li 2023 nathalie f. martin p honetics. introduction: spoken language language can be spoken,...

LI 2023 NATHALIE F. MARTIN

PHONETICS

Introduction: Spoken Language

Language can be spoken, written, manually signed, mechanically reproduced and synthesized by computer

Spoken language is the main way humans express themselves

Humans spoke before they wroteReason why linguists start with the study of

spoken rather than written language

Made to Speak

Made to Speak

Lungs: to supply air for speechTrachea /treɪkiə/: wide pipe Vocal cords: to produce vibrations for

speech sounds. Also known as “vocal folds”(found within the larynx /lærɪŋks/)

Tongue: to articulate vowels and consonants

Teeth: to provide place of articulationLips: to articulate vowels and consonantsNose: to provide nasal resonance during

speech

Contemporary Linguistics:

p. 2.

Specialization for Language Contemporary Linguistics Analysis: p.

14-15

Organ Survival Speech

LungsExchange CO2

for O2

Air flow

Vocal Cords

Cover tube to lungs

Vibration

Tongue Move food in mouth

Articulation

Teeth Chew food Articulation

Lips Seal oral cavity

Articulation

Nose BreathingNasal resonance

Sound-Producing System: Features

Segments are produced by coordinating a number of individual articulatory gestures including: Jaw movementLip shapeTongue placement


p. 18.

Sound-producing System

Sound is produced when air is set in motion

Sets of filters modify the sound in various ways Pharynx /færɪŋks/ (tube between larynx and oral

cavity) Oral cavity Nasal cavity

Sound-producing system

LungsVocal cords

(or vocal folds)Larynx (vocal folds

are within larynx)

(the velum is the soft areaTowards the rear of the roofof the mouth)

The Tongue

Primary articulation organIt can be:

Raised, lowered, thrust forward, retracted or rolled back

Five areas of the tongue: Tip, blade, body, back and root


p. 23.

-DEFINITION-- PHONES & SEGMENTS

- IPA

Introduction to Phonetics

Thinking Phonetically

1. Exercise (p. 53)a) Find four words that show four alternative

spellings of the sound [f]b) Find six words that have the letter ‘a’

pronounced differently.c) Find four words in which different groups of

letters represent only one sound.d) Find two words in which two different sounds

are pronounced but not spelled out.


p. 53.

Phonetics

Definition: The study of the inventory and structure of the

sounds of speech. Analyzes the production of all human speech

sounds, Regardless of language.

Approaches to Phonetics

Articulatory phonetics Studies the physiological mechanisms of speech

production

Acoustic phonetics Measuring and analyzing

the physical properties of the sound waves we produce when we speak

BEFORE WE GET STARTED

Read: Read: The Onederful Werld ov Words

CHALLENGE: CHALLENGE: Find words (end/parts of words) that are written the

same but that sound different.

Find words (end/parts of words) that are written differently but sound alike.

Phones

Definition: Speech sounds

Infinite or finite possibilities of sounds? Finite

The possibilities of sounds is limited by the vocal tract According to one estimate: 600 consonants and 200

vowels

Units of representation

Break up the flow of speech into individual sounds Segments (individual phones or speech sounds) Syllables

Cat Class Book Extra

Nota: Some writing systems are phonetic and syllabic

International Phonetic Alphabet

The IPA is a system of transcriptionRepresent each sound of human speech with

a single symbol « One sound, one symbol »

Important: Enclosed in square brackets [ ]

Explore the IPA

Go through pronunciation of different sounds: http://www.yorku.ca/earmstro/ipa/consonants.html

(cons.) http://www.yorku.ca/earmstro/ipa/vowels.html

(vowels)

Nota bene: Sometimes two phonemes need to be used to represent a vowel.

IPA Chart

IPA - Transcription

Broad transcription Uses a relatively simple set of symbols to represent

contrasting segments but does not show all phonetic detail

Narrow transcription Show phonetic detail using an elaborate set of

symbols

Here are fonts that you will need to see the IPA symbols:

Alphg___.ttf Alphonet.ttf

IPA - Diacritics

« Marks added to a phonetic symbol to alter its value in some way »

Example: a circle under a symbol to indicate voicelessness.

