LIBRARY STUDY

INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE

CHANDIGARH CITI

CENTER, ZIRAKPUR

SUBMITTED BY

UJJWAL ARYA

THESIS GUIDE :

AR.RUCHI LAKHANI

SITE ANALYSIS

LOCATION

THE SITE FOR CHANDIGARH CITI CENTER (CCC) IS AT VIP ROAD, ZIRAKPUR, S.A.S NAGAR, MOHALI.

LOCATION FEATURES JUST 5 MIN. DRIVE FROM CHANDIGARH INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT.

NEXT TO THE BUSIEST HIGHWAY OF INDIA NH 22,DELHI-CHANDIGARH NATIONAL HIGHWAY.

9.8 KM. FROM PANCHKULA.

13 KM FROM SECTOR-17, CHANDIGARH.

12 KM FROM CHANDIGARH RAILWAY STATION.

15 KM FROM ISBT-43, CHANDIGARH.

IT IS SURROUNDED BY RESIDENTIAL, INSTITUTIONAL AND COMMERCIAL AREAS.

AREA OF CCC 7.8 ACRES

SITE

TOPOGRAPHY THE TOPOGRAPHICAL FEATURE OF THE LAND i.e. WHETHER IT IS A FLAT OR SLOPED ARE

IMPORTANT FEATURES.

THE SITE IS HAVING A FLAT TOPOGRAPHY WHICH IS BEST IN ALL RESPECT.

SOIL IT IS HAS A CLAYEY SILT SOIL IN TOP LAYER FOLLOWED BY SANDY SILT IN DEPTH.

SET BACKS AND HEIGHTS BUILDING SHALL BE CONSTRUCTED WITHIN THE PROVIDED ZONE AREA.

AS PER THE BYE LAWS

MINIMUM PLOT AREA SHOULD BE MORE THAN 500 YARDS.

FAR SHOULD BE 1:3 OF TOTAL PLOT AREA.

GROUND COVERAGE SHOULD BE 50 % OF 30236.16 SQMT.

THERE IS NO LIMIT FOR HEIGHT

FRONT SETBACK SHOULD BE 20 % OF 30236.16 SQMT.

FOR PARKING 1 E.C.S. FOR EVERY 60 SQ.YARDS.

ROAD WIDTH MAIN ROAD IS 80-0 WIDE.

INTEGRATED IMPLEMENTATION OS SUSTAINABLE URBAN DRAINAGE

SYSTEMS IMPLEMENTING RAIN WATER HARVESTING AND SUDS SOURCE CONTROL AND INFILTRATION

INSTRUMENTS SUCH AS GREEN ROOFS, PERMEABLE PAVING, INFILTRATION TRENCHES,

INFILTRATION BASINS.

SEWERAGE SYSTEM ZERO DISCHARGE INTO NALLAHS / CHOES / RIVERS.

DECENTRALIZED SEWERAGE TREATMENT PLANTS.

PROPOSAL FOR WATER CONSERVATION & INCREASING WATER SECURITY

USE OF RECYCLED WATER SEPARATE SYSTEMS TO BE PROVIDED FOR SEWAGE AND SLUDGE TREATMENT TO FACILITATE

REUSE OF SLUDGE WATER FOR GARDENING AND WASHING PURPOSES.

THE USE OF POTABLE WATER TO BE RESTRICTED TO KITCHEN USES INCLUDING DRINKING,

BATHING AND WASHING CLOTHES.

RECYCLED WATER TO BE USED FOR NON-POTABLE USES SUCH AS WATERING PLANTS, GARDEN

LANDSCAPES, FLUSHING, ETC.

IF SUCH WATER IS NOT SUPPLIED BY THE MC THEN THE BUILDING TO SET UP ITS OWN WATER

TREATMENT PLANT WITHIN ITS PREMISES FOR REUSE OF WASTE WATER.

REDUCE CONSUMPTION OF WATER

CONSUMPTION OF POTABLE WATER IN BUILDINGS TO BE REDUCED BY USING WATER

EFFICIENT FITTINGS.

ATLEAST 25 % REDUCTION IN WATER CONSUMPTION CAN BE ACHIEVED FROM ALL SOURCES.

WASTE MANAGEMENT TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR BIO-DEGRADABLE WASTE.

