Lar

son,

Ric

hard

. 19

90. E

xtra

ctio

n an

d m

ultip

le s

ele

ctio

n in

PP.

The

Lin

-g

uis

tic R

evi

ew 7

,169

-182

.M

oro,

And

rea.

199

7. T

he r

aisi

ng

of

pred

icat

es.

Cam

brid

ge:

Cam

brid

geU

nive

rsity

Pre

ss.

Par

tee,

Bar

bara

H.

1998

. Cop

ular

inve

rsio

n pu

zzle

s. H

ando

ut o

f a

talk

giv

enat

the

Uni

vers

ity o

f Con

nect

icut

Wor

ksho

p on

Sem

antic

s.R

apop

ort,

Tov

a V

. C

opul

ar,

nom

inal

and

sm

all

clau

ses:

a s

tudy

of

Isra

eliH

ebre

w.

Doc

tora

l di

sser

tatio

n, M

assa

chus

etts

Ins

titut

e o

f T

ech

nolo

gy,

Cam

brid

ge, M

ass.

Rul

lman

n, H

otze

. 19

95. M

axim

alit

y in

the

sem

antic

s of

WH

-con

stru

ctio

ns.

Doc

tora

l dis

sert

atio

n, U

nive

rsity

of M

assa

chus

etts

, Am

hers

t: G

LSA

.Z

ubiz

arre

ta, M

aria

Lui

sa.1

998.

Pro

sody

, fo

cus

an

d w

ord

ord

er. C

ambr

idge

,M

ass

: M

IT P

ress

.

Dep

artm

ent o

f Lin

guis

tics

Sta

te U

nive

rsity

of N

ew Y

ork

at S

tony

Bro

okS

tony

Bro

ok, N

Y 1

1794

-437

6b

citk

o@

ph

on

lab

.sb

s.su

nys

b.e

du

Ger

man

, Det

erm

iner

Cop

ulas

are

ban

ned

for

inde

pend

ent

reas

ons.

A

rea

-so

nabl

e h

ypot

hesi

s w

orth

inv

estig

atio

n is

to

link

the

ava

ilabi

lity

of

Det

er-

min

er C

opul

as i

n E

quat

ives

to

the

ava

ilabi

lity

of

null

copu

las

in p

redi

ca-

tiona

l sta

tem

ents

. I l

eave

suc

h ty

polo

gic

al i

ssu

es

for

furt

he

r re

sea

rch

.

Ref

eren

ces

Bab

tista

, Mar

lyse

. 19

97. T

he m

orph

o-sy

ntax

of

nom

inal

and

ver

bal

cate

go-

ries

in C

aper

verd

ean

Cre

ole.

Doc

tora

l dis

sert

atio

n. H

arva

rd U

nive

rsity

.B

hatt

, Raj

esh.

199

9. Loc

alit

y in

app

aren

tly n

on-l

ocal

rel

ativ

izat

ion:

cor

rela

-tiv

es in

the

mod

ern

Indo

-Ary

an la

ngua

ges.

Tal

k gi

ven

at t

he D

epar

tmen

t of

Ling

uist

ics

and

Phi

loso

phy,

Mas

sach

uset

ts In

stitu

te o

f Tec

hnol

ogy.

Car

nie,

And

rew

. 19

95. N

on-v

erba

l pr

edic

atio

n an

d he

ad m

ovem

ent.

Doc

-to

ral d

isse

rtat

ion,

Mas

sach

uset

ts In

stitu

te o

f Tec

hnol

ogy,

Cam

brid

ge, M

ass.

Cho

msk

y, N

oam

. 19

95. T

he m

inim

alis

t pr

ogr

am.

Cam

brid

ge,

Mas

s.: M

ITP

ress

.C

itko,

Bar

bara

. 19

98. A

TB

ana

lysi

s of

fre

e re

lativ

e c

laus

es. I

n P

roce

edin

gsfr

om t

he M

ain

Ses

sio

n o

f th

e C

hica

go

Lin

gui

stic

Soc

iety

’s T

hirt

y F

our

thM

ee

ting,

69-8

3. U

nive

rsity

of C

hica

go, C

hica

go.

Fow

ler,

Geo

rge.

198

7. T

he g

ram

mat

ical

rel

evan

ce o

f T

hem

e/R

hem

e p

arti-

tion.

In P

ape

rs f

rom

23r

d A

nn

ual

Reg

ion

al M

eet

ing

of

Chi

cag

o L

ing

uist

icS

oci

ety,

93-

104.