See your IPA chart http://www.yorku.ca/earmstro/ipa/diacritics.html


p. 635.

For help with phonetics

Linking sounds to symbols:IPA Help, SIL Internationalhttp://www.yorku.ca/earmstro/ipa/index.htmlhttp://www.sil.org/computing/speechtools/ipahelp.htm http://www.cambridgeenglishonline.com/Phonetics_Focus/ http://www.uiowa.edu/~acadtech/phonetics/#

Identifying articulatory features:Interactive Sagittal Section, Daniel Hall, University of

Torontohttp://www.chass.utoronto.ca/~danhall/phonetics/sammy

* a bit confusing

Practice transcribing:

Canadian, American & British Dictionaries

When checking your transcription, be careful: Remember that you are transcribing something that you

have actually heard … so sometimes you just might be right!

Always check if this is an American or British dictionary. Even if it is American, it doesn’t mean that the

transcription is the same as what would be typically used in Canada.

Boat: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/boat http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/boat

Contemporary Linguistic: p. 38-

40

The Onederful Werld ov Words

Beware if heard, a dreadful word.That looks like beard and sounds like bird.

Watch out for meat and great and threat.They rhyme with suite and straight and debt.

/hɜrd/ /mit/ /swit/ /wɜrd/ /greɪt/ /streɪt/ /bɪərd/ /θrɛt/ /dɛt/ /bɜrd/

Glottal States

Sound-producing system Glottal States Contemporar

y Linguistics: p. 20.

Sound-producing system Glottal States

Glottis: Space between the vocal foldsVocal folds may be positioned in a number

of ways to produce different glottal states

Glottal States: Voicelessness

When the vocal folds are pulled apart.The air passes directly through the glottis.

Any sound produced when the folds are in this position are said to be voiceless.

Put your fingertips to your larynx. Fish Sing House

Glottal States: Voicing

When the vocal folds are brought together, but not tightly closed.

Air passes through and causes them to vibrate.

Any sound produced when the folds are in this position are said to be voiced.

Put your fingertips to your larynx. Zip Vow

Or any vowel

Glottal States: Whisper

Whispering is voiceless. No vibration of the cords.

The vocal cords are almost completely closed (though slightly apart at the back).

Glottal States: Murmur

Known as a breathy voiceMurmuring is voiced

Vibration of the vocal cords

Vocal folds are relaxed to allow air to escape to produce a breathy effect.

Voiced or Voiceless?

[p] [B] [b][t] [H] [d][k]

[g][f] [h] [v][s] [z][i]

Look up these sounds on your

chart, then try to produce

them. Then note whether

they are voided or voiceless.

IPA: Voiced and Voiceless

[p] & [b] [t] & [d] [k] & [g] [f] & [v] [s] & [z] Etc.

http://www.uiowa.edu/~acadtech/phonetics/#

Exercise 3: Voiced or Voiceless?

a) Ex: Thoughb) Thought c) Formd) Viewe) Zoomf) Silkg) Panh) Boat

a) /ox/ Voiced (vowel)b) /t/ voicelessc) /m/ voiced *d) /u/ voicede) /m/ voicedf) /k/ voicelessg) /n/ voicedh) /t/ voiceless

(Contemporary Linguistic analysis: An Introduction – O’Grady et al., 2009)

Voiced & Voiceless

Contemporary Linguistic analysis: An Introduction – O’Grady et al., 2009

Table 2.12 (p. 33) (consonants and glides) 1st of pairs on IPA chart (left) – voiceless 2nd of pairs on IPA chart (right) - voiced English Nasals - voiced Glides - voiced Usually English liquids (‘r’ & ‘l’) are voiced

*but can also be voiceless Vowels

CONSONANTSVOWELSGLIDES

Sound Classes

Challenge

CONSONANTS

GLIDES (semi-consonants or semi-vowels)

VOWELS

Nota: Fill in the missing information with information given in book.