ARRANGEMENTS FOR RECYCLING OF ITEMS SUCH AS

a. AND CARDBOARDS

b. TONER CARTRIDGES

c. PAPER BATTERIES

d. MOBILE PHONES

e. E-WASTE

SITE ANALYSIS

SITE ANALYSIS IS AN INVENTORY COMPLETED AS A PREPARATORY STEP TO SITE PLANNING, A FORM

OF URBAN PLANNING WHICH INVOLVES RESEARCH, ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS.

IT IS AN ELEMENT IN SITE PLANNING AND DESIGN.

THE FOLLOWING ELEMENTS ARE CONSIDERED IN MOST SITES

LOCATION THE SITE SHOULD BE RELATED TO MAJOR STREETS OR LANDMARKS PREVIOUSLY EXISTING. AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS HELP IN THIS ASSESSMENT STAGE. THIS SHOULD BE

COMPLETED BY EITHER DRIVING OR WALKING THE DISTANCE FIRST-HAND.

NEIGHBOURHOOD CONTEXT ZONING OF THE NEIGHBORHOOD IS IMPORTANT AND INFORMATION OF THIS TYPE CAN TYPICALLY BE FOUND AT THE MUNICIPAL PLANNING

DEPARTMENT OF THE SITE. FEATURES OF THIS SORT INCLUDE ARCHITECTURAL PATTERNS, STREET

LIGHTING AND CONDITION OF EXISTING BUILDINGS. THIS WOULD ALSO INCLUDE THE

IMMEDIATE SURROUNDINGS OF THE SITE. THE REACTION OF THE SURROUNDING BUILDINGS

TOWARDS THE SITE AND PEOPLE MOVING AROUND SHOULD BE ANALYZED.

SIZE AND ZONING SITE BOUNDARIES CAN BE LOCATED BY EITHER VERIFYING THE DIMENSIONS PHYSICALLY OR CONTACTING THE COUNTY TAX ACCESSORYS OFFICE. ZONING

CLASSIFICATIONS, SET BACKS, HEIGHT RESTRICTIONS, ALLOWABLE SITE COVERAGE, USES AND

PARKING REQUIREMENTS ARE OBTAINED BY OBTAINING ZONING CLASSIFICATIONS FROM A

ZONING PLAN, WHICH CAN BE LOCATED FROM THE CITY PLANNING DEPARTMENT.

LEGAL TYPICAL LEGAL INFORMATION CAN BE OBTAINED FROM THE DEED TO THE PROPERTY. THE DEED IS HELD BY THE OWNER OF THE TITLE INSURANCE COMPANY. IN THIS

DEED, INFORMATION SUCH AS THE PROPERTY DESCRIPTION, PRESENT OWNERSHIP AND THE

GOVERNMENTAL JURISDICTION THE SITE IS LOCATED IN AND THE CITY OR COUNTRY.

MAN-MADE FEATURES FEATURE LOCATED ON THE SITE SUCH AS BUILDINGS, WALLS, FENCES, PATIOS, PLAZAS, BUS STOP SHELTERS SHOULD BE NOTED. THE SITE AND LOCATION OF

SUCH FEATURES SHOULD BE DIRECTLY MEASURED. DOCUMENTATION OF EXISTING HISTORICAL

DISTRICTS SHOULD BE MADE, SOME OF WHICH MAY ALREADY HAVE REPORTS COMPLETED.

LOCATING THIS INFORMATION CAN BE DONE THROUGH THE MUNICIPAL PLANNING

DEPARTMENT FOR THE SITE.

CIRCULATION THE USES OF STREETS, ROADS, ALLEYS, SIDEWALKS AND PLAZAS ARE IMPORTANT IN THIS INVENTORY STEP. IT IS NOT NECESSARILY AN ANALYSIS OF THESE ELEMENTS

BUT MORE AN ANALYSIS OF WHAT OCCURS ON THESE CIRCULATION GATEWAYS.

UTILITIES INFORMATION FOR UTILITIES CONCERNING THE SITE CAN BE FOUND THROUGH THE UTILITY DEPARTMENTS AND COMPANIES IN THE LOCAL AREA. GENERALLY THIS COMPANY

HAS A PRINT OF THE DRAWING OF THIS INFORMATION NEEDED. INFORMATION IN THIS PRINT

INCLUDES THE LOCATION OF ALL UTILITIES AND THEIR LOCATIONS AROUND OR ON THE SITE

ITSELF.