Uni

vers

ity o

f Chi

cago

, Chi

cago

.H

eyco

ck,

Car

olin

e, a

nd A

ntho

ny K

roch

. 19

98.

Pse

udoc

left

con

nect

edne

ss:

impl

icat

ions

for

the

LF in

terf

ace

leve

l. T

o ap

pear

in

Lin

gu

istic

In

qu

iry.

Hig

gins

, R

oger

. 19

79.

The

pse

udo-

clef

t co

nstr

uctio

ns i

n E

nglis

h. O

ut-

sta

nd

ing

Dis

sert

atio

ns

in L

ing

uis

tics

. New

Yor

k: G

arla

nd.

Izvo

rski

, R

oum

yana

. 19

96. T

he s

ynta

x an

d se

man

tics

of c

orre

lativ

e p

ro-

form

s.

In P

roce

edin

gs o

f N

ELS

26,

133-

147.

Uni

vers

ity o

f M

assa

chus

etts

,A

mhe

rst:

GLS

A.

Jaco

bson

, Pau

line.

199

5. O

n th

e q

uant

ific

atio

nal

forc

e o

f E

nglis

h fr

ee

rela

-tiv

es.

In Q

ua

ntifi

cati

on

in

Nat

ural

La

ng

ua

ge,

ed E

mm

ond

Ba

ch,

Elo

ise

Jelin

ek,

Ang

elik

a K

ratz

er a

nd B

arba

ra H

. P

arte

e, 4

51-4

86. D

orde

cht:

Klu

-w

er.

Kis

s, K

atal

in E

. 19

98. I

dent

ific

atio

n fo

cus

vers

us in

form

atio

n fo

cus.

Lan

-g

ua

ge 7

4, 2

45-2

73.

Klim

a, E

dwar

d. N

egat

ion

in E

nglis

h. In

The

stru

ctur

e o

f la

ng

ua

ge;

rea

din

gsin

the

phi

loso

phy

of

lan

gu

age

, ed

. Jer

ry A

. Fo

dor

and

Jero

ld J

. K

atz,

246

-32

3. E

ngle

woo

d C

liffs

, New

Jer

sey:

P

rent

ice-

Hal

l.

5.2

Inte

rpre

tati

on o

f L

ight

-Hea

ded

Rel

ativ

es

Ano

ther

que

stio

n co

ncer

ns im

plic

atio

ns o

f th

is a

naly

sis

for

the

sem

antic

s of

Lig

ht-H

ead

ed R

elat

ives

. T

he s

eman

tics

I w

ould

lik

e t

o su

gges

t fo

r bo

thL

ight

-He

aded

Rel

ativ

es a

nd C

orre

lativ

es e

ssen

tially

inv

olve

s eq

uatio

n be

-tw

een

two

entit

ies.

C

onsi

der

the

Lig

ht-H

ead

ed R

elat

ive

giv

en in

(40

a) a

ndits

str

uctu

re in

(40

b).

Its

me

anin

g ca

n be

par

aphr

ased

as

‘The

thin

g th

at I

will

sin

g is

/equ

als

to th

e th

ing

that

Mar

y w

ill s

ing’

(40

c).

(40

)a.

S

�� ����

� �

�

Mar

ia

�� �� �

I-si

ngD

EM

wha

tM

aria

sing

s‘I

sing

wha

t Mar

y si

ngs.

’b.

[ TP

T [

SC

[ CP

1

� �

� �� ���

] [ C

P1 c

o

Mar

ia

� piew

a] ]

D

EM

I-si

ng

wha

t Mar

ia

sing

sc.

ι y [I

sin

g y]

= ι x

[Mar

y si

ngs

x]

How

do

we

arr

ive

at

the

inte

rpre

tatio

n in

(40c

)? A

s fa

r as

the

equ

atio

n re

la-

tion

goes

, for

now

I si

mpl

y as

sum

e th

at it

can

com

e e

ither

fro

m th

e n

atur

e o

fth

e co

pula

itse

lf or

, alte

rnat

ivel

y, fr

om th

e na

ture

of t

he s

mal

l cla

use.

The

two

CP

s co

mpr

isin

g th

e s

mal

l cl

ause

are

inte

rpre

ted

as fr

ee

rela

-tiv

es. W

ith re

spe

ct to

the

sem

antic

s of

fre

e re

lativ

es, I

fol

low

Ja

cobs

on 1

995

and

Rul

lman

n 19

96 an

d as

sum

e th

at th

ey d

enot

e m

axim

al i

ndiv

idua

ls (M

AX

oper

ator

in R

ullm

ann’

s sy

stem

and

iota

ope

rato

r in

Jac

obso

n’s

syst

em).

