs

Chile (Los Lagos) 4

52-ACB-hr texasdeutsch �bilingual in [52] English �convergence of idioms spoken bymigrants arriving in 1840's from the Rhineland, Alsace and Hessen⊕Fredericksburg… New Braunfels

USA (Texas) 3*

52-ACB-hs amana-deutsch kolnie-deitsch, kolonie-deutsch �bilingual in [52] English ⊕Iowa river:seven Amana villages ¶migration from Upper Saxony (from area ofFriedrichsgrün… Rittersgrün…) to Iowa in 1855 �including somedialectal variation among the 7 American villages

USA (Iowa) 2*

52-ACB-ht natalerdeutsch nataler-deutsch, nataler-platt, "natal low-german" �bilingual in [52]English ¶migration, partly from North Germany, in 19th cent. (includingGerman-speaking mercenaries employed by Great Britain in theCrimean War) �[52] Deutsch-N. idioms progressively replaced by(archaic form of) Hochdeutsch

South Africa (Natal; also EasternCape)

3

52-ACB-hu unser-deutsch unserdeutsch, rabaul "german creole", vunapope #unser-deutsch=«ourgerman» ¶German-based creole developed in 19th cent. during periodof German colonial rule in New Guinea by mixed-race Catholiccommunity; now close to extinction ⊕New Britain, Neu-Pommernisland (Gazelle peninsula): Rabaul

Papua-New Guinea (NewBritain…); migration> Australia(Queensland)

1

52-ACB-hua unserdeutsch-N. �bilingual in [52] Tok-pisin & [52] English ⊕Gazelle Peninsula;Rabaul…

Papua-New Guinea (New Britain,ex-Neu-Pommern-W.)

1

52-ACB-hub unserdeutsch-S. �bilingual in [52] English Australia (Queensland-S.&-E.) 152-ACB-hv templer-schwäbisch "australian swabian"; templer community �bilingual in [52] English

¶migration in 1868 of Templer religious community(Tempelgesellschaft) from Württemberg to Palestine (Haifa, etc.);subsequently expelled to Australia in 1941; based on Schwäbisch(Stuttgartisch) �influenced by [12] 'Arabiyya

Palestine; deported> Australia(Victoria)

3

52-ACB-i Yenish rotwelsch �German cant, based predominantly on Deutsch-S.�influenced by [51] Romance-West, [52] Yiddish and [59] Sinti(Romani)

Germany; France; Switzerland;Austria

3*

52-ACB-ia yenish jenisch, jenische sprache, chessen-loschen, kochemer-loschen,kaloschen sprache, deutsche gaunersprache=«german rogues'language», rotwelsch, yeniche

Germany; France; Switzerland;Austria

52-AD 'GOTHIC' chain EAST-GERMANIC52-ADA 'GOTHIC' net52-ADA-a 'Crimean-Gothic' "late gothic", in [52] Deutsch: krimgotisch �16th century: Latin script �

52-ADA-aa 'crimean-gothic' ¶extinct by 17th cent. �16th century: words and phrases recorded inConstantinople in 1560's: Latin script; related to Visigothic (Old WestGothic) preserved in the Biblical translation by Ulfilas (died 383), in theMoeso-Gothic script

Ukraine (Crimea)


53= SLAVICphylozone

covers the "Slavonic" or Slovenčina+ Slovensko set, part ofthe "Balto-Slavic" grouping within the "Indo-European"intercontinental affinity; comprising 1 set of languages (= 8outer languages) spoken by communities in eastern Europeand northern Asia, from the Alps to the Bering Sea:

53-A SLOVENČINA+ SLOVENSKO

including 2 arterial languages: Russkiy (Russian);Ukrainska (Ukrainian) with Belarusskaya (Belarussian)

There is partial intelligibility among most of the Slavoniclanguages, with Slovenčina (Slovakian) at the geographic"centre-of-gravity" of this linguistic network. There may bemore variation among the idioms of Slovensko (Slovenian)than among several of the closely related official nationalSlavonic languages of some nation-states, such as Poland,the Czech Republic and Slovakia, for example.

Albania; Armenia; Austria;Azerbaijan; Belarus; Bosnia;Bulgaria; Croatia; Czech Rep.;Estonia; Georgia; Greece; Italy;Kazakhstan; Latvia; Lithuania;Macedonia; Moldova; Poland;Romania; Russian Fed.; Slovenia;Turkmenistan; Ukraine;Uzbekistan; Yugoslavia; withmigrations to Canada; USA; Israel;Australia…

8

53-A SLOVENČINA+SLOVENSKO set

SLAVONIC

53-AA SLOVENČINA+SLOVENSKO chain

53-AAA SLOVENČINA+SLOVENSKO net

"slavonic", "slav", in [53] Polski: słowiański, in [52] Deutsch: slawisch, in[51] Français: slavique

53-AAA-a � Slavonski Church-Slavonic �based on Slavonic-S.; survives as liturgicallanguage of the Eastern Orthodox Church �from 9th cent.: OldBulgarian Cyrillic script; Modern Cyrillic script

{Europe-E.}

53-AAA-aa � slavonski-L. "church slavonic", including "old church slavonic"… "russian churchslavonic"… "serbian church slavonic"… "bulgarian church slavonic"

53-AAA-b Serbska+ Serbšćina Sorbian, "sorb", "wendish", "lekhitic"-W., in [51] Français: sorabe,wende, in [52] Deutsch: sorbisch, wendisch, lausitzisch, in [53] Polski:łuHica, part of "slavonic"-W.; serjbja, serby community �from 15thcent.: Latin script �bilingual in [52] Deutsch ⊕Łužica, Łužyca, Lausitzcountry: Spree upper valley

Germany (Brandenburg; Sachsen) 4

53-AAA-ba dolno-serbska-rěc "lower sorbian", in [52] Deutsch: nieder-sorbisch, nieder-wendisch,nieder-lausitzisch, in [53] Polski: dolna-łuHica

Germany (BrandenburgNiederlausitz country; SachsenOberlausitz country)

4

53-AAA-baa ✍ dolno-serbska-F. "lower sorbian standard"53-AAA-bab lubńow ⊕Lubńow, Lübbenau (Brandenburg)53-AAA-bac chóśebuz ⊕Chóśebuz, Cottbus (Brandenburg)53-AAA-bad rogow ⊕Rogow… (Brandenburg)53-AAA-bae zły-komarow ⊕Zły Komarow, Senftenberg (Brandenburg)53-AAA-baf bukojna+ kóšynka ⊕Senftenberg-S.&-E.… (Brandenburg)53-AAA-bag grodk ⊕Grodk, Spremberg (Brandenburg)53-AAA-bah slepe ⊕Slepe; Schleife… (Sachsen)53-AAA-bb hornjo-serbšćina "upper sorbian", in [52] Deutsch: ober-sorbisch, ober-wendisch, ober-

lausitzisch, in [53] Polski: górna- łuHicaGermany (Sachsen Oberlausitzcountry; BrandenburgNiederlausitz country)

4

53-AAA-bba ✍ hornjo-serbšćina-F. "upper sorbian standard"53-AAA-bbb košyna–łuta ⊕Łuta, Lauta… (Brandenburg)53-AAA-bbc budyšin ⊕Budyšin, Bautzen… (Sachsen)53-AAA-bbd šprejcy ⊕Šprejcy, Spreewitz… (Sachsen)53-AAA-bbe třelno–wochozy ⊕Nochten… (Sachsen)53-AAA-bbf mužakow ⊕Mužakow, Bad Muskau… (Sachsen; Brandenburg adjacent);

Poland adjacent53-AAA-bc po-labski połabski, "polabian", in [52] Deutsch: polabisch ¶extinct in 18th cent.

#po-labski derived from Labe=«Elbe river» ⊕Elbe lower river: LüchowGermany (Niedersachsen) �

53-AAA-c Polski+ Kaszubi Polish+ Kashubian, "lekhitic"-E., part of "slavonic"-W. Poland; also Russia; Belarus;Lithuania; migration> France,Germany; USA ”

7

53-AAA-ca słowińcki slovinski, "slovincian" ¶extinct Poland (Słupskie) 053-AAA-cb kaszubi kashubian, kaszuby, kaszubski, "cashubian", "cassubian" �including

dialects, to be addedPoland (Gdańsk; Słupskieadjacent)

5

53-AAA-cc polski polish, język polski, polszczyzna, in [51] Français: polonais, in [52]Deutsch: polnisch �further idioms to be identified, includingtransitional forms to [53] Russkiy, [53] Bielorusskiy, [53] Ukrainska and[53] Čeština (Czech)

Poland; also Lithania-SE.; Slovakiaadjacent

7

53-AAA-cca � polski-L. historical polish, old polish �from 14th cent.; Latin script Poland53-AAA-ccb ✍ polski-F. polski język literacki, "formal polish", "literary polish" Poland53-AAA-ccc polski-G. "generalised polish", including nowe dialekty mieszane #nowe dialekty

mieszane =«new mixed dialects» �including fusion of idioms inperipheral areas settled/resettled after 1945 ⊕the following traditionalidioms are listed in approximate anti-clockwise sequence

Poland

5= INDO-EUROPEAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 44153-AAA-ccd bory ⊕Tuchola environs (Bydgoskie)53-AAA-cce kociewie ⊕Wisła, Vistula lower left-bank (Gdańsk; Bydgoskie)53-AAA-ccf krajna ⊕Notec middle right-bank (Pilskie; Bydgoskie)53-AAA-ccg kujawy ⊕Kujawy country: Inowrocław… Włocławek (Bydgoskie; Włocławskie…)53-AAA-cch wiełko-polska "posnanian", "great-poland traditional" �to be divided into constituent

idioms ⊕Wiełko-Polska country: Warta valley: Poznań…(Pilskie, Poznań, Koniń…)

53-AAA-cci lęczyckie ⊕Lęczyca (Płock…)53-AAA-ccj sieradzkie ⊕Sieradz (Sieradz…)53-AAA-cck śłąski "silesian" ⊕Śląsk, Silesia country: Oploe… Racibórz… Katowice (Oploe; Katowice)53-AAA-ccl orawa-N. orava-N., part of tatry-N. ⊕Tatry, Tatra mountains: Oravská Polhora…

�transition to [53] Slovenština (Slovak: Orava-S.)Slovakia; (Nowosadecskie)

53-AAA-ccm podhale part of tatry-N. ⊕Tatry, Tatra mountains: Zakopane (Nowosadecskie)53-AAA-ccn spisz-N. spiš-N., part of tatry-N. ⊕Tatry, Tatra mountains: Spišská Belá

northwards �transition to [53] Slovenština (Slovak)Slovakia; (Nowosadecskie border)

53-AAA-cco mało-polska "cracovian" �to be divided into constituent idioms ⊕Małopolskacountry: Cracow… Lublin

Poland-SW.

53-AAA-ccp mazowiecki mazowsze, "mazovian" �to be divided into constituent idioms�transition to [53] Bielorusskiy ⊕Mazowsze country

(Ciechanow; Ostrołęckie;Warszawskie; Siedleckie)

53-AAA-ccq podlasie "podlasian" �transition to [53] Bielorusskiy ⊕Biała Podlaska… Mońki (Bialskopodlaskie; Białostockie…)53-AAA-ccr mazury "mazurian" ⊕Mazury, Mazuria country (Suwalskie; Olsztyn)53-AAA-ccs warmia ⊕Ostróda… Olsztyn (Olsztyn)53-AAA-cct chełmińsko- dobrzyńska ⊕Ziemia Chełmińsko-Dobrzyńska country (Toruń…)53-AAA-ccu polski-amerikanski "american polish" ¶spoken by part of a large Polish diaspora (over 2.5

million speakers) in the USA and Canada �influenced by [52]Northamerican General English

USA; also Canada 6

53-AAA-d Slovenčina+ Čeština Czech+ Slovak, part of "west slavonic" Czech Rep; Slovakia; Austria; USA”

7

53-AAA-da čeština czech, including "bohemian", "czech proper"… moravská,"moravian"… lasky, "silesian"-S. �further idioms to be identified

Czech Rep. (Čechy; Morava) 7

53-AAA-daa � čeština-L. "historical czech", "old literary czech" �from 13th cent.; Latin script (Čechy; Morava)53-AAA-dab ✍ čeština-F. "formal czech", "literary czech" Czech Rep.53-AAA-dac čeština-G. obecna čeština, "generalised czech", "bohemian colloquial standard" Czech Rep. (Bohemia)53-AAA-dad čeština-W. "czech"-W. ⊕Plzeň Czech Rep. (Zapadočeský; also

Severočeský; Středočeský)53-AAA-dae čeština-S. "czech"-S. ⊕Pisk… Kamenice southwards Czech Rep. (Jihočeský)53-AAA-daf doudlebski "czech far-south " ⊕Doudleby… Kaplice Czech Rep. (Jihočeský)53-AAA-dag čeština-C. "czech"-C. ⊕Łoba… Vltava lower valleys Czech Rep. (Středočeský…)53-AAA-dah praha-U. "prague urban" ⊕Praha, Prague Czech Rep. (Praha)53-AAA-dai čeština-NE. "czech"-NE., including przejsciowy ⊕Turnov… Žamberk… Chotěboř Czech Rep. (Vychodočeský)53-AAA-daj česko-moravská "czecho-moravian transitional" ⊕Jihlava… Nyklovice �transitional

between [53] Moravsky & ČeštinaCzech Rep. (Jihormoravský)

53-AAA-dak hanák hanácká, "moravian"-C., part of moravsky, "moravian" ⊕Znojmo…Brno… Olomouc

Czech Rep. (Jihormoravský;Severomoravský)

53-AAA-dal dolsky "moravian"-SE., part of moravsky, "moravian" ⊕Kyjov Czech Rep. (Jihormoravský)53-AAA-dam lasky lašská, lach, yalach, "silesian"-S. �transition to [53] Polski ⊕Branica

(Poland)… Opava… FrydlantCzech Rep. (Slezsko-S.,Schlesien-S., Silesia-S.); alsoPoland

53-AAA-db slovenčina slovak, in [53] Čeština (Czech): slovenština �linguistically andgeographically, the most central of the modern Slavonic languages�probably the most widely inter-comprehensible with other languagesin the Slavonic net

Slovakia; also Czech Rep.,Hungary

6

53-AAA-dba ✍ slovenčina-F. "formal" slovak, "literary" slovak �from 17th cent.; standardised in 19th

cent., on basis of Slovak-C.; Latin scriptSlovakia; also Czech Rep.

53-AAA-dbb slovenčina -G. "generalised" slovak, including bratislava "urban" Slovakia53-AAA-dbc moravsko- slovenčina �transition between [53] Moravsky & Slovenčina; to be divided into

constituent idioms ⊕Podivín… RožnovCzech Rep. (Jihormoravský;Severomoravský)

53-AAA-dbd dolná-morava "lower moravian", part of "slovak"-W. ⊕Malý Karpat, Little Carpathianmountains

Slovakia-W.

53-AAA-dbe trenčín-N. part of "slovak"-W. ⊕Vah middle valley: Trenčin downstream Slovakia-W.53-AAA-dbf trenčín-S. part of "slovak"-W. ⊕Vah middle valley: Trenčin upstream Slovakia-W.53-AAA-dbg orava-S. orawa-S., part of "slovak"-C., part of tatry-S. transition to [53] Polski

(Orawa-N.) ⊕Tatry, Tatra mountains: TvrdošínSlovakia-C.

53-AAA-dbh liptov part of "slovak"-C., part of tatry-S. �transition to [53] Polski ⊕Tatry,Tatra mountains: Liptovský Hrádok…

Slovakia-C.

53-AAA-dbi turiec part of "slovak"-C. ⊕Turie… Martin… Slovakia-C.53-AAA-dbj zvoleň part of "slovak"-C. ⊕Hron valley: Zvoleň upstream Slovakia-C.53-AAA-dbk tekov part of "slovak"-C. ⊕Novy Tekov upstream Slovakia-C.


53-AAA-dbl hont part of "slovak"-C. ⊕Hont: Hungarian frontier northwards Slovakia-C.; Hungary frontier53-AAA-dbm novohrad part of "slovak"-C. ⊕Lučenec… Tornal'a Slovakia-C.53-AAA-dbn gemer part of "slovak"-C. ⊕Gemerský Milhost' Slovakia-C.53-AAA-dbo spiš-S. spisz-S., part of "slovak"-E. �transition to [53] Polski ⊕Spišská Nová

VesSlovakia-E.

53-AAA-dbp šariš part of "slovak"-E. ⊕Malý Šariš… Slovakia-E.53-AAA-dbq zemplin part of "slovak"-E. ⊕Ondava valley: Zemplin upstream Slovakia-E.53-AAA-dbr už �transition to [53] Rusyn & [53] Ukrainska ⊕Už, Uzh valley Slovakia-E.; Ukraine frontier53-AAA-dbs slovenčina-amerika "american slovak" �influenced by [52] Northamerican General English USA; Canada53-AAA-e Russkiy+ Ukrainska Russian+ Ukrainian, "slavonic"-E. {Russian Federation}; Belarus;

Ukraine; Moldavia; {Baltic states};{Caucasian states}; {Central Asianstates}; Canada; USA; Israel;{United Nations} ”

8

53-AAA-ea russkiy-jazik russian, russki, veliko-russkiy, "great russian" {Russian Federation}; also {CentralAsia}; Ukraine; Belarus; {BalticStates}…

8

53-AAA-eaa � russkiy-L. "historical russian", "old literary russian" �influenced by Slavonski(Church Slavonic) � from 11th cent.; standardised in 18th cent., withshift from Church Slavonic variety to Russian "civil" variety=grazhdánskaya ázbuka; Soviet model replacing Tsarist model from1917; Cyrillic script

53-AAA-eab ✍ russkiy-F. "formal russian", "literary russian", "standard russian", including tsaristmodel… soviet model.

{Russian Federation}…

53-AAA-eac russkiy-G. "generalised colloquial russian" �now widespread throughout theformer Soviet Union, with local influences reflecting the traditionallanguage(s) or former language(s)

{Russian Federation}…

53-AAA-ead arkhangel'skiy part of "russian"-N. ⊕Archangelsk Russia (Arkhangel'sk)53-AAA-eae olonetskiy part of "russian"-N. ⊕Pietrozawodsk Karelia53-AAA-eaf novgorodskiy part of "russian"-N. ⊕Novgorod Russia (Novgorod; St.Peterburg)53-AAA-eag vologdo-viatkiy part of "russian"-N. ⊕Vologda… Kirov… Russia (Vologda; Yaroslavl; Kirov

eastwards…)53-AAA-eah povolzhskiy part of "russian"-N. ⊕Tver'… Nizhniy Novgorod Russia (Tver'; Moskva; Yaroslavl;

Vladimir; Ivanovo; Nizhiy)53-AAA-eai sankt-peterburgskiy "saint-petersburg popular urban" ⊕St.Petersburg, former Leningrad Russia (St.Peterburg)53-AAA-eaj moskovskiy "muscovite popular urban" ⊕Moskva, Moscow Russia (Moskva)53-AAA-eak pskovskiy part of "russian"-C. ⊕Pskov… Valdai hills Russia (Pskov, Tver')53-AAA-eal russkiy-CW. part of "russian"-C. ⊕Krutets… Valdai hills Russia (Pskov border; Novgorod,

Tver')53-AAA-eam russkiy-CE. part of "russian"-C. ⊕Moskva-E.… Moksha valley… Tatishchevo Russia (Moskva; Vladimir;

Ryazan', Penza; Saratov);Mordovia

53-AAA-ean bryanskiy part of "russian"-S. ⊕Gagarin… Bryansk… Sevsk Russia (Smolensk; Kaluzhsk;Bryansk; Orlovsk; Kursk border)

53-AAA-eao tulskiy part of "russian"-S. ⊕Kaluga… Tula Russia (Kaluzhsk; Tula)53-AAA-eap orlovskiy part of "russian"-S. ⊕Orel… Kursk Russia (Orlovsk; Kursk)53-AAA-eaq tambovskiy part of "russian"-S. ⊕Ryazan'… Volograd, ex-Stalingrad… Astrakhan Russia (Ryazan'; Tambov; Penza;

Saratov; Voronezh; Volgograd;Astrakhan)

53-AAA-ear donskiy part of "russian"-S. ⊕Don+ Donets lower valleys… Terek valley Russia (Volgograd; Rostov;Stavropol Terr.); Chechnya

53-AAA-eas doukhobor-emigré ¶migration of Doukhobor religious community (Russian-speakingpeasants) by sea from Crimea to Montreal in 1898; first settlements inSaskachwan with settlements further west from 1908

Canada (Saskatchwan; Alberta;British Columbia)

4

53-AAA-eat molokan-emigré ¶migration of Molokan (Doukhobor) religious community from Canadato California, around 1900

USA (California) 3*

53-AAA-eb belaruskaya-mova belarussian, "bielorussian", "belorussian", "white russian","byelorussian", "white ruthenian", in [53] Russkiy: bielorusskiy�originating from a complex of dialects, coalescing from 13th cent. andsubsequently influenced by [53] Polski �standardised in 1917; Cyrillicscript �translingual in [53] Russkiy

�Belarus; Latvia adjacent; Russiaadjacent

7

53-AAA-eba ✍ belaruskaya-F. "formal belarussian", "literary belorussian" Belarus53-AAA-ebb belaruskaya-G. "generalised belarussian" Belarus53-AAA-ebc polotsk polots, part of belaruskaya-NE. �transition to [53] Russkiy ⊕(Latvia)

Daugavpils, Dynaburg… (Belarus) PolotskLatvia (Daugavpils; Kraslavas);Belarus (Vitebsk)

53-AAA-ebd vitebsk+ mogilev part of belaruskaya-NE. �transition to [53] Russkiy ⊕Vitebsk…Mogilev… Bryansk

Belarus (Vitebsk; Mogilev); Russia(Smolensk; Bryansk)

53-AAA-ebe minsk-U. minsk "urban", part of belaruskaya-SW. Belarus (Minsk)53-AAA-ebf grodno+ baranovichi grodnen+ baranovich, part of belaruskaya-SW. �transition to [53]

Polski ⊕Grodno… BaranovichiBelarus (Hrodna; Brest); Polandfrontier

53-AAA-ebg slutsk+ mozyr slutsko+ mozyr, part of belaruskaya-SW. �transition to [53] Ukrainska⊕Slutsk… Mozyr

Belarus (Minsk; Mogilev; Gomel)

5= INDO-EUROPEAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 44353-AAA-ec rusyn ruthenian, "carpathian", carpatho-rusyn, zakarpackie Poland; Slovakia; Ukraine 553-AAA-eca rusyn-N. ⊕Sanok �transition to [53] Polski Poland (Krośnieńskie;

Nowosadeckie)53-AAA-ecb rusyn-W. ⊕Stará L'ubovňa… Ondava upper valley… Vyhorlát highlands

�transition to [53] SlovakSlovakia-E.