Challenge

Nota: Fill in the missing information with information given in book.

Sound classes: CONSONANTS

Articulatory difference: May be voiced or voiceless May be made with either a complete closure or a

narrowing of the vocal tract The airflow is either blocked momentarily or restricted

so much that the noise is produced as air flows past the constriction.

Consonants cannot be the nucleus of a syllable Ex: “cup”

http://www.uiowa.edu/~acadtech/phonetics/english/frameset.html

[b] & [s]


p. 21

Sound classes: VOWELS

Articulatory difference: Vowels are produced with little obstruction in the vocal

tract and are usually voicedAcoustic Difference:

Vowels are more sonorous (acoustically powerful) Perceived as louder and longer lasting Ex: “happy”

Vowels can be the nucleus of a syllable.


/u/

Sound classes: GLIDES

Shows properties of both consonants and vowels

May be thought of a rapidly articulated vowel (auditory impression they produce)

Produced with an articulation like that of a vowel

Glides can never be the nucleus of a syllable

Aka. Semi-consonants, semi-vowels

Place of Articulation

Articulation Organs : Tongue

Primary articulation organIt can be:

Raised, lowered, thrust forward, retracted or rolled back

Five areas of the tongue: Tip, blade, body, back and root


p. 23.

Consonants: Place of Articulation

Also called points of articulationEach point at which air stream can be

modified to produce a different sound is called a place of articulation

Places of articulation are found at the lips, within the oral cavity, in the pharynx /færɪŋks/ and at the glottis /glɒtɪs/.


p. 24

Let’s Start Filling out our Chart

Place of articulation: Bilabial

/baɪleɪbiəl/

Any sound made with closure or near-closure of the lips is said to be labial.

Bilabial: sounds involving both lips Example: [p], [b] & [m]


Place of articulation: Labiodental

/leɪbioʊdɛntl/

Any sound made with closure or near-closure of the lips is said to be labial.

Labiodental sounds involving the lower lip and the upper teeth

Example: [f] & [v]


Place of articulation: Dental and Interdental

/dɛntl/

Dental: Sounds produced with the tongue placed against or near the teeth [t], [d], [s] & [z] (in European French) Example: European French (temps, dire, sept, zizi)

Interdental: Produced with the tongue between the teeth [θ] & [ð] Example: The words thing & this

Place of articulation: Alveolar

/ælviələr/

Sounds produced when the tongue touches or is brought near to the alveolar ridge

Example: [t], [d], [n], [ɹ], [r], [ɾ][s], [z] & [l]

Spanish “r” = [r] http://www.uiowa.edu:80/~acadtech/phonetics/spanish/

frameset.html (Vibrante)

Place of articulation: Alveopalatal & palatal

/ælvioʊpælətl/

Alveopalatal area: Just behind the alveolar ridge the roof of the mouth rises sharply

Alveopalatal consonants: [ʃ], [ʒ], [ʧ] & [ʤ] Example: Show, measure, chip & judge

Palatal glide: [j] Example: Yes & yours

Place of articulation: Velar

/vilər/

Velum : Soft area towards the back of the mouthVelar: Sounds produced with tongue touching or

near this position [k], [g] & [ŋ] Example: Call, guy & hang

Labiovelar: Sounds produced with tongue raised near the velum and the lips rounded at the same time [w] like in wet

Place of articulation: Uvular

/juvjələr/

Uvula: Small fleshly flap of tissue that hangs down from the velum.

Uvular: Sounds produced with the tongue touching or near this position. None in English European French « r » = [R]

Place of articulation: Pharyngeal

/fərɪndʒiəl/

Pharynx: Area of the throat between the uvula and the larynx.

