libraries in the digital age (lida) 2012 zadar, croatia, june 18, 2012
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Libraries in the Digital Age (LIDA) 2012 Zadar, Croatia, June 18, 2012. Lynn Silipigni Connaway, Ph.D. Senior Research Scientist . “I always stick with the first thing that comes up on Google.” Motivating student engagement with the digital information service environment. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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The world’s libraries. Connected.
“I always stick with the first thing that comes up on Google.”
Motivating student engagement with the digital information service environment
Libraries in the Digital Age (LIDA) 2012
Zadar, Croatia, June 18, 2012
Lynn Silipigni Connaway, Ph.D.Senior Research Scientist
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The world’s libraries. Connected.
“I find Google a lot easier…so many journals come up and when you look at the first ten and they just don’t make any sense. I, kind of, give up.”
(USU7, Female, Age 19)
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The world’s libraries. Connected.
Then and Now
• Then: The user built workflow around the library
• Now: The library must build its services around user workflow
• Then: Resources scarce, attention abundant
• Now: Attention scarce, resources abundant
(Dempsey, 2008)
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The world’s libraries. Connected.
Understanding Motivations & Engagement
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The world’s libraries. Connected.
Visitors and Residents: What motivates engagement with the digital information environment?
• Funded by• JISC• OCLC
• Lynn Silipigni Connaway, Ph.D.
• Oxford University• David White• Alison Le Cornu, Ph.D.
• In partnership with• University of North Carolina, Charlotte
• Donna Lanclos, Ph.D.
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The world’s libraries. Connected.
Residents
• Significant online presence & usage
• Collaborative activity online
• Contribute online
• Mobile device dependence
• >10 hours online/week
(White & Connaway, 2011-2012)
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The world’s libraries. Connected.
Visitors
• Functional use of technology
• Formal need
• Passive online presence
• Favor FtF interactions
• <6 hours online/week
(White & Connaway, 2011-2012)
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The world’s libraries. Connected.
Video: goo.gl/wW1oB
First Monday Paper: goo.gl/RFSLz
(White & Connaway, 2011)
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The world’s libraries. Connected.
Why Visitors and Residents Project?
• If we build it, they will NOT come.• Shifting changes in engagement with information environment
• Effect of larger cultural changes influenced by Web?• New attitudes towards education?
• Gap in user behavior studies• Need for longitudinal studies•Investigate context and situation
• Inform project & service design to improve engagement & uptake (White & Connaway, 2011-2012)
(Connaway & Dickey, 2010)(Cool & Spink, 2002)
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The world’s libraries. Connected.
Why Visitors and Residents Project?
• Understand motivations & expectations for using technologies
• Enable educators & service providers to make informed decisions• Position role of library within the workflows & information-seeking patterns of students & faculty • Influence design & delivery of digital platforms & services• Investigate & describe user-owned digital literacies
(White & Connaway, 2011-2012)
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The world’s libraries. Connected.
Visitors and Residents
(White & Connaway, 2011-2012)
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The world’s libraries. Connected.
Objectives
• Examine links between age & technological engagement• Describe social network in which digital & analog information-seeking strategies are embedded• Inform JISC Developing Digital Literacies strand• Create matrix of implementation options
(White & Connaway, 2011-2012)
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The world’s libraries. Connected.
Triangulation of Data
• Several methods:
• Semi-structured interviews (qualitative)
• Diaries (qualitative)
• Online survey (quantitative)
• Enables triangulation of data
(Connaway et al., 2012)
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The world’s libraries. Connected.
Ethnography
• Rapport
• Observations
• Conversations
• Diaries
Ethnography enables us to establish rapport with target communities & become immersed in other people’s existence
(Connaway & Powell, 2010)
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The world’s libraries. Connected.
Diaries
• Ethnographic data collection technique
• Get people to describe what has happened
• Center on defined events or moments
(Connaway & Powell, 2010)
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The world’s libraries. Connected.
Interviews
• Allows for probing, clarification, new questions, focused questions, exploring
• Enables data collection for extended period of time
(Connaway & Powell, 2010)
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The world’s libraries. Connected.
Surveys/Questionnaires
• Encourages frank answers
• Eliminates variation in the question process
• Can collect large amount of data in short period of time
• Delivery
• In-person
• Telephone
• Online
• Point of contact(Connaway & Powell, 2010)
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The world’s libraries. Connected.