SENSORY MUCH OF THE SENSORY INFORMATION COLLECTED WILL BE DONE THROUGH FIRSTHAND EXPERIENCE. THIS TYPE OF INFORMATION IS OBTAINED FROM SKETCHING AND

PHOTOGRAPHS. DIRECT OBSERVATION OF OTHER SENSORY ELEMENTS OF NOISE, ODORS,

SMOKE AND POLLUTANT AREAS MUST ALSO BE COMPLETED.

HUMAN AND CULTURAL THIS INFORMATION CAN BE OBTAINED THROUGH CENSUS STATISTICS ON THE NEIGHBOURHOOD. INFORMATION REGARDING THESE STATISTICS IS

AVAILABLE FROM THE LOCAL MUNICIPAL PLANNING AGENCY.THIS INFORMATION INCLUDES

ACTIVITES AMONG PEOPLE ON THE SITE AND THEIR RELATIONSHIPS TO THESE ACTIVITIES.

CLIMATE THIS INFORMATION CAN BE OBTAINED THROUGH THE LOCAL WEATHER SERVICE. CONDITIONS SUCH AS RAINFALL, SNOWFALL, HUMIDITY AND TEMPERATURE OVER MONTHS

MUST BE CONSIDERED AND ANALYZED. THE SUN-PATH AND VERTICAL SUN ANGLES

THROUGHOUT AN ENTIRE YEAR ARE IMPORTANT TO NOTE.

CONNECTIVITY

GENERAL

CHANDIGARH CITI CENTER IS THE NEWEST DESTINATION WHICH, BY VIRTUE OF SHEER SCALE,

TOWERS OVER ANYTHING THAT HAS BEEN EVER WITNESSED BY CHANDIGARH.

IT WILL BE A PLACE WHERE INNOVATION, CREATIVITY AND INDIVIDUALITY ARE REFINED TO

CUSTOMERS SATISFACTION, ALLOWING THE FREEDOM TO LIVE IN A STYLE THAT IS

FLAMBOYANT AND ELOQUENT.

IT IS GOING TO ADD TO THE ALREADY GROWING BOLD SKYLINE OF ZIRAKPUR.

IT IS A CRUCIAL COMMERCIAL AND A THRIVING BUSINESS HUB.

IN ORDER TO ACHIEVE THE ABOVE IMAGE, THERE IS NEED TO CLUB TWO IMAGES, IMPORTANT

ZONE TOGETHER.

PROER HIERARCHY OF SPACES IN TERMS OF INFORMAL AND FORMAL ZONES WILL BE

FOLLOWED.

CONNECTIVITY OF VARIOUS AREAS

SITE SURROUNDINGS

SHAPE OF THE SITE

FUNCTIONAL NEEDS

CLIMATE AND SEISMIC CONDITIONS

CIRCULATION

VISITORS, EMPLOYEE, VIPS ENTRY/EXIT

THE VARIOUS FUNCTIONAL AREAS IN CHANDIGARH CITI CENTER ARE

RETAIL SPACES

SMALL AND BIG OFFICES

SOHO SUITES

SERVICED RESIDENCIES

AMPHITHEATRE

FOOD COURT

SWIMMING POOL

FORMAL ZONE

INFORMAL ZONECHANDIGARH

CITI CENTER

FORMAL ZONE

OFFICES

RESIDENCIES

INFORMAL ZONE

SHOPPING ARCADES

RECREATIONAL SPACES

ART GALLERY

CONNECTIVITY OF VARIOUS ACTIVITY AREAS

ACCESS POINTS

SEPERATE ENTRANCE AND EXITS

MULTIPLE ACCESS POINT

CENTRALIZED SYSTEM OF ACCESS

SPACE ANALYSIS

RETAIL SPACES

INTRODUCTION

PEOPLE LOVE TO LOOK, WINDOW-SHOP AND BUY. SHOPPING AS AN EXPERIENCE SHOULD

PROVIDE FUN WHICH IN TURN PROVIDES PROFITS.