Sounds made through the modification of the air flow in the pharynx by retracting the tongue or constricting the pharynx [ʕ] Example: The Arabic letter « ع » like in Jesus

Place of articulation: Glottal

/glɒtl/

Sounds produced using the vocal folds as primary articulation [h] Example: Hog, heave

Same or Different Place of Articulation?

Exercise 5 (O’Grady):

a) [s] : [l]b) c) [p] : [g]d) [l] : [r]e) [m] : [n]f) g) [f] : [h]h) [w] : [j] (…)

Answers:

a) sameb) c) differentd) samee) differentf) g) differenth) different

Manner of Articulation


p. 26

Manner of articulation: Oral vs Nasal

Oral: Velum is raised cutting of the airflow to the nasal passages

Nasal: Velum is lowered to allow air to pass through the nasal passages

Both consonants ([n] [m] [ŋ]) and vowels ([ã] [õ] etc.) can be nasal and are generally voiced Example: Sun, sum, sung No nasal vowels in English French: “in” “an” “on”

Manner of articulation: Stops

Stops are made with a complete closure either in the oral cavity or at the glottis

In English: Bilabial, alveolar and velar oral and nasal stops [p], [b], [m], [t], [d], [n], [k], [g], [ŋ] & [ʔ] Examples: Glottal stop in the sound [ʔ] like in the

expression uh-uh (meaning “no”) or like in some British dialects [ʔ] is heard instead of a “t” (example: bottle)

Manner of articulation: Fricatives

/frɪkətɪv/Fricatives: Consonants produced with a

continuous airflow through the mouthPart of a larger class called continuantsEnglish fricatives:

[f], [v], [θ], [ð], [s], [z], [ʃ], [ʒ] & [h]

Manner of articulation: Affricates

/æfrɪkɪt/ or /æfrɪkeɪt/

Affricate: Non-continuous consonant that show a slow release of the closure.

Affication: A process in which palatalized stops become afficates [ʧ] & [ʤ] Example: Church & Joke

Manner of articulation: Liquids

Different variants of « r » and « l »

Lateral: Varieties of « l » As laterals are articulated, air escapes through the

mouth along the lower sides of the tongue

English « r » Curling the tongue tip back into the mouth or by

bunching the tongue upwards and back in the mouth

Manner of articulation: Liquids (continued)

English « r » “Retroflex” [ɹ] or [r] = Curling the tongue tip back

into the mouth or by bunching the tongue upwards and back in the mouth Example: car & ride Transcribed as [r] in textbook

Flap [ɾ] = Tongue tip strikes the alveolar ridge as it passes across it Example: North American pronunciation of bitter &

butter

Manner of articulation: Voice Lag & Aspiration

Lag: After the release of certain voiceless stops in English, you can hear a lag or brief delay before voicing the following vowel Aspiration: Since the lag in the onset of vocalic

voicing is accompanied by the release of air

Transcribed with a small [h] Examples: pat [phæt], tub [thʌb] and cope [ khoxp] Examples of unaspirated: spat [spæt], stub [stʌb]

and scope [ skoxp]

Glides


p. 33

Manner of articulation: Glides

Glide: Very rapidly articulated non-syllabic segment

Jod or y-glide [j]: Palatal glideW-glide [w]: Tongue raised and pulled back

near the velum and with lips protruding or rounded.

[M]: Voiceless (labio)velar fricative glide Example: When, where, which (but not in witch)

Let’s Practice

Tell me the place of articulation and the manner of articulation of these sounds:

p tbhCBG

Voiceless bilabial plosive Voiceless alveolar plosive Voiced bilabial plosive Voiceless glottal fricative Voiced velar nasal Voiceless dental fricative Voiced post-alveolar fricative

Vowels


p. 34

Vowels

Vowels: Sonorous, syllabic sounds made with the vocal tract more open than it is for consonants and glide articulation

Produced by varying the placement of the body of the tongue and shaping the lips

Can be altered by protruding or rounding the lips, by lowering the velum to produce nasal vowels or by constriction.