Project Phases
• Phase 1: • Interviewed Emerging educational stage individuals
• Last year of secondary/high school & first year of university• Majority of students aged 18 & 19 with a few outliers
• Phase 2: • Interviewed individuals in
• Establishing (second/third year undergraduate), • Embedding (postgraduates, PhD students), & • Experienced (Scholars) stages • Some Phase 1 and Phase 2 participants agreed to submit monthly diaries
(White & Connaway, 2011-2012)
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The world’s libraries. Connected.
Project Phases
4
• Phase 3:• Continued interviews •Continue collecting diaries • Test interview & diary results with in-depth survey
• 50 participants from each educational stage from US & UK
• Use findings to • Explore possible trends• Identify transitions between stages
• Phase 4:• Interview second group of 6 students in Emerging stage
• Help determine if methods of engagement change over time (White & Connaway, 2011-2012)
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The world’s libraries. Connected.
Phase 1
• Emerging educational stage• 31 participants
• 16 US• 15 UK
• Quantitative data:• Demographics, number of occurrences of
technologies, sources, & behaviors• Qualitative data:
• Themes & direct quotes (White & Connaway, 2011-2012)
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The world’s libraries. Connected.
Phase 2
• Continued interviews• Establishing (2nd-3rd year undergraduates)
•10 (5 US, 5 UK)
• Embedding (postgraduates, PhD students)•10 (5 US, 5 UK)
• Experienced (scholars)• 10 (5 US, 5 UK)
• Began data analysis
(White & Connaway, 2011-2012)
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The world’s libraries. Connected.
Phase I and 2: Participant Demographics
• 61 participants15 secondary students46 university students and faculty
34 females27 males
38 Caucasian5 African-American2 Two or more1 Asian2 Hispanic13 Unidentified
(White & Connaway, 2011-2012)
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The world’s libraries. Connected.
Participant Gender (US vs. UK)
(White & Connaway, 2011-2012)
Female Male0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
15 1619
11
USUK
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The world’s libraries. Connected.
Participant Gender (By Stages)
(White & Connaway, 2011-2012)
Emerging Establishing Embedding Experiencing0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
19
38
4
12
72
6
MaleFemale
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The world’s libraries. Connected.
Participant Ages (US vs. UK)
16-19 years old
20-29 years old
30-39 years old
40-49 years old
50-59 years old
Unidentified0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
17
7
13 3
0
12
3 3 3 2
7
USUK
(White & Connaway, 2011-2012)
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The world’s libraries. Connected.
Participant Ages (By Stages)
(White & Connaway, 2011-2012)
Emerging Establishing Embedding Experiencing0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
1
4
21 114
5
27
2
2 2 31 2
3
16-19 years old20-29 years old30-39 years old40-49 years old50-59 years oldUnidentified
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The world’s libraries. Connected.
Participant Ethnicity (US vs. UK)
(White & Connaway, 2011-2012)
Cauca
sian
Unidentifi
ed
African
America
n
Two or more
Hispan
icAsia
n0
5
10
15
20
25
17
7 50 2 0
21
6
0 2 01
USUK
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The world’s libraries. Connected.
Participant Ethnicity (By Stages)
(White & Connaway, 2011-2012)
Emerging Establishing Embedding Experiencing0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
1 11 13
2
4
1 44
22
6 4 6
1
CaucasianUnidentifiedAfrican AmericanHispanicTwo or moreAsian
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Academic Disciplines (By Stages)
(White & Connaway, 2011-2012)
Emerging Establishing Embedding Experiencing0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
2 1
4 31
2
12
2
3
8
4
2 3
1
4
2
1
UndeclaredDouble MajorProfessions & Applied SciencesFormal SciencesNatural SciencesSocial SciencesHumanities
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The world’s libraries. Connected.
Participant Interview Questions
1. Describe the things you enjoy doing with technology and the web each week. 2. Think of the ways you have used technology and the web for your studies. Describe a typical week.3. Think about the next stage of your education. Tell me what you think this will be like.
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The world’s libraries. Connected.
Participant Interview Questions
4. Think of a time when you had a situation where you needed answers or solutions and you did a quick search and made do with it. You knew there were other sources but you decided not to use them. Please include sources such as friends, family, teachers, coaches, etc. 5. Have there been times when you were told to use a library or virtual learning environment (or learning platform), and used other source(s) instead?6. If you had a magic wand, what would your ideal way of getting information be? How would you go about using the systems and services? When? Where? How?