A SUCCESSFUL STORE OR SHOP IS ONE THAT IS DESIGNED TO MERCHANDISE IN ADDITION TO

LOOKING GOOD

A STORE CAN BE DIVIDED INTO TWO PRINCIPAL PARTS :-

a. EXTERIOR, WHICH GIVES IDENTIFICATION, ENCOMPASSES THE STOREFRONT, SHOW

WINDOWS AND DISPLAYS.

b. INTERIOR, WHERE THE PROMISE OF THE STOREFRONT DISPLAY IS DELIVERED.

RETAIL OUTLETS

SHELF UNITS IN SHOPS FROM WHICH CUSTOMERS PICK THEIR OWN GOODS SHOULD BE NO

HIGHER THAN 1.8M AND NO LOWER THAN 0.3M ABOVE FLOOR LEVEL.

ATTENTION MUST BE PAID TO CIRCULATION ROUTES. THEY SHOULD BEGIN AT THE

TROLLEY/BASKET PICK-UP AND END AT THE CHECK-OUTS.

STANDARD MEASUREMENTS FOR DIFFERENT TYPE OF SHOPS

FOOD COURT

FOOD COURTS ARE LARGE HALLS THAT HOUSE GROUPS OF SMALL OUTLETS SELLING A WIDE

VARIETY OF SPECIALIST FOOD PRODUCTS.

CUSTOMERS CAN EITHER SIT AND EAT ON THE PRMISES OR TAKE THE FOOD AWAY.

A TYPICAL FOOD COURT MIGHT INCLUDE A BAKERY, A BUTCHER, CAFES AND BARS, A SNACK

BAR, AN ICE-CREAM PARLOUR PLUS SHOPS AND COUNTERS SELLING SEA FOOD, FRUIT,

VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, BEERS ANS WINES, PIZZA, WHOLEFOOD, LOCAL SPECIALISTS, ETC.

RESTAURANTS

TO BE ABLE TO EAT COMFORTABLY, ONE PERSON REQUIRES A TABLE AREA OF AROUND

60CM WIDE BY 40 CM DEEP. THIS PROVIDE SUFFICIENT CLEARANCE BETWEEN ADJACENT

DINERS.

ALTHOUGH AN ADDITIONAL 20 CM OF SPACE IN THE CENTRE FOR DISHES AND TUREENS IS

SOMETIMES DESIRABLE, AN OVERALL WIDTH OF 80-85 CM IS SUITABLE FOR A DINING TABLE.

TABLE/SEATING PLAN

ARRANGEMENT

ART GALLERY

THE OBJECTIVE OF THE PROPOSED MUSEUM/GALLERY SHOULD BE CLEARLY DEFINED AS

WELL AS THE GEOGRAPHIC REGION, THE SUBJECT AND EXTENT OF DISPLAY AND OTHER

SERVICES.

THERE MUST BE SUFFICIENT DIVERSIFICATION OF SPACES TO ALLOW EACH FUNCTION TO

BE UNDERTAKEN SEPERATELY WHILE AT THE SAME TIME COMBINING CERTAIN ACTIVITIES IN

A SINGLE AREA AS REQUIRED.

BASIC PLAN 1

BASIC PLAN 2

POSSIBLE GALLERY ARRANGEMENTS

AMPHITHEATER

AN OUTDOOR THEATER CAN BE PLANNED TO SEAT AS MANY AS 3000 SPECTATORS WITHOUT

THE USE OF AMPLIFICATION FOR THE ACTORS VOICES.

THE STAGES

A LEVEL 3 FT. ABOVE THE BASE OF THE LOWEST ROW OF SEATS.

A PROSCENIUM OPENING OF ABOUT 70 FT.

LEVEL GROUND, WELL DRAINED AND PREFERABLY SURFACED WITH EITHER CEMENT OR

ASPHALT.

ELECTRICAL OUTLETS FOR STAGE LIGHTING AND FOR THE CONVENIENT ATTACHMENT OF

CABLE TO SPECIAL EFFECTS SUCH AS CAMPFIRES.

OPEN AIR SWIMMING POOL

OPEN AIR POOLS ARE USED ALMOST EXCLUSIVELY FOR LEISURE ACTIVITIES.

