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Chapter 1. Discovering Moray 9

Moray is at the northeastern base of Wanumarka Mountain near the edge of the Rumicolca formation. The groundwater source springs at Moray likely derive from the volca-nic formations on the lower slopes of the mountain and the Maras forma-tion. Only 0.6 mile to the southwest, the springs of Misminay appear to be derived more from the volcanic for-mation than the Maras formation, based on water quality analysis.

The springs of Moray are geo-logically related to its huge sink-hole depressions, along with a very old landslide that helped shape the Moray site long before any human activity there. The landslide is evi-dent when looking south from Moray at the still-existing scarp.

Climate

Even though Moray is only 13 degrees south of the equator, its 11,600-foot elevation provides for occasional freezing nighttime temperatures during the winter months of May through July. Monthly average temperatures are about 60 degrees Fahrenheit.

Total annual rainfall is estimated to be about 20 inches, with the rainy season occurring between November through March—January being the wettest with 4 inches of rainfall.

At about the time the Inca built Moray, Europe had entered the Little Ice Age, the Norse had abandoned Greenland, and west-ern North America was getting wetter. The Andes had become wetter and warmer as measured against the previous 400 years (Thompson and others 1985). In some ways, one might say that Moray and the empire were products of climate.

The Main Moray Spring is ideally located to support the intended Moray water system. Visiting hydrologists should not miss this site, even though its waters are now captured and diverted to support modern Maras.

An ancient landslide started at the scarp on Wanumarka Mountain and helped to sculpt the topography of Moray. The landslide itself is a product of the local hydrology—springs that flow still today. A secondary landslide lies below, just above the linear terraces.

The secondary landslide and its scarp help to demonstrate the engineering challenges faced by the Inca civil engi-neers. Even today some localized slopes are unstable.

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Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering Technical Papers

877 Abiotic and Biotic Compression of Municipal Solid WasteChristopher A. Bareither, Craig H. Benson, Tuncer B. Edil, andMorton A. Barlaz

889 Field Data and Numerical Modeling of Water Balance of Lysimeterversus Actual Earthen CapRamil G. Mijares and Milind V. Khire

898 Examination and Reevalaution of SPT-Based Liquefaction TriggeringCase HistoriesRoss W. Boulanger, Daniel W. Wilson, and I. M. Idriss

910 Load and Resistance Factors for Internal Stability Checks ofMechanically Stabilized Earth WallsDongwook Kim and Rodrigo Salgado

922 LRFD Calibration for Steel Strip Reinforced Soil WallsBingquan Huang, Richard J. Bathurst, and Tony M. Allen

934 Earthquake Response of Reinforced Segmental Retaining WallsBackfilled with Substantial Percentage of FinesHoe I. Ling, Dov Leshchinsky, Yoshiyuki Mohri, and Jui-Pin Wang

945 Design Procedure and Considerations for Piers in Expansive SoilsJohn D. Nelson, Erik G. Thompson, Robert W. Schaut, Kuo-Chieh Chao,Daniel D. Overton, and Jesse S. Dunham-Friel

957 Monitoring Twin Tunnel Interaction Using Distributed Optical Fiber StrainMeasurementsHisham Mohamad, Kenichi Soga, Peter J. Bennett, Robert J. Mair, andChi Sharn Lim

968 Trace Elements Leaching from Organic Soils Stabilized with HighCarbon Fly AshJacob J. Sauer, Craig H. Benson, Ahmet H. Aydilek, and Tuncer B. Edil

981 Geotechnical Performance of Dredged Material—Steel Slag FinesBlends: Laboratory and Field EvaluationNicholas E. Malasavage, Santhi Jagupilla, Dennis G. Grubb,Mahmoud Wazne, and William P. Coon

August 2012 • Volume 138, Number 8ISSN 1090-0241 • CODEN: JGGEFK

contents continue on back cover

cover 07/12/2012 4:05 AM Page 1

Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering Technical Papers

877 Abiotic and Biotic Compression of Municipal Solid WasteChristopher A. Bareither, Craig H. Benson, Tuncer B. Edil, andMorton A. Barlaz

889 Field Data and Numerical Modeling of Water Balance of Lysimeterversus Actual Earthen CapRamil G. Mijares and Milind V. Khire

898 Examination and Reevalaution of SPT-Based Liquefaction TriggeringCase HistoriesRoss W. Boulanger, Daniel W. Wilson, and I. M. Idriss

910 Load and Resistance Factors for Internal Stability Checks ofMechanically Stabilized Earth WallsDongwook Kim and Rodrigo Salgado

922 LRFD Calibration for Steel Strip Reinforced Soil WallsBingquan Huang, Richard J. Bathurst, and Tony M. Allen

934 Earthquake Response of Reinforced Segmental Retaining WallsBackfilled with Substantial Percentage of FinesHoe I. Ling, Dov Leshchinsky, Yoshiyuki Mohri, and Jui-Pin Wang

945 Design Procedure and Considerations for Piers in Expansive SoilsJohn D. Nelson, Erik G. Thompson, Robert W. Schaut, Kuo-Chieh Chao,Daniel D. Overton, and Jesse S. Dunham-Friel

957 Monitoring Twin Tunnel Interaction Using Distributed Optical Fiber StrainMeasurementsHisham Mohamad, Kenichi Soga, Peter J. Bennett, Robert J. Mair, andChi Sharn Lim

968 Trace Elements Leaching from Organic Soils Stabilized with HighCarbon Fly AshJacob J. Sauer, Craig H. Benson, Ahmet H. Aydilek, and Tuncer B. Edil

981 Geotechnical Performance of Dredged Material—Steel Slag FinesBlends: Laboratory and Field EvaluationNicholas E. Malasavage, Santhi Jagupilla, Dennis G. Grubb,Mahmoud Wazne, and William P. Coon

August 2012 • Volume 138, Number 8ISSN 1090-0241 • CODEN: JGGEFK

contents continue on back cover

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