(41

)a.

ι y [I

will

sin

g y]

b.ι x

[Mar

y w

ill s

ing

x]

5.3

Fur

ther

Que

stio

ns

The

ana

lysi

s pr

esen

ted

in t

his

pape

r es

tabl

ishe

s a

link

bet

we

en D

ele

men

tsin

Equ

ativ

es a

nd D

ele

men

ts in

Lig

ht-H

ead

ed R

elat

ives

. T

his

link,

how

ever

,ca

nnot

be

tot

ally

str

aigh

tfor

war

d, s

ince

Lig

ht-H

ead

ed R

elat

ives

exi

st n

oton

ly i

n la

ngua

ges

that

hav

e D

eter

min

er C

opul

as.

Cro

sslin

guis

tical

ly,

the

rang

e o

f la

ngua

ges

that

allo

w L

ight

-He

aded

Rel

ativ

es s

eem

s to

be

muc

hw

ider

tha

n th

e r

ange

of

lang

uage

s th

at h

ave

Det

erm

iner

Cop

ulas

. L

an-

guag

es s

uch

as G

reek

, G

erm

an o

r D

utch

do

not

use

Det

erm

iner

Cop

ulas

ineq

uativ

e s

tate

men

ts b

ut n

ever

thel

ess

allo

w L

ight

-He

aded

Rel

ativ

es (

Sabi

neIa

trid

ou,

pers

onal

com

mun

icat

ion)

. A

t pr

esen

t, I

am

not

aw

are

of

any

lan-

guag

e th

at h

as D

eter

min

er C

opul

as b

ut d

oes

not

allo

w L

ight

-He

aded

Rel

a-tiv

es.

For

the

tim

e b

eing

, I

sim

ply

assu

me

that

in

lang

uage

s lik

e G

reek

or

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I-si

ng

then

w

hen

Mar

iasi

ngs

‘I si

ng w

hen

Mar

y si

ngs.

’

By

the

sam

e te

st,

a C

orre

lativ

e is

an

appr

opri

ate

resp

onse

to a

wh

ques

tion

Wh

at w

ill

you

do

whe

n M

ary

sin

gs?,

whi

ch s

ugge

sts

that

in

this

cas

e t

hem

atri

x C

P z

a

� piew

am ‘

I w

ill

sing

’ is

the

Foc

us a

nd t

hus

the

rel

ativ

e C

Pki

edy

Mar

ia z

a

� piew

a ‘w

hen

Mar

y si

ngs’

mus

t hav

e m

oved

out

of

the

Foc

usdo

mai

n. A

gain

, thi

s is

exa

ctly

wha

t hap

pens

; in

this

cas

e it

is th

e re

lativ

e C

Pth

at m

oves

out

of t

he s

mal

l cla

use

to [S

pec,

T] (

cf. (

37d)

abo

ve).

(39

)A:

Co

robi

szki

edy

Mar

ia

� piew

a?w

hat

you-

do

whe

nM

aria

sing

s‘W

hat d

o yo

u do

whe

n M

ary

sing

s?’

B:

�� �� �

� ��� �� �� �

���� �

� �� ��� �� �

����

whe

nM

aria

sing

sth

en

I

-sin

g‘W

hen

Mar

y si

ngs,

I si

ng.’

c.[ T

P [ T

’wte

dy1

[ SC [

CP1

t’ 1

� piew

am t

1] [

CP2

kie

dy2

Mar

ia

� piew

at 2

]]]]

then

I-

sing

w

hen

Mar

ia s

ings

d.[ T

P[C

P2 ki

edy 2

Mar

ia � pi

ewa

t 2]i w

tedy

[ SC[

CP

1t’1

� piew

am t 1

] [ C

P2 t i

]]]

w

hen

Mar

ia s

ings

th

en

I-s

ing

The

der

ivat

ion

of a

Cor

rela

tive

par

alle

ls th

at o

f a

Lig

ht-H

ead

ed R

elat

ive

up

to th

e p

oint

inv

olvi

ng th

e ra

isin

g of

the

CP

out

of

the

sm

all

clau

se;

the

firs

tth

ree

step

s ar

e th

e sa

me

in th

e tw

o ca

ses

(com

pare

(37a

-c)

to (

33-3

5)).

The

sole

diff

eren

ce b

etw

een

Lig

ht-H

ead

ed R

elat

ives

and

Cor

rela

tives

lie

s in

whi

ch o

f th

e tw

o C

Ps

unde

rgoe

s ra

isin

g ou

t of

the

sm

all

clau

se.