(Connaway & Radford, 2005-2007)(Dervin, Connaway, & Prabha, 2003-2005)
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The world’s libraries. Connected.
Codebook
I. PlaceII. SourcesIII. ToolsIV. AgencyV. Situation/contextVI. QuotesVII. ContactVIII. Technology OwnershipIX. Network used
(White & Connaway, 2011-2012)
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The world’s libraries. Connected.
Codebook
I. PlaceA. Internet
1. Search enginea. Googleb. Yahoo
2. Social Mediaa. FaceBookb. Twitterc. You Tubed.
Flickr/image sharinge. Blogging
B. Library1. Academic2. Public3. School (K-12)
C. HomeD. School, classroom,
computer labE. Other (White & Connaway, 2011-2012)
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Nvivo 9
• Qualitative research software• Upload documents, PDFs, & videos• Create nodes & code transcripts• Merge files• Queries• Reports• Models
(QSR International, 2011)
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The world’s libraries. Connected.
Emerging Establishing Embedding Experiencing84%
86%
88%
90%
92%
94%
96%
98%
100%
94%29
100%10
100%10
90%9
(White & Connaway, 2011-2012)
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The world’s libraries. Connected.
Social Media & Safety, Security
Emerging Establishing Embedding Experiencing5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
23%7 20%
220%
220%
2
Facebook AND Cau-tion
(White & Connaway, 2011-2012)
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The world’s libraries. Connected.
Credibility
Emerging Establishing Embedding Experiencing0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
42%14
20%2
20%2
10%1
Wikipedia AND Author-ity, Legiti-macy
(White & Connaway, 2011-2012)
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The world’s libraries. Connected.
Opportunism
Emerging Establishing Embedding Experiencing84%
86%
88%
90%
92%
94%
96%
98%
100%
94%29
100%10
100%10
90%9
Convenience
(White & Connaway, 2011-2012)
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The world’s libraries. Connected.
Sources
Emerging Establishing Embedding Experiencing0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
19%6
30%3
80%8
80%8
77%24
90%9
70%7
50%5
90%28
100%10 90%
970%
7
DatabasesWikipediaBooks
(White & Connaway, 2011-2012)
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The world’s libraries. Connected.
Libraries = Books
Emerging Establishing Embedding Experiencing0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
58%18 50%
550%
5
10%1
Libraries = Books
(White & Connaway, 2011-2012)
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The world’s libraries. Connected.
Sources
Emerging Establishing Embedding Experiencing0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
13%4 0%
0
10%1
20%2
81%25
90%9
50%5
20%2
48%15
50%5 40%
4
50%5
Librarians
Teachers, Professors
Peers
(White & Connaway, 2011-2012)
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Decompartmentalization
Emerging Establishing Embedding Experiencing0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
26%8
30%3
20%2
10%1
Multi-tasking
(White & Connaway, 2011-2012)
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Control, Choice
Emerging Establishing Embedding Experiencing0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
39%12
40%4
50%5
50%5
35%11
40%4
30%3
40%4
Available TimeTime Wasting
(White & Connaway, 2011-2012)
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Time
Emerging Establishing Embedding Experiencing0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
29%9
10%1
20%2
10%1
48%15
20%2
60%6
50%5
AddictionDistraction
(White & Connaway, 2011-2012)
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“I always stick with the first thing that comes up on Google because I think that’s the most popular site which means that’s the most correct.”
(USS1, Female, Age 17)
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“I knew that the internet wouldn’t give me a wrong answer.”
(UKS4, Female, Age 17)
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“I simply just type it into Google and just see what comes up.”
(UKS4, Female, Age 17)
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“...Google doesn’t judge you.”
(UKF3, Male, Age Unidentified)
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The world’s libraries. Connected.
Diaries
• 20 Phase 1 and Phase 2 participants agreed to be diarists• 13 US & 7 UK
• 9 Phase 1 and Phase 2 participants submitted complete diaries
• 7 US & 2 UK
• Share information-seeking situations each month
• Communicate in any format
phonevideo chatdiary
instant messenger
videosem@il
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The world’s libraries. Connected.
Diaries
All except one selected EMAILWhy?
“It’s for formal communication”
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The world’s libraries. Connected.
Students: Information Seeking in Action
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The world’s libraries. Connected.