53-AAA-ecc rusyn-SE. zakarpackie-S. ⊕Uzhgorod, Uzhorod… Khust, Chust �transition to[53] Ukrainska

Ukraine (Zakarpatska)

53-AAA-ed ukrainska-mova ukrainian #name derived from ukraina=«border area» �translingual in[53] Russkiy

�Ukraine; Poland adjacent;Belarus adjacent; Russia adjacent;Moldova adjacent; migration>Canada

7

53-AAA-eda � ukrainska-L. "historical ukrainian", "old literary ukrainian" �from 11th cent.�influenced by Slavonski (Church Slavonic); Cyrillic script

Ukraine

53-AAA-edb ✍ ukrainska-F. "formal ukrainian", "literary ukrainian" �Kiev model; Cyrillic script Ukraine53-AAA-edc ukrainska-G. "generalised ukrainian" Ukraine53-AAA-edd ukrainska+ belaruskaya part of "ukrainian"-N., poleskie (=«northern») �to be divided into

constituent idioms �transitional to [53] Belaruskaya ⊕(Poland) BielskPodlaski… Biała Podlaska… (Belarus) Brest… Pinsk… Kalinkavičy…(Ukraine) Sarny… Czernobyl… Niezyn… Semënowka… Krolevets

Poland adjacent (Białostockie;Bialskopodlaskie); Belarus (Brest;Gomel); Ukraine (Volynskaborder; Rivnenska; Zhytomyr; Kiev;Chernivhivska… Sumska)

53-AAA-ede ukrainska-NW. part of "ukrainian"-N. �to be divided into constituent idioms ⊕(Poland)Chełm… (Ukraine) Bug-W. middle valley… Zhitomir… Bila Zerkva

(Volynsk; Rivnenska; Zhytomyr);Poland (Chełm adjacent)

53-AAA-edf kiev-U. kiev "urban", part of "ukrainian"-N. ⊕Kiev (Kiev)53-AAA-edg ukrainska-NE. part of "ukrainian"-N. �to be divided into constituent idioms ⊕Bila

Zerkva… Pryluky… Sudzha(Zhytomyr; Kiev; Cherkaska;Poltava; Sumska); Russia (Kurskfrontier)

53-AAA-edh ukrainska-SW. part of "ukrainian"-S. ⊕(Poland) Hrubieszóv… (Ukraine) Bug-W. uppervalley… Ostrog… Berdichev… Vinnitsa… Uman'

Poland (Zamojskie frontier);Ukraine (Volynska; Lviv;Rivnenska; Ternopil; Khmelnytska;Zhytomyr; Vinnytsya; Kiev;Cherkaska)

53-AAA-edi dnestr-NW. "upper dnestr", opolskie, part of "ukrainian"-S. �to be divided intoconstituent idioms ⊕Bug-W.… Dnestr upper valleys

(Lviv; Ternopil; Ivano-Frankivsk)

53-AAA-edj lviv-U. lviv "urban", part of "ukrainian"-S. ⊕Lviv, Lvov (Lviv)53-AAA-edk turka part of "ukrainian"-S. ⊕Carpathian highlands: Turka southeastwards (Lviv; Ivano-Frankivsk)53-AAA-edl kuty part of "ukrainian"-S. ⊕Carpathian highlands: Rakhov… Kuty… Ripen (Zakarpatska; Ivano-Frankivsk;

Chernivtsi); Romania frontier53-AAA-edm prut-N. "upper prut", part of "ukrainian"-S. ⊕Bukovina country: Prut, Prutul

upper valley(Ivano-Frankivsk; Chernivtsi);Moldova (Bessarabiya adjacent)

53-AAA-edn dnestr-M. part of "ukrainian"-S. ⊕Dnestr middle valley… Bug-S. upper & middlevalleys

(Ternopil; Khmelnytska; Vinnytsya;Odessa; Kirovohradska; Mykolaiv)

53-AAA-edo ukrainska-SE. part of "ukrainian"-S. ¶to be divided into constituent idioms ⊕Odessa…Sevastopol'… Kharkhov… Don middle valley (Pavlovsk… Boguchar)

Ukraine-SE.; Russia (Belgorod;Voronezh)

53-AAA-edp surzhik surjik, "mixed ukrainian+ russian" �transition to [53] Russkiy Ukraine (Kiev…)53-AAA-edq "canadian-ukrainian" �bilingual in [52] English migration> Canada53-AAA-f Slovensko Slovenian, "wider" slovensko, "slovene", "alpine slave", in [52]

Deutsch: slowenisch, windisch, alpenslawisch, part of "slavonic"-S.#the variant forms slovenski and slovensko are used here to distinguishthe "slovene" outer language from the component "slovenian" innerlanguages �translingual in [53] Srpsko-Hrvatsi �from 11th cent.:Latinscript

Slovenia; Austria adjacent; Italyadjacent; Hungary adjacent;migration> Croatia; Yugoslavia;USA ”

6

53-AAA-fa slovensko-A. slovenski "proper", "common slovenian" �Slovenia; Austria (�Kärnten;�Steiermark)

6

53-AAA-faa � slovensko-L. "historical slovenian", "old slovenian" �from 11th cent. Slovenia53-AAA-fab slovensko-F. "formal slovenian", "literary slovenian", dolenjsko+ gorenjsko

"compromise standard", including ljubljana "cultivated urban"(Ljubljana… )

53-AAA-fac slovensko-sava medijsko, "dolenjsko+ gorenjsko mixed popular slovenian" ⊕Medijavalley… Sava middle valley left-bank: Litija–Hrastnik industrial region

53-AAA-fad slovensko-G. "generalised slovenian" Slovenia…53-AAA-fae slovensko-"amerika" �bilingual in [52] English migration> USA53-AAA-fb koroško koruško, "carinthian slovene", in [52] Deutsch: kärntner-slowenisch

�bilingual in [52] Deutsch-S. (Kärtnerisch) & Deutsch-C. (Hoch-deutsch)

Austria (Kärnten-S.); Slovenia-N.;Italy (Friuli–Venezia-Giulia-N.&-E.)

4

53-AAA-fba ziljsko in [52] Deutsch: gailtaler-slowenisch ⊕Zilja, Gailtal valley… Trbiž,Tarvisio (frontier)

(Kärnten); (Friuli–Venezia-Giulia…)

53-AAA-fbb rožansko koroško-C., in [52] Deutsch: rosentaler-slowenisch ⊕Celovec,Klagenfurt… Rosental valley… Drava, Drau valley between Beljak,Villach+ Velikovec, Völkermarkt… Loibltal valley… Waidisch valley…Bela, Vellach lower valley

(Kärnten)

53-AAA-fbc krksko in [52] Deutsch: gurktaler-slowenisch ⊕Krka, Gurktal lower valley (Gurktal)


53-AAA-fbd obirsko remšeniško narečje, in [52] Deutsch: eisenkappler-slowenisch⊕Obirsko, Ebriach valley… Korte, Trögern valley… Bela, Vellach uppervalley… Ùzelezna Kapla, Eisenkappel… Lobnik, Lobnig valley…Lepena, Leppen valley… Remšenik, Remschenig valley

(Kärnten)

53-AAA-fbe meùziśko in [52] Deutsch: miesstaler-slowenisch ⊕Savinja upper valley:Solčava…

Slovenia

53-AAA-fbf podjunsko in [52] Deutsch: jauntaler-slowenisch ⊕Drava; Drau valley betweenVelikovec, Völkermarkt+ Dravograd… Pliberk, Bleiburg… (frontier)

(Kärnten); Slovenia

53-AAA-fbg remšniško ⊕Kozjak, Possruck country, Muta+ Brezno… Drava middle valley left-bank

Slovenia

53-AAA-fc rezijanjsko "resian slovene", in [52] Deutsch: resianisch ⊕Rezija, Resia valley:Resiutta upstream

Italy (Friuli–Venezia-Giulia-N.&-E.)

53-AAA-fd beneško "venetian slovene", in [52] Deutsch: venezianer-slowenisch Italy (Friuli–Venezia-Giulia-E.);Slovenia

53-AAA-fda tersko beneško-N., "venetian slovene"-N. ⊕Ter upper valley: Taipana,Tipana…

(Friuli–Venezia-Giulia)

53-AAA-fdb nadiško beneško-C., "venetian slovene"-C. ⊕Nadiža+ Idrija upper valleys:Tiglio…

(Friuli–Venezia-Giulia)

53-AAA-fdc brisko beneško-S., "venetian slovene"-S. ⊕Idrija middle valley… Soća-S.middle valley right-bank (frontier)

Slovenia; Italy (Friuli–Venezia-Giulia)

53-AAA-fe oboško in [52] Deutsch: ober-isonzotalerisch ⊕Soća-W.… Isonzo… Nadižaupper valleys

Slovenia

53-AAA-fea bovško ⊕Bovec… Soća-N. upper valley-N. Slovenia53-AAA-feb kobariško ⊕Kobarid… Soća-S. upper valley Slovenia53-AAA-fec borjansko ⊕Borjana… NadiHa upper valley Slovenia53-AAA-ff kraško přimorsko-N., "maritime slovene"-N., in [52] Deutsch: karstisch ⊕Kras,

Karst, Carso country (frontier)Slovenia; Italy (Friuli–Venezia-Giulia)

53-AAA-ffa kraško-NW. ⊕Kras-N.&-W. country: Soća-S. middle valley left-bank… Vipava lowervalley… Kanal… Gorica, Gorizia… Doberdob, Doberdò…

Slovenia

53-AAA-ffb kraško-SE. ⊕Kras country-S.&-E.: Vipava middle valley… Trst, Trieste Slovenia; Italy (Friuli–Venezia-Giulia)

53-AAA-fg istrsko přimorsko-S., "maritime slovene"-S., "istrian slovene", in [52] Deutsch:istrianer-slowenisch

Slovenia-E.; Croatia adjacent

53-AAA-fga brkinsko ⊕Brkini country: Kubed… Malerija… Buzet Slovenia; Croatia adjacent53-AAA-fgb šavrinsko ⊕Dragonja valley right-bank Slovenia53-AAA-fh notranjsko in [52] Deutsch: inner-krainerisch ⊕Notranjska-C.&S. country…

Carniola-S.&-W.: Vipava… JelsaneSlovenia

53-AAA-fi gorenjsko+rovtarsko

gorenjsko+ selško+ rovtarsko,"upper slovene", in [52] Deutsch: ober-krainerisch+ gereuterisch ⊕Gorna Krajina, Gorenjska, Upper Carniolacountry: Sava basin (Litija upstream)

Slovenia-CN.&-W.

53-AAA-fia gorenjsko in [52] Deutsch: ober-krainerisch ⊕Sava valley: Litija upstream Slovenia53-AAA-fib selško ⊕Selca… Zelezniki Slovenia53-AAA-fic tolminsko rovtarsko-NW. ⊕Soča, Isonzo+ Idrijca confluence: Tolmin… Podbrdo Slovenia53-AAA-fid cerkljansko rovtarsko-W. ⊕Idrijca middle valley: Cerkno… Vojsko Slovenia53-AAA-fie črnovrško idrijsko, rovtarsko-SW. ⊕Idrijca upper valley: Idrija… Úrni-Vrh Slovenia53-AAA-fif logaško rovtarsko-SE. ⊕Logatec… Slovenia53-AAA-fig vrhniško+ horjuljsko vrhniško + horjuljsko, rovtarsko-E. ⊕Vrhnika… Horjul Slovenia53-AAA-fih poljansko rovtarsko-C. ⊕Poljanscica river: Poljane… Slovenia53-AAA-fii škofjeloško rovtarsko-NE. ⊕Škofja-Loka… Slovenia53-AAA-fj dolenjsko dolenjski, "lower slovene", in [52] Deutsch: unter-krainerisch ⊕Dolna

Krajina, Dolenjska, Lower Carniola countrySlovenia-CS.

53-AAA-fja dolenjsko-C. ⊕Ljubljanica valley… Krka upper valley Slovenia53-AAA-fjb dolenjsko-E. vzhodno-dolenjsko ⊕Mirna upper valley… Krka middle valley between

Novo-Mesto & KostanjevicaSlovenia

53-AAA-fjc posavsko in [52] Deutsch: savetalerisch ⊕Sava middle valley between Litija &Brežice

Slovenia

53-AAA-fk belo-krajinsko in [52] Deutsch: weiss-krainerisch, "mixed slovene+ croatian"�transition to [53] Hrvatski ⊕Bela-Krajina, White Carniola country

Slovenia-S.; Croatia adjacent

53-AAA-fka kostelsko ⊕Kolpa upper valley: Kostel… Draga+ Čabar (frontier) Slovenia+ Croatia frontier53-AAA-fkb belo-krajinsko-C. osredenje-belokrajinsko ⊕Črnomelj…53-AAA-fkc privrško ⊕Vinica…53-AAA-fkd poljsko ⊕Metlika…53-AAA-fke šokarsko ⊕Sernič… Goranci mountains53-AAA-fl štajersko-W. zapadno-štajersko, "styrian slovene"-W., in [52] Deutsch: west-steier-

slowenisch �bilingual in [52] Deutsch (Steirisch & Hochdeutsch)Slovenia-E.; Austria (Steiermark-S.)

53-AAA-fla sotelsko in [52] Deutsch: sottlatalerisch ⊕Sotla left-bank: Pilstanj… Brežice53-AAA-flb štajersko-C. osrednje štajersko ⊕Savinja lower valley: Šmarje…53-AAA-flc savinjsko in [52] Deutsch: sanntalerisch ⊕Savinja upper valley53-AAA-fld pohorsko in [52] Deutsch: pacherisch ⊕Pohorje country53-AAA-fle kozjaško in [52] Deutsch: possruckerisch ⊕Kozjak, Possruck-E. country: Drava

right-bank, Maribor upstream;(Steiermark frontier)

5= INDO-EUROPEAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 44553-AAA-fm štajersko-E. vzhodno štajersko, "styrian slovene"-E., in [52] Deutsch: ost-steier-

slowenisch ⊕Slovenske Gorice country… Prekmurje countrySlovenia-E.; Hungary adjacent;Austria adjacent

53-AAA-fma goričansko in [52] Deutsch: büchlerisch ⊕Slovenske Gorice-W country: Dravaright-bank (Maribor downstream)

53-AAA-fmb prleško in [52] Deutsch: perlekisch ⊕Ščavnica… Pesnica valleys53-AAA-fmc haloško in [52] Deutsch: kollosisch ⊕Haloze country: Dravinja left-bank53-AAA-fmd prleško-E. vzhodno prleško, in [52] Deutsch: ost-perlekisch53-AAA-fme središčansko in [52] Deutsch: polstrauerisch ⊕Središče53-AAA-fmf prekmursko in [52] Deutsch: prekmurjisch �bilingual in [52] Deutsch-S. (Steirisch),

Deutsch-C. (Hochdeutsch) and/or [41] Magyar ⊕Prekmurje country…Felsöszölnök

Slovenia; Hungary adjacent;Austria (Burgenland-S. adjacent)

53-AAA-g Srpski+ Hrvatski Serbo-Croatian, srpsko-hrvatski, hrvatsko-srpski, "serbo-croat","serbian+ croatian", part of "slavonic"-S. ¶the displacement anddisruption of many of the following linguistic communities since 1991,as a result of civil war and ethnic clearances, remain to be accountedfor in the following "pre-war" presentation

�Yugoslavia (Serbia;Montenegro); �Croatia; �Bosnia-Herzegovina ”

7

53-AAA-ga � srpsko-hrvatski-L.

"historical serbian+ croatian", "old štokavski" �from 13th cent.; Cyrillicscript; Glagolitic script; Latin script

53-AAA-gb ✍ srpski-F. "literary serbo-croatian"-S., "literary serbian", part of "literary" štokavski,"literary" ekavski, "literary" ekavian" �Beograd, Belgrade model

(Serbia; Montenegro); Bosnia-Herzegovina

53-AAA-gc ✍ hrvatski-F. "serbo-croatian"-N., "literary croatian", part of "literary štokavski","literary" jekavski, "literary ijekavian" �Zagreb model

Croatia; Bosnia-Herzegovina

53-AAA-gd ✍ ikavski-F. "literary" ikavski., "literary ikavian", part of "literary štokavski" Croatia…53-AAA-ge srpski-G. "generalised serbian" Serbia…53-AAA-gf hrvatski-G. "generalised croatian" Croatia…53-AAA-gg kajkavski "kajkavian traditional" including: zagorski, kajkavski-NW.… prigorski,

kajkavski- SW.… horvatsky grob, "slovakian" kajkavski… kajkavski-E.�transition to [53] Slovensko

Croatia-C.

53-AAA-gh čakavski "chakavian traditional" ⊕Istria-NW peninsula.… Croatia-W. highlands…Dalmatia islands

Croatia-W.

53-AAA-gi štokavski "stokavian traditional" Croatia; Bosnia-Herzegovina;Yugoslavia, Hungary, Romania,Italy

53-AAA-gia štokavski-NW. ikavski, istrii ⊕Istria-S. peninsula.… Croatia-W.53-AAA-gib štokavski-W. ⊕Dalmatia-N.&-C. coast… Vrbas river… Sana river… Una upper

river… Bosnia-SC. highlandsCroatia (Dalmatia); Bosnia-Herzegovina

53-AAA-gic štokavski-C. ⊕Korana river… Zrinska hills… Baranya country… Drava+ Vukarivers… Dubrovnik coast… Crna-Gora, Montenegro mountains

Croatia-W.&-C. (includingSlavonia-W.); Hungary adjacent;Bosnia- Herzegovina-N.&-E.;Yugoslavia (Montenegro; Serbia-SW.)

53-AAA-gid štokavski-N. slavonjski ⊕Slavonia plains… Derventa Yugoslavia (Serbia-N.&-C.);Bosnia-Herzegovina adjacent

53-AAA-gie štokavski-CE. including vojvodinjski… sumadijski ⊕Timi˙ region… Vojvodina region…Sumadija country

Yugoslavia (Serbia-N.&-C.);Romania-W. (Timi˙)

53-AAA-gif štokavski-NE. rekas… karasevo ⊕Recas… Caransebe˙ Romania-W.53-AAA-gig štokavski-E. kosovsko-resawski ⊕Vrsac… Negotin… Velika-Morava river… Kosovo

¶large-scale emigration from Kosovo in 1999Yugoslavia (Serbia; includingKosovo)

53-AAA-gih štokavski-S. crnogorski ⊕Novi-Pazar… Yugoslavia (Serbia-S.;Montenegro)

53-AAA-gii italo-štokavski "italo-croat", "molise croatian" Italy (Molise)53-AAA-gj torlakski* "torlakian traditional" �transition to [53] Makedonski ⊕Timok…

PrizrenYugoslavia (Serbia-S.)

53-AAA-h Bulgarski+Makedonski

Bulgarian+ Macedonian, part of "slavonic"-S. Bulgaria, Macedonia (ex-Yugoslavia), Greece, Romania,Albania, Turkey ”

7

53-AAA-ha makedonski macedonian �Macedonia (ex-Yugoslavia);Albania; Greece

6

53-AAA-haa ✍ makedonski-F. "formal macedonian", "literary macedonian" �Cyrillic script: Skopjemodel

Macedonia

53-AAA-hab makedonski-N. "macedonian"-N. ⊕Kumanovo… Kratovo & environs �transition to [53]Stokavian

Macedonia

53-AAA-hac makedonski-C. "macedonian"-C., part of "macedonian"-W. ⊕Skopje… Veles… Prilep…Kicevo… Bitola

Macedonia

53-AAA-had makedonski-CW. part of "macedonian"-W. ⊕Debar… Galcnik… Macedonia53-AAA-hae makedonski-W. ⊕Korcë… Albania53-AAA-haf makedonski-E. part of "macedonian" ⊕Stip…53-AAA-hag pirinski part of "macedonian"-E. �transitional to [53] Bulgarian ⊕Pirin

mountainsBulgaria-E.

53-AAA-hah makedonski-CE. part of "macedonian"-E. ⊕Gevgelija… Strumica… Dojran Macedonia-SE.53-AAA-hai makedonski-SE. part of "macedonian"-S. �bilingual in [56] Helleniki ⊕Kukus… Voden Greece (Makedhonia)53-AAA-haj makedonski-SW. part of "macedonian"-S. �bilingual in [56] Helleniki ⊕Flórina…

Kastoría, KosturGreece (Makedhonia)


53-AAA-hb bulgarski bulgarian, "turkicised slavic", in [51] Français: bulgare �influenced by[44] Turkic

Bulgaria 6

53-AAA-hba bulgarski-F. "formal bulgarian", �Veliko Turnovo-NE. model; Cyrillic script Bulgaria53-AAA-hbb bulgarski-G. "generalised bulgarian" �Sofia compromise model Bulgaria53-AAA-hbc bulgarski-NW. part of "bulgarian"-W. ⊕Iskur valley westwards Bulgaria-NW.53-AAA-hbd bulgarski-SW. part of "bulgarian"-W. ⊕Sofia southwards Bulgaria-SW.53-AAA-hbe bulgarski-SE. part of "bulgarian"-E. ⊕Maritsa middle valley southwards,

Plovdiv+Khaskovo… Rodopi Planina … Primorsko-coastBulgaria-SE.; Greece (Thrakiadjacent)

53-AAA-hbf bulgarski-NE. part of "bulgarian"-E. ⊕Burgas… Stara Planina-E. highlandsnorthwards

Bulgaria-NE.

53-AAA-hbg bulgarski-'émigré'-N. migration> Moldavia-S.; Romania53-AAA-hbh bulgarski-'émigré'-S. migration> Turkey


54= BALTICphylozone

covers the "Baltic", "Latvian+ Lithuanian" or Lietuviškai+Latviašu set, part of the "Balto-Slavic" grouping within the"Indo-European" intercontinental affinity; comprising 1 set oflanguages (= 3 outer languages) spoken by communities inEurope, on the southern coast of the Baltic Sea:

54-A LIETUVIŠKAI+ LATVIAŠU

Latvia; Lithuania; with migration toCanada; USA…; and deportationto Russia (Siberia); Kazakhstan

6

54-A LIETUVIŠKAI +LATVIAŠU set

BALTIC, "lithuanian+ latvian"

54-AA LIETUVIŠKAI +LATVIAŠU chain

54-AAA LIETUVIŠKAI net "lithuanian"

54-AAA-a Lietuviškai Lithuanian, lietùvių kalbà, in [52] Deutsch: litauisch �influenced by[53] Slavonic languages (Polski, Russkiy, Bielorusskiy) �the linguisticseparation between Aukshtaichiai and Zhemaichiai may justify theirtreatment as 2 outer-languages

Lithuania; also Belarus adjacent;Russia-in-Europe; migration>USA… ”

6

54-AAA-aa ✍ lietuviškai-F. "literary lithuanian", "formal lithuanian" �from 16th cent.; Aukshtaichiaimodel; Latin script

Lithuania

54-AAA-ab aukštaichiai 'high' "lithuanian", "upper lithuanian", aukshtait, "lithuanian"-E., in [52]Deutsch: aukschtaitisch

Lithuania-E.