In

the

cas

eof

a L

ight

-He

aded

Rel

ativ

e it

is

CP

1 th

at r

aise

s ou

t of

the

sm

all

clau

se (t

hem

atrix

CP

), w

here

as in

the

case

of a

Cor

rela

tive

it is

CP

2 (t

he r

elativ

e C

P).

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¡ ¢£ ¤¥¦§ £ ¤

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ngs

whe

n’ (

32b)

.

(32

)a.

« piew

amw

tedy

kied

yM

aria

¬ piew

a.I-

sing

the

nw

hen

Mar

iasi

ngs

‘I si

ng w

hen

Mar

y si

ngs.

’b.

[ TP

T0

[ SC

[ CP

1

¬ piew

am w

tedy

] [ CP

2 M

aria

¬ piew

aki

edy]

]]

I-s

ing

t

hen

M

aria

sin

gs

whe

n

The

firs

t st

ep in

the

der

ivat

ion

invo

lves

mov

emen

t of

the

two

pron

omin

alel

emen

ts,

a w

h-w

ord

kied

y ‘w

hen’

an

d a

D-w

ord

wte

dy ‘

then

’ to

the

spec

ifier

pos

ition

s of

thei

r re

spec

tive

CP

s.

(33

)[ T

P T

0 [ SC

[ CP

1wte

dy1

¬ piew

am t 1

] [ C

P2 ki

edy 2

Mar

ia ¬ pi

ewa

t 2]]]

th

en

I-si

ng

w

hen

Mar

ia s

ings

The

nex

t ste

p in

volv

es th

e m

ovem

ent o

f th

e D

fe

atur

e o

f th

e D

-wor

d w

tedy

‘the

n’ to

T0 , p

ied-

pipi

ng th

e e

ntir

e X

P.

Thi

s m

ovem

ent i

s an

alog

ous

to th

em

ovem

ent

of a

D f

eat

ure

to T

0 in

equa

tive

sta

tem

ents

(cf

. 25

);

in b

oth

case

s it

satis

fies

the

requ

irem

ent

that

the

T0 p

ositi

on b

e le

xica

lly fi

lled.

(34

)[T

P [ T

’wte

dy1[

SC[

CP

1t’1

¬ piew

am t 1

][C

P2k

iedy

2 M

aria

¬ piew

a t 2]

]]]

th

en

I-

sing

w

hen

Mar

ia s

ings

The

fina

l ste

p is

the

rem

nant

mov

emen

t of t

he C

P1

to [

Sp

ec,

T].

(35

)[T

P[C

P1 t’

1

¬ piew

am t 1

] i [ T

’ w

tedy

1 [ S

C[C

P1 t i]

[ CP

2kie

dy2 M

aria

¬ piew

a t 2]

]]]

I-

sing

th

en

w

hen

Mar

ia s

ings

The

res

ult i

s a

cano

nica

l Lig

ht-H

eade

d R

elat

ive

give

n in

(32

a) a

bove

.A

s su

gges

ted

abov

e, t

his

gene

ral

line

of

thou

ght

exte

nds

in a

n in

tere

st-

ing

way

to

Cor

rela

tives

, w

hich

are

inve

rse

Lig

ht-H

ead

ed R

elat

ives

. C

on-

side

r th

e fo

llow

ing

deriv

atio

n:

(36

)Kie

dyM

aria

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a w

tedy

¬ piew

amw

hen

Mar

iasi

ngs

the

nI-

sing

(37

)a.

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T0 [

SC

[ CP

1

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am w

tedy

] [ CP

2 M

aria

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aki

edy]

] ]

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-sin

g

then

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ia s

ings

w

hen

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P T

0 [ S

C [ C

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tedy

1

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] [ C

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edy 2

Mar

ia ¬ pi

ewa

t 2] ]

]

t

hen

I-

sing

w

hen

Mar

ia s

ings

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ing

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ther

e.

(R

apop

ort

1987

) b.I p

rove

d th

e K

ing

to b

e th

at m

an o

ver

ther

e.

(2

9)a

.I f

ind

Dav

id to

be

the

Kin

g.b.

*I f

ind

Dav

id b

e th

e Kin

g.