Vowel Qualities

The placement of the body of the tongue: Vertical: high – mid – low

Horizontal: front – central – back

The shape of the lips: Rounded – Unrounded

The lowering of the velum: Nasal vowel

The degree of the vocal tract constriction: Tense – Lax

IPA Vowel Chart

Tongue Placement


Vowels: Simple vowels & Diphthongs

Diphthongs


Vowels: Diphthongs

American vs. English:

http://www.yorku.ca/earmstro/ipa/diphthongs.html

Vowels: Tense and lax

Review

Lets write these words out phonetically:

NoteMyEbbDegree

CoatClutchBoxBowlBoyAttic

/noʊt//maɪ//ɛb//dɪgri/

/koʊt//klʌtʃ//bɒks//boʊl//bɔɪ//ætɪk/

Write the spelling of the following transcription

/ʍɛn praɪd kʌmz dɪsgreɪs kʌmz

bʌt wɪθ ðə hʌmbl ɪz wɪzdʌm/

/prɒvɝbz əlɛvɪn tu/

When pride comes, disgrace comes, but with the humble is wisdom. (Proverbs 11:2)

♥ David ♥

David’s father (Anglophone) calls him: /deɪvɪd/

His mother (Francophone) calls him: /de:vəd/

Explain his mother’s pronunciation in comparison to his dad’s (the English pronunciation).

Note: In French, we say /david/

Carole

Carole is a Francophone learning English. Wanting to ask for the /Hit/She asks for the / Hqt /

Explain her pronunciation. What happened?

Review : Battle of the Linguists

Write these words out phonetically:

LEARN ABOUT DIFFERENT WAYS TO MARK PROSODIC PROPERTIES OF SOUNDS.

PITCH: -TONE -INTONATION

Suprasegmentals


p. 40

Prosodie: Like a Song

Listen: Could there be different meanings?

/naɪs drɛs/

How would you say these sentences? Nice dress. Nice dress! Nice dress?

Suprasegmentals

All phones have suprasegmental (or prosodic) propertiesPitchLoudnessLength

http://www.yorku.ca/earmstro/ipa/suprasegmentals.html

Suprasegmentals: Pitch

All humans have the ability to control the level of pitch in their speech By controlling the tension of the vocal folds and the

amount of air that passes through the glottis Tense vocal folds + greater air pressure = higher pitch

There are two kinds of controlled pitch movements: Tone and Intonation

Suprasegmentals: Pitch - Tone

Tone language: A language where differences in word meaning are signaled by differences in pitch Ex: Mandarin

Video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5-_P_H9gMmo

Suprasegmentals: Pitch - Tone

Register tones: Level tones that signal meaning differences Some tone language have 2 or 3, even 4 tones Ex: High tone, middle tone, low tone

Marked with diacritic [´] for high tones [`] for low tones

Contour tones: Ex: Mandarin

Rising pitch Falling pitch

Suprasegmentals: Pitch - Intonation

Intonation: Pitch movement in spoken utterances that is not related to differences in word meaning

Often does serve to convey information Terminal (intonation) contour

Final intonation at the end = signals that the utterance is complete

Non-terminal (intonation) contour Rising or level intonation at the end = often signals

incompleteness

Suprasegmentals: Pitch - Intonation

Different intonation rules depending on English speaker:

Ex: “Exact change, please” (West Indian bus driver)

How would we say it in Canada?

Discourse and language education, Evelyn Marcussen Hatch (1992)

Suprasegmentals: Length

Length: Vowels and consonants whose articulation takes longer relative to that of other vowels and consonants

Marked with diacritic: [:] or IPA colon

Nota: Not the same as English long and short vowels Ex: Hat [hæt] & hate [hejt]

Suprasegmentals: Stress

Some vowels are perceived as more prominent than others Ex: [thɛləgræfɪk] = [ɛ] and [æ]

Vowel nuclei that are more prominent than other are [ɛ] and [æ]


Stress: A cover term for the combined effect of pitch, loudness and length

Marked by diacritics: [´] for the most prominent or primary stress [`] for the second most prominent or

secondary stress Examples in book (p. 38) Examples in www.dictionary.com

MY TRICK: Rapper Stress Test


http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~krussll/138/sec3/stress.htm

Suprasegmental/Prosodic properties

Pitch: Tone: Pitch movement that is related to

differences in word meaning. Intonation: Pitch movement that is not related

to differences in word meaning.