54-AAA-aba aukštaichiai-W. Lithuania54-AAA-abb aukštaichiai-C. Lithuania54-AAA-abc aukštaichiai-E. Lithuania54-AAA-ac dzukai "dzukish" Lithuania54-AAA-ad žemaichiai 'low' "lithuanian", zhemait, zemaitis, zemachiai, "shamaitish",

"zhemaitish", "lithuanian"-NW., in [52] Deutsch: schemaitisch⊕Zhemaitija country: Klaipeda, Memel… Siauliai

Lithuania-W.; also Russia(Kaliningrad, formerly EastPrussia) adjacent

54-AAB LATVIAŠU net "latvian"54-AAB-a Latviašu Latvian, latvyu, latvie˛u valoda, 'lettish', in [52] Deutsch: lettisch Latvia; Russia-in-Europe;

migration> USA… ”6

54-AAB-aa ✍ latviašu-F. "literary latvian", "formal latvian" �Central Latvian model; Latin script Latvia 654-AAB-ab latviašu-G. "generalised latvian" Latvia54-AAB-ac tamiešu "tamian", "tamish", "latvian"-NW. Latvia54-AAB-ad latgale "latgalian", "upper latvian", "latvian"-E. ⊕Latgale country Latvia 054-AAC 'PRUSSIAN' net54-AAC-a � 'Prussian'-L. ¶extinct since 17th cent. �from 14th cent.: Latin script Poland; Russia ” �

54-AAC-aa � 'prussian'-L. "old prussian", in [52] Deutsch: altpreussisch ⊕Wisła, Vistula… Neman,Memel valleys

Poland (Gdańsk); Russia(Kaliningrad)


55= ALBANICphylozone

covers the "Albanian" or Shqip set, part of the "Indo-European" intercontinental affinity; comprising 1 set of 1outer-language spoken by communities in the westernBalkans, with an extension across the Adriatic to the Italianpeninsula:

55-A SHQIP

Albanian is probably related to the ancient Illyrian (Messapic)language, formerly spoken on both sides of the Adriatic

Albania; Greece; Macedonia;Yugoslavia; with an extension toItaly; and migration to Croatia;Turkey; Ukraine…

6

55-A SHQIP set ALBANIAN55-AA SHQIP chain55-AAA SHQIP net shqipe, shkip, škip; shkipetar, škipetar people55-AAA-a Shqip Albanian, gjuha shqipe, shqipni, shqip, skchip, shqiperi, ship, shkip,

škip; shkipetar, škipetar people�Albania; Yugoslavia; Croatia;Macedonia; Italy; Greece…

6

55-AAA-aa gheg albanian-N., geg, guegue, shqip-N., škip-N., including malësia,malissore… mirditë, dukagjin peoples ¶disrupted in late 1990's by(temporary) ethnic clearance of Kosovar community from Yugoslaviainto Albania, Macedonia and Montenegro ⊕Shkumbi river northwards�from 16th cent.: Turko-Arabic script; Latin script

Albania; Yugoslavia (Kosovo;Serbia; Montenegro); Croatia;migration> USA ”

6

55-AAA-aaa ✍ gheg-F. "literary"gheg, "formal" gheg �continued literary development of Ghegstandard in Yugoslavia (Kosovo) after adoption of Tosk standard inAlbania in 1952

Albania; Yugoslavia (Kosovo; alsoMontenegro); also Macedonia

55-AAA-aab gheg-NW. ⊕Komovi+ Prokletije highlands Albania (Shkodër-N.); Yugoslavia(Montenegro)

55-AAA-aac kosova kosovar community ⊕Dhrin middle & upper basin… surroundingMokra… Sar highlands… �geographic and social (clan) dialects to bedistinguished

Albania (Kukës); Yugoslavia(Kosovo; also Montenegro); alsoMacedonia

5

55-AAA-aad shkodër shkod'r ⊕Shkodër, Scutari… Albania (Shkodër-S.)55-AAA-aae gheg-C. ⊕Lezhë… Burrel Albania55-AAA-aaf tiranë+ elbasan gheg-S.,=tirana-elbasan, elbasan-tirana ⊕Elbasan… Tiranë, Tirana Albania (Tiranë)55-AAA-aag mandrica Albania55-AAA-ab arbanasi-N. "croatian" arbanasi, zadar ⊕Zadar: Arbanasi, Borgo Erizzo village

¶migrated in 18th cent. as refugees from Bar (Montenegro)Croatia (Dalmatia) 3

55-AAA-ac tosk albanian-S., arber, arbresh, arnaut, zhgabe, shqip-S., škip-S.,including myzeque… camövia… labëria peoples ⊕Shkumbi rivernorthwards �Hellenic script; Turko-Arabic script; Latin script

Albania; Italy; Greece; migration>USA

6

55-AAA-aca ✍ tosk-F. "literary albanian", "formal albanian" �adopted as standard Albanianliterary language in 1952

�Albania

55-AAA-acb tosk-W. Albania55-AAA-acc tosk-S. çamëria, chamuria, camarija Albania55-AAA-acd tosk-E. korca ⊕Korçë Albania (Korçë)55-AAA-ace srem syrmia Albania55-AAA-ad arbanasi-E. "bulgarian" arbanasi �bilingual in [53] Bulgarski and/or [56] Helleniki

⊕(Bulgaria) Mandritsa; (Greece) Kilkís: Mandrés village ¶Mandritsafounded by refugees in Middle Ages from Albania; Mandrés by 19th

cent. refugees from Mandritsa

Bulgaria (Khaskovo); Greece(Kilkís)

55-AAA-ae arbanasi-S. arvanitika �bilingual in [56] Helleniki Greece 555-AAA-aea viotia Greece (Boeotia)55-AAA-aeb attiki ⊕Elevsís Greece (Attica)55-AAA-aec salamina ⊕Salamis Greece (Attica)55-AAA-aed evia ⊕Evvoia-S., Euboea-S. island Greece (Central)55-AAA-af tosk-'ukraine' ⊕Melitopol �bilingual in [53] Ukrainska Ukraine55-AAA-ag tosk-'anatolia' �bilingual in [44] Türkçe migration> Turkey (Anatolia)55-AAA-ah arbresh arbëreshë, "italo-albanian" �bilingual in [51] Napoletano+Siciliano &/or

Italiano ¶spoken in almost 50 scattered villages, founded by refugeesfrom Albania in 13th-15th centuries; classified provisionally by province

migration> Italy-S. 5*

55-AAA-aha molise (Molise)55-AAA-ahb apulia (Puglia)55-AAA-ahc basilicata (Basilicata)55-AAA-ahd calabria (Calabria)55-AAA-ahe sicilia (Sicilia)


56= HELLENICphylozone

covers the "Greek", "Hellenic" or Helleniki+ Tsakonia set oflanguages, part of the "Indo-European" intercontinentalaffinity; comprising 1 set of languages (= 2 outer languages)spoken by communities in southeastern Europe and aroundthe eastern Mediterranean, with international migration:

56-A HELLENIKI+ TSAKONIA

Greece; Cyprus; Albania; Bulgaria;formerly Turkey; with diaspora toUSA; Germany; United Kingdom;France; Canada; Poland; Ukraine;Russia; Kazakhstan; Italy…

7

56-A HELLENIKI+TSAKONIA set

GREEK

56-AA HELLENIKI+TSAKONIA chain

56-AAA HELLENIKI+TSAKONIA net

56-AAA-a Helleniki Greek, "hellenic" �(Linear-B script); Hellenic script Greece; Cyprus; Albania;migration> Egypt; Italy; France(Corsica); Ukraine; USA; Canada;Australia ”

7

56-AAA-aa � helleniki-L. "historical greek", including "ancient literary greek", "classical greek"(with dialectal variation)… koiné, koiné "greek", "ancient greekvehicular"… "hellenistic greek", "new testament greek"… "byzantinegreek"…

Greece… {Eastern Mediterranean}

56-AAA-ab ✍ katharévousa katharevusa, "puristic modern literary greek" �official language in 19th-20th cent. �including a variety of styles drawn in the competingdirections of Classical Greek and Modern Demotic Greek

(�) Greece

56-AAA-ac ✍ dhimotiki demotikós, romaiki, "modern demotic greek", "generalised moderngreek" �compromise standard, influenced by Katharevousa,emerging from late 1980's

�Greece, �Cyprus 7

56-AAA-aca dhimotiki-'hellas' "greece colloquial standard" (Greece)56-AAA-acb dhimotiki-'kypros' "cyprus colloquial standard" (Cyprus)56-AAA-acc athiniki "athenian popular urban" ⊕Athínai, Athens Greece (Attica)56-AAA-acd helleniki-'istanbul' ⊕Istanbul ¶spoken by Greek-speaking community remaining in

IstanbulTurkey (Istanbul)

56-AAA-ace helleniki-'rossiya' migration> Russia; Ukraine56-AAA-acf helleniki-'amerika' migration> USA56-AAA-acg helleniki-'australia' migration> Australia56-AAA-ad helleniki-N. "northern-greece traditional" Greece56-AAA-ada ipiros ⊕Ipiros country Greece (Ipiros); Albania adjacent;

also Turkey56-AAA-adb makedhonia-W. ⊕Macedonia highlands Greece (Makedhonia)56-AAA-adc makedhonia-E. ⊕Thessaloniki, Salonica… Greece (Makedhonia)56-AAA-add thraki ⊕Thrace country Greece (Thraki)56-AAA-ade samothraki ⊕Samothraki island Greece (Samothraki)56-AAA-adf limnos ⊕Lemnos island Greece (Lemnos)56-AAA-adg voriai-spoadhes ⊕Sporades-N. islands Greece (Sporades)56-AAA-adh thessalia ⊕Trikkala… Larisa Greece (Thessalia)56-AAA-adi evvoia-N. ⊕Evvoia-N., Euboea-N. island Greece (Evvoia)56-AAA-adj sterea ⊕Sterea Greece (Sterea)56-AAA-ae attica+ euboea part of "athenian old rural traditional" ¶vestigial idiom Greece56-AAA-aea megara part of "athenian old rural traditional" ¶vestigial idiom ⊕Mégara Greece (Attica)56-AAA-aeb euboea-C. kími, part of "athenian old rural traditional" ⊕Euboea-C. island: Kími

¶vestigial idiomGreece (Evvoia)

56-AAA-af helleniki-SW. "peleponnese+ ionian insular traditional" Greece56-AAA-afa iónioi-nisoi ⊕Iónioi, Ionian islands (Iónioi)56-AAA-afb peloponnisos ⊕Pelopónnisos, Peleponnese peninsula (Pelopónnisos)56-AAA-ag kritiki "cretan insular traditional" ⊕Kríti, Crete island (Kríti)56-AAA-ah helleniki-SE. "dodecanese+ cypriot insular traditional" ⊕Dodecanese… Cyprus Greece; Cyprus56-AAA-aha kikládhes ⊕Kikládhes, Cyclades islands (Kikládhes)56-AAA-ahb khíos ⊕Khíos, Chios island (Khíos)56-AAA-ahc ikaría ⊕Ikaría, Nikaria island (Ikaría)56-AAA-ahd sporádhes-C. ⊕Sporádhes, Lesser Dodecanese islands (Sporádhes)56-AAA-ahe rhodos ⊕Rhodos, Rhodes island (Rhodos)56-AAA-ahf carpathos ⊕Kárpathos, Scarpanto island (Kárpathos)56-AAA-ahg cyprus "cypriot greek" ⊕Cyprus island Cyprus56-AAA-ai italiot "italo-greek traditional" Italy; France56-AAA-aia salentina ⊕Salentina… Calimera (Apulia)56-AAA-aib calabria-S. Italy (Calabria)56-AAA-aic cargèse "corsican greek" ⊕Cargèse France (Corsica)


56-AAA-aj pontiki "pontic traditional", "black-sea greek" 556-AAA-aja pontus ¶exodus from Turkey (Anatolia) to Greece and N.America in 1920's-

1930'sTurkey (Anatolia)

56-AAA-ajb piraiévs-katerini ⊕Piraeus-Katerini… Athens suburbs migration> Greece56-AAA-ajc america-pontiki ⊕Boston… Philadelphia… Toronto… migration> USA; Canada56-AAA-ak urum* "russian+ ukrainian greek" Russia; Ukraine 556-AAA-al saracatsi "saracatsan" ¶nomadic shepherd community #form of own name to be

confirmedGreece-N.

56-AAA-am yevaniki "judeo-greek", "hebraicised greek", "yevanic" ¶exodus to USA & Israel,where now almost extinct �Hebrew script

USA; Israel 1*

56-AAA-b Tsakonia "peleponnese-E. traditional hellenic" Greece 256-AAA-ba tsakonia Greece56-AAA-baa kastanitas+ sitena ⊕Kastanitas… Sitena… (Pelopónnisos)56-AAA-bab leonidhion+ prastos ⊕Leonidhion… Prastos… (Pelopónnisos)


57= ARMENICphylozone

covers the "Armenian" or Hayeren set, part of the "Indo-European" intercontinental affinity; comprising 1 set of 1outer-language spoken by communities in eastern Europe, inthe valleys around Lake Sevan and in a former extension fromthe Mediterranean coast of Cilicia to the Caspian Sea, withworldwide migration:

57-A HAYEREN

Armenia; Azerbaijan; with diasporain Egypt; France; Georgia; Iran;Iraq; Lebanon; Russia; Syria;Turkey; Ukraine; USA…

6

57-A HAYEREN set ARMENIAN57-AA HAYEREN chain57-AAA HAYEREN net57-AAA-a Hayeren Armenian, hay, ermeni, armiane, somekhi �from 5th cent.: Armenian

script influenced by [59] Farsi Armenia; Azerbaijan (Nagorny-

Karabakh); migration> Georgia;Iran; Syria; Lebanon; Iraq; Turkey;Russia; Ukraine; Egypt; France;USA ”

6

57-AAA-aa � grabar "ancient armenian", "historical literary armenian", "ancient+ middleliterary armenian" �from 5th cent., continuing in use until 19th and stillstudied in 20th.

Armenia…

57-AAA-ab ashkharik-hayeren "armenian"-E., ararat "armenian" Armenia; Georgia; Azerbaijan;Russia; Iran …

6

57-AAA-aba ✍ ashkharik-F. "formal armenian"-E., "modern literary armenian"-E. �Yerevan model Armenia…57-AAA-abb ararat yerevan ⊕Ararat valley… Yerevan Armenia57-AAA-abc tbilisi tiflis ⊕Tibilisi, Tiflis… Georgia57-AAA-abd karabakh ⊕Karabakh region Azerbaijan (Nagorny-Karabakh)57-AAA-abe astrakhan ⊕Astrakhan… Russia (Astrakhan)57-AAA-abf shamakli ⊕Shamakli… Iran57-AAA-abg dzhulfa*57-AAA-abh agulis*57-AAA-abi khvoy+ salmas ⊕Salmas. Khvoy Iran57-AAA-abj urmia+ maragheh ⊕Urmia lake: Urmia… Maragheh Iran57-AAA-abk artvin ⊕Artvin… Turkey (Artvin)57-AAA-ac arewmta-hayeren "armenian"-W., "diaspora armenian" ⊕with exodus from Turkey after

the massacre and ethnic clearance of the Armenian community from1915.

Turkey; Syria; Lebanon; Russia;Ukraine; Greece; France; UnitedStates…

4

57-AAA-aca ✍ arewmta-hayeren-F. "formal armenian"-W., "modern literary armenian"-W. �Istanbul,Constatinople model

Turkey…

57-AAA-acb erzurum karin ⊕Karinkos* Turkey (Erzurum)57-AAA-acc muş ⊕Muş… Turkey (Muş)57-AAA-acd van ⊕Van… Turkey (Van)57-AAA-ace diyarbakir tigranakert ⊕Diyarbakir… Turkey (Diyarbakir)57-AAA-acf erzinkan kharberd, erzenka ⊕Erzincan province Turkey (Erzinkan)57-AAA-acg karahisar shabin-karahissar ⊕Şebinkarahisar… Turkey (Giresun)57-AAA-ach trabzon trapezunt ⊕Trabzon… Turkey (Trabzon)57-AAA-aci hemşin hamshen ⊕Hemşin… Turkey (Rize)57-AAA-acj malatya ⊕Malatya… Turkey (Malatya)57-AAA-ack arapkir arabkir ⊕Arapkir… Turkey (Malatya)57-AAA-acl akcn akn ⊕Akcn… Turkey (Afsaray)57-AAA-acm sivas ⊕Sivas… Turkey (Sivas)57-AAA-acn hayeren-istanbul "constantinople armenian" ⊕Istanbul… Turkey (Istanbul)57-AAA-aco tokat ewdokia ⊕Tokat Turkey (Tokat)57-AAA-acp hayeren-smyrna izmir ⊕Izmir… Turkey (Izmir)57-AAA-acq hayeren-dimashq ⊕Dimashq, Damascus… Syria57-AAA-acr hayeren-beirut ⊕Beirut Lebanon57-AAA-acs hayeren-sevastopol ⊕Sevastopol, Sebastopol… Ukraine (Crimea)57-AAA-act hayeren-don ⊕Don valley Russia


58= IRANICphylozone

covers the "Iranian" or Farsi+ Pashto set, part of the "Indo-Iranian" grouping within the "Indo-European" intercontinentalaffinity; comprising 1 set of languages (= 26 outer languages)spoken by communities in southwestern and central Asia:

58-A FARSI+ PASHTO

A continuum of relationships among languages covered by58=Iranic and by 59=Indic passes through the transitionallanguages of the [58] Bashgali+ Waigeli (Nuristani) chain.

Afghanistan; Armenia; Azerbaijan;China; India; Iran; Iraq;Kirghizstan; Lebanon; Oman;Pakistan; Russia; Syria; Tajikistan;Turkmenistan; Turkey; Uzbekistan

7

58-A FARSI+ PASHTO set "WIDER"-IRANIAN58-AA FARSI+ KURDI chain IRANIAN-WEST58-AAA KURDI+ KURMANJI

net¶a major linguistic division between communities speaking Kurdish-N.& Kurdish-S. (not readily inter-intelligible) is further complicated by theoverlapping division of the Kurdish-speaking area (Kurdistan) among 5nation-states, by an ancient sociological divide between sedentaryagriculturalists and nomadic/semi-nomadic pastoralists, and by internaldifferences of religious tradition �Perso-Arabic script; Armenianscript; Latin script; Cyrillic script

58-AAA-a Kurmanji+Kurmanjiki

Kurdish-N. Iraq; Turkey; Syria; Iran; alsoArmenia; Azerbaijan;Turkmenistan; Russia; Lebanon;Pakistan (Baluchistan); Germany”

6

58-AAA-aa kurmanji kurmandji �dialects and dialect-names to be reviewed Turkey; Iran; Iraq; Syria; Russia;Lebanon; migration> Germany

6

58-AAA-aaa ✍ kurmanji-F. "literary kurmanji" �Perso-Arabic; Armenian; Cyrillic scripts Turkey…58-AAA-aab guwii Turkey…58-AAA-aac hakkari Turkey (Hakkâri)58-AAA-aad jezir botan Turkey and/or Iraq58-AAA-aae herki Turkey and/or Iraq58-AAA-aaf shikaki Turkey and/or Iraq58-AAA-aag 'aqrah akre Iraq58-AAA-aah 'amadiyah Iraq58-AAA-aai dahuk Iraq58-AAA-aaj shaykhan Iraq58-AAA-aak zakhu Iraq58-AAA-aal surchi kurmanji+ kurdi "transitional" Iraq58-AAA-ab kurmanjiki alevica Turkey (Tunceli; Erzincan;

Mush…)58-AAA-aba tunceli58-AAA-abb varto ⊕Varto subprovince58-AAA-b Dimli+ Gurani Kurdish-C., dimli+ gurani ⊕Zagros-N. mountains… Turkey; Iraq. ” 658-AAA-ba dimli 'zaza', dimli-kurd, dumbeli Turkey-C.&-E. 658-AAA-baa elazig Turkey (Elaziğ)58-AAA-bab bingöl Turkey (Bingöl)58-AAA-bac diyarbakir Turkey (Diyarbakir)58-AAA-bb bajalani part of gurani, gorani, guran Iraq58-AAA-bba shabak Iraq58-AAA-bbb chichamachu Iraq58-AAA-bc hawrami hawramani, part of gurani, gorani, guran Iraq; Iran58-AAA-c Kurdi+ Jafi Kurdish-S. Iraq; Iran ” 658-AAA-ca kurdi kurdy Iraq; Iran (Kordestan;

Kermanshahan; West Azerbaijan;Khorasan-N.)

6

58-AAA-caa ✍ kurdi-F. "literary kurdi", "sorani kurdish" �modified Arabic script: Mukri,Kermanshahi & Sorani models

Iraq; Iran

58-AAA-cab irbil arbil Iraq58-AAA-cac bingird Iraq58-AAA-cad pishdar pizhdar Iraq58-AAA-cae sorani suleimaniye, sulaymaniyah ⊕Sulaimaniya Iraq58-AAA-caf warmawah Iraq58-AAA-cag mukri kurmanji-E. ⊕Urmia lake southwards Iran58-AAA-cah kermanshahi kermanshah58-AAA-cb jafi Iran58-AAA-cc 'judeo-kurdish' "hebraicised kurdish" #distinct from [12] Judeo-Aramaic, which is also

sometimes referred to improperly as 'judeo-kurdish' in [52] English, oras 'kurdit' in [12] Ivrit

Azerbaijan 3


58-AAB BALOCHI net58-AAB-a Balochi baluchi, baluci, baloci �Perso-Arabic script Pakistan; migration> Iran; United

Arab Emirates; Oman… ”6

58-AAB-aa balochi-E. "eastern hills" balochi Pakistan (Baluchistan; India(Punjab)

6

58-AAB-aaa baluchistan-NE. (Baluchistan)58-AAB-aab sindh-NW. (Sindh)58-AAB-aac punjab-SW. (Punjab)58-AAB-ab balochi-W. yarahmadza Pakistan (Baluchistan-W.); Iran-S.;

Afghanistan; Turkmenistan6

58-AAB-aba rakhshani Pakistan…58-AAB-abb sarawani58-AAB-abc balochi -turkmenistan merv Turkmenistan58-AAB-ac balochi-S. makrani Pakistan (Baluchistan-S.; Sindh-

S.); Iran6

58-AAB-aca balochi-coastal Pakistan58-AAB-acb kechi Pakistan58-AAB-acc makrani-E. lotuni Pakistan58-AAB-acd makrani-W. "persianised balochi" Iran58-AAB-ace balochi-'émigré' migration> Oman; United Arab

Emirates58-AAB-ad bashkardi Iran58-AAB-ada bashkardi-N. Iran58-AAB-adb bashkardi-S. Iran58-AAC FARSI+ LURI net "iranian"-C., "wider persian"58-AAC-a Luri+ Kumzari Iran; Oman; migration> USA. ” 658-AAC-aa luri+ bakhtiari luri+ bahtiari Iran-SW. 658-AAC-aaa luri Iran58-AAC-aab feyli Iran58-AAC-aac leki alaki Iran58-AAC-aad haft-lang "nomadic" bakhtiari Iran58-AAC-aae cahr-lang "farming" bakhtiari Iran58-AAC-aaf kelhuri Iran58-AAC-ab kumzari kumzai ⊕Musandam peninsula Oman, Iran58-AAC-b Lari+ Fars Iran 458-AAC-ba lari larestani Iran 458-AAC-bb fars Iran58-AAC-c Farsi+ Tajiki farsi "proper", parsi-C., "persian"-C. � from c.–500: Cuneiform script;

Pahlavi script; Perso-Arabic scriptIran; Afghanistan; Tajikistan; Iraq;Pakistan; Uzbekistan; Kirghizstan;migration> United Arab Emirates,Oman, Barein; Qatar ”

7

58-AAC-ca � parsi-L. "middle persian", pahlavi, pehlevi, pahlavik, including "middle parthian","middle persian"-NW.… "middle" parsik, "middle persian"-SW.

Iran

58-AAC-cb ✍ farsi-F. faarsii, parsi, "modern literary" persian, "formal" persian Iran; Afghanistan… 758-AAC-cba farsi-W. iran "model" Iran58-AAC-cbb farsi-E. afghanistan "model" Afghanistan58-AAC-cc farsi-G. "generalised" farsi Iran; Afghanistan…58-AAC-cca iran-G. "generalised" farsi-W. Iran58-AAC-ccb afghanistan-G. "generalised" farsi-E. Afghanistan58-AAC-cd qazvini+ isfahani "traditional spoken" farsi-W. Iran…58-AAC-cda qazvini ⊕Qasvin Iran58-AAC-cdb mahallati ⊕Marhallat Iran58-AAC-cdc hamadani ⊕Hamadan Iran58-AAC-cdd kashani ⊕Kashan Iran58-AAC-cde isfahani ⊕Isfahan Iran58-AAC-cdf sedehi ⊕Sedeh Iran58-AAC-cdg kermani ⊕Kerman Iran58-AAC-cdh araki ⊕Arak Iran58-AAC-cdi shirazi ⊕Shiraz Iran58-AAC-cdj jahromi ⊕Jahrom Iran58-AAC-cdk shahrudi ⊕Shahrud Iran58-AAC-cdl kazeruni ⊕Kazerun Iran58-AAC-cdm mashhad mashadi, meshedi ⊕Mashhad Iran58-AAC-cdn lowerri* Iran58-AAC-cdo hazaragi-C. hazara-C., hezareh-C., hezare'i-C. Iran58-AAC-cdp hazaragi-S. hazara-S., hezareh-S., hezare'i-S. Iran


58-AAC-ce dari "traditional spoken" farsi-E., "afghan persian" Afghanistan…58-AAC-cea kabuli ⊕Kabul Afghanistan58-AAC-ceb herati ⊕Herat Afghanistan58-AAC-cec tajiki-afghanistan čtransition to [58] Tajiki Afghanistan58-AAC-ced khorasani ⊕Khorasan Afghanistan58-AAC-cee parsiwan ⊕Parsibanan Afghanistan58-AAC-cf pahlavani Afghanistan (Chakhansoor) 258-AAC-cg darwazi darwaz, badakhshani čtransition to [58] Tajiki ⊕Amu Darya valley Afghanistan-N. frontier 558-AAC-ch tangshewi tangshuri čtransition to [58] Tajiki Afghanistan (Badakhshan-NE.)58-AAC-ci tajiki tadzhiki, tadjiki, tajik, tadzhik, tadjik,"tajiki persian", galcha Tajikistan; Uzbekistan; Kirghizstan 658-AAC-cia ✍ tajiki-F. "literary tajiki" � Perso-Arabic script: Tajiki-N. model Tajikistan; Kirghizstan58-AAC-cib tajiki-N. Tajikistan58-AAC-cic tajiki-W. Tajikistan; Uzbekistan58-AAC-cid tajiki-S. Tajikistan58-AAC-cie tajiki-E. Tajikistan58-AAC-cj 'judeo'-farsi "hebraicised" persian, dzhidi+ bukharik činfluenced by [12] Ivrit Iran; Afghanistan; Tajikistan58-AAC-cja dzhidi "hebraicised" farsi Iran; Afghanistan58-AAC-cjb bukharik bukharic, bokharic, bokharan, bukharan, bukharian, judeo-tajik,