THE REQUIRED WATER AREA PER INHABITANT RANGES FROM 0.15 SQMT. IN LOW POPULATION

DENSITY CATCHMENT AREAS TO 0.05 SQMT. WHERE THE POPULATION DENSITY IS HIGH.

AN AREA OF 10 SQMT. SHOULD BE PLANNED FOR STAFF ROOMS IN FACILITIES WITH WATER

AREAS UPTO 2000 SQMT. ABOVE THIS 20 SQMT. SHOULD BE ALLOWED FOR STAFF.

SERVICES

STAIRCASES

STAIRS WHICH ARE NOT STRICTLY COVERED BY BUILDING REGULATIONS MAY BE AS LITTLE AS

0.0 M WIDE AND HAVE A 21/21 RATIO.

STAIRS GOVERNED BY BUILDING REGULATIONS MUST HAVE A WIDTH OF 1 M AND A RATIO OF

17/28.

THE LENGTH OF STAIRS RUNS FROM 3 STEPS UPTO 18 STEPS.

LANDING LENGTH = n TIMES THE LENGTH OF STRIDE + 1 DEPTH OF STEP.

DOORS OPENING INTO THE STAIRWELL MUST NOT RESTRICT THE EFFECTIVE WIDTH.

FROM THE PHYSIOLOGICAL POINT OF VIEW, THE BEST USE OF CLIMBING EFFORT IS WITH AN

ANGLE OF INCLINE OF 30 AND A RATIO OF RISE OF 17/29.

EVERY MAIN STAIRCASE MUST BE SET IN ITS OWN CONTINOUS STAIRWELL, WHICH TOGETHER

WITH ITS ACCESS ROUTES AND EXIT TO THE OPEN AIR, SHOULD BE DESIGNED AND ARRANGED

SO AS TO ENSURE ITS SAFE USE AS AN EMERGENCY EXIT.

THE WIDTH OF THE EXIT SHOULD BE THE WIDTH OF THE STAIRCASE.

THE STAIRWELL OF ATLEAST ONE OF THE EMERGENCY STAIRCASES OR FIRE EXITS MUST BE

35M FROM EVERY PART OF A HABITABLE ROOM OR BASEMENT.

STAIRWELL OPENINGS TO THE BASEMENT, UNCONVERTED LOFTS, WORKSHOPS, SHOPS,

STOREROOMS AND SIMILAR ROOMS MUST BE FITTED WIH SELF CLOSING FIRE DOORS WITH A

FIRE RATING OF 30 MINUTES.

RAMP

RAMPS SHOULD BE PROVIDED TO ALLOW WHEELCHAIR USERS AND THOSE WITH PRAMS OR

TROLLEYS TO MOVE EASILY FROM ONE LEVEL TO ANOTHER.

LIFT

THE UPWARD AND DOWNWARD MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE IN NEWLY ERECTED MULTISTOREY

BUILDINGS IS PRINCIPALLY ACHIEVED BY LIFTS.

PANORAMIC GLASS LIFTS

PANORAMIC LIFTS ARE AVAILABLE IN A VARIETY OF CABIN SHAPES AND A CARRYING

CAPACITY OF 400 1500 KG.

THERE ARE SEVERAL POSSIBLE DRIVE SYSTEMS AND NOMINAL SPEEDS, DEPENDING ON THE

HEIGHT OF THE BUILDING AND REQUIREMENTS FOR COMFORT: 0.4, 0.63, 1.0 M/S WITH A

THREE PHASE A.C. DRIVE AND 0.25- 1.0 M/S WITH A HYDRAULIC DRIVE.

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS USED ARE GLASS AND STEEL- POLISHED, BRUSHED OR WITH HIGH

GLOSS FINISH- BRASS AND BRONZE.

THIS APPLIES BOTH TO EXTERNAL LIFTS ON THE FACADES OF IMPOSING BUSINESS PREMISES

FROM WHICH PASSENGERS CAN ENJOY THE VIEW AND INTERNAL LIFTS IN DEPARTMENT

STORES OR IN FOYERS OF LARGE HOTELS WHERE THEY LOOK OUT ON TO THE SALES FLOORS

AND DISPLAYS.

FIRE FIGHTING

GENERAL

THE APPLICATION OF FIRE PROTECTION PRINCIPLES REDUCES THE POSSIBILITY OF LIFE AND

FINANCIAL INVESTMENTS.