Stress: (an) export vs. (to) export (an) object vs. (to) object

Let’s Practice: Suprasegmentals

Mark the PRIMARYand secondary stresses on the following words:

James Bond is sent to Jamaica to investigate the

sudden disappearance of the island’s Governor and his

assistant. When he arrives, 007 begins to suspect that

the Governor’s absence is in some way linked to Dr No,

the reclusive owner of a remote island which lies

between Cuba and Jamaica.

Let’s Practice Transcribing

http://www.umanitoba.ca/faculties/arts/linguistics/russell/138/practice/prelim.htm

Let’s go to “Some longer words” As I read them aloud you will transcribe them in

groups of two I will then ask for someone to come an transcribe

them directly on the website We will then check the Transcriber’s “This is what I

have …”

Review: Suprasegmentals

What is pitch?What is the difference between tone and

intonation?What is a tone language?How is length marked?What is a common word for stress?

Review : Battle of the Linguists

Write these words out phonetically:

Speech Production


p. 46

Speech Production

Is not a series of isolated eventsComplex

Articulatory organs are operating independently of each other

Many fine adjustments are carried out very rapidly as we speak.

As a consequence, speech production often results in the articulation of one sound affecting that of another sound

Speech Production: Coarticulation

Coarticulation: More than one articulator is active

Example:

The sound [pl] [pl] = [p] (bilabial- no tongue) + [l] (alveolar– with

tongue) Resulting in the tongue moving to the

alveolar ridge (early) during the pronunciation of [p]

Speech Production: Processes

Processes: Articulatory adjustments that occur during the production of connected speech

Result in : A more efficient articulation A more distinct output


Making articulation more efficient Example:

Bank = [bæŋk] [æ] (oral vowel) + [ŋ] (nasal consonant) Anticiption of the nasal consonant [ŋ] results in the

nasalization of the vowel [æ]

Key = [k] (velar) + [i] (Front, high and tense) Results in a more palatal [k]


Other examples:

Parade = [pəreɪd] More efficient articulation results in the dropping of

the unstressed vowel [ə] = [preɪd] [p] (voiceless stop) + [r] (voiced lateral) =

Voicelessness carried to [r]


Making articulation less efficient Lengthen consonants and vowels when they are asked

to repeat a word Example:

« It’s Fred. » « Did you say ‘red’? » « No, it’s ‘Fffreeed’! »

Greater articulatory effort, but …Results in a more distinct form that is easier

to perceive


Adding a segment Example:

« Stop screaming! » « What? Stop dreaming? » « I said, ‘Stop sc[ə]reaming!’ »

Speech Production: Common Articulatory Processes

Assimilation: A number of different processes that are the result of

the influence of one segment on another A sound becoming more like another nearby sound in

terms of one or more phonetic characteristics

Speech ProductionCommon Articulatory Processes

Regressive assimilation: Assimilation in which a sound influences a preceding segment (e.g., nasalization in English)

Progressive assimilation: Assimilation in which a sound influences a following segment (e.g., liquid-glide devoicing in English)


Assimilation - Nasalization Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant is

caused by speakers anticipating the lowering of the velum

Example: Can’t [khænt] [æ] + [n] = nasalized [æ]

Regressive assimilation or progressive assimilation?