"hebraicised" tajikTajikistan

58-AAC-ck aimaq barbari, chahar-aimaq Afghanistan; Iran 558-AAC-cka taimuri teimuri, timuri, taimouri ⊕Teymur Iran58-AAC-ckb taimani58-AAC-ckc zohri zuri58-AAC-ckd jamshidi jamshedi, djamchidi, yemchidi Afghanistan58-AAC-cke firozhohi Afghanistan58-AAC-ckf maliki58-AAC-ckg mizmast58-AAC-ckh chinghizi58-AAC-cki qedai-nao-hazara aimaq "proper" Afghanistan58-AAC-ckj zainal ⊕Zaynal Afghanistan58-AAC-cl warduji "pamir persian" ⊕Wendoge valley Afghanistan-NE.58-AAC-cm dehwari deghwari; "baluchistan persian" Pakistan (Baluchistan) 458-AAC-d Gabri+ Ashtiani farsi-CN,. "persian"-CN. Iran-CN. 558-AAC-da ashtiani ashtiyani, astiani ⊕Tafres district: Ashtian Iran58-AAC-db vafsi ⊕Tafres district: Vafs Iran58-AAC-dc nayini Iran58-AAC-dd natanzi Iran58-AAC-de soi Iran58-AAC-df khunsari Iran58-AAC-dg gazi ⊕Gazi Iran58-AAC-dh sivandi ⊕Sivand Iran58-AAC-di gabri "zoroastrian confessional" ¶spoken by Zoroastrian community

alongside liturgical use of [58] AvestaIran 3

58-AAC-dia yazdi yazidi ⊕Yazd Iran58-AAC-dib gabri-kermani ⊕Kerman �distinction from [58] Farsi (Kermani) to be confirmed Iran58-AAC-e Manzandarani+

Talishi'caspian'-farsi Iran. 6

58-AAC-ea mazandarani mazanderani, mazandaran, tabri �Perso-Arabic script ⊕Caspian-S.coast

Iran (Mazandaran) 6

58-AAC-eaa � mazandarani-L. "old literary" mazandarani (Mazandaran)58-AAC-eab ✍ mazandarani-F. "modern literary" mazandarani, "formal" mazandarani (Mazandaran)58-AAC-eac mazandarani-G. "generalised" mazandarani (Mazandaran)58-AAC-ead qadikolahi ghadikolahi (Mazandaran)58-AAC-eae palani (Mazandaran)58-AAC-eb ghilaki gilaki ⊕Gilan coastal plain, Caspian-SW. coast Iran (Gilan) 658-AAC-eba ghilaki-ghilaki (Gilan)58-AAC-ebb galeshi (Gilan)58-AAC-ec takestani takistani Iran 558-AAC-eca takestan ⊕Takestan Iran58-AAC-ecb kharakan kharaqan ⊕Kharakan Iran58-AAC-ecc zanjan ⊕Zanjan Iran58-AAC-ecd tarom ⊕Tarom Iran58-AAC-ece khalkhal ⊕Khal-Khal Iran58-AAC-ecf ramandi* Iran

5= INDO-EUROPEAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 45558-AAC-ed talishi ⊕Caucasus foothills… Caspian-SW. coast Azerbaijan; Iran 558-AAC-eda talysh ⊕Talysh Azerbaijan58-AAC-edb astarin58-AAC-edc länkäran lenkoran ⊕Länkäran Azerbaijan58-AAC-edd lerik ⊕Lerik Azerbaijan58-AAC-ede massalin58-AAC-edf agajani58-AAC-edg sasani58-AAC-ee karingani ⊕Tabriz>NE. Iran58-AAC-ef harzani ⊕Tabriz>NW. Iran58-AAC-f Semnani+ Sangisari farsi-NW. Iran 458-AAC-fa semnani Iran58-AAC-fb sangisari Iran58-AAC-g Tat farsi-tat, tat "persian", tati Iran; Azerbaijan; Russia

(Dagestan) ”5

58-AAC-ga 'muslim'-tat mussulman tat Iran (Takestan); Azerbaijan 4*58-AAC-gb 'judeo'-tat dzhuhuric, bik, judeo-tati, "hebrew" tat, "jewish" tat, "hebraicised" tat Iran (Takestan); Russia

(Dagestan); Azerbaijan4*

58-AAC-gba "judeo"-tat-F. "literary" tat �Cyrillic script58-AAC-gbb "judeo"-tat-N. Russia (Dagestan)58-AAC-gbc "judeo"-tat-C. Azerbaijan58-AAC-gbd "judeo"-tat-S. Iran (Takestan)58-AAC-gc 'christian'-tat* ¶survival and status to be confirmed Iran (Takestan) 4*58-AAD TEBER+ HEYNU*

notional netABDAL

58-AAD-a Teber+ Heynu abdal, abtal ¶Alevi Muslim nomadic community; associated with butdistinct from [59] Domari speech community čmixed language; [59]Iranian vocabulary (related to or derived from Farsi & Kurdi+ Kurmanji)with [44] Turkic grammar �bilingual in [44] Türkçe and/or [58] Farsi orKurmanji, and/or other Turkic or Iranian languages, reserving own"secret" language for use within the community #'abdal' is an exonym(in [44] Uyghur= «beggar»)

Syria; Turkey; Azerbaijan; Iran;Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan;Kazakhstan; Kirghizstan; China

4

58-AAD-aa teber abdal-W., teberci, carcar, tencili, fakcilar, begdili, in [58] Kurmanji:gevende, gäwändä; including gurbet, kara duman ⊕Bolu… Eskisehir…Denizli (Turkey) eastwards

Syria; Turkey; Azerbaijan; Iran…

58-AAD-ab heynu abdal-E., aini, ainu, aynu ⊕Hetian… Luopu… Moyu… Shache…Yingjisha… Shule-kuche counties (Xinjiang) westwards

China (Xinjiang); Kirghizstan;Kazakhstan…

58-AB PASHTO+ DIGORchain

IRANIAN-EAST

58-ABA AVESTA net "avestan"58-ABA-a � Avesta-L. "old" parsik, "ancient iranian", "old iranian"-E., 'zend', 'old bactrian', in

[51] French: avestique � from –7th cent: Avestan script; preserved asa liturgical language by Zoroastrian (Parsee) communities ⊕used by[58] Gabri-speaking Zoroastrian community (Iran) at Yazd… Kermanand by [52] English- and [59] Gujarati-speaking Parsees at Mumbai(Bombay) and elsewhere in India, East Africa, UK, etc

originally Afghanistan-NW.,Turkmenistan; now in liturgical usein Iran; India; Kenya; UK, etc. ”

58-ABA-aa 'zoroastrian' �preserved in Zarathushtra's chants58-ABA-ab avesta-A. avestan "proper", khurda avesta �preserved in Khurda Avesta texts

#khurda avesta= «little Avesta»

58-ABB DIGOR+ IRON net OSSETIC58-ABB-a Digor+ Iron Osseti, ossetin, ossete, os, osetin, oseti, "ossetic", "scythian"-W.,

#osseti < [42] Georgian ous-et-i = «country of the os (people)»�Cyrillic script

{Russian Fed.} North Ossetia;Georgia (South Ossetia) ”

5

58-ABB-aa digor osseti-NW. North Ossetia 558-ABB-aaa urux ⊕Urux valley-basin North Ossetia58-ABB-aab mozdok ⊕Terek valley: Mozdok North Ossetia58-ABB-ab iron osseti-SE. (South Ossetia); North Ossetia 558-ABB-aba ✍ osseti-F. "literary" osseti �Tagaur model58-ABB-abb tagaur58-ABB-abc kurtat ⊕Liakhvi valley: Kurta Georgia (South Ossetia)58-ABB-abd allaghir ⊕Ardon upper valley: Alagir North Ossetia58-ABB-abe tual58-ABC YAGHNOBI net "post"-sogdian58-ABC-a Yaghnobi �related to the extinct Sogdian (Sogdian, Sughdik) language, used as

a central Asian vehicular from Turkestan to China and Tibet circa 4th to10th centuries, in varieties including Great-Wall Sogdian, BuddhistSogdian, Christian Sogdian and Manichean Sogdian

Tajikistan 3

58-ABC-aa yaghnobi yagnobi, yagnob, ⊕Yaghnob valley Tajikistan 358-ABC-aaa yaghnobi-W. Tajikistan58-ABC-aab yaghnobi-E. Tajikistan


58-ABD PASHTO+ PAMIR net "scythian"-E.58-ABD-a Pashto+ Pakhto pushto, pushtu; pathan people �Perso-Arabic script Afghanistan; Pakistan; migration>

Iran, United Arab Emirates… ”7

58-ABD-aa pashto pahto-W., pushtu-W., afghan "pushtu", pahtoon+ pashtoon people Afghanistan-E. 658-ABD-aaa durrani durani ⊕Durrani Afghanistan58-ABD-aab ghilzai ⊕Ghilzai Afghanistan58-ABD-aac mohmandi ⊕Mohmand Afghanistan58-ABD-aad shinwari chinwari ⊕Shinwar Afghanistan58-ABD-aae mangal ⊕Mangal Afghanistan58-ABD-ab paktyan-pashto pashto-S., pushtu-S. Pakistan; Afghanistan 658-ABD-aba ✍ pashto-F. "literary pashto" �Kandahari model Afghanistan; Pakistan58-ABD-abb kandahari qandahari, pashto-SW., ⊕Kandahar Afghanistan58-ABD-abc quetta pashtu-SE., baluchistan-pashto ⊕Quetta Pakistan (Baluchistan)58-ABD-ac pakhto pashto-E., pushtu-E. Pakistan (NWF; Baluchistan) 658-ABD-aca ✍ pakhto-F. "literary pakhto" �Yusufsai model Pakistan58-ABD-acb yusufsai yusufzai, peshawar ⊕Peshawar… Khyber pass Pakistan58-ABD-acc afridi Pakistan58-ABD-acd kohat khatak ⊕Kohat Pakistan58-ABD-ace bannu bannochi ⊕Bannu Pakistan58-ABD-acf waziri ⊕Waziristan highlands Pakistan58-ABD-acg dera-ismail-khan ⊕Dera Ismail Khan Pakistan58-ABD-ach hazra Pakistan58-ABD-aci mahsudi Pakistan58-ABD-acj marwat Pakistan58-ABD-ad wanechi waneci, wanetsi, vanechi Pakistan (Baluchistan-NE.) 358-ABD-b Munji+ Yidgha part of pamir Afghanistan; Pakistan ” 458-ABD-ba munji munjani, including anjaman… koron ⊕Munjan… Mamalgha valleys Afghanistan; Pakistan 458-ABD-baa munji-N. Afghanistan58-ABD-bab munji-C. Afghanistan58-ABD-bac munji-S. Afghanistan58-ABD-bad mamalgha mamalgha-munji ⊕Mamalgha valley Afghanistan58-ABD-bae munji-chitral ⊕migration> Chitral district Pakistan58-ABD-bb yidgha yidga, yudga ⊕Lutkuh upper valley Pakistan 358-ABD-c Wakhi part of pamir, wakhani, wakhigi, guhjali Afghanistan; Pakistan. ” 458-ABD-ca wakhi-N. tajikistan wakhi, part of gorno-badakhshan Tajikistan 458-ABD-cb wakhi-C. afghanistan wakhi ⊕Vakhan corridor Afghanistan58-ABD-cc wakhi-S. Pakistan Wakhi Afghanistan58-ABD-cca hunza ⊕Hunza upper valley Afghanistan58-ABD-ccb yarkhun ⊕Yarkhun upper valley Afghanistan58-ABD-ccc ishkoman ⊕Ishkoman upper valley Afghanistan58-ABD-cd wakhi-E. xinjiang wakhi, part of tajik "china" China (Xinjiang)58-ABD-d Sanglechi+

Ishkashmipart of pamir Afghanistan; Tajikistan ” 3

58-ABD-da sanglechi sanglichi ⊕Sanglich, Sanglech valley Afghanistan58-ABD-db ishkashmi eshkashmi, ishkashim, ishkashimi, zebaki, part of gorno-badakhshan

⊕Ishkashim… transfrontierTajikistan; Afghanistan 3

58-ABD-dba ishkashmi-NE. ishkashmi "tajikistan" ⊕Ishkashim Tajikistan58-ABD-dbb ishkashmi-SW. ishkashmi "afghanistan" ⊕Ashkasham Afghanistan58-ABD-dc zebaki zebak, zibaki ⊕Hindu Kush mountains: Zibak Afghanistan58-ABD-e Shugni+ Roshani part of pamir, shugnan+ rushan Tajikistan; Afghanistan; China ” 458-ABD-ea shughni+ rushan ghorani, part of gorno-badakhshan ⊕Pamir mountains: Ishkashim>N. Afghanistan 458-ABD-eaa shugni shigni, shugnani, shugan Afghanistan58-ABD-eab bajuvi Afghanistan; Tajikistan58-ABD-eac bartangi bartang people Afghanistan; Tajikistan58-ABD-ead rushan roshani, oroshori; oroshor people Afghanistan 458-ABD-eae khufi ⊕Khuf Tajikistan58-ABD-eb sarikoli part of tajik "china" ⊕Taxkorgan, Tashkurghan… Sarikol valley China (Xinjiang) 458-ABD-eba varside (Xinjiang)58-ABD-ebb tiznef (Xinjiang)58-ABD-ebc baldir (Xinjiang)58-ABD-ebd vaca (Xinjiang)58-ABD-ebe marjong (Xinjiang)58-ABD-ebf tyng (Xinjiang)

5= INDO-EUROPEAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 45758-ABD-ebg kicikting (Xinjiang)58-ABD-ebh byryngsol (Xinjiang)58-ABD-ebi kugusluk (Xinjiang)58-ABD-f Yazghulami part of pamir Tajikistan 358-ABD-fa yazghulami yazgulami, iazgulem, yazgulyam, part of gorno-badakhshan Tajikistan 358-ABE PARACHI+ ORMURI

net58-ABE-a Parachi+ Ormuri Pakistan; Afghanistan ” 358-ABE-aa parachi ⊕Kabul Afghanistan 258-ABE-aaa shutul Afghanistan58-ABE-aab ghujulan Afghanistan58-ABE-aac nijrau Afghanistan58-ABE-ab ormuri urmuri, ormui Pakistan (Dera-Ismail-Khan-NW.;

Wazirstan)3

58-ABE-aba kanigurami ⊕Sulaiman range: Kaniguram Pakistan58-ABE-abb baraks bargista, logar Pakistan58-ABE-abc malakhel Pakistan58-AC BASHGALI+

WAIGELI chainNURISTANI, "transitional iranic+ indic" čtransition to [59] Hindi+Domari (Indic)

58-ACA ASHKUND net58-ACA-a Ashkund Afghanistan 358-ACA-aa ashkuni ashkund, ashkun, ⊕Pech valley Afghanistan 358-ACA-aaa gramsukra-viri Afghanistan58-ACA-aab suru-viri wamai, wamayi, wamais, wama ⊕Suru Afghanistan58-ACA-aac ashuru-viri kolata+ titin-bajaygul Afghanistan58-ACB BASHGALI +

PRASUNI net58-ACB-a Bashgali+ Prasuni bash-gari, bash-gal, bash-gul, kataviri+ kamviri Afghanistan (Nuristan) 458-ACB-aa kata-viri-W. ⊕Alingar upper valley (Nuristan)58-ACB-aaa ktivi kantivo, kantiwa (Nuristan)58-ACB-aab kulam (Nuristan)58-ACB-aac peruk papruk (Nuristan)58-ACB-aad ramgul (Nuristan)58-ACB-ab lamert-viri ⊕Kunar valley (Nuristan)58-ACB-aba lamerot (Nuristan)58-ACB-abb badragel (Nuristan)58-ACB-ac mum-viri ⊕Mum valley (Nuristan)58-ACB-aca mumom (Nuristan)58-ACB-acb mangul (Nuristan)58-ACB-acc sasku (Nuristan)58-ACB-ad kam-viri kam, kom, kom-brom, kam-des, kam-toz, kam-deshi, bash-gul, ⊕Kati-

gal+ Bash-gal valleys: Kamdish… Baz-gal(Nuristan)

58-ACB-ae kata-viri-E. katir, kata, shekhani Pakistan (NWF: Chitral…)58-ACB-aea landay-sin bragamatol ⊕Landay-Sin upper basin (NWF)58-ACB-aeb lotkuh ⊕Lotkuh upper valley (NWF)58-ACB-aec bumburet ⊕Chitral basin: Bumburet upper valley (NWF: Chitral)58-ACB-aed rumbur ⊕Chitral basin: Rumbur upper valley (NWF: Chitral)58-ACB-b Prasuni Afghanistan (Nuristan) 358-ACB-ba prasuni parun, veruni, veron, verou ⊕Pech upper river (Nuristan) 358-ACB-baa wasi-weri ⊕Prasun upper valley (Nuristan)58-ACB-bab prasuni-M. ⊕Prasun middle valley (Nuristan)58-ACB-bac ushut "lower" prasuni ⊕Prasun lower valley (Nuristan)58-ACC WAIGELI net58-ACC-a Waigeli wai-gala, way-gal, wai-gal, veli-gal ⊕Waigal valley: north of Pech Afghanistan (Nuristan: Kunar) 458-ACC-aa wai-geli wai-gala, way-gal, wai-gal, veli-gal (Nuristan: Kunar) 458-ACC-aaa wai-ala wai-geli "proper", zhonji-gali, suki ⊕Waigal (Nuristan: Kunar)58-ACC-aab kalasha-ala (Nuristan: Kunar)58-ACC-aac varjan-ala (Nuristan: Kunar)58-ACC-aad chima-nishey-ala ⊕Waigal lower valley: chima-nishey (Nuristan: Kunar)


59= INDICphylozone

covers the "Indic", "Indo-Aryan" or Hindi+ Domari set oflanguages, part of the "Indo-Iranian" grouping within the"Indo-European" intercontinental affinity; comprising 1 set oflanguages (= 49 outer languages) spoken by communities inSouth Asia, from the Himalayas to the island of Ceylon, withextensions throughout the world:

59=A HINDI+ DOMARI

including 5 arterial languages: Hindi with Urdu; Bhojpuri withMaithili; Panjabi; Marathi; Bangla (Bengali) with Sylhetti

A continuum of relationships among languages covered by58=Iranic and by 59=Indic passes through the transitionallanguages of the [58] Bashgali+ Waigeli (Nuristani) chain.

For the reference-names of [59-AAF] Central Indic languages,diacritics have been used as follows: subscript dot / Õ, ¡, ³, » /IRU�UHWURIOH[�FRQVRQDQWV��RYHUOLQLQJ�H�J�� IRU�D�ORQJ�YRZHO�underlining / r / for vocalic r.

Bangladesh; Bhutan; India; Nepal;Pakistan; Sri Lanka; plus migrationto: Afghanistan; Albania; Armenia;Australia; Bosnia; Brazil; Bulgaria;China; Colombia; Czech Rep.;Denmark; Egypt; Estonia; Fiji;France; French Guiana; Germany;Greece; Guyana; Hungary; Iran;Italy; Kazakhstan; Kenya; Latvia;Lebanon; Mauritius; Moldova;Norway; Palestine; Poland;Portugal; Romania; Russia;Slovakia; Slovenia; South Africa;Spain; Surinam; Sweden; Syria;Trinidad & Tobago; Turkey;Uganda; UK; Ukraine; USA;Uzbekistan; Yugoslavia; etc.

9

59-A HINDI+ DOMARI set INDIC, "indo-aryan", part of "indo-iranian" grouping

59-AA HINDI+ PASHAYIchain

INDIC-NORTH

59-AAA PASHAYI+ DAMELInet

part of "dardic"

59-AAA-a Pashayi ⊕Kabul northern tributaries: Panjshir… Alingar… Kunar… Pech valleys¶small mountain-dwelling communities, disrupted by recent civil-war,speaking related but often mutually unintelligible idioms for whichlocations and autonyms are to be confirmed #the cover-name pahari isretained only until detailed internal classification can be established

Afghanistan (Parwan; Kapisa;Laghman)

4

59-AAA-aa gulbahar ⊕Gulbahar (Parwan)

59-AAA-ab sanjan ⊕Sanjan (Parwan)

59-AAA-ac bolaghain bowlaghain ⊕Bowlaghain (Parwan)

59-AAA-ad nangarach nengarach ⊕Nengarach (Laghman)

59-AAA-ae laghman (Laghman)

59-AAA-af alingar ⊕Alingar lower valley (Laghman)

59-AAA-ag laurowan Afghanistan

59-AAA-ah shutul Afghanistan

59-AAA-ai alasai Afghanistan

59-AAA-aj shamakot Afghanistan

59-AAA-ak uzbin Afghanistan

59-AAA-al pandau Afghanistan

59-AAA-am najil Afghanistan

59-AAA-an parazhghan pachagan Afghanistan

59-AAA-ao kohnadeh ⊕Kunar lower valley: Kohneh-deh (Nangarhar)

59-AAA-ap darrai-nur ⊕Darrai-Nur, Darreh-ye-Nur upper valley (Nangarhar)

59-AAA-apa bamba-kot (Nangarhar)

59-AAA-apb lamatek (Nangarhar)

59-AAA-apc sutan (Nangarhar)

59-AAA-aq pashagar pasangar ⊕Pashangar (Konar)

59-AAA-ar kurangal grangal, gogol ⊕Karangal (Konar)

59-AAA-as nangalami ningalami ⊕Nangalem (Konar)

59-AAA-at wegal ⊕Waygal (Konar)

59-AAA-au gawar-bati gowar-bati, gowari ⊕Kunar left-bank (Konar) 3

59-AAA-aua narsati narisati (Konar)

59-AAA-aub arandui (Konar)

59-AAA-av shumasti shumasht, shamusht, shumusti ⊕Kunar valley: Shumasht village (Konar); Pakistan frontier 3

59-AAA-aw wadau Afghanistan

59-AAA-ax chugari Afghanistan 4

59-AAA-axa aret Afghanistan

59-AAA-axb kurdar kordar Afghanistan

59-AAA-axc kandak Afghanistan

59-AAA-axd shemul Afghanistan

59-AAA-ay chalas chilas Afghanistan

59-AAA-az tagau ⊕Tagau valley Afghanistan

59-AAA-aza tagau-A. tagab Afghanistan

59-AAA-azb ishpi Afghanistan

59-AAA-azc isken Afghanistan


59-AAA-b Dameli Pakistan (NWF) 359-AAA-ba dameli damal, damali, damia ⊕Damel valley ¶transhumant community 3

59-AAA-baa shintari Pakistan (NWF)

59-AAA-bab swati Pakistan (NWF)

59-AAB KHOWAR+KALASHA net

"WIDER" CHITRAL, part of "dardic"

59-AAB-a Khowar+ Kalasha Pakistan (NWF: Chitral) 559-AAB-aa kho-war khowari, chitrali #kho-war=«people('s)-language» ⊕Chitral valley (NWF: Chitral) 5

59-AAB-aaa kho-war-N. (NWF: Chitral)

59-AAB-aab kho-war-S. (NWF: Chitral)

59-AAB-aac arniya (NWF: Chitral)

59-AAB-aad patu (NWF: Chitral)

59-AAB-aae qashqari kashkari (NWF: Chitral)

59-AAB-ab kalasha kalashamon, kalash (NWF: Chitral) 3

59-AAB-aba kalasha-N. ⊕Rumbur-valley… Bumboret-valley… Birir-valley (NWF: Chitral)

59-AAB-abb kalasha-S. urtsun (NWF: Chitral)

59-AAC KALAMI+ KHILI net DARDIC-CENTRAL, part of "dardic"

59-AAC-a Wotapuri+Katarqalai

⊕Waigali district Afghanistan (Nuristan) 3

59-AAC-aa wotapuri (Nuristan) 3

59-AAC-ab katarqalai (Nuristan) 3

59-AAC-b Tirahi Afghanistan 259-AAC-ba tirahi nangarhar ⊕Khyber pass westwards 2

59-AAC-c Kalami Pakistan (NWT: Kohistan) 459-AAC-ca kalami garwi, gowri, gawri, gawro, bashkarik, bashgharik, diri, dirwali, kalami-

kohistani(Kohistan: Dir, Swat-N.) 4

59-AAC-caa kalami-A. kalam (Kohistan)

59-AAC-cab ushu (Kohistan)

59-AAC-cac thal (Kohistan)

59-AAC-cad lamuti lamti, kinolam (Kohistan)

59-AAC-d Kalkoti Pakistan (NWF: Kohistan) 359-AAC-da kalkoti kalkot ⊕Kalkot village (Kohistan: Dir) 3

59-AAC-e Khili khili-kohistani Pakistan (NWF: Kohistan) 459-AAC-ea maiya maiyon, mair (Kohistan)

59-AAC-eb mani indus (Kohistan)

59-AAC-eba mani-A. (Kohistan)

59-AAC-ebb patan pattan ⊕Patan valley (Kohistan)

59-AAC-ebc seo sio ⊕Sio valley (Kohistan)

59-AAC-ebd jijal (Kohistan)

59-AAC-ec manzeri manzari (Kohistan)

59-AAC-eca duberi (Kohistan)

59-AAC-ecb kandia (Kohistan)

59-AAC-f Torwali turvali Pakistan (NWF: Kohistan) 459-AAC-fa behrain bahrein ⊕Swat valley (Kohistan: Swat)

59-AAC-fb chail ⊕Chail valley (Kohistan: Swat)

59-AAD SHINA+ DANGARIKnet

part of "dardic"

59-AAD-a Dangarik Pakistan; Afghanistan � 359-AAD-aa sau sawi, dangarik-W. ⊕Kunar valley Afghanistan (Konar) 3

59-AAD-ab phalura dangarik-E.⊕Chitral lower left-bank Pakistan (NWF: Chitral) 3

59-AAD-aba phalura-A. palula, palola (Chitral)

59-AAD-abb ashreti ashret (Chitral)

59-AAD-abc biyori (Chitral)

59-AAD-b Shina+ Gilgiti shina+ palasi ⊕Gilgit… Diamer… Baltistan districts Pakistan (Azad Kashmir); India(Jammu & Kashmir) �

5

59-AAD-ba gilgiti (Kashmir)

59-AAD-baa gilgit ⊕Gilgit lower valley (Kashmir)

59-AAD-bab shina-NW. ⊕Gilgit upper valley (Kashmir)

59-AAD-bb chilasi+ darel chilas-kohistani, part of kohistani (Kashmir)

59-AAD-bba chilasi chilas, chiless, chiles, galo ⊕Indus upper valley above Nanga Parbat:Chilas

(Kashmir)

59-AAD-bbb darel (Kashmir)

59-AAD-bc shinaki* shina, shin, sina, part of kohistani (Kashmir)

59-AAD-bd dras part of kohistani ⊕Dras valley (Kashmir)

59-AAD-be dah* part of kohistani (Kashmir)


59-AAD-bf hanu* part of kohistani (Kashmir)

59-AAD-bfa kyango (Kashmir)

59-AAD-bfb anderkaro (Kashmir)

59-AAD-bg palasi palasi-kohistani, part of kohistani ⊕Indus-Kohistan country (Kashmir) 5

59-AAD-bga palasi-A. palesi, palas ⊕Palas valley (Kashmir)

59-AAD-bgb kolai ⊕Kolai valley (Kashmir)

59-AAD-bgc jalkoti ⊕Jalkoti valley (Kashmir)

59-AAD-bh astori+ gurezi (Kashmir)

59-AAD-bha astori astor ⊕Nanga Parbat mountains>NE.: Astori (Kashmir)

59-AAD-bhb gurezi gurais, part of kohistani ⊕Kishanganga upper valley: Gurais (Kashmir)

59-AAD-bi brokskat ’brokpa’, minaro, kyango ⊕Indus upper valley: Garkhon environs (Jammu & Kashmir) 3

59-AAD-c Ushojo ½traditionally of Kohistani origin; perhaps better treated as a separatenet

Pakistan (NWF) 3

59-AAD-ca ushojo ushuji, part of kohistani ⊕Bishigram, Chail valley Pakistan (NWF) 3

59-AAE RAI+ DARAI net "nepal dardic", part of "dardic"

59-AAE-a Rai+ Done dhanuwar-N,. danuwar-N., dhanwar-N., dhanvar-N. ½distinct from [59]Hindi-E. (Dhanuwar-S.)