CONCEPT

THE SYSTEM CONCEPT FOR FIRE PROTECTION INTEGRATES ALL SERVICES AND SAFETY FEATURES TO

FORM A TOTAL SYSTEM. THIS IS BASED ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT ONE FIRE PROTECTION

FEATURE DOES NOT NECESSARILY WORK ALONE OR INDEPENDENTLY.

CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES

THIS TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION CLASSIFICATION FOR BUILDING IS A FUNCTION OF THE USE OF

COMBUSTIBLE OR NON-COMBUSTIBLE ELEMENTS AND THEIR DEGREE OF FIRE RESISTANCE.

INHERENTLY FIRE RESISTANT CONSTRUCTION OR DIRECTLY APPLIED PROTECTION PROVIDES THE

GREATEST FLEXIBILITY FOR INTRIOR DESIGN.

FIRE PROTECTION CONSIDERATION INVOLVE CONSTRUCTION MATRIALS OR ASSEMBLIES THAT ARE

ABLE TO WITHSTAND FIRE FOR A SPECIFIED TIME TO PERMIT OCCUPANTS TO EVACUATE, TO PROTECT

FIRE FIGHTING PERSONNEL IN THE BUILDING AND TO MINIMIZE PROPERTY DAMAGE.

FIRE PROTECTION OF THE BUILDING STRUCTURE CAN BE ATTAINED BY SEVERAL METHODS. THE

STRUCTURE MAY INHERENTLY HAVE THE REQUIRED FIRE RESISTANCE RATING AS IN THE CASE OF

CONCRETE OR MASONRY WALL, FLOORS, COLUMNS OR BEAMS.

SMOKE DETECTORS

TYPE OF SMOKE DETECTORS INCLUDE IONIZATION AND PHOTOELECTRIC. THE IONIZATION TYPE

DETECTS INVISIBLE PARTICLES OF COMBUSTIBLE AT THE EARLIEST STAGE OF A FIRE WHILE

PHOTOELECTRIC DETECTORS REQUIRE VISIBLE PRODUCTS OF COMBUSTION. THE SPACING AND

COVERAGE OF THE DETECTORS MAY VARY FOR DIFFERENT MANUFACTURERS.

HEAT DETECTORS

HEAT DETECTORS DEVICES FALL INTO TWO CATEGORIES; FIXED TEMPERATURE DETECTORS RESPOND

AT A PREDETERMINED TEMPERATURE WHILE RATE OF RISE DEVICES ACTIVATE ON AN INCREASE IN

HEAT AT A GREATER RATE THAN NORMALLY EXPECTED. SOME DETECTORS COMBINE BOTH

OPERATING PRINCIPLES.

AUTOMATIC SPRINKLERS

AUTOMATIC SPRINKLERS AND STANDPIPE SYSTEM SHOULD BE EQUIPPED WITH WATER FLOW

INDICATES, WHICH WILL ACTIVATE AN ALARM UPON FLOW OF WATER. THESE DEVICES ARE

GENERALLY CONCEALED ALONG WITH THE DAMAGE SPRINKLER PIPING.

FIRE ELEVATORS AT LEAST ONE OF THE LIFTS SHOULD BE DESIGNED TO MEET SUCH REQUIREMENTS.

INDEPENDENT SOURCE OF SUPPLY OF ELECTRICITY SHOULD BE THERE FOR THIS LIFT.

IT SHOULD BE LARGE ENOUGH TO CARRY AS MANY AS 10-12 PEOPLE. TO EXPEDITE THE

EVACUATION.

IT SHOULD BE HIGH SPEED ELEVATORS TO REACH THE TOP MOST FLOORS IN ONE

MINUTE.

FIRE FIGHTING PUMP AND EXTRA WATER STORAGE TANKS

THE SUPPLY CAN EITHER BE STORED AT GROUND LEVEL OR UPPER LEVEL.

A SPECIAL PUMP IS PROVIDED ON THE FIRE TANK AND A 100 TO 150 MM DIA. PIPE

SERVES AS A DELIVERY LINE.

THE CAPACITY OF THIS PUMP IS THAT IT CAN SUPPLY 1200 TO 2400 LITERS OF WATER

PER MINUTE UNDER A PRESSURE OF 1.4 TO 3.2 KG/SQ CM ON THE TOP.