4 L

ight

-Hea

ded

Rel

ativ

es

The

ana

lysi

s I

deve

lop

in th

is s

ect

ion

for

Lig

ht-H

ead

ed R

elat

ives

ess

entia

llyas

simila

tes

them

to E

quat

ives

. W

e h

ave

se

en in

Se

ctio

ns 2

and

3 th

at b

oth

Lig

ht-H

ead

ed R

elat

ives

and

Equ

ativ

es e

xhib

it a

rat

her

nons

tand

ard

use

of

dem

onst

rativ

e e

lem

ents

. T

his,

I b

elie

ve,

refl

ect

s a

de

eper

par

alle

lism

in

stru

ctur

e, a

nd s

ugge

sts

that

Lig

ht-H

ead

ed R

elat

ives

als

o in

volv

e a

sm

all

clau

se s

truc

ture

. T

his

time,

how

ever

, th

e s

mal

l cl

ause

, in

ste

ad o

f be

ing

com

pose

d of

tw

o N

oun

Phr

ases

is c

ompo

sed

of t

wo

clau

ses,

as

show

n in

(30

).

(30

) [ T

P T

0 [S

C C

P 1 C

P 2]

]

Just

as

in t

he c

ase

of

Equ

ativ

es,

eith

er o

f th

e tw

o co

nstit

uent

s co

mpr

isin

gth

e sm

all

clau

se c

an r

aise

out

of

the

sm

all

clau

se to

[Sp

ec,

T].

If

CP

1 ra

ises

,w

e g

et a

can

onic

al L

ight

-He

aded

Rel

ativ

e (

31a)

. I

f C

P2

rais

es,

we

get

an

inve

rse

Ligh

t-H

eade

d R

elat

ive

(31b

).

(31

)a.

[ TP

CP 1

T0 [

SC

t 1 C

P 2]

]b.

[ TP

CP 2

T0 [

SC

CP

1 t 2

] ]

Con

side

r fi

rst

the

der

ivat

ion

of a

can

onic

al L

ight

-He

aded

Rel

ativ

e g

iven

in(3

2a).

U

nder

lyin

gly,

it

invo

lves

a n

ull

copu

la s

ele

ctin

g a

sm

all

clau

se c

on-

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an

m

y b

est

frie

ndb.

[ TP

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h j naj

leps

zy pr

zyja

ciel i

T

0 [S

C [ D

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n]

[ DP2 t i]

] ]

]

m

y b

est

frie

nd

Jan

Not

e t

hat

the

Det

erm

iner

Cop

ula

to

is a

bsen

t in

an

unde

rlyi

ng s

truc

ture

.T

his

rais

es th

e o

bvio

us q

uest

ion

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ow t

o a

ccou

nt f

or i

ts p

rese

nce

in t

hesu

rfa

ce re

pres

enta

tion

(cf.

(21a

-b))

. T

he s

ugge

stio

n th

at I

wou

ld l

ike

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mak

e h

ere

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that

Det

erm

iner

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ulas

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ived

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me

ans

of f

eat

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emen

t: a

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leps

zy pr

zyja

ciel

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an

my

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fr

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ssum

ptio

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at a

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quat

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998

for

rele

vant

dis

cuss

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6 I d

iffer

fro

m M

oro

199

7 in

tha

t th

e ra

isin

g of

eith

er n

oun

phra

se o

ut o

f th

e sm

all

clau

se y

ield

s an

equ

ativ

e st

atem

ent.

(15

)a.

wh-

wor

d=

WH

+in

defin

iteb.

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ord

=D

+in

defin

ite

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fe

atur

e d

eco

mpo

sitio

n of

de

mon

stra

tive

pro

noun

s he

adin

g L

ight

-H

ead

ed R

elat

ives

is

cruc

ial

to t

he a

naly

sis

I de

velo

p in

Se

ctio

n 4.

Fi

rst,

how

ever

, let

me

exa

min

e a

noth

er c

onst

ruct

ion

whe

re d

emon

stra

tives

app

ear

,an

d w

hose

synt

ax w

ill s

erve

as

back

grou

nd fo

r th

e a

naly

sis

of L

ight

-He

aded

Rel

ativ

es.

òó ô

õö÷ø ù

úû ÷ ö÷ úü

úý÷ þ

One

of

the

dem

onst

rativ

e p

rono

uns,

nam

ely

to ‘

this

’, b

esid

es h

ead

ing

nom

i-na

l Lig

ht-H

ead

ed R

elat

ives

, has

ano

ther

rat

her

nons

tand

ard

use.

It o

ccur

s in

spec

ifica

tiona

l and

equ

ativ

e st

atemen

ts, a

s sh

own

in (

16-1

7).