Nepal; India � 4

59-AAE-aa rai danuwar-rai ⊕Terai plains Nepal 4

59-AAE-ab done danuwar-done Nepal

59-AAE-aba done-N. ⊕Makwanpur Garhi Nepal

59-AAE-abb done-S. ¶enclave India (Uttar Pradesh-N.)

59-AAE-ac kachariya danuwar-kachariya ⊕Rautahat district

59-AAE-b Darai ⊕Chitawan district: Inner Terai Nepal 359-AAE-ba darai Nepal 3

59-AAF HINDI+ B�NGL� net INDIC-CENTRAL ½outer-languages within this net are equated whererelevant with "scheduled languages" included in the 8th schedule to theConstitution of India (as amended in 1992), 13 out of 18 of which(comprising 75 out of 85 "mother-tongues" of more than 10,000speakers each) are included within this net.

59-AAF-a Keshur "sanskritised" dardic, kasmiri, kaschemiri, kacmiri, cashmiri,cashmeeree, including maraz, kasmiri-SW.… kamraz, kasmiri-NW.…yamraz, srinagar-kashmiri &Sarada, Sharda script; Perso-Arabic scriptEtranslingual in [59] Hindi+Urdu Ctransition to [59] Panjabi½comprises Kasmiri "scheduled language" in India ⊕Vale of Kashmircountry

India (Jammu & Kashmir…);Pakistan (Azad Kashmir) �

6

59-AAF-aa ✍ keshur-F. "literary" keshur; preceded by "old kashmiri" (from c.+1300) and"middle kashmiri" (from c.+1500) &Kashtawari model

(Kashmir)

59-AAF-ab kashtawari kishtwari ⊕Kishtwar town & valley (Kashmir)

59-AAF-aba muslim-kashmiri (Kashmir)

59-AAF-abb hindu-kashmiri ¡ Õ (Kashmir)

59-AAF-ac UL VL (Kashmir)

59-AAF-ad UDPE QL ramban (Kashmir)

59-AAF-ae VLU ML�¡o¡ ⊕Doda (Kashmir)

59-AAF-af VLU ML�NDVKPLUL ⊕Kashmir valley (Kashmir)

59-AAF-ag EDNDZ OL (Kashmir)

59-AAF-ah EXQMZ OL (Kashmir)

59-AAF-ai miraski (Kashmir)

59-AAF-aj poguli ⊕Doda district: Kishtwar>W. mountain valleys (Kashmir)

59-AAF-ak VK K�PDQV UL (Kashmir)

59-AAF-al ] \ OL (Kashmir)

59-AAF-am ]LU N-boli (Kashmir)

59-AAF-b Man¡H OL�

Bha¡UDZ KL

Pahari-W. #pahari=«hill-language» Ctransition to [59] Panjabi⊕Himalaya foothills: Bhadarwahi… Jaunsari ½comprises part of Hindi"scheduled language" in India Etranslingual in [59] Hindi+Urdu

India; (Jammu & Kashmir);Pakistan (Azad Kashmir; Punjabborder); Nepal �

6

59-AAF-ba SRWZ UL pothwari (Kashmir)

59-AAF-bb dhun¡i dhundi-kairali (Kashmir)

59-AAF-bc FKLEK OL (Kashmir)

59-AAF-bd PXU muree ⊕Muree Hills Pakistan (Punjab border)

59-AAF-be punchhi punch, poonch, poonchhi ⊕Punch (Kashmir border)

59-AAF-bf bha¡UDZ KL bhadrawahi, baderwali, badrohi, bhaderbhai-jamu, bhaderwali-pahari,bhadrava, bhadri, bahi ⊕Bhadarwah

(Kashmir) 4

59-AAF-bfa pa¡ UL (Kashmir)

59-AAF-bfb EK OHVL (Kashmir)

59-AAF-bfc SDQJZ OL (Kashmir) 4

59-AAF-bg man¡H OL mandi, maniyali-pahari, pahari mandiyali, himachali ½used in localadministration, and as basis of proposed Himachali standard language⊕Mandi district

Pakistan (Himachal Pradesh) 5


59-AAF-bh kului kulu, kauli, kullui, kullu, kulvi, kulu-boli, kul-wali, kulu-pahari, phari-kullu⊕Kulu valley

India (Himachal Pradesh) 4

59-AAF-bha kului-A. kukui (Himachal Pradesh)

59-AAF-bhb VLU ML�&� "inner" siraji, part of siraji (Himachal Pradesh)

59-AAF-bhc sainji (Himachal Pradesh)

59-AAF-bi satlaji satlaji pahari ⊕Sutlej middle valley India (Punjab)

59-AAF-bia satlaji-A. (Punjab)

59-AAF-bib VLU ML�RXWHU "peripheral" siraji (Punjab)

59-AAF-bic sodochi sodoci (Punjab)

59-AAF-bj EDJK WL bhagati, baghati pahari, part of mahasui, mahasu pahari⊕Chandigarh>N.: Baghat country

India (Punjab)

59-AAF-bk NLXQWK OL kiunthali, kiunthali pahari, kutiyali pahari, part of mahasui, mahasupahari ⊕Simla hills

India (Punjab) 5

59-AAF-bka NLXQWK OL�$� kiunthali "proper", kiuthali, kuthari, kutiyali ⊕Keonthal (Punjab)

59-AAF-bkb kochi including rampuri… rohruri… kuari… bagi, baghi (Punjab)

59-AAF-bkc VRU FKROL sarachali, surkhuli (Punjab)

59-AAF-bkd kirni (Punjab)

59-AAF-bke EDU UL (Punjab)

59-AAF-bkf VLPO �VLU ML simla siraji (Punjab)

59-AAF-bkg EDJKOL QL (Punjab)

59-AAF-bkh handuri (Punjab)

59-AAF-bl sirmauri sirmauri pahari, part of mahasui, mahasu pahari India (Himachal Pradesh)

59-AAF-bla sirmauri-A. ⊕Sirmaur (Himachal Pradesh)

59-AAF-blb bissau bishau (Himachal Pradesh)

59-AAF-blc JLULS UL ⊕Giri valley (Himachal Pradesh)

59-AAF-bld GK UWKL (Himachal Pradesh)

59-AAF-bm chameali chamaya, chambiali, chambiyali, chamya, chamiyali, chamiyali pahari India (Jammu & Kashmir;Himachal Pradesh)

4

59-AAF-bma chameali-N. (Jammu & Kashmir)

59-AAF-bmb chameali-S. (Himachal Pradesh)

59-AAF-c Ga¡KZ OL��.XP XQL pahari-C. #pahari =«hill-language» ⊕Himalaya foothills ½comprisespart of Hindi "scheduled language" in India Etranslingual in [59]Hindi+Urdu

India (Jammu & Kashmir;Himachal Pradesh; Uttar Pradesh);Nepal �

6

59-AAF-ca MDXQV UL jaunsar, jaunsari-pahari India (Uttar Pradesh; HimachalPradesh)

4

59-AAF-cb ga¡KZ OL garhwali, gadhavali, gadhawala, gadwahi, gashwali, godauli, gorwali,gurvali, girwali, garhwali pahari

India (Uttar Pradesh)

59-AAF-cba VDO QL (Uttar Pradesh)

59-AAF-cbb Q JSXUL\ (Uttar Pradesh)

59-AAF-cbc PDMK�NXPDL\ (Uttar Pradesh)

59-AAF-cbd EDGK QL (Uttar Pradesh)

59-AAF-cbe GDVDXO\ (Uttar Pradesh)

59-AAF-cbf OREK\ (Uttar Pradesh)

59-AAF-cbg rathi (Uttar Pradesh)

59-AAF-cbh VULQDJDUL\ (Uttar Pradesh)

59-AAF-cbi EKDWWL QL (Uttar Pradesh)

59-AAF-cc tehri gangapariya India (Uttar Pradesh)

59-AAF-cd NXP XQL kumaoni, kumau, kumawani, kumgoni, kumman, kunayaoni India (Uttar Pradesh) 6

59-AAF-cda johari (Uttar Pradesh)

59-AAF-cdb VLU OL (Uttar Pradesh)

59-AAF-cdc askoti (Uttar Pradesh)

59-AAF-cdd VRUL\ OL (Uttar Pradesh)

59-AAF-cde G QSXUL\ (Uttar Pradesh)

59-AAF-cdf JDQJRO (Uttar Pradesh)

59-AAF-cdg FKDXJDUNKL\ (Uttar Pradesh)

59-AAF-cdh NXPDL\ �SDFKK L (Uttar Pradesh)

59-AAF-cdi U PSXU�EKDEDUL ⊕Rampur (Uttar Pradesh)

59-AAF-cdj rau-chaubhaisi (Uttar Pradesh)

59-AAF-cdk pashchimi (Uttar Pradesh)

59-AAF-cdl phaldakoÕL\ (Uttar Pradesh)

59-AAF-cdm NKDVSDUML\ (Uttar Pradesh)


59-AAF-d 1HS OL��3DOS pahari-E., "wider" nepali #pahari=«hill-language» ⊕Himalaya foothills½comprises Nepali "scheduled language" in India Etranslingual in [59]Hindi+Urdu

Nepal; India; Bhutan � 7

59-AAF-da SDOS palpa pahari Ctransition to Pahari-C. Nepal-W. 3

59-AAF-db QHS OL parbatiya, gorkhali, gurkhali, khas-kura, khas-bhasa, "nepalese","gurkhalese" Ctransition to Hindi-E. &Nagari script

uNepal… 7

59-AAF-dba ✍�QHS OL�)� "literary" nepali; preceded by "old" nepali (from c.+1300) and "middle"nepali

Nepal

59-AAF-dbb QHS OL�*� "generalised" nepali Nepal; India (Darjiling); Bhutan;Sikkim

59-AAF-dbc EDLW GL Nepal

59-AAF-dbd bajhangi Nepal

59-AAF-dbe EDMXU OL bajura Nepal

59-AAF-dbf doteli Nepal

59-AAF-dbg VRU GL Nepal

59-AAF-dbh acchami Nepal

59-AAF-dbi MXPOHOL��VLQM OL including jumleli, jumla… sinjali, sijali, sinja Nepal

59-AAF-dbj GDUMXO Nepal

59-AAF-e 3DQM EL punjabi, penjabi, in [51] French: pendjabi, including lahnda, panjabi-W.… "peripheral" panjabi & from c.1550: Gurmukhi script; Lahndascript; Perso-Arabic script ½comprises Punjabi "scheduled language"in India Etranslingual in [59] Hindi+Urdu

Pakistan (Punjab…); India (Punjab;also Haryana; Himachal Pradesh);migration> United Arab Emirates;Fiji; Canada; England… �

7

59-AAF-ea ✍ SDQM EL�)� "standard" panjabi, "formal" panjabi Pakistan (uPunjab…); India(uPunjab…)

59-AAF-eaa PXVOLP�SDQM EL SDQM EL�PXVDOPDQL�½Muslim model Pakistan (Punjab…); also India(Punjab…)

59-AAF-eab VLNK�SDQM EL including sikh "scriptural" panjabi ½Sikh model Pakistan (Punjab…); India(Punjab…)

59-AAF-eac KLQGX�SDQM EL ½Hindu model India (Punjab…); also Pakistan(Punjab…)

59-AAF-eb SDQM EL�*� "current generalised" panjabi, "general colloquial" panjabi Pakistan (Punjab…), India(Punjab…), migration> Fiji,England…

59-AAF-eba SDQM EL�SDNLVWDQ Pakistan (Punjab…)

59-AAF-ebb SDQM EL�LQGLD India (Punjab; Haryana; HimachalPradesh)

59-AAF-ebc SDQM EL�ILML Fiji

59-AAF-ebd SDQM EL�HQJODQG UK: England

59-AAF-ec majhi "traditional" panjabi-C., panjabi-E. Pakistan (Punjab), India (Punjab) 7

59-AAF-eca O KRUH ⊕Lahore… Pakistan (Punjab)

59-AAF-ecb amritsar ⊕Amritsar India (Punjab)

59-AAF-ecc JXUG VSXU ⊕Gurdaspur India (Punjab)

59-AAF-ed ODKQG lahanda, lahndi, west "traditional" panjabi, west panjabi Pakistan (Punjab) 7

59-AAF-eda SRWRK UL rawalpindi, potohri, potwar ⊕Rawalpindi Pakistan (Punjab)

59-AAF-edb E OPLNL valmiki, attock sweepers’ community ⊕Attock Pakistan (Punjab)

59-AAF-edc jhelum ⊕Jhelum river Pakistan (Punjab)

59-AAF-edd VDUJRGK Pakistan (Punjab)

59-AAF-ede JXMU W ¶migrants from Gujarat state (to be confirmed) Pakistan (Punjab)

59-AAF-edf JXMU QZ O ⊕Gujranwala Pakistan (Punjab)

59-AAF-edg VL ONRW ⊕Sialkot Pakistan (Punjab)

59-AAF-edh VKHNKXSXU ⊕Shekhupura Pakistan (Punjab)

59-AAF-edi O \DOSXUL faisalabad, lyalpur ⊕Faisalabad…Layalpur Pakistan (Punjab)

59-AAF-edj chinawari Pakistan (Punjab)

59-AAF-edk QLVZ QL Pakistan (Punjab)

59-AAF-edl bardi-boli Pakistan (Punjab)

59-AAF-edm jatatardi-boli Pakistan (Punjab)

59-AAF-ee GR EL doab ⊕between Beas… Sutlej rivers India (Punjab)

59-AAF-eea KRVKL USXU ⊕Hoshiarpur India (Punjab)

59-AAF-eeb jullundur ⊕Jullundur, Jullundhar India (Punjab)

59-AAF-ef PDOZ L malwa, jangali ⊕Ludhiana India (Punjab)

59-AAF-eg SDWL OZL India (Punjab)

59-AAF-ega SDWL O ⊕Patiala India (Punjab)

59-AAF-egb sangrur ⊕Sangrur>N. India (Punjab)

59-AAF-eh DZDQN UL�JKHEL part of "peripheral" panjabi Pakistan (Punjab)

59-AAF-eha salt-range ⊕Salt-Range-Hills-W. Pakistan (Punjab)

59-AAF-ehb DZDQN UL Pakistan (Punjab)

59-AAF-ehc ghebi ⊕Pindi Gheb Pakistan (Punjab)


59-AAF-ei gaddi gaddi-chamba, gadi, gadyali, part of "peripheral" panjabi Ctransition to[58] Pahari

India (Himachal Pradesh) 4

59-AAF-eia FKXU KL curahi, churahi gadi ⊕Chamba-NW. district (Himachal Pradesh) 4

59-AAF-eib bharmauri bharmaudi bhadi, bharmauri pahari, panchi brahmauri rajput⊕Chamba-SE. district

(Himachal Pradesh) 3

59-AAF-ej EKDWH OL bhateali gadi, bhattiani, bhatyiana, part of "peripheral" panjabi⊕Chamba-W. district

India (Himachal Pradesh)

59-AAF-ek dogri dhogaryali, dogari, dogri jammu, dongari, tokkaru, hindi-dogri, part ofdogri+ kangri, dogri-pahari, part of "peripheral" panjabi Ctransition to[58] Pahari ⊕between Ravi… Chenab valleys

India (Jammu & Kashmir) 6

59-AAF-eka bhatbali (Jammu & Kashmir)

59-AAF-ekb dogri-N. (Jammu & Kashmir)

59-AAF-ekc dogri-E. (Jammu & Kashmir)

59-AAF-ekd NDQGL OL (Jammu & Kashmir)

59-AAF-el N QJUL Jammu & Kashmir

59-AAF-em mirpuri mirpur panjabi, part of "peripheral" panjabi ⊕astride Kashmir cease-fireline: Mirpur

(Kashmir-W. ); migration> England

59-AAF-en hindki hindki-N., hindko-N., part of panjabi-NW., part of "peripheral" panjabi⊕Indus upper basin

Pakistan-N. (NWF; also Punjab) 6

59-AAF-ena KD] U �KLQGNR ⊕Kohistan country: Hazara division (NWF…)

59-AAF-enb NRK WL ⊕Kohat valley (NWF)

59-AAF-enc tinauli (NWF…)

59-AAF-eo hindko hindko-S., peshawari hindko, peshawar, part of panjabi-NW., part of"peripheral" panjabi

Pakistan (NWF) 6

59-AAF-ep NDKO UL kehloori, bilaspuri, bilaspuri pahari, pacchmi, kehloori paheri, part of"peripheral" panjabi

India (Himachal Pradesh)

59-AAF-eq VLU LNL panjabi-SW., multani, part of "peripheral" panjabi Pakistan (Punjab; Sindh-N.) 7

59-AAF-eqa GHU Z OL hindki-S. ⊕Indus middle valley: Dera-Ismail-Khan… Dera-Ghazi-Khan (Punjab)

59-AAF-eqb PXOW QL multan ⊕Multan (Punjab)

59-AAF-eqc bahawalpuri riasiti, reasiti ⊕Bahawalpur (Punjab)

59-AAF-eqd NKHWU QL (Punjab)

59-AAF-eqe jangli (Punjab)

59-AAF-eqf jafiri (Punjab)

59-AAF-eqg WK OL�1� sindh-sagar-doab, jatki-W. ⊕Thar-N. desert (Sindh)

59-AAF-eqh VLU LNL�VLQGKL sindh-hindki, "transitional" panjabi+ sindhi Ctransition to [59] Sindhi (Sindh)

59-AAF-f Sindhi sindi ¶large-scale migration from Pakistan to India in and after 1947&Banya (Lahnda) script; Perso-Arabic script; also Gurmukhi script;Nagari script ½comprises Sindhi "scheduled language" in IndiaEtranslingual in [59] Hindi+Urdu

Pakistan (Sindh); India (Gujarat)�

7

59-AAF-fa ✍ sindhi-F. "standard" sindhi, "formal" sindhi &Lari model Pakistan India (Gujarat) 7

59-AAF-faa muslim-sindhi &Muslim model (Sindh)

59-AAF-fab hindu-sindhi &Hindu model (Gujarat; Rajasthan)

59-AAF-fb sindhi-G. "current generalised" sindhi, "general colloquial" sindhi Pakistan (Sindh); India (Gujarat…)

59-AAF-fba VLQGKL�S NLVW Q (Sindh)

59-AAF-fbb VLQGKL�EK UDW "indian" sindhi; dukslinu ½Vicholi model (Gujarat; Rajasthan)

59-AAF-fc vicholi part of "traditional" sindhi Pakistan (Sindh)

59-AAF-fca vicholi-A. visholi "proper" (Sindh)

59-AAF-fcb siro (Sindh)

59-AAF-fd WK UHOL thari, part of "traditional" sindhi Pakistan (Sindh)

59-AAF-fe lasi part of "traditional" sindhi Pakistan (Sindh)

59-AAF-ff lari part of "traditional" sindhi Pakistan (Sindh)

59-AAF-fg PDFKDUL part of "traditional" sindhi Pakistan (Sindh)

59-AAF-fh bhil-sindhi Pakistan (Sindh; Rajasthan)

59-AAF-fi ja¡-gali jadeji, jats, jat-gali, jat Pakistan (Baluchistan; Sindh) 3

59-AAF-fia ja¡-gali-W. (Baluchistan)

59-AAF-fib ja¡-gali-E. (Sindh)

59-AAF-fj kachchi kachhi, kachchhi, katchi, kachi, katch, kautchy, cuchi, cutch, kachi-koli,kuchi-koli Ctransition to [59] Gujarati ⊕Rann of Kutch plain… Induslower left-bank

India (Gujarat); also Pakistan(Sindh)

5

59-AAF-fja P Q¡vi kachchi "proper" (Gujarat)

59-AAF-fjb N \DVWKL�1� (Gujarat)

59-AAF-fjc E QL (Gujarat)

59-AAF-fjd EK Õi bhatia (Gujarat)

59-AAF-fje Y JGL vaghri, vagari, wagaria (Gujarat)

59-AAF-fjf niardiay (Gujarat)


59-AAF-fjg EDM ³L ¶wandering circus community (Gujarat)

59-AAF-fjh kavah (Gujarat)

59-AAF-fji UDY UL (Gujarat)

59-AAF-fjj N UL karia-lohari, lohar (Gujarat)

59-AAF-fjk UDK E UL rabari (Gujarat)

59-AAF-fjl kachchi-'émigré' migration> Kenya; Tanzania

59-AAF-fk wa¡L\ U -koli Pakistan (Sindh) 4

59-AAF-fka wa¡L\ U wadaria (Sindh)

59-AAF-fkb PHZ VL mayvasi (Sindh)

59-AAF-fl WK UDG UL-koli tharadari ⊕Thar desert… Rann of Kutch plain Pakistan (Sindh); India (Gujarat) 4

59-AAF-fla WK UDG UL�NROL�1� ⊕Mirpur Khas>SE. (Sindh)

59-AAF-flb WK UDG UL�NROL�6� ⊕Tharad>W. (Gujarat)

59-AAF-fm SDUN UL�NROL parkari, parkari-kachi, parkari-kachchhi ½transition to [59] Rajasthani Pakistan (Sindh)

59-AAF-fma Q J �SDUN U (Sindh)

59-AAF-fmb WK L ⊕Thar-S. desert (Sindh)

59-AAF-fmc badin ⊕Badin>S. & W. (Sindh)

59-AAF-g 5 MDVWK QL &Nagari script; Perso-Arabic script #rajasthani is a 20th cent. cover-name, applied to the convergence of the following idioms around a newliterary language (see Rajasthani-F.) ½comprises part of Hindi"scheduled language" in India Etranslingual in [59] Hindi+Urdu

India (Rajasthan); Pakistan (Sindh)�

7

59-AAF-ga VLQGKL�P UZ »i marwari-W., merwari-W., meghwar-W., marawar-W., marvari-W.Ctransition to [59] Sindhi

Pakistan-S. (Sindh-N; also Punjab-SW.).