THE DELIVERY LINE KNOWN AS WET OR DRY RISER IS USUALLY LOCATED IN THE MAIN

STAIRCASE LOBBY OF THE BUILDING WITH AN OUTLET ON EACH FLOOR KNOWN AS

INTERNAL HYDRANT.

A HOSE PIPE IS PROVIDED ON EACH FLOOR IN A GLASS CUPBOARD FOR SPRAYING

WATER.

NOTIFICATION AND COMMUNICATION

ANOTHER NECESSARY OF FIRE SAFETY SYSTEMS IS A RAPID MEANS OF LETTING OCCUPANTS AND FIRE

HAS BEEN DETECTED. FOR LOW RISE BUILDINGS, THESE COMPONENTS CAN BE SUPPLIED BY FIRE

DETECTION DEVICES. HOWEVER, HIGH RISE BUILDINGS NEED MORE SOPHISTICATED SYSTEM OF

VOICE COMMUNICATION FOR THE SELECTED EVACUATION OF FLOORS AND FOR FIREFIGHTING

OPERATIONS. ALARMS DEVICES SUCH AS HOMES, BELLS OR SPEAKERS CAN BE CONCEALED SINCE

THEY ARE MEANT TO BE HEARD RATHER SEEN.

EXISTING

THE DETECTION SYSTEMS MUST BE COUPLED WITH AN ADEQUATE EXIT SYSTEMS MUST BE COUPLED

WITH ADEQUATE EXIT SYSTEMS IF THE FIRE SAFETY PLAN IS TO BE CONSIDERED COMPLETE. A GOOD

EXIT SYSTEMS IS ESSENTIAL FOR PROTECTING THE LIVES OF OCCUPANTS AND PERMITTING FIRE

FIGHTERS.

BATHROOM UNIT/EQUIPMENT FLOOR AREA

WIDTH(CM) DEPTH(CM)

BUILT IN WASH BASINS AND BIDETS

1. Single built in wash basin

2. Double built in wash basin

3. Double built in single wash basin

with cupboard below

4. Built in Double wash basin with

cupboard below

5. Hand wash basin

6. Bidet(floor standing or wall

mounted)

>60

>120

>70

>140

>50

40

>55

>55

>60

>60

>40

60

Tube/trays

7. Bathtub

8. Shower tray

>170

>80

>75

>80

WC and urinals

9. WC with wall units

10. WC with built in wall cistern

11. Urinal

40

40

80

75

60

40

Washing equipment

12. Washing machine

13. Clothes drier

40 to 60

60

60

80

Bathroom furniture

14. Low cupboards, high

cupboards, wall hung

cupboards

According to

make

40

*in the case of shower trays with w=90 this can also be 75cm

STAFF TOILETS IN OFFICES, SHOPS , FACTORIES AND OTHER NON-

DOMESTIC PREMISES USED AS PLACE OF WORK.

SANITARY APPLIANCES FOR ANY GROUP OF STAFF

NUMBER OF PERSONS AT WORK NUMBER OF WC NUMBER OF

WASHING

STATIONS

1 TO 5 1 1

6 TO 25 2 2

26 TO 50 3 3

51 TO 75 4 4

76 TO 100 5 5

ABOVE 100 ONE ADDITIONAL WC AND WASHING

STATIONS FOR EVERY UNIT OR FRACTION

OF A UNIT OF 25 PERSONS.

PARKING

PARKING SPACES ARE USUALLY OUTLINED BY 12-20 MM WIDE YELLOW OR WHITE PAINTED

LINES.

WHEN PARKING IS FACING A WALL, THESE LINES ARE OFTEN PAINTED AT A HEIGHT OF UPTO

1M FOR BETTER VISIBILITY.

WHERE VEHICLES ARE PARKED IN LINES

FACING WALLS OR AT THE EDGE OF THE PARKING

DECK IN A MULTI-STOREY CAR PARK, IT IS

COMMON PRACTISE TO PROVIDE BUFFERS,

RESTRAINING BARS OR RAILINGS UP TO THE AXLE

HEIGHT TO PREVENT CARS FROM GOING OVER THE

EDGE.