3

(16

)M

ÿ jna

jleps

zypr

zyja

ciel

toJa

nm

yb

est

frie

ndD

EM

Jan

‘My

best

frie

nd is

Jan

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4

á âãä å

æçç èéêãë ìâ

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ëîë íæãë ìâæï çã æã åéåâ

ã çë â ð

ìï ðåçìéå

î ìñéì

î

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æãë ìâ óæâòæñå

ãä èçñåï æã åò

ã ìçêåí

ëîë íæãë ìâæï çã æã åéåâ

ã ç óãä åî æíãã

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B CDE C

FE @GF HIJK

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M NOPQQ R

P STOU VS

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tuv w

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sing

sÜÝ

Þ Üßà áâ

ãäåæ

ç áèé á

ãáê ëé ä ìá

íà áî äåæ

ãáê ëé ä ìá

ï ð

ìñ ò

ç áèé á

óé ôåó õö÷ø

ùú÷ûü õóé ôå

õö÷øù

Furt

herm

ore,

the

se e

xam

ples

sho

w a

cle

ar m

orph

olog

ical

rel

atio

nshi

p be

-tw

een

wh-

wor

ds a

nd d

emon

stra

tive

wor

ds;

the

rel

ativ

e c

laus

e a

lway

s co

n-ta

ins

a w

h-w

ord

and

the

mat

rix

clau

se a

corr

espo

ndin

g de

mon

stra

tive

wor

d(h

ence

fort

h re

ferr

ed to

as

D-w

ord)

.2 In

Pol

ish

the

two

diff

er o

nly

with

re-

spec

t to

the

initi

al m

orph

eme;

k-

in w

h-w

ords

and

t- in

D-w

ords

.

(14

)a.

wh-

wor

ds

b.D

-wor

dsc-

o ‘w

hat’

t-o

k-to

‘who

’t-

en/t-

aj-

ak‘h

ow’

t-ak

gdzi

e‘w

here

’t-

amk-

iedy

‘whe

n’w

-t-e

dydl

a-cz

-ego

‘w

hy’

dla-

t-eg

o

D-w

ords

can

thus

be

thou

ght

of a

s be

ing

a re

sult

of l

exic

al i

ncor

pora

tion

ofa

red

uced

for

m o

f a

def

inite

mor

phem

e in

to t

he in

defi

nite

pro

noun

. T

his

acc

ords

with

qui

te a

n ol

d in

sigh

t, g

oing

ba

ck a

t le

ast

to K

lima

196

4, th

at w

h-pr

onou

ns a

re in

defi

nite

pro

noun

s pl

us a

n in

terr

ogat

ive

feat

ure,

and

by

anal

-og

y th

at d

emon

stra

tive

pron

ouns

are

inde

finite

pro

noun

s pl

us a

D fe

atur

e.

2 W

e se

e a

sim

ilar

mor

phol

ogic

al o

ppos

ition

in E

nglis

h:(i

)a

.w

h-w

ords

b.D

-wo

rds

wh-

oth

-ey

wh-

omth

-em

wh-

ere

th-e

rew

h-a

tth

-at

Rel

ativ

es k

to ‘

who

’ is

per

fect

ly g

ram

mat

ical

as

a r

elat

ive

pro

noun

. T

his

issh

own

by th

e co

ntra

st in

gra

mm

atic

alit

y be

twee

n (8

) an

d (7

b) a

bove

.

(8)

Prz

epyt

am

s

tud

en

ta kt

ý ry/*

kto

pie

rwsz

y prz

yjdz

ie.

I-qu

estio

n-PE

RF s

tude

nt

whi

ch/ w

ho fi

rst

com

es-

PE

RF

‘I w

ill q

uest

ion

the

stud

ent w

ho c

omes

firs

t.’2.

2 W

ord

Ord

er in

Lig

ht-H

eade

d R

elat

ives

In L

ight

-He

aded

Rel

ativ

es,

the

ord

er b

etw

een

the

mat

rix

and

the

rel

ativ

ecl

ause

is q

uite

fre

e.

In a

dditi

on to

‘ca

noni

cal’

Lig

ht-H

ead

ed R

elat

ives

(9a)

,P

olis

h al

low

s ‘i

nver

se’

Lig

ht-H

ead

ed R

elat

ives

, in

whi

ch th

e re

lativ

e c

laus

epr

ece

des

the

mat

rix

clau

se (

9b).

In

vers

e L

ight

-He

aded

Rel

ativ

es a

re s

tan-

dard

ly r

efer

red

to a

s C

orrel

ativ

es.1

(9)

a.Ja

n

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43

‘Wha

t Mar

y si

ngs,

Joh

n si

ngs.