5

59-AAF-gaa VLQGKL�P UZ »i-NW. ⊕Dadu>N.… (Sindh…)

59-AAF-gab VLQGKL�P UZ »i-NE. ⊕Nawabshah>N. (Sindh…)

59-AAF-gac G GX ⊕Dadu (Sindh)

59-AAF-gad QDZ EVK K ⊕Nawabshah (Sindh)

59-AAF-gae WDQGR�PXKDPPDG�NK Q ⊕Tando Muhammad Khan (Sindh)

59-AAF-gaf WDQGR�JKXO P�DOL ⊕Tando Ghulam Ali (Sindh)

59-AAF-gag GK WNL ⊕Sindhi-Marwari>W. (Sindh)

59-AAF-gah WK U dhatki-bhil, thali-S. ⊕Thar-S. desert (Sindh)

59-AAF-gb U MDVWK QL�P UZ »i marwari-C., merwari-C., meghwar-C., marawar-C., marvari-C.Ctransition to [59] Sindhi

(Rajasthan) 6

59-AAF-gc ✍ U MDVWK QL�)� "standard" rajasthani, "formal" marwari-C. &Rajasthani-Marwari model India (Rajasthan), also Pakistan

59-AAF-gd U MDVWK QL�&� "transitional" marwari-C. (Rajasthan)

59-AAF-gda jaisalmer jaiselmer, jesalmer ⊕Jaisalmer (Rajasthan)

59-AAF-gdb godwari (Rajasthan)

59-AAF-gdc sirohi marwari-S. ⊕Sirohi district (Rajasthan)

59-AAF-gdd GHRU ZDWL (Rajasthan)

59-AAF-gde saeth-ki-boli "transitional" marwari+ gujerati . ⊕Sirohi-SW. district Ctransition to[59] Gujarati

(Rajasthan)

59-AAF-ge EKLO�P UZ »i marwari-bhil, marwari-W., merwari-W., meghwar-W., marawar-W.,marvari-W. Ctransition to [59] Sindhi

India (Rajasthan; Sindh) 5

59-AAF-gea MRGKSXUL�P UZ »i ⊕Jodhpur (Rajasthan)

59-AAF-geb VLQGK�P UZ »i (Sindh); (Rajasthan) transfrontier

59-AAF-gf ELN QHUL rajasthani-N., marwari-N., merwari-N., meghwar-N., marawar-N.,marvari-N.

India (Rajasthan)

59-AAF-gfa ELN QHUL�$� "proper" bikaner (Rajasthan)

59-AAF-gfb VKHNK Z WL (Rajasthan)

59-AAF-gg PHZ WL rajasthani-NE. India (Rajasthan)

59-AAF-gga PHZ WL�$� (Rajasthan)

59-AAF-ggb KLUZ WL hirwati (Rajasthan)

59-AAF-gh jaipuri rajasthani-CE. India (Rajasthan)

59-AAF-gha jaipuri-A. ⊕Jaipur (Rajasthan)

59-AAF-ghb WRU ZDWL (Rajasthan)

59-AAF-ghc NDWKDLU (Rajasthan)

59-AAF-ghd FKDXU VL (Rajasthan)

59-AAF-ghe U M ZDWL (Rajasthan)

59-AAF-ghf kishanga»hi kishanga¡hi ⊕Kishangarh>E. (Rajasthan)

59-AAF-gi ajmeri rajasthani-C. ⊕Ajmer India (Rajasthan)

59-AAF-gj harauti rajasthani-E. Ctransition to [59] Hindi-W. India (Rajasthan)

59-AAF-gja harauti-A. harauti "proper", hadauti, hadoti (Rajasthan)

59-AAF-gjb VLS UL (Rajasthan)


59-AAF-gk PHZ »i rajasthani-S. Ctransition to [59] Gujarati India (Rajasthan)

59-AAF-gka PHZ »i-A. (Rajasthan)

59-AAF-gkb JRU ZDWL (Rajasthan)

59-AAF-gkc VDUZ UL (Rajasthan)

59-AAF-gkd NKDLU UL (Rajasthan)

59-AAF-gke J PHWL �PHZ »i gametia people (Rajasthan)

59-AAF-gl P OYL rajasthani-SE. Ctransition to [59] Hindi-W. India (Madhya-Pradesh) 5

59-AAF-gla P OYL�$� ahiri, malvi "proper", malwa, malwada, mallow, malavi, "standard"rajasthani-SE.

(Madhya-Pradesh)

59-AAF-glb EDFK GL (Madhya-Pradesh)

59-AAF-glc GKROHZ UL (Madhya-Pradesh)

59-AAF-gld KRVKDQJ E G ⊕Hoshangabad (Madhya-Pradesh)

59-AAF-gle jamral (Madhya-Pradesh)

59-AAF-glf NDWL\ L (Madhya-Pradesh)

59-AAF-glg S WYL (Madhya-Pradesh)

59-AAF-glh U QJUL rajwari (Madhya-Pradesh)

59-AAF-gli ujjaini ⊕Ujjain (Madhya-Pradesh)

59-AAF-glj EKR\ UL bhuria, bhomiyari, bhuiyar, bohoyeri, bhoyaroo (Madhya-Pradesh)

59-AAF-gm VRQGZ UL soudhwari India (Madhya-Pradesh) 4

59-AAF-gn QLP GL India (Madhya-Pradesh) 5

59-AAF-gna QLP GL�$� nemadi, nimari (Madhya-Pradesh)

59-AAF-gnb EKX QL (Madhya-Pradesh)

59-AAF-go gujuri gujari, gujer, gujar, gujjari, gurjar, gojri, gogri, gojari, rajasthani"northward nomadic"

India northwards 5

59-AAF-goa U MDVWK QL�JXMXUL (Rajasthan)

59-AAF-gob plains-gujuri (Himachal Pradesh)

59-AAF-goc mountain-gujuri kashmir gujuri (Jammu & Kasmir); Pakistan (AzadKasmir)

59-AAF-god ajiri hazara-ajiri

59-AAF-gp E JUL bagari, bagri-rajasthani, bagria, bagris, baorias, bahgri, rajasthani"westward nomadic"

India (Rajasthan westwards);Pakistan

6*

59-AAF-gq ODPE GL gormati, gurmati, lamani, lambhani-muka, lavani, lumadale, lemadi,lambara, rajasthani "southward nomadic", including banjari, banjori,banjuri; banjara

India (Rajasthan southwards) 6

59-AAF-gqa ODPE GL�PDK U VKWUD (Maharashtra)

59-AAF-gqb ODPE GL� QGKUD�SUDGHVK (Andhra-Pradesh)

59-AAF-gqc ODPE GL�PDLVXU karnataka lambadi ⊕Mysore (Karnataka)

59-AAF-gr ORK UL lohar community ¶blacksmiths’ community India (Rajasthan)

59-AAF-gra ORK UL�JDGH gaduliya lohari ¶wheelwrights’ community (Rajasthan)

59-AAF-grb ORK UL�ORKSLWW �U MSXW ¶swordsmiths’ community (Rajasthan)

59-AAF-grc ORK UL�E JUL ¶perhaps spoken by itinerant blacksmiths (cf. bagri above) (Rajasthan)

59-AAF-grd EKXEDOL\ �ORK UL (Rajasthan)

59-AAF-gs P Q meena ½distinct from [59] Bhil-mina (Rajasthan)

59-AAF-gt V QVL* sansiya dispersed community (Punjab; Rajasthan; Haryana;Himachal Pradesh; Chandigarh;Delhi; Uttar Pradesh)

59-AAF-gu EK QWX* chhara dispersed urban community (Rajasthan; Gujarat; UttarPradesh; deportation in colonialtimes> Andaman & Nicobar)

59-AAF-h *XMDU WL gujrathi, gujerati ¶with component languages based on class,community ("caste") and/or region &from c.1300: Nagari script;Gujarati script ½comprises Gujarati "scheduled language" in IndiaEtranslingual in [59] Hindi+Urdu

India (Gujarat; Rajasthan;Maharashtra); migration> {EastAfrica}; Zambia, England; USA. �

7

59-AAF-ha ✍ JXMDU WL�)� "literary" gujarati, "formal" gujarati; preceded by "old" gujarati (fromc.+1300) and "middle" gujarati (from c.+1450) &Central Gujarati(Vadodari) model, from 19th cent.

India (uGujarat; Maharashtra;Rajasthan-S.…)

59-AAF-haa KLQGX�JXMDU WL "hindu literary" gujarati (Gujarat…)

59-AAF-hab PXVDOP QL�JXMDU WL "muslim literary" gujarati (Gujarat…)

59-AAF-hac S UVL�JXMDU WL "persianised" gujarati, "zoroastrian colloquial" gujarati ¶Parsi religiouscommunity Ebilingual in [52] English

(Gujarat…) 4

59-AAF-hb paÕÕani patani, gujarati-N. ⊕Patan (pre-Muslim capital of Gujarat) India (Gujarat)

59-AAF-hc N WKL Z ¡i kathiawadi, kathyawadi, kathiyawadi, kathiyawadai-W., saraushtri-W.,saurashtra-W., gujarati-W. ⊕Kathiawar peninsula

India (Gujarat)

59-AAF-hd MK O Z ¡i ⊕Jhalawad country (former princely state) India (Gujarat)

59-AAF-he soraÕhi ⊕Sorath country (former princely state) India (Gujarat)

59-AAF-hf K O UL haalaadi, holadi ⊕Halar country (former princely state) India (Gujarat)

59-AAF-hg JRKLOZ ¡i ⊕Gohilwad country (former princely state) India (Gujarat)

59-AAF-hh EK YQDJDUL bhawnagari ⊕Bhavnagar country (former princely state) India (Gujarat)

59-AAF-hi NK UZ kharawa ⊕Kathiawar peninsula ¶Muslim seafarers & fishmongers India (Gujarat)


59-AAF-hj JXMDU WL�&� "central" gujarati, ’standard’ gujarati ⊕Ahmadabad, Amdavad… Baroda,Vadodara

India (Gujarat)

59-AAF-hja JU P\D "urbanised" gamadia ⊕Ahmadabad (Gujarat)

59-AAF-hjb J PD¡L "rural" gamadia ⊕Amdavad environs #from gam-¡u «small village» (Gujarat)

59-AAF-hjc charotari carotari ⊕Kaira district: Charotar farmlands (Gujarat)

59-AAF-hjd S ÕLG UL ⊕Kaira district (Gujarat)

59-AAF-hje va¡odari vadodara, "popular" baroda ⊕Baroda, Vadodara (Gujarat)

59-AAF-hjf dalit #dalit=«oppressed» ¶Christian & ’out-caste’ communities (Gujarat)

59-AAF-hk bharuchi "eastern-broach" gujarati ⊕Bharuch district India (Gujarat)

59-AAF-hl surti surati, hurati, gujarati-S. ⊕Surat district India (Gujarat)

59-AAF-hm DQ ZO anavla, anaola, bhathela ⊕Surat-S.… Valsad districts ¶brahminfarmers’ community

India (Gujarat)

59-AAF-hn mumbai-U. mumbai "urban" gujarati ⊕Mumbai, Bombay India (Maharashtra)

59-AAF-ho YKRU V L vhora people India (Maharashtra; Gujarat)

59-AAF-hp NDN UL kakari India (Maharashtra)

59-AAF-hq JKLV ¡i tarimuki ¶wandering blackmiths’ community India (Maharashtra)

59-AAF-i 6DXU VKWUL�(� ¶spoken by communities of silk-weavers ⊕migrated 1000 years agofrom Gujarat-speaking Kathiawar peninsula

India (Tamil Nadu) 3*

59-AAF-ia VDXU VKWUL�(� kathiyawadai-E., saurashtra-E., sourashtra, sawrashtra, sorathi, patnuli,khatri

India (Tamil Nadu)

59-AAF-j % RUL��: JDGL* Bhili-N., "transitional" gujarati+ rajasthani, part of bhili, bhil-bari, bhil-bori, bhil, bhilla, vil traditional cover-name Ctransitional between [59]Gujarati & Rajasthani; separation from [59] Rathavi+ Konkani (Bhili-C.)& Pawari+ Paradhi (Bhili-E.) is notional #linguistic validity of Bhili as atraditional cover-name remains to be ascertained Etranslingual in [59]Hindi+Urdu

India (Punjab; Rajasthan; Gujarat);also Pakistan (Punjab, Sindh) �

6*

59-AAF-ja E RUL baoria ¶nomadic community India (Punjab; Rajasthan) 3

59-AAF-jb magra-ki-boli magari* ⊕Merwara India (Rajasthan)

59-AAF-jc JLU VL -bhili garasia, nyar ⊕Sirohi district India (Rajasthan; Gujarat)

59-AAF-jd Z JDGL-bhili wagadi, wagdi, vagadi, vagdi, vagari, vageri, vaged, vagi, waghari,wagholi, mina-bhil nomadic

India (Rajasthan; Gujarat) 5

59-AAF-je dungari-bhili dungri-grasia, dhungri-girasia, dungari-girasia, dhungri-bhili#dungar=«hill» ⊕Khed Brahma…

India (Gujarat-N.; Rajasthan-S.)

59-AAF-jf P Q -bhili bhil-mina, bhil-meena ½distinct from [59] Mina India (Rajasthan-E.)

59-AAF-jg SDQFKPDK OL-bhili ⊕Panchmahal district India (Gujarat-NE.)

59-AAF-k 5 Õhavi+ Konka³i* Bhili-C., part of bhili, bhil-bari, bhil-bori, bhil, bhilla, vil traditional cover-name Ctransitional to [59] Khandesi; separation from [59] Baori+Wagadi (Bhili-N.) & Pawari+ Paradhi (Bhili-E.) is notional #linguisticvalidity of Bhili as a traditional cover-name remains to be ascertainedEtranslingual in [59] Hindi+Urdu

India (Gujarat, Maharashtra,Madhra Pradesh; Dadra & Nagar-Haveli)

6

59-AAF-ka U Õhavi rathvi ⊕Chhota Udaipur district India (Gujarat-E.)

59-AAF-kb SDK ¡i anarya #pahadi=«of the hills» India (Gujarat-E.)

59-AAF-kc chodhari-bhili chodhari, chodri India (Gujarat-S.) 5

59-AAF-kd J PDWL-bhili gamati, gamit, gamti, gamta, gavit, gamith ⊕Bharuch… Surat… Valsad India (Gujarat-S.) 5

59-AAF-ke Q LND¡i naikadi, naikdi, naiki, naikda, naikada, nayaka, cholivale, kapadia,mota-nayaka, nana-nayaka

India (Gujarat-S.) 3

59-AAF-kf chara³i carani; charan wandering minstrel community ⊕Panchmahals districteastwards

India (Gujarat; Madhya Pradesh)

59-AAF-kg YDV YL "transitional" gujarati+ bhili, vasave; vasava people ⊕Tapti valley… India (Maharashtra; Gujarat-E.) 5

59-AAF-kga DGLZ VL�JLUDVLD 'adiwasi-bhili' India

59-AAF-kgb dhogri-bhili India

59-AAF-kgc kaski-bhili India

59-AAF-kgd bhilo¡i-bhili bhilodi-bhili India (Gujarat…)

59-AAF-kge padwi-bhilori India

59-AAF-kgf ambodia-bhili India

59-AAF-kgg YDV YD�EKLOL vasavi "proper" India (Gujarat)

59-AAF-kh P ZFKL-bhili mawchi, mavchi, mawachi India (Gujarat; Maharashtra) 4

59-AAF-ki GK QN -bhili India (Rajasthan; Gujarat;Maharashtra)

4

59-AAF-kia GK QN (Rajasthan…)

59-AAF-kib tadavi tadvi-bhili, tadvi (Gujarat)

59-AAF-kic valvi tetaria-valvi (Rajasthan…)

59-AAF-kj SDWHOL -bhili patelia, pateliya India (Gujarat; Maharashtra) 4

59-AAF-kk EKLO O bhilala-bhili India (Gujarat; Maharashtra) 5

59-AAF-kl dubli-bhili dubli, dubla, rathod, talavia ⊕Thana district northwards India (Gujarat; Maharashtra) 5

59-AAF-km dho¡L -bhili India (Dadra & Nagar-Haveli) 5


59-AAF-kn konka³i-bhili konkani, konkna, kokni, kukna, kokna, kanara* ⊕Surat… Konkan-N.districts Ctransitional to [59] Marathi

India (Gujarat; Dadra & Nagar-Haveli; Maharashtra)

5

59-AAF-ko GHKZ OL ⊕Dhulia… Jalgaon districts India (Maharashtra) 5

59-AAF-kp Q KDUL�EDJO QL nahari-W., baglani ⊕Nasik-N. district India (Maharashtra)

59-AAF-kq ahiri ahiriani India (Maharashtra) 5

59-AAF-kr U MSXW�JLU VLD ¶community of scattered cultivators India (Maharashtra…) 4

59-AAF-ks koÕ OL kotvali ⊕Khandesh India (Maharashtra) 2

59-AAF-kt bhimchaura* India

59-AAF-ku haburi* habura India

59-AAF-kv U Q -bhili* (Gujarat)

59-AAF-l 3 ZDUL��3 UDGKL Bhili-E., part of bhili, bhil-bari, bhil-bori, bhil, bhilla, vil traditional cover-name ½separation from [59] Baori+ Wagadi (Bhili-N.) & Rathavi+Konkani (Bhili-C.) is notional #linguistic validity of Bhili as a traditionalcover-name remains to be ascertained Etranslingual in [59] Hindi+Urdu

India (Maharashtra; Madhya-Pradesh; Andhra Pradesh)

5

59-AAF-la S ZDUL-bhili pawari, pauri, pawri, paura India (Maharashtra; Madhya-Pradesh)

4

59-AAF-lb bareli-bhili bareli India (Madhya-Pradesh;Maharashtra)

5

59-AAF-lc S UDGKL-bhili pardhi, paidia, paradi, paria, bahelia India (Maharashtra; Madhya-Pradesh; Andhra Pradesh)

4

59-AAF-lca FKLWD�S UGKL India

59-AAF-lcb ODQJR�S UGKL India

59-AAF-lcc SKDQVH�S UGKL India

59-AAF-lcd taran-kari takari, takankar, takia India

59-AAF-lce Q OLVKL�NDUL neelinsh-kari India

59-AAF-lcf pittala-bhasha India

59-AAF-m .K QGHVL Ctransitional to [59] Rathavi+ Konkani (Bhili-C.), Gujarati & MarathiEtranslingual in [59] Hindi+Urdu

India (Gujarat; Maharashtra) 5

59-AAF-ma NK QGHVL khandeshi, khandish, dhed-gujari India (Maharashtra; Gujarat) 5

59-AAF-maa DKLU QL ahrani, khandesi "proper" ⊕Khandesh country: Dhulia… Jalgaondistricts

(Maharashtra)

59-AAF-mab kunabi kunbau, kunbi (Gujarat)

59-AAF-mac ¡ QJUL dangri, dangi-S., rangari, ka-kachhu-ki boli, dangs bhili ⊕Tapti valley:Dangs country:

(Gujarat)

59-AAF-n 1 KDO* ½possible relationship of name with neighbouring [46] Nihali to beinvestigated

India (Maharashtra; MadhyaPradesh)

3*

59-AAF-na Q KDO�$� ⊕Satpura highlands: Toranmal environs (Maharashtra; Madhya Pradeshborder)

59-AAF-nb Q KDOH ⊕Jalgaon district: Amalwadi>N. (Maharashtra)

59-AAF-o 0DU WKL marathe, maharashtra, muruthi, maharathi, malhatee, marthi &Modiscript; Balbodh (Nagari-type) script ½comprises the original Marathi"scheduled language" in India, divided since 1992 into Marathi andKonkani "scheduled languages" Etranslingual in [59] Hindi+Urdu

India (u Maharashtra; alsoGujarat…); migration> United ArabEmirates; Kenya… �

7

59-AAF-oa Q JSXUL�KLQGL Ctransition to [59] Bundeli ⊕Nagpur district (Maharashtra)

59-AAF-ob YDUK GL varhadi-nagpuri, marathi-NE. India (Maharashtra; Madhya-Pradesh; Andhra-Praesh)

59-AAF-oba YDUK GL�$� varhadi "proper", berari, berar-marathi ⊕Vidarbha, Berar (Maharashtra)

59-AAF-obb dhangari dhanagari India

59-AAF-obc YDUK GL�EU KPDQL (Maharashtra)

59-AAF-obd jarpi India

59-AAF-obe govari ¶cow-herding community ⊕Chanda… Bhandara districts (Maharashtra) 3

59-AAF-obf jhadbi India

59-AAF-obg katia katiyai India

59-AAF-obh rangari rangara ¶dyers’ community (Maharashtra)

59-AAF-obi NXPEK UL ¶potters’ community India

59-AAF-obj kunabau kunban, kohli India

59-AAF-obk PDK UL dhedi ¶sweepers’ community (Gujarat…)

59-AAF-obl P UKHWL (Madhya-Pradesh)

59-AAF-obm natakani (Andhra-Pradesh) 3

59-AAF-obn U LSXU India

59-AAF-obo kunbi India

59-AAF-oc gowlan gowli ¶pastoralist community (Maharashtra; Madhya Pradesh;Karnataka-N.)

59-AAF-oca nand nand gowli ⊕Amravati district (Maharashtra)

59-AAF-ocb ranya India


59-AAF-occ OLQJ \DW India

59-AAF-ocd NK PO India

59-AAF-od LNU QL ⊕Dhule district: Akrani (Maharashtra)

59-AAF-oe N WKR¡i katkari, katari, katakari, katvadi, kathodia, dhar-kathodi, son-kathodi,dhar-katkari, son-katkari Ctransition to [59] Khandeshi ⊕Konkan+Sahyadris mountains: Kolaba… Thana districts … Dadra & Nagar-Haveli territory

(Maharashtra; Dadra & Nagar-Haveli; Diu & Daman; Gujarat;Rajasthan)

3

59-AAF-of Y UOL warli Ctransition to [59] Gujarati ⊕Thana district (Maharashtra)

59-AAF-og V PYHGL Ctransition to [59] Gujarati (Maharashtra)

59-AAF-oh mangelas maharashtra Ctransition to [59] Gujarati (Maharashtra)

59-AAF-oi vadval+ phudagi (Maharashtra)

59-AAF-oia vadval (Maharashtra)

59-AAF-oib phudagi (Maharashtra)

59-AAF-oj UH ade, aray, arrey, arya, kalika-arya-bhasha (Andhra-Pradesh; Maharashtra;Karnataka)

3

59-AAF-ok bhalay ⊕Amravati district (Maharashtra)

59-AAF-ol WK NXUL thakri, thakari, thakua, thakura (Maharashtra…) 5

59-AAF-om GHVKL�PDU WKL desi, deccan marathi, dekini &Modi script; Balbodh (Nagari-type)script; Deshi, Poona model

(Maharashtra) 7

59-AAF-oma &�PDU WKL�/� "early literary" marathi. including "old marathi"… "middle marathi"&from 13th century; inscriptions from 11th ("Middle Marathi" from 14th

century)

(Maharashtra)

59-AAF-omb ✍�PDU WKL�)� "literary marathi", "standard marathi" (Maharashtra)

59-AAF-omc deshi ⊕Pune, Poona (Maharashtra)

59-AAF-omd kalvadi dharwar ⊕Dhanwar district (Maharashtra)

59-AAF-ome ELM SXUL ⊕Bijapur (Maharashtra)

59-AAF-on NRQNDQ�PDU WKL 'standard' konkan, konkan, bankoti, kunabi, cugani, concorinu, northkonkani-N., "konkanese" ¶many community (’caste’) dialects ½not tobe confused with Konkani-Gomantaki to south ⊕Konkan coast:Thana… Kolaba… Janjira… Ratnagiri-N. districts

(Maharashtra coastal) 6

59-AAF-ona N \DVWKL�6� part of parabhi (Maharashtra)

59-AAF-onb damani part of parabhi ⊕Daman territory (Diu & Daman; Gujarat)

59-AAF-onc koli-E. koli people (Maharashtra)

59-AAF-ond kiristav (Maharashtra)

59-AAF-one kungabi (Maharashtra)

59-AAF-onf DJ UL #agar='salt-pan" ¶spoken by salt-makers’ community (Maharashtra)

59-AAF-ong GKDQDJ UL dhangar people (Maharashtra)

59-AAF-onh EKDQG UL (Maharashtra)

59-AAF-oni WKDN UL (Maharashtra)

59-AAF-onj NDUK GL (Maharashtra)

59-AAF-onk sangamesvari bankoti, bakoti (Maharashtra)

59-AAF-onl JK WL maoli (Maharashtra)

59-AAF-onm dhed part of mahari (Maharashtra)

59-AAF-onn holia part of mahari (Maharashtra)

59-AAF-ono SDUY UL part of mahari (Maharashtra)

59-AAF-oo konkani-gomantaki "goanese" konkani, "goanese", gomantaki, konkani-S. ½not to beconfused with Konkan-Marathi (so-called ’Standard’ Konkan) to north⊕Savantvadi… Goa… North Kanara… Shimoga… South Kanara &Nagari script; Kannada script; Latin script; also Malayalam script

(Maharashtra-S. coastal; Goa;Karnataka; migration> Mumbai,Bombay; Kerala-N.)