Information Literacy vs. Digital Literacy
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The world’s libraries. Connected.
BlackMarketLearning
http://wp.me/pLtlj-fH
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The world’s libraries. Connected.
(White & Connaway, 2011-2012)
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The world’s libraries. Connected.
Sources
j. Fan Websitesk. iPlayer/television programsl. Retail websitesm. Exam board sites (UK)n. Syllabus- and discipline-based siteso. iTunesUp. Photo websitesq. Other
II. SourcesA. HumanB. Digital
1. E-books2. Online textbooks3. Databases4. Websites
a. Discovery Channel
b. Textbook Sites
c. University databases
d. Major media sites
e. Non-English Language
f. Dictionaryg. Wikipediah. University
Websitesi. Music
Websites
(White & Connaway, 2011-2012)
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The world’s libraries. Connected.
Syllabus & discipline based sites
Major media site
Retail
Other
University websites
University databases
iPlayer/TV
Photo sites
Exam board
Non
Engl
ish
Lang
uag
e
Dict
iona
ry
Text
book
we
bsite
s
Fan sitesDisc Ch
Sources
(White & Connaway, 2011-2012)
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The world’s libraries. Connected.
Contact
VII. ContactA. Face-to-FaceB. Phone CallC. Video chat D. IM/Chat E. TextingF. Private messagingG. Commenting H. Media posting I. Visible messaging J. Letters (Post/Mail)K. Email
(White & Connaway, 2011-2012)
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The world’s libraries. Connected.
Private messaging (via social networking sites)
Texting
Email IM chatPhone call Face to Face
Video chat
Visible messaging
Media posting
Postal mail
Contact
(White & Connaway, 2011-2012)
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The world’s libraries. Connected.
Agency
IV. AgencyA. Evaluation B. Decision/Choice
1. Convenience/ease of use/accessible
2. Familiarity3. Repetition4. Relevance5. Authority/Legitimacy6. Available Time7. Speed8. Privacy9. Safety, security
a. Caution b. Confidence
10. Multitasking11. Browsing12. Searching13. Currency14. Fun, enjoyment15. Addiction16. Distraction17. Time wasting18. Quantity19. Reliability20. Avoidance
C. Motivation1. Create 2. Collaborate (helping others)3. Connection; sharing with others
(White and Connaway 2011-2012)
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The world’s libraries. Connected.
Agency
(White & Connaway, 2011-2012)
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The world’s libraries. Connected.
People
II. SourcesA. Human
1. Mother2. Father3. Extended family4.
Experts/Professionals5.
Friends/Colleagues6.
Teachers/Professors7. Peers8. Librarians9. Other
B. Digital C. Physical
(White & Connaway, 2011-2012)
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The world’s libraries. Connected.
Teachers, professors
Friends, colleagues
Mother
FatherExtended family
Peers
Experts, professionals
Other
Libra
rian
s
Human Sources
(White & Connaway, 2011-2012)
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The world’s libraries. Connected.
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The world’s libraries. Connected.
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The world’s libraries. Connected.
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The world’s libraries. Connected.
“A strategic instructional venture isn’t about just training students how to search database interfaces, but about building their fluency with data, visual, spatial, media, information, and technology literacies…This is how we
transform scholarship.”(Mathews, 2012)
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The world’s libraries. Connected.
“By focusing on relationship building instead of service excellence, organizations can uncover new needs and
be in position to make a stronger impact.”(Mathews, 2012)
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The world’s libraries. Connected.
Future Phases
• Phase 3: Months 13-24
• Continue diaries with 24 participants
• Online survey of 400 students and scholars
• Phase 4: Months 25-36
• Interview 6 new Emerging students
• Analyze data
• Report findings
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The world’s libraries. Connected.
References
Bertot, J. C., Berube, K., Devereaux, P., Dhakal, K., Powers, S., & Ray, J. (2012). Assessing the usability of WorldCat Local: Findings and considerations. The Library Quarterly, 82(2), 207-221.
Connaway, L. S., & Dickey, T. J. (2010). The digital information seeker: Report of the findings from selected OCLC, RIN, and JISC user behaviour projects. Retrieved from http://www.jisc.ac.uk/media/documents/publications/reports/2010/digitalinformationseekerreport.pdf
Connaway, L. S., Dickey, T. J., & Radford, M. L. (2011). "If it is too inconvenient I'm not going after it": Convenience as a critical factor in information-seeking behaviors. Library & Information Science Research, 33(3).