’

8 he e

xam

ples

in (1

0-13

) sh

ow th

at th

e sa

me

kin

d of

var

iatio

n in

the

ord

er o

fth

e m

atri

x an

d th

e r

elat

ive

cla

use

occ

urs

not

only

in

rela

tives

he

aded

by

nom

inal

ele

men

ts,

but

also

tho

se h

ead

ed b

y pl

ace

, m

anne

r, t

empo

ral

and

rea

son

adve

rbial

s.

(10

)a.

Po

jad

9 tam

gdzi

em

nie

wy

: lesz

.

pla

ceI-

go-P

ER

F th

ere

whe

re

me

you-

send

-PER

F

‘I w

ill g

o w

here

you

sen

d m

e.’

b.G

dzie

mni

ew

y

: lesz

tam

po

jad

9 ;

<= >?>

@>

AB C D sen

d-PE

RF

the

reI-

go-P

ER

F

(11)

a.Z

a

E piew

amta

k

jak

Mar

iaza

E piew

a.

m

an

ner

I-si

ng-P

ER

F D

EM

how

Mar

iasi

ngs-P

ER

F

‘I w

ill s

ing

the

way

Mar

y si

ngs.

’b.

Jak

Mar

iaza

E piew

ata

kza

E piew

am.

How

Mar

iasi

ngs-P

ER

FD

EM

I-si

ng-P

ER

F

1 I

am

glo

ssin

g ov

er t

he n

ontr

ivia

l is

sue

of w

heth

er S

lavi

c la

ngua

ges

have

true

Cor

-re

lativ

es o

f th

e ki

nd f

ound

in t

he In

do-A

ryan

lang

uage

s.

For

rele

vant

dis

cuss

ion,

see

Izvo

rski

199

6 an

d Bh

att

19

99

.

The

pap

er i

s str

uctu

red

as f

ollo

ws:

I b

egin

by

exam

inin

g th

e p

rope

rtie

s of

Lig

ht-H

ead

ed R

elat

ives

tha

t di

stin

guis

h th

em f

rom

He

aded

and

He

adle

ssR

elat

ives

. N

ext,

I di

scus

s the

par

alle

ls b

etw

een

Lig

ht-H

ead

ed R

elat

ives

and

Equ

ativ

es.

I ar

gue

that

bot

h E

quat

ives

and

Lig

ht-H

ead

ed R

elat

ives

invo

lve

an e

quat

ive

cop

ula

sele

ctin

g a

smal

l cl

ause

con

stitu

ent.

The

onl

y di

ffer

ence

betw

een

them

lies

in th

e in

tern

al s

truc

ture

of

the

smal

l cl

ause

. In

the

cas

e o

feq

uativ

e s

tate

men

ts,

it is

com

pose

d of

tw

o N

oun

Phr

ases

(5a

), w

here

as in

the

case

of L

ight

-Hea

ded

Rel

ativ

es it

is c

ompo

sed

of tw

o cl

ause

s (5

b).

(5)

a.[ T

P T

0 [S

C D

P1

DP 2

] ]

E

qu

ativ

es

b.[ T

P T

0 [S

C C

P 1 C

P 2]

]

L

igh

t-H

ea

de

d R

elativ

es

2 P

rope

rtie

s of

Lig

ht-H

eade

d R

elat

ives

2.1

Lig

ht-H

eade

d R

elat

ives

ver

sus

Hea

dles

s an

d H

eade

d R

elat

ives

FG HIJKL MJ

L NOP HQRSS HTHM

UHO HL VHH

MW HN

QP HKKNM

Q XR YG L ZW HNQ HQ [ HP NLR \HK

UJMUHTMK

LG HR TO HG N \R JT

VR LG THK]HULL J

^ NKH_ NL UGR MY `_ NL UGR MY

R MLGR K

abcd e fd re

fers

to

the

req

uire

men

t fo

r th

e c

ase

of

a w

h-pr

onou

n in

side

the

rela

tive

clau

se to

mat

ch th

e ite

m s

elec

ted

by th

e em

bedd

ing

pred

icat

e.

(6)

Cas

e M

atch

ing:

β [

wh-

wor

d αca

se .

. . ] α

case

The

co

ntra

st i

n gr

amm

atic

alit

y be

twe

en (

7a)

and

(7b)

sho

ws

that

onl

yH

eadl

ess

Rel

ativ

es a

re s

ubje

ct to

the

mat

chin

g re

quire

men

t.