6

59-AAF-ooa ✍ konkani-F. "literary goanese" ½in a variety of Christian and Hindu dialects (Maharashtra)

59-AAF-oob daldi-nawaits Ctransition to [59] Konkan-Marathi (Maharashtra)

59-AAF-ooc chiatpavani Ctransition to [59] Konkan-Marathi (Maharashtra)

59-AAF-ood bardeshi barhdexi, bardeskari, part of gomantaki, "goanese proper" ¶Christiancommunity ⊕Goa-N.: Mapusa

(Goa)

59-AAF-ooe antruzi hindu "goanese", part of gomantaki, "goanese proper" ¶Hindu dialect⊕Goa

(Goa)

59-AAF-oof sashÕi saxti, part of gomantaki, "goanese proper" ¶Christian community⊕Goa-S.: Salcete

(Goa)

59-AAF-oog NDUZ UL ¶Hindu dialect ⊕North Kanara district (Maharashtra)

59-AAF-ooh V UDVYDW�EUDKPLQ ¶Hindu dialect (Maharashtra)

59-AAF-ooi kudali India

59-AAF-ooj malvani malwani India 4

59-AAF-ook manglluri mangaluri ¶Christian community ⊕South Kanara district… Mangalore;Mumbai, Bombay

(Karnataka; Maharashtra)


59-AAF-p SamskrWD��3 OL "historical indo-aryan" ½of continuing cultural and linguistic importance;including the Sanskrit "scheduled language" in India

{Asia-S.; Asia-SE.} 3*

59-AAF-pa ✍ samskrta sanskrit, sanskrut #samskrta=«prepared, cultivated, refined, purified"&Brahmi script; Kharoshthi, Kharosthi script; Nagari script; alsoBengali; Oriya; Malayalam; Tamil; Kannada scripts… ½studied andread (and sometimes spoken) within Hindu communities, especiallyamong speakers of [59] Indic and [49] Dravidian languages

India…

59-AAF-paa & samskrta-L. "liturgical and ancient literary" sanskrit, including samskrta-vaidik,"vedic sanskrit" or "pre-classical sanskrit" (texts from c. –1500), and"classical sanskrit" (texts from c. –500)

India; South Africa; {East Africa};Mauritius; United Kingdom;Bangladesh…

59-AAF-pab ✍ samskrt-F. "modern literary sanskrit", "brahmin scholarly vehicular", "modernpandit sanskrit"; preceded by "middle sanskrit" (from c.+1100)Cinfluenced by medieval Prakrit vernaculars (see prakrta below )½Indian "scheduled language & mother-tongue"

India… 5*

59-AAF-pb & S OL-bhasha Chybrid literary language from midland India, with possible easterninfluence from Bihar (Magadha) &Sinhalese script (first transcribed inSri Lanka); Burmese script; Latin script; studied and read withinBuddhist communities #pali(-bhasha)=«canonical (language)»

Sri Lanka; Burma; Thailand; Laos;Cambodia…

59-AAF-pba S OL�J WK "ancient literary pali" ½from c.–100

59-AAF-pbb S OL�WLSLÕ N tiptaka, tipitaka, in [59] Sanskrit: tripitaka, "ancient buddhist pali"

59-AAF-pbc S OL�6� "ceylon buddhist pali"

59-AAF-pbd S OL�6(� "southeast-asian buddhist pali"

59-AAF-pc &�SU Nrta prakrit, "middle indic literary prakrits" (from c. –250), including "earlyPLGGOH�LQGLF��D RNDQ�SUDNULW��including D RNDQ�SUDNULW�(�…�D RNDQ�

prakrit-CE.…�D RNDQ�SUDNULW�1:�…�D RNDQ�SUDNULW�6:��«�SUDNULW�1:�

(including gandhari "literary"… niya "administrative")… "jain literaryprakrit" (including ardhamagadhi, "semi"-magadhi)… prakrit-E.,including DXUDVHQL��especially in popular dramatic speech; precursorof [59] Bangla, Oriya & Axamiya�«�PDK U VKWUL�SU NULW«�VLQK O �

SU NULW��precursor of [59] Elu)… apabhramsha, "late midland prakrit"#[59] Sanskrit: SU Nrta =«natural, usual, unadorned > vulgar,vernacular» &Nagari script, etc.; studied and read within Hindu andJain communities

India; Sri Lanka; formerly China

59-AAF-q Hindi+ Urdu urdu+ hindi-W., hindustani, part of "wider" hindi+urdu Cinfluenced by[12] 'Arabiyya+ [58] Parsi and/or by [59] Sanskrit &Nagari script(Hindi); Perso-Arabic script (Urdu); also Kaithi script; Gujarati script½increasing separation since 1947 between Hindi (official language inIndia) and Urdu (official language in Pakistan), since when the commonterm 'Hindustani' has fallen progressively into disuse; the Hindi+ Urduouter-language is officially divided in India between the Hindi"scheduled language" (including also the Adheli+ Bagheli outer-language) and the Urdu "scheduled language" #hindustani in[58]Persian =«Hindu-country language»

uIndia; uPakistan; Afghanistan;Nepal; Fiji; Mauritius; Yemen;United Arab Emirates; SouthAfrica; {East Africa}; Surinam;England… �

8

59-AAF-qa & urdu-L. "early muslim literary" hindi-W., zaban-e-urduu, "persianised" kha»i-boli#urdu derived from [44]Türkçe (former Osmanli): ordu, urdu =«militarycamp»; zaban-e-urduu ="language of the camp" ½evolved from Khari-Boli vehicular centered on Delhi area from 16th cent., which becamecontact language between local population and Muslim invaders

Pakistan; India

59-AAF-qaa UHNKW rexta, "transitional literary" urdu, "persianised literary" urdu#rehta=«mixed (language)» &developed as literary language from 16th

to 18th cent.

Pakistan; India…

59-AAF-qab dakhini-L. dakani, dakhani, musalmani, "early" southern urdu, "early" deccan urdu⊕Deccan plateau: Hyderabad… Bijajpur… Gulbarga…

India (Andhra-Pradesh…)

59-AAF-qac gujari-L. "early" gujari India…

59-AAF-qad hindawi-L. "early" hindawi, hindavi India…

59-AAF-qb ✍ urdu-F. "modern literary urdu", "formalised muslim-hindi", "muslim literary"khari-boli Cinfluenced by [12] ’Arabiyya and [58] Parsi

India; Pakistan…

59-AAF-qc urdu-G. urudu, "colloquial" urdu, "generalised" urdu, part of 'hindustani'Cinfluenced by translingualism in other [59] Indic languages orbilingualism in relevant non-Indic languages. ½increasing separationfrom [59] Hindi-G. after 1947, since when the common term ’Hindustani’has fallen progressively into disuse.

Pakistan; India; Nepal 7

59-AAF-qd kha»i-boli hindi+urdu "core traditional" ¶exodus of many Muslim speakers fromIndia to Pakistan in 1947

India (Uttar-Pradesh-NW.);Pakistan; Nepal

59-AAF-qda delhi-U. delhi "popular urban" ⊕Delhi (Haryana)

59-AAF-qdb meerut meerut "rural" ⊕Meerut, Merath environs (Uttar Pradesh)

59-AAF-qdc terai-urdu ¶spoken by weaver (Ansari) and other Muslim craftsmen communities⊕Terai plains

(Nepal) 5

59-AAF-qdd dakhini dakani, dakhani, musalmani, dakhini urdu, hyderabad urdu, "traditional"deccan urdu

(Andhra-Pradesh)

59-AAF-qe ✍ hindi-F. "modern literary" hindi, "formalised" hindu hindi; preceded by "earlyhindu literary" hindi, "early non-muslim" hindustani (from 18th cent)&from end 18th cent., including input and influence from Hindi-E. Cincontinuum with literary use of [59] Braj and [59] Awadhi; influenced by[59] Sanskrit

India…

59-AAF-qea dehlavi "standard" hindi, "formal" delhi hindi, "standard" khari-boli &West UttarPradesh model

India…

59-AAF-qeb samskrta-hindi "sanskritised literary" hindi &East Uttar Pradesh scholarly model India…


59-AAF-qf hindi-G. "popular colloquial" hindi, "generalised" hindi, part of ’hindustani’,including "popular literary" hindi, ’gandhian’ hindi, "written" hindustaniCdialects, listed geographically by Indian state, or by other nation-state, are influenced by translingualism in other [59] Indic languages orby bilingualism in relevant non-Indic languages ½increasing separationfrom [59] Urdu after 1947, since when the common term ’Hindustani’has fallen progressively into disuse

India; Nepal; Bhutan; Pakistan;South Africa; {East Africa}, Fiji,United Kingdom…

8

59-AAF-qfa hindi-uttar-pradesh-W. (Uttar-Pradesh-W.)

59-AAF-qfb KLQGL�KDU\ Q (Haryana, also Punjab-E.)

59-AAF-qfc hindi-uttar-pradesh-E. (Uttar-Pradesh-E.)

59-AAF-qfd KLQGL�SDQM E including milijhuli, "panjabised" hindi of Delhi Etranslingual in [59]3DQM EL

India (Delhi environs; Punjab…)

59-AAF-qfe KLQGL�ELK U Etranslingual in [59] Bihari (Bihar)

59-AAF-qff KLQGL�EHQJ O Etranslingual in [59] Bangla (Bengal)

59-AAF-qfg KLQGL�RULVV Etranslingual in [59] Oriya (Orissa)

59-AAF-qfh hindi-madhya-pradesh (Madhya-Pradesh)

59-AAF-qfi KLQGL�PDK U VKWUD Etranslingual in [59] Marathi (Maharashtra)

59-AAF-qfj KLQGL�JXMDU W Etranslingual in [59] Gujarati (Gujarat)

59-AAF-qfk KLQGL�UDMDVWK Q Etranslingual in [59] Rajasthani (Rajasthan)

59-AAF-qfl KLQGL�KLP FKDO�SUDGHVK (Himachal-Pradesh)

59-AAF-qfm KLQGL� V P Etranslingual in [59] Axamiya (Assam)

59-AAF-qfn KLQGL�DUXQ FKDO�SUDGHVK (Arunachal-Pradesh)

59-AAF-qfo KLQGL� QGKUD�SUDGHVK Ebilingual in [49] Telugu (Andhra Pradesh)

59-AAF-qfp KLQGL�WDPLO�Q GX Ebilingual in [49] Tamil (Tamil Nadu)

59-AAF-qfq KLQGL�NHU O Ebilingual in [49] Malayalam (Kerala)

59-AAF-qfr KLQGL�NDUQ WDND Ebilingual in [49] Kannada (Karnataka)

59-AAF-qfs KLQGL�KLP OD\D Etranslingual in [59] Nepali… (Sikkim); Nepal; Bhutan

59-AAF-qft KLQGL�Q W O "south-african" hindi Ebilingual in [52] English migration> South Africa (Natal)

59-AAF-qfu KLQGL�SXUYD� IULN "east-african" hindi, including hindi-uganda Ebilingual in [52] English migration> {East Africa};subsequently> United Kingdom

59-AAF-qg KDU\ QYL haryana hindi, hariani, bangaru, banger, bangri, bangru, chamarwa,delhi "rural", including jatu… deswali, desari Ccurrently merging with[59] Hindi

(Delhi, Haryana, Punjab-E.) 6

59-AAF-qh braj+ kannauji antarbedi, antarvedi, braj+ kanauji, including braj, braj-bhakha, braj-bhasha, brij-bhasha, brij, briju, bruj… kannauji, kanauji, khanauji½includes traditional language of the sacrificial holy ground betweenGanges and Jumna rivers Ccurrently merging with [59] Hindi ⊕Braj…Kannauj former states

(Uttar-Pradesh-CW.; MadhyaPradesh-N., Rajasthan; Haryana)

7

59-AAF-qha ✍ EUDM�EK NK �)� "literary" braj ½poetic medium, 16th to early 20th cent. India

59-AAF-qhb MDGRE Õi part of braj ⊕Gwalior… Karauli… Shivpuri plains ¶used by Yadava,Jado community

(Madhya Pradesh)

59-AAF-qhc VLNDUZ »i part of braj ⊕Chambal river… Gwalior (Madhya Pradesh)

59-AAF-qhd bhuksa part of braj+ kannauji "transitional" (Uttar Pradesh…)

59-AAF-qhe ¡ QJL�1� part of braj-S.+ kannauji "transitional" ¶spoken by Gujar people ⊕SawaiMadhopur district: Dang hills

(Rajasthan)

59-AAF-qhf ¡XJDU�Z »a dungar-wara, part of braj+ kannauji "transitional" ⊕southwest of Danghills

(Rajasthan)

59-AAF-qhg N OLP O part of braj+ kannauji "transitional" (Rajasthan)

59-AAF-qhh G QJEK QJ part of braj+ kannauji "transitional" ⊕Sawai Madhopur district (Rajasthan)

59-AAF-qhi kannauji-A. kannauji "proper", kanauji "proper", khanauji "proper" Ctransition to[59] Awadhi ⊕Doab-CE. country

(Uttar Pradesh)

59-AAF-qhj hardoi-E. part of kannauji ⊕Hardoi-E. district (Uttar Pradesh)

59-AAF-qhk N QSXU�NDQQDXML part of kanpur, cawnpore, part of kannauji ⊕Kanpur-N. district: Gangesright-bank (Kanpur, Cawnpore)

(Uttar Pradesh)

59-AAF-qhl WLUK UL�1� kanpur-tirhar, part of kannauji ⊕Kanpur-S. district: Jamuna left-bank(opposite Hamirpur)

(Uttar Pradesh)

59-AAF-qi bundeli bundeli-khandi, bundel-khandi Ctransition to [59] Awadhi+ Bagheli;currently merging with [59] Hindi

(Madhya-Pradesh-CW.; also Uttar-Pradesh; Maharashtra)

6

59-AAF-qia bhadauri towargarhi Ctransition to [59] Braj+ Kannauji ⊕Gwalior district (Madhya-Pradesh)

59-AAF-qib bundeli-A. bundeli "proper", including chhindwara-bundeli ⊕Gwalior+ Jhansi…Chhindwara+ Seoni+ Hoshangabad

(Madhya-Pradesh)

59-AAF-qic SRZ UL pawari, bhoyari, including kumbhari* ⊕Chhindwara… Nagpur (Madhya- Pradesh; Maharashtra) 5

59-AAF-qid gaoli ⊕Chhindwara district (Madhya-Pradesh)

59-AAF-qie NLU UL kirari ¶used by Kirar community ⊕Chhindwara district (Madhya-Pradesh) 2

59-AAF-qif koshti ¶silk-weavers’ community Ctransition to [59] Marathi ⊕Chhindwaradistrict

(Madhya-Pradesh)

59-AAF-qig khaÕola ⊕Pana… Chhatarpur… Damoh districts (Madhya Pradesh)

59-AAF-qih ORGK QWL rathora ⊕Hamirpur… Jalaun districts (Uttar-Pradesh)


59-AAF-qii EDQ SKDUL ½transition to [59] Bagheli ⊕Hamirpur district (Uttar-Pradesh)

59-AAF-qij kun¡ri ½transition to [59] Bagheli ⊕Hamirpur-E.… Banda-NW. districts (Uttar-Pradesh)

59-AAF-qik nibhatta*

59-AAF-qil lodhi* lodha, lodi, lohi, lozi ¶used by migrant peasants Ctransition to [59]Bagheli & [59] Marathi

(Maharashtra; Madhya Pradesh;Orissa; Bihar; Bengal-W.)

59-AAF-r Awadhi+ Bagheli Hindi-E., part of "wider" hindi+ urdu ½comprises part of Hindi"scheduled language" in India Etranslingual in [59] Hindi+Urdu

India; Nepal; migration> Trinidad &Tobago; Guiana; Surinam; FrenchGuiana; Fiji �

7

59-AAF-ra awadhi abadi, avadhi, abohi, ambodhi, baiswara, baiswari, kosali, kojali,khosul, uttari* ½Indian "scheduled mother-tongue" (as part of "Hindischeduled language"); currently merging with [59] Hindi ⊕west ofBenares… west of Lucknow (former kingdom of Awadh, Oudh)

India-NE. (Uttar-Pradesh-CE.; alsoNepal; migration> Maharashtra);migration> Fiji

5

59-AAF-raa & awadhi-L. "early literary" awadhi ½written in 17th-18th centuries India

59-AAF-rab mirzapuri ⊕Mirzapur district (Uttar-Pradesh)

59-AAF-rac awadhi-tharu Nepal

59-AAF-rad gangapari*

59-AAF-rae pardesi migration> (Maharashtra) 4

59-AAF-raf 'fijian'-hindi ¶spoken by at least half the population of Fiji; speech communitycreated by transportation to Fiji of indentured workers from from India-NE., from 19th century

migration> Fiji 5

59-AAF-rb dang-tharu part of nepal-tharu Ctransition to [59] Nepali Nepal (Lumbini); India (UttarPradesh)

4

59-AAF-rba dangali dangura, dangha

59-AAF-rbb ND KDUL\

59-AAF-rc bagheli baghel-khandi, bhugel-khud, riwai, ganggai, kewot, kewat, kawathi,kevati, kenat, kevat-boli, kewani, kewati, mannadi ½Indian "scheduledmother-tongue" (as part of "Hindi") ⊕Baghelkhand country: Rewa…Satna… Shahdo… Sidhi… Jabalpur… Mandla districts

India-N.(Madhya-Pradesh; Uttar-Pradesh); Nepal (Koshi)

6

59-AAF-rca ✍ bagheli-F. "literary" bagheli India

59-AAF-rcb tirhari-S. ⊕Jamuna right bank: Hamirpur… Banda districts (Uttar-Pradesh)

59-AAF-rcc ju»ar* ⊕Banda district: between Ken… Bagain rivers (Uttar-Pradesh)

59-AAF-rcd gahora gahore ⊕Banda-E. district (Uttar-Pradesh)

59-AAF-rce bagheli-A. bagheli "proper" ⊕'Baghelkhand' country: Rewa… Satna… Shahdo…Sidhi… Jabalpur… Mandla districts

(Madhya-Pradesh)

59-AAF-rcf gon¡Z QL mandlaha, mandal ¶used by Gond people and others (Madhya-Pradesh)

59-AAF-rcg PDU UL part of bagheli bhoyari; marar community of gardeners ⊕Balaghatdistrict…

(Madhya-Pradesh)

59-AAF-rch ojhi part of bagheli bhoyari (Madhya-Pradesh)

59-AAF-rci sonpari (Madhya-Pradesh)

59-AAF-rcj nagpuri-marathi Ctransition to [59] Marathi ⊕Nagpur district (Madhya-Pradesh)

59-AAF-rd dhanuwar-S. dhanuwar-S., dhanwar-S., dhanvar-S. ½distinct from [59] Rai+Done(Dhanuwar-N.)

(Madhya-Pradesh; Maharashtra) 4

59-AAF-s Bhojpuri+ Maithili Bihari, part of magadhan ½comprises part of Hindi "scheduledlanguage" in India Etranslingual in [59] Hindi+Urdu

India; Nepal; Bangladesh � 7

59-AAF-sa bhojpuri bhojapuri, bhozpuri, bajpuri, purbi #purbi =«eastern» (as viewed fromfurther west): the term is also applied more widely to Bhojpuri andAwadhi-speaking settlers in the Hindi-W. area, and more narrowly toBhojpuri-W. &Nagari script; Kaithi script

India (Uttar-Pradesh-E.; Bihar-W.);Nepal

7

59-AAF-saa ✍ bhojpuri-F. "literary" bhojpuri India

59-AAF-sab EDQ UDVL benarsi, part of bhojpuri-W. ⊕Banaras (Uttar-Pradesh)

59-AAF-sac azamgarhi part of bhojpuri-W. ⊕Azamgarh (Uttar-Pradesh)

59-AAF-sad kharwari bhojpuri-S. ⊕Ballia… Shahabad (Uttar-Pradesh)

59-AAF-sae sarawaria basti, part of bhojpuri-N. ⊕Basti district (Uttar-Pradesh)

59-AAF-saf gorakhpuri part of bhojpuri-N. ⊕Gorakhpur>E. (Uttar-Pradesh)

59-AAF-sag saran part of bhojpuri-N. ⊕Saran district (Bihar)

59-AAF-sah madhesi part of bhojpuri-N. ⊕Champaran district: Gandak valley>E. (Bihar)

59-AAF-sai bhojpuri-tharu part of nepal-tharu Nepal

59-AAF-saj domra

59-AAF-sak musahari

59-AAF-sb ’mauritian’-bhojpuri "mauritian" hindi ¶speech community created by transportation toMauritius of indentured workers from Bihar & adjacent areas from1830’s (after end of African-based slavery) Cintertwining of featuresfrom the above dialects of Bhojpuri, with large-scale lexical influencefrom [51] Mauricien (Mauritian Gallo-Creole) Ebilingual in [51]Mauricien

migration> Mauritius 5


59-AAF-sc ’caribbean’-bhojpuri "caribbean" hindi, aili-gaili ¶speech community created bytransportation to Caribbean of indentured workers from Bihar &adjacent areas from 1830’s (after end of African-based slavery)

migration> Trinidad; Guyana;Surinam; French Guiana

5

59-AAF-sca 'trinidad'-hindi ⊕Port-of-Spain… Trinidad & Tobago

59-AAF-scb 'guyana'-hindi ⊕Georgetown… Guyana

59-AAF-scc sarnami-hindi ⊕Paramaribo… Surinam

59-AAF-scd 'cayenne'-hindi ⊕Cayenne… French Guiana

59-AAF-sc maithili tirahutia, maitli, maitili, methli, mithil ⊕Tirhut country &Maithili script;Nagari script

India (Bihar-N.); Nepal 7

59-AAF-sca & maithili-L. "early literary" maithili &from 15th century India; Nepal

59-AAF-scb ✍ maithili-F. "modern literary" maithili, maithili "standard" India; Nepal

59-AAF-scc sotipura maithili-C., maithili "vehicular", surajpuri* (Bihar)

59-AAF-scd maithili-W.

59-AAF-sce khotta maithili-E.

59-AAF-scf maithili-S. (Bihar)

59-AAF-scg johahi jolaha-boli

59-AAF-sd bote-majhi kushar ⊕Chitawan district Nepal 3

59-AAF-se manjhi majhi-E. Nepal-N.&-E.; India 3

59-AAF-sf musasa musahar ⊕Sindhuli-garhi… Morang… Dolakha districts Nepal-SE.

59-AAF-sg dehati dehati-maithili, dahati, deshiya India (Bihar); Nepal-SE.

59-AAF-sh magahi magadhi, magaya, maghaya, maghori, magi, magodhi ⊕Son river…Monghyr… Hazaribagh #distinct from wider use of "Magadhan"

(Bihar; West Bengal) 7

59-AAF-sha ✍ magahi-F. "jain liturgical" magahi, "literary" magahi &Nagari script; Kaithi script (Bihar; West Bengal)

59-AAF-shb magahi-N. (Bihar)

59-AAF-shc magahi-C. (Bihar; West Bengal)

59-AAF-shd panchpargania magahi-E., tamaria, tair, tamara, temoral, tumariya Cinfluenced by [46]Mundari & [59] Bengali ⊕East Ranchi district

(Bihar) 5

59-AAF-si kortha magahi-S. (Bihar; West-Bengal border)

59-AAF-sj DQJLN angikar, anga, bhagalpuri, chhika-chhiki, chhika-chhiki-boli, chikachiki⊕Monghyr-SE.… Bhagalpur… Santal Parganas-N.districts

(Bihar) 5

59-AAF-sk gawari* gamari, ganauri, gauuari, goari ¶scattered communities India (Andhra-Pradesh; Bihar;Madhya Pradesh; Maharashtra)

4

59-AAF-sl sadani sadani "proper", sadana, sadati, sadari, sadhan, sadna, chota-nagpuri,nagpuria, shadri, sradri, sadrik, santri, siddri, sadri, including dikku-kaji⊕Palamau… Ranchi districts: Chota Nagpur plateau &Nagari script

India (Bihar) 5

59-AAF-sm oraon-sadri "post-dravidian" sadani ⊕Rajshahi division Bangladesh 4

59-AAF-t Chhattisga»hi+ Halbi part of magadhan Ctransition from Magadhan to [59] Hindi-E.… and to[59] Marathi; comprises part of Hindi "scheduled language" in IndiaEtranslingual in [59] Hindi+Urdu

India 6

59-AAF-ta chhattisga»hi laria, lariaor, khatahi #chhattisgarhi =«country of the thirty-six forts» (Madhya-Pradesh-SE.; Bihar;;Orissa; Maharashtra); India-NE.