Assimilation - Voicing assimilationDevoicing:

Example of Please [pliz] [p] (voiceless) + [l] (voiced) = devoiced [l]

Voicing: Example of[af] (off or over) in Dutch

Afbellen (to cancel): [f] (voiceless) + [b] (voiced) = [vb] (both voiced)


Assimilation – Flapping A Process in which a dental or alveolar stop

articulation changes to a flap [ɾ] articulation Example:

Butter, writer, fatter, wader & waiter Example : “I bought it” [ajbɑtɪt]

[ɑ] (stressed vowel) + [t] (dental consonant) = [ɾ] (flap)

Flapping is considered a type of assimilation since it changes a non-continuant segment to a continuant segment


Dissimilation: The opposite of assimilation. It results in two sounds becoming less alike in articulatory or acoustic terms.

Results in a sequence of sounds that are easier to articulate and distinguish Example: Fifths [fɪfθs]

[f] + [θ] + [s] = [fts]


Deletion: Is a process that removes a segment from certain phonetic contexts

Occurs in everyday rapid speechIn English, the schwa [ə] is often deleted

when the next vowel in the word is stressed Examples: parade, corrode, suppose

[preid], [krowd] & [spowz]


Epenthesis: Is a process that inserts a syllabic segment within an existing string of segmentsExample: warmth [wormθ]

[wormpθ]Example: Something [sʌmθɪŋ]

[sʌmpθɪŋ]


Examples:Warmth [wormpθ] = [m] + [p] + [θ]Length [lɛŋkθ] = [ŋ] + [k] + [θ]Prince [prɪnts] = [n] + [t] + [s]Tenth [tɛntθ] = [n] + [t] + [θ]

Nota: In English the epenthesized consonant are all

non-sonorant, have the same place of articulation as the sonorant consonant to their left, and have the save voicing as the non-sonorant consonant to their right


Metathesis: Is a process that reorders a sequence of segments

Often results in a sequence of phones that are easier to articulate

Common amongst children Examples:

Spaghetti = pesghetti [pəskɛɾi] Prescribe = perscribe [pərskraɪb] Prescription = perscription [pərskrɪpʃən]


Vowel reduction: A process that moves the articulation of a vowel (typically unstressed vowel) to a more central position

In English: Reduction of a full vowel to a schwa [ə] Example:

Canada [khænədə] (stressed vowel = æ) Canadian [khənejdiən] (stressed vowel = ej)

African American Vernacular English (AAVE)


Listen and write down what you notice: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zqohw8nR6qE

Discussion

General: Double negatives; Omission of certain auxiliary verbs;


Phonetically: Final “ng” /ŋ / = / n /

Ex. “Tripping ” = [trɪpɪn])Exception: not in one syllable words like

“sing”


Phonetically: May not use dental fricatives in some

instances: /θ/ & /ð/ word-initially / θ / (same) word-initially / ð / = /d / Word-medially or final / θ / = /t/ or /f/

ex: “month” = [mʌnt] Word-medially or final / ð / = /v/

ex: “smooth” = [smu:v]


Phonetically: Word-final devoicing of /b/, /d/ & /g/ (ex: “cub” =

[kʌp]) Reduction of diphthongs (into monophthongs):

/aɪ/ = /a:/ /ɔɪ/ = /ɔ:/ (ex: “boil” = [bɔ:l] )

Diphthongation: Simple vowel = diphthong (ex: “coach” =

[koɪtʃ])


How do you think speakers of AAVE would pronounce the words:

Teaching AAVE

Fox News and Black English – Ebonics: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X_KKLkmIrDk

Hooked on Ebonics: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=leau1eGZW7Q

Education of AAVE (African American Vernacular English) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FS2nEmglo6c

CANADIAN RISING

CANADIAN SHIFT

FAST SPEECH

And the Canadian Accent?

Canadian English

Canadian rising: /a/ becomes/ y / in Canadian English (in /yx/

and /yɪ/ )Canadian Shift:

/c/ & / o / = / o / / è/ & /ɪ/ = / è/ & /A/

Go to chart and see if they are close and if they have the same features.

Contemporary Linguistic: p. 38-

40

li 2023 nathalie f. martin p honetics. introduction: spoken language language can be spoken,...

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