Connaway, L. S., Lanclos, D., White, D. S., Le Cornu, A., & Hood, E. M. (2012). User-centered decision making: A new model for developing academic library services and systems. IFLA 2012 Conference Proceedings, August 11-17, Helsinki, Finland.
Connaway, L. S., & Powell, R. R. (2010). Basic research methods for librarians. Santa Barbara, CA: Libraries Unlimited.
Connaway, L. S., & Radford, M. L. (2011). Seeking synchronicity: Revelations and recommendations for virtual reference. Dublin, OH: OCLC Research. Retrieved from http://www.oclc.org/reports/synchronicity/full.pdf
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The world’s libraries. Connected.
References
Cool, C., & Spink, A. (2002). Issues of context in information retrieval (IR): An introduction to the special issue. Information Processing and Management: An International Journal, 38(5), 605-611.
Dempsey, L. (2008). Always on: Libraries in a world of permanent connectivity. First Monday, 14(1). Retrieved from http://www.firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/2291/207
Dervin, B., Connaway, L. S., & Prabha, C. (2003-2005). Sense-making the information confluence: The hows and the whys of college and university user satisficing of information needs. Funded by the Institute for Museums and Library Services (IMLS). Retrieved from http://www.oclc.org/research/activities/past/orprojects/imls/default.htm
Kolowich, S. (2011, August 22). Study: College students rarely use librarians’ expertise. USA Today. Retrieved from http://www.usatoday.com/news/education/story/2011-08-22/Study-College-students-rarely-use-librarians-expertise/50094086/1
Mathews, B. (2012). Think like a startup: A white paper to inspire library entrepreneurialism. Retrieved from http://chronicle.com/blognetwork/theubiquitouslibrarian/2012/04/04/think-like-a-startup-a-white-paper/
QSR International. (2011). NVivo 9: Getting started. Retrieved from http://download.qsrinternational.com/Document/NVivo9/NVivo9-Getting-Started-Guide.pdf
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The world’s libraries. Connected.
Selected Readings
Radford, M. L., & Connaway, L. S. (2005-2007). Seeking synchronicity: Evaluating virtual reference services from user, non-user, and librarian perspectives. Funded by the Institute for Museums and Library Services (IMLS). Retrieved from http://www.oclc.org/research/activities/synchronicity/default.htm
Wasserman, S. (2012, June 18). The Amazon effect. The Nation. Retrieved from http://www.thenation.com/article/168125/amazon-effect
White, D. S., & Connaway, L. S. (2011-2012). Visitors and residents: What motivates engagement with the digital information environment. Funded by JISC, OCLC, and Oxford University. Retrieved from http://www.oclc.org/research/activities/vandr/
White, D. S., & Le Cornu, A. (2011). Visitors and Residents: A new typology for online engagement. First Monday, 16(9). Retrieved from http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/viewArticle/3171/3049
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The world’s libraries. Connected.
The researchers would like to thank Erin Hood for her assistance in keeping the team organized, analyzing the data, and disseminating the results.
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The world’s libraries. Connected.
Picture Credits
Residentshttp://www.flickr.com/photos/nicocavallotto/363251198/
Phase 1http://www.flickr.com/photos/orangeacid/252090910
Phase I and 2 Participant Demographicshttp://www.flickr.com/photos/doug88888/4570566630/
US vs. UK Participant University Majorshttp://www.flickr.com/photos/kkoshy/2927378663/
Codebookhttp://www.flickr.com/photos/themadguru/3546619930/
Preliminary Findings (Guilty dog)http://www.flickr.com/photos/59262640@N00/61264743/
“I always stick with the first...” (USS1)http://www.flickr.com/photos/pinksherbet/2001899627/
Slide 41: “I knew that the internet wouldn’t give me a wrong answer.” (UKS4)http://www.flickr.com/photos/ravages/236981527/
Slide 42: “I simply just type it into Google and just see what comes up.” (UKS4)http://www.flickr.com/photos/ana_cotta/2532911186/
Slide 43: “Google doesn’t judge me” (UKF3)http://www.flickr.com/photos/cubmundo/6184306158/
Slide 53: People: Professorhttp://www.flickr.com/photos/lafayette-college/5515447182/
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The world’s libraries. Connected.
Questions & Discussion
Lynn Silipigni Connaway, Ph.D.