6

59-AAF-taa chhattisga»hi-A. chhattisgarhi "proper" ⊕Raipur… Durg… Bilaspur… Raigarh…Balaghat-E.… Bastar-N. districts

(Madhya-Pradesh)

59-AAF-tab surgujia ⊕Surguja… Raigarh districts (Madhya-Pradesh)

59-AAF-tac sadri-korwa korwa people ⊕Jashpur district (Madhya-Pradesh)

59-AAF-tad baigani baiga people ⊕Balaghat… Raipur… Bilaspur… Sambalpur districts (Madhya-Pradesh; Orissa)

59-AAF-tae binjhwari binjhwar* people ⊕Raipur… Raigarh… Patna districts (Madhya-Pradesh; Bihar)

59-AAF-taf kalanga ⊕Patna district (Bihar)

59-AAF-tag EKXOL ⊕Bolangir… Sambalpur… Raipur districts; also Patna district (Orissa; Madhya-Pradesh; alsoBihar)

59-AAF-tb halbi halvi, halba, halabi, halvas India (Madhya-Pradesh;Maharashtra; Orissa)

5

59-AAF-tba halbi-A. halbi "proper" ⊕Bastar district (Madhya-Pradesh)

59-AAF-tbb adkuri India

59-AAF-tbc bastari ⊕Bastar India

59-AAF-tbd chandari India

59-AAF-tbe gachikolo India

59-AAF-tbf mehari mahari India

59-AAF-tbg muria muri India

59-AAF-tbh sundi India

59-AAF-tc bhunjia bunjia, bhumjiya, bhunjiya Ctransition between [59] Varhadi and Oriya India (Madhya-Pradesh;Maharashtra; Orissa)

3

59-AAF-td Q KDUL�(� Ctransition between [59] Varhadi and Oriya India. (Madhya-Pradesh; Orissa)

59-AAF-te kawari kamari, kavar, kawar Ctransition between [59] Varhadi and Magadhan India (Madhya-Pradesh;Maharashtra; Orissa)

4


59-AAF-u % QJO ��6\OKHWWL "Wider" Bengali, bangla-bhasa, bangala, bangoli, bangali, bongo-bhasha, part of magadhi, magahi, magadhan &(Devanagari script);Bengali script ½comprises Bengali "scheduled language" in IndiaEtranslingual in [59] Hindi+Urdu

uBangladesh; India (uWestBengal; Bihar; also Orissa, Assam,Tripura; Meghalaya) �

8

59-AAF-ua &�E QJO �/� "traditional literary bengali", including "old bengali"… "middle bengali"& developed from Magadhi (Prakrit) in 12th cent. or earlier (MiddleBengali" from 14th cent.)

59-AAF-ub ✍�E QJO �)� "modern literary bengali", "standardised bengali" Bangladesh; India

59-AAF-uba ✍ sadhu-bhasha "sanskritised literary bengali", "former calcutta standard bengali"&hybrid model Cbased on Middle Literary Bengali and influenced by[59] Sanskrit; now largely replaced by Colit-bhasha ⊕Kalikata,Calcutta…

India…

59-AAF-ubb ✍ E QJO �PXVXOPDQL bangali-musulmani, "persianised literary bengali", "dacca standardbengali" Cinfluenced by [12] ’Arabiyya and [58] Persian ⊕Dhaka,Dacca…

Bangladesh…

59-AAF-ubc ✍ colit-bhasha "current calcutta standard bengali", "popular literary bengali", chalti-bhasa &Kalikata, Calcutta colloquial model ⊕Kalikata, Calcutta…

India…

59-AAF-ubd ✍ colit-bhasha-E. "current dacca standard bengali", "popular literary bengali-E."&Dacca-based development of Kalikata, Calcutta colloquial model⊕Dhaka, Dacca …

India…

59-AAF-uc E QJO �&� kalikata bengali, "traditional bengali"-C,, "calcutta colloquial bengali",perhaps including varendra* ⊕Hooghly valley: Kalikata, Calcutta…Nadia… Murshidabad… Burdwan-E.… Midnapore-N. districts

(West Bengal)

59-AAF-ud E QJO �:� "traditional bengali"-W. (Bihar, West Bengal)

59-AAF-uda E QJO �EXUGZDQ "bengali proper"-W. ⊕Manbhum… Singhbum… Burdwan-W.…Birbhum-W. districts

(Bihar, West Bengal)

59-AAF-udb VDU NL ¶used by Jain community ⊕Ranchi district (Bihar)

59-AAF-udc kharia-thar (Bihar)

59-AAF-udd SDK »ia-thar (Bihar)

59-AAF-ude P OSDK »ia marpaharia ⊕Santal-Parganas district (Bihar)

59-AAF-udf ORKDUL�P OSDK »ia (Bihar)

59-AAF-ue E QJO �6:� "traditional bengali"-N., midnapore, including radha* ⊕Midnapore-SW.district

(West Bengal)

59-AAF-uf E QJO �1� "traditional bengali"-N., including "north-central bengali" (West Bengal; Bihar); alsoBangladesh

59-AAF-ufa E QJO �GLQDMSXU "bengali proper"-N. ⊕Malda-E.… Dinajpur-W.… Dinajpur-E. districts (West Bengal); Bangladeshtransfrontier

59-AAF-ufb N FK�6:� ⊕Malda district (West Bengal)

59-AAF-ufc N FK�1(� cooch-behar ⊕Cooch-Behar district (West Bengal)

59-AAF-ufd kishanganjia kishanganj, kishanganja (Bihar) 4

59-AAF-ufe siripuria ⊕Purnea district (Bihar)

59-AAF-uff bogra (Bihar)

59-AAF-ug kamarupa-W.59-AAF-uga rajbangshi rajbangsi ⊕Rangpur… Goalpara… Cooch Behar… Jalpaiguri districts

½Indian "scheduled mother-tongue"Bangladesh; India (Assam;Tripura; West Bengal)

4

59-AAF-ugb bahe ⊕Darjeeling district (West Bengal: Terai)

59-AAF-uh E QJO �(� Bangladesh; India (Tripura)

59-AAF-uha rajshahi ⊕Rajshahi Bangladesh (Rajshahi)

59-AAF-uhb dhaka-U. "dacca urban bengali" ⊕Dhaka, Dacca Bangladesh (Dacca)

59-AAF-uhc E QJO ��GHOWD� ⊕Ganges delta Bangladesh (Barisal; Patuakhali)

59-AAF-uhd E QJO �FKLWWDJRQJ Bangladesh (Chittagong); alsoIndia; Burma

59-AAF-uhe chakma chakma-bangla, takam, vanga-E. ½Indian "scheduled mother-tongue" India (Assam: Cachar; Tripura;West Bengal); Bangladesh

5

59-AAF-ui sylhetti sylhetti-bangla, sylhetta, sylhettia Bangladesh (Sylhetti) 6

59-AAF-uia sylhetti-A. (Sylhetti)

59-AAF-uib sylhetti-'émigré' Ebilingual in [52] English migration> England 5

59-AAF-uj haijong hajong, haijong-bangla, kachari-bangla ⊕Cachar… Sylhet districtsCBengali ’creole’ spoken by formerly [72] Kachari speaking people½Indian "scheduled mother-tongue"

India (Assam); Bangladesh-NE. 4

59-AAF-uk tangchangya tangchangya-bangla Bangladesh 4

59-AAF-v Saptari+ Deokri* Nepal-Tharu Etranslingual in [59] Hindi+Urdu Nepal; India 559-AAF-va mahottari* mahottari tharu, mahotari ⊕Mahottari district Nepal (Janakpur)

59-AAF-vb saptari saptari tharu Nepal (Sagarmatha) 5

59-AAF-vba saptari-A. ⊕Saptari district (Sagarmatha)

59-AAF-vbb morangia (Sagarmatha)

59-AAF-vc rana-thakur rana-thakur tharu Nepal (Eastern) 2

59-AAF-vd deokri deokri-tharu Nepal-E.; India-NE.

59-AAF-vda deokri-A. deokhari Nepal-E.

59-AAF-vdb don don-tharu India (Uttar Pradesh frontier)

59-AAF-ve chitwan chitwan-tharu, chituan-tharu ⊕Chitwan district: Rapti valley Nepal 4


59-AAF-w $[DPL\ ��-LKDUZD Assamese, part of magadhan &(modified) Bengali script ½comprisesAssamese "scheduled language" in India Etranslingual in [59]Hindi+Urdu

India (uAssam); Bangladesh 7

59-AAF-wa D[DPL\ ahomiya, asami, asambe, "assamese proper" &(modified) Bengaliscript

India (Assam); Bangladesh 7

59-AAF-waa &�D[DPL\ �/� "traditional literary assamese", including "early literary assamese" (from14th cent) and "middle literary assamese" (17th-18th cent.)

India…

59-AAF-wab ✍�D[DPL\ �)� "modern literary assamese", "standard assamese" ½Sibsagar standard

59-AAF-wac D[DPL\ �*� "current generalised assamese" ⊕Brahmaputra valley India; Bangladesh

59-AAF-wad sibsagar "assamese"-E. ⊕Brahmaputra valley: Sibsagar Cinfluenced by [70]Bodo

India (Assam)

59-AAF-wae kamarupa "assamese"-W. India (Assam)

59-AAF-wb jiharwa "mountain assamese", "assamese" creole ½vehicular regionallanguage

India (Assam)

59-AAF-x Oriya odia, part of magadhan &Oriya script; from 15th century; withinscriptions from 10th ½comprises Oriya "scheduled language" in IndiaEtranslingual in [59] Hindi+Urdu

India; Bangladesh � 8

59-AAF-xa o¡ia oriya "proper", orissa "proper", oliya, uriya, utkali, odri, odrum, vadiya,yudhia ½including further fragmentation of idioms, to be established

India (uOrissa) 7

59-AAF-xaa & o¡ia-L. "early literary" oriya (Orissa)

59-AAF-xab o¡ia -F. "modern literary" oriya, "literary" mughalbandi (Orissa)

59-AAF-xac mughalbandi oriya "proper" (Orissa)

59-AAF-xad o¡ia -NW. (Orissa)

59-AAF-xae sambalpuri oriya-W., including sundargh ⊕Sambalpur… Sundargh (Orissa)

59-AAF-xaf o¡ia -E. (Orissa)

59-AAF-xag balasore-N. (Orissa)

59-AAF-xah napore-C. 'mid'-napore (Orissa)

59-AAF-xai o¡ia -S. (Orissa)

59-AAF-xb bhuiya-o¡ia bhuiya, bhuinhar, bhuinya, bhuiyali, bhumia, bhungiyas, bhuyan-oriya India (Orissa…) 3

59-AAF-xc jharia-o¡ia jharia, jhaliya ⊕Koraput district India (Orissa) 3

59-AAF-xd jagannathi-o¡ia jagannathi, jaganathi, jaganatha-bhasha, surya-jagannathi, jaga-ad

59-AAF-xe bhatri-o¡ia bhatri, bhattri, bhattra, bhatra, part of oriya-SW. ⊕Jagdalpur… Kotapad India (Madhya-Pradesh; Orissa) 5

59-AAF-xf desia-o¡ia desia, koraput oriya, part of oriya-SW. ⊕Koraput district India (Orissa-S.)

59-AAF-xg adiwasi-o¡ia adivasi oriya, kotia, kotiya, kotia-oriya, 'tribal' oriya, ⊕Ghats-NE.highlands

India (Orissa; Andhra-Pradesh) 5

59-AAF-xh valmiki-o¡ia valmiki, valmiki adiwasi India (Andhra-Pradesh-N.) 3

59-AAF-xi kupia-o¡ia kupia India (North Andhra-Pradesh-N.) 3

59-AAF-xj bagata-o¡ia bagata, bagat, bakta, bhukta, bagbot India (Andhra-Pradesh) 4

59-AAF-xk mali-o¡ia mali India (Andhra-Pradesh) 2

59-AAF-xl degaru dhekaru India (Bihar-W.; West Bengal)

59-AB SINHALA+ DHIVEHIchain

"insular indic", "sinhalese+ maldivian"

59-ABA DHIVEHI net MALDIVIAN

59-ABA-a Dhivehi Maldives; India (Laccadives) � 559-ABA-aa dhivehi malikh, mahl, malki, divehi, divehli, "maldivian" &Dhivehi-Tana script uMaldives; India (Laccadives) 5

59-ABA-aaa maldive ⊕Maldive islands Maldives

59-ABA-aab minicoy ⊕Minicoy island India (Laccadives)

59-ABB SINHALA net SINHALESE

59-ABB-a Sinhala sumangala, singhala, "sinhalese", "singalese", "ceylonese"Cinfluenced by [59] Pali and by [49] Dravidic languages &from10th/11th cent.: Sinhalese script

uSri Lanka; migration> UnitedArab Emirates, Singapore,Maldives, Canada… �

7

59-ABB-aa & elu "classical sinhalese", including "archaic literary sinhalese"… "modernclassical literary sinhalese" &evolved by 13th century; withinscriptions from –3rd or –2nd century: see [59] Prakrit

Sri Lanka 7

59-ABB-ab ✍ sinhala-F. "modern literary sinhalese", "formal sinhalese", "high sinhalese","national standard sinhalese" Cinfluenced by [59] Sanskrit & Pali

Sri Lanka

59-ABB-ac sinhala-G. "generalised colloquial sinhalese", "low sinhalese", "popular sinhalese",including "semi-formal sinhalese" ½the semi-formal variety of colloquialSinhalese has been proposed as a substitute for 'High' Sinhalese in itsrole as official national language

Sri Lanka

59-ABB-ad colombo-U. colombo "popular urban" Sri Lanka

59-ABB-ae sinhala-SW. "traditional sinhalese"-SW. Sri Lanka

59-ABB-af sinhala-NW. "traditional sinhalese"-NW. ⊕Puttalam coastal plain Sri Lanka

59-ABB-ag sinhala-E. "sinhalese"-NE.; batticaloa ⊕Batticaloa-S. Sri Lanka

59-ABB-ah kandyan "traditional" upland sinhala, kandy ⊕Kandy… central highlands Sri Lanka

59-ABC RODIYA net59-ABC-a Rodiya Cmuch non-Sinhalese vocabulary within Sinhalese structures, often

used as ’secret’ languageSri Lanka 4*

59-ABC-aa rodiya gadi, rodi, rodiya community Sri Lanka


59-ABD VEDDAH net59-ABD-a Veddah Sinhalese creole with strong substratum from earlier non-Indic

language; now submerged by [59] SinhalaSri Lanka 2

59-ABD-aa veddah vädi-basa, vädda, veddha, veda, vedda, weda, weddo, beda, bedda,vaedda, "sinhalese creole" ⊕Dambulla… Polonnaruwa… Maha Oya…Mahiyangana

Sri Lanka

59-AC DOMARI+ VLACHnotional chain

ROMANI, "romindic", rom+ dom, part of "wider" 'gypsy' influenced tovarying degrees by the languages of countries of residence and/orformer residence

59-ACA DOMARI net ROMANI-EAST, "romindic"-E., dom, "west-asian " romani, 'gypsy'"proper"

59-ACA-a Domari in [44] Türkçe: çingene India; Afghanistan; Uzbekistan;Iran; Iraq; Turkey; Syria; Israel;Egypt; Libya. ”

5

59-ACA-aa domari dom ¶nomadic community {West Asia; North Africa} 559-ACA-aaa domaki dumaki, domaaki, doma, bericho, part of 'india' domari ¶community of

blacksmiths and musicians ⊕Gilgit district: Hunza valley (Mominabad)India+ Pakistan (Kashmir)

59-ACA-aab wogri-boli part of 'india' domari India59-ACA-aac churi-wali 'afghanistan' domari Afghanistan59-ACA-aad luli part of 'uzbekistan' domari Uzbekistan59-ACA-aae jugi part of 'uzbekistan' domari Uzbekistan59-ACA-aaf maznoug mazang, part of 'uzbekistan' domari Uzbekistan59-ACA-aag multoni part of 'uzbekistan' domari Uzbekistan59-ACA-aah qinati Iran59-ACA-aai koli-W. ⊕Kolli Iran59-ACA-aaj barake Syria59-ACA-aak kurbati kurbat Syria; Iran-W.59-ACA-aal karachi ⊕Karachi Turkey; Iran; {Caucasus}59-ACA-aam beludj Turkey59-ACA-aan marashi Turkey59-ACA-aao yürük Turkey; Bulgaria; Greece59-ACA-aap beirut ⊕Beirut Lebanon59-ACA-aaq nablos nabulus Palestine59-ACA-aar nawar Syria; Israel; Egypt59-ACA-aas helebi Egypt; Libya59-ACB VLACH+ SINTI net ROMANI-CENTRAL, "romindic"-C. roma, romany-C., romanés,

'tsingani', 'tsigane', "european" 'gypsy' ¶many communities destroyedor dispersed as a result of the European Holocaust up to 1945

59-ACB-a Vlach+ Ursari romani-SE. Romania; Moldova; Ukraine;Poland; Belarus; Russia Europe;Hungary; Slovakia; ex-Yugoslavia;Albania; Bulgaria; Greece; France;Germany; USA; Colombia. ”

6

59-ACB-aa vlach-romani vlax-romani, wallach-romani, vlach+ kaldarári+ lovari, "wallachian"romani, "danubian" romani #distinct from vlach, vlachi- as alternativename for [51] Limba-armâneasca

{Europe-E.&-W.; Europe-N.;America-N.&-S.}

6

59-ACB-aaa ✍ vlach-F. "modern standard" romani Romania…59-ACB-aab churari Romania59-ACB-aac lovari Romania59-ACB-aad zagundzi Romania59-ACB-aae ghagar Romania59-ACB-aaf vlach-NW. Hungary; Slovakia59-ACB-aag vlach-N. Poland; Belarus59-ACB-aah kalderashicqo rusurya-kaldarári, "russian" kalderash Russia59-ACB-aai rusicqo Russia59-ACB-aaj vlach-SE. Ukraine; Moldova59-ACB-aak kalderash-machvanicqo machvano, machwayo Bosnia+ Serbia59-ACB-aal kalderash-S. "bulgarian sedentary" romani Bulgaria59-ACB-aam vlach-'albania'-N. Albania-N.59-ACB-aan vlach-'albania'-S. Albania-S.59-ACB-aao vlach-'sieve' ¶sieve-makers' community59-ACB-aap vlach-'deutschland' migration> Germany59-ACB-aaq vlach-'france' migration> France59-ACB-aar vlach-'españa' migration> Spain59-ACB-aas vlach-'portugal' migration> Portugal59-ACB-aat vlach-'brasil' migration> Brazil59-ACB-aau vlach-'colombia' migration> Colombia59-ACB-aav vlach-'america' migration> USA


59-ACB-ab ursari balkan-romani, ursari+ arlija ¶nomadic community {Europe-E.} 659-ACB-aba ursari-A. usári Moldova; Romania; former

Yugoslavia59-ACB-abb karam'tika Ukraine; {Balkans}59-ACB-abc arlija erli Turkey; Bulgaria; Greece; former

Yugoslavia; Italy; Germany; France59-ACB-abd romani-'tinsmiths' ¶tinners' community Bulgaria-NW.59-ACB-abe khorakhane xoraxane Greece; {Balkans}59-ACB-abf dzambazi former Yugoslavia; Germany;

France59-ACB-abg jer'des Bulgaria-W.59-ACB-abh drindári Bulgaria-C.59-ACB-abi romani-'bulgaria'-E. Bulgaria-E.59-ACB-abj paspatian Bulgaria; former Yugoslavia59-ACB-abk romani-'ironsmiths' ¶blacksmiths' community Bulgaria; former Yugoslavia59-ACB-abl shiptari59-ACB-abm zargari Iran59-ACB-b Sinti+ Fintika romani-N.&-W., roma-NW. Romania; Hungary; Ukraine;

Slovakia; Moravia; Bohemia;Poland; Belarus; {Baltic States};Russia Europe; Kazakhstan; {ex-Yugoslavia}; Italy; Austria;Germany; Switzerland; France;Netherlands; Finland; Wales. ”

5

59-ACB-ba 'carpathian'-romani bashalde, "musicians" romani ¶nomadic community {East Europe} 559-ACB-baa romani-transylvania Romania (Transylvania; Galicia)59-ACB-bab romungre ungrike-romani Ukraine; Hungary; Slovakia-SW.59-ACB-bac sarvika sarvika-romani Slovakia-NE.; Poland-S.59-ACB-bad romani-moravia Czech Rep. (Moravia)59-ACB-bae romani-bohemia Czech Rep. (Bohemia)59-ACB-bb sinti sinte, sasitka, manuche, manush, manus ¶nomadic community {East Europe}; {West Europe};

{Central Asia}5

59-ACB-bba sinti-volga ex-volga sinti ⊕formerly in Volga basin displaced to Kazakhstan59-ACB-bbb sinti-N. Poland; Germany-N.; Netherlands59-ACB-bbc sinti-C. Germany-S.; Austria; Switzerland59-ACB-bbd sinti-SE. Slovenia; Croatia; Serbia59-ACB-bbe sinti-piemonte Italy (Piemonte)59-ACB-bbf sinti-abruzzo Italy (Abruzzo)59-ACB-bbg sinti-france France59-ACB-bc folditka-romá "baltic" romani ¶nomadic community {Europe-NE.}59-ACB-bca lotfitka-romá ⊕Riga gulf Latvia; Estonia59-ACB-bcb lajenge-romá Estonia-E.59-ACB-bcc rúska-romá Russia-NW.59-ACB-bcd romá-S. Poland; Belarus59-ACB-bd fintika-romani fintika-romma, "finland romani", kalo-romani-N. ¶nomadic community {Europe-NE.}; 359-ACB-be romnimos "wales romany", kolo, kole, kalo-romani-NW. ¶nomadic community Wales-N.59-ACC LOMAVREN net ARMENIANISED-ROMANI, lom59-ACC-a Lomavren �influenced by [57] Armenian Armenia; Syria; also Russia ” 459-ACC-aa lomavren bosa, bosha, posha, "armenian" romani ¶nomadic community Armenia; Azerbaijan; Turkey;

Syria; also Russia4

59-ACD CALÓ net ROMANICISED-ROMANI59-ACD-a Caló ibero-romani �influenced by [51] Ibero-Romance Spain; Portugal; France; Brazil. ” 559-ACD-aa caló ibero-romani, gitano, kalo-romani-S. ¶nomadic community Spain; Portugal; France; Brazil 559-ACD-aaa caló-C. �influenced also by [40] Euskera (Basque) Spain; Portugal; France59-ACD-aab caló-N. Spain (Catalunya)59-ACD-aac caló-S. Spain (Pais Vasco)59-ACD-aad caló-'brasil' Brazil59-ACE RODI net NORDICISED-ROMANI59-ACE-a Rodi Rotwelsch �influenced by [52] Nordic Sweden; Norway; Denmark ” 459-ACE-aa rodi ¶nomadic community Denmark; Norway; Sweden 459-ACE-aaa dansk-rodi "travellers' danish" Denmark59-ACE-aab skånsk-rodi part of "travellers' swedish" Sweden59-ACE-aac svenska-rodi tattare, part of "travellers' swedish" Sweden59-ACE-aad norsk-rodi "travellers' norwegian" Norway


59-ACF POGADI-CHIB net ANGLICISED-ROMANI59-ACF-a Pogadi-Chib Anglo-Romani, "anglicised" romani �influenced by [52] English {British Isles}; {North America};

South Africa; Australia ”6

59-ACF-aa pogadi-chib 'broken language'+ posh-ta-posh, 'half & half''+ romanichal, "anglo-romani"

UK; USA; South Africa; Australia 6

59-ACF-aaa pogadi-chib-A. "british anglo-romani" UK59-ACF-aab 'anglo-romani-america' USA59-ACF-aac 'anglo-romani-africa' South Africa59-ACF-aad 'anglo-romani-australia' Australia

lgs vol2 indo-european phylo

Documents

gaeilge irish

gaeilge cymraeg set

celtic phylozone

set of languages

cymraeg welsh

gaelegincluding gaeilge

sets of languages

cover languages