(7)

a. *

Prz

epyt

am

[k

toN

OM

pier

wsz

y pr

zyjd

zie]

AC

C

I-qu

estio

n-PE

RF w

ho

fir

st

com

es-PE

RF

‘I w

ill q

uest

ion

who

com

es fi

rst.’

b.P

rzep

ytam

te

goA

CC

kto N

OM

pier

wsz

y pr

zyjd

zie.

I-qu

estio

n-PE

RF

DE

Mw

ho

fir

st

com

es-PE

RF

‘I w

ill q

uest

ion

the

one

who

com

es fi

rst.’

Thi

s m

ight

sug

gest

tha

t L

ight

-He

aded

Rel

ativ

es a

re s

impl

y H

ead

ed R

ela-

tives

, w

here

inst

ead

of

a f

ull

nom

inal

the

he

ad is

a d

emon

stra

tive

ele

men

t.If

thi

s w

ere

the

cas

e, a

ny d

iffer

ence

s be

twe

en th

e tw

o w

ould

rem

ain

hard

toa

ccou

nt f

or.

The

y di

ffer

, ho

wev

er,

in a

t le

ast

one

resp

ect

, i.e

. th

e r

ange

of

rela

tive

pro

noun

s th

ey a

llow

. T

hus,

in

Pol

ish

He

aded

Rel

ativ

es t

he o

nly

adm

issib

le re

lativ

e p

rono

un is

kt

g ry ‘

whi

ch’.

B

y co

ntra

st,

in L

ight

-He

aded

Lig

ht-H

eade

d R

elat

ives

*

Ba

rba

ra C

itko

1 I

ntro

duct

ion

In a

dditi

on to

the

fam

iliar

He

aded

and

He

adle

ss R

elat

ives

(1-

2),

man

y la

n-gu

ages

allo

w r

elat

ives

he

aded

by

dem

onst

rativ

e p

rono

uns

(3).

I

refe

r to

such

rel

ativ

es a

s L

ight

-He

aded

Rel

ativ

es.

Thi

s pa

per,

dra

win

g pr

imar

ily o

nda

ta fr

om P

olis

h, p

rovi

des

a ne

w a

ccou

nt o

f the

ir sy

ntax

and

sem

antic

s.

(1)

Jan

h ij k lmij nokp

q rq st uvw xyz x{ |z } ~x �

Hea

ded

Rel

a-tiv

es Ja

n si

ng

son

g

w

hich

Mar

ia s

ings

‘Joh

n si

ngs

the

song

that

Mar

y si

ngs.

’(2

)Ja

n

{ |z } ~x��� �� ~z }�

w xyz x{ |z } ~x �

� ���� ���� � ��

�

� �� ��� ���

Jan

sing

s

wha

teve

r M

aria

sin

gs‘J

ohn

sing

s w

hate

ver

Mar

y si

ngs.

’(3

)Ja

n

� �� � ��� ���

� ��� �� �� � ��  

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§ ¨©ª ¨ª

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¹ °º» °¼³ °²³ ±´²

½¯ ¾¹ ±²³ ±´² ¸

¹ °º» °¼ ¿²³ ±´² ÀÁ

Â Ã Ä Å ÆÇ È ÉÊ ËÌÍ ËÎ

ÌÏÊÍ Ì ÐÊ ÑÏÒ ÑÓ

ÔÌÍ ËÎÌ ÕÖ×

The

ana

lysi

s I

deve

lop

for

Lig

ht-H

ead

ed R

elat

ives

rel

ies

cruc

ially

on

the

cont

ribu

tion

of a

dem

onst

rativ

e p

rono

un, w

hich

I ar

gue

par

alle

ls th

e c

ontr

i-bu

tion

of a

dem

onst

rativ

e pr

onou

n in

an

equa

tive

stat

emen

t (4)

.

(4)

Cyc

ero

toT

ully

.

Equa

tive

sC

ycer

oD

EM

Tul

ly‘C

ycer

o is

Tul

ly.’

* I

ben

efite

d gr

eatly

fro

m d

iscu

ssio

ns w

ith J

ohn

Bai

lyn,

Mic

hele

DeG

raff

, D

an F

iner

,S

abin

e Ia

trid

ou,

Ric

hard

Lar

son,

Shi

geru

Miy

agaw

a an

d D

avid

Pes

etsk

y, a

ll of

who

mI

wou

ld li

ke t

o t

hank

. T

hank

s al

so t

o t

he P

LC

aud

ienc

e fo

r us

eful

com

men

ts a

ndsu

gges

tions

. N

eedl

ess

to s

ay, a

ll th

e m

ista

kes

and

omi

ssio

ns a

re m

y ow

n.