WHEN CARS ARE PARKED FACE TO FACE,

TRANSVERSE BARRIERS ABOUT 10 CM HIGH CAN BE

USED TO ACT AS FRONTAL STOPS.

INFERENCES

INFERENCES TAKEN OUT OF SITE ANALYSIS, THE MAIN ENTRY, THE MAIN VIEW OF THE BUILDING,

LAND USES PATTERN AND PUBLIC INFLOW.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF STRUCTURES SYSTEMS FOR MULTI-STORIED STRUCTURE.

DIFFERENT LAYOUT SYSTEMS FOR AMPHITHEATRE.

LANDSCAPING- PROPER USE OF SOFT AND HARD LANDSCAPE TO ALTER THE MICRO-CLIMATE

REASONABLY.

PROPER WORKING OF VARIOUS SERVICES IN COHESION WITH THE BUILDING AND ITS PARTS.

ORIENTATION AND CLIMATE.

ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND SUSTAINABILITY.

ECO-FRIENDLY STRUCTURE.

STUDY OF ADVANCED OBJECTIVES

STUDY OF POSSIBLE STRUCTURE SYSTEMS FOR MULTI-STORIED BUILDINGS.

STUDY OF POSSIBLE CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM FOR CONFERENCE ROOMS AND AUDITORIUM.

STUDY OF POSSIBLE DIFFERENT SHAPES FOR AUDITORIUM.

STUDY OF LOW-ENERGY EFFICIENT GLASS FOR THE EXTERNAL FAADE I.E. DOUBLE INSULATED

GLASS.

STUDY OF ECBC CONTROLS FOR GREEN BUILDING CONCEPT.

TYPICAL GREEN BUILDING GUIDELINES ISSUES I.E.

a. ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND RENEWABLE ENERGY.

b. DIRECT AND INDIRECT ENVIRONMENT CONCEPTS

c. RESOURCE CONSERVATION AND RECYCLING

d. INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY

e. COMMUNITY ISSUES.

ROOF

THE ROOF RECEIVES SIGNIFICANT SOLAR RADIATION AND PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN

HEAT GAIN/ LOSSES, DAY LIGHTING AND VENTILATION.

ENERGY EFFICIENCY

ARCHITECTS CAN ACHIEVE ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN THE BUILDINGS THEY DESIGN BY STUDYING THE

MACRO AND MICRO CLIMATE OF THE SITE.

LANDSCAPING

RATIO OF BUILT FORM TO OPEN SPACES

LOCATION OF WATER BODIES

ORIENTATION

PLAN FORM

BUILDING ENVELOPE AND FENESTRATION

THE TWO BROAD CATEGORIES OF ADVANCED CONCEPTS ARE,

1. PASSIVE HEATING CONCEPTS (DIRECT GAIN SYSTEM, INDIRECT GAIN SYSTEM, SUNSPACES

ETC)

2. PASSIVE COOLING CONCEPTS (EVAPORATING, COOLING, VENTILATION, WIND TOWER,

EARTH-AIR TUNNEL ETC)

VENTILATION

DESIGNERS OFTEN CHOOSE TO ENHANCE NATURAL VENTILATION USING TALL SPACES CALLED

STACK IN BUILDINGS. WITH OPENINGS NEAR THE TOP OF STACKS, WARM AIR CAN ESCAPE WHEREAS

COOLED AIR ENTERS THE BUILDING FROM OPENINGS NEAR THE GROUND.

LANDSCAPING

LANDSCAPING CREATES DIFFERENT AIRFLOW PATTERNS AND CAN BE USED TO DIRECT OR DIVERT

THE WIND ADVANTAGEOUSLY BY CAUSING A PRESSURE DIFFERENCE. ADDITIONALLY, THE SHADE

CREATED BY TREES AND THE EFFECT OF GRASS AND SHRUBS REDUCE AIR TEMPERATURES ADJOINING

THE BUILDING AND PROVIDE EVAPORATIVE COOLING.

PLANTING DECIDUOUS TREES ON THE SOUTHERNMOST SIDE OF A BUILDING IS BENEFICIAL IN A

COMPOSITE CLIMATE.

DECIDUOUS PLANTS SUCH AS MULBERRY OR CHAMPA CUT OFF DIRECT SUN DURING SUMMER, AND

AS THESE TREES SHED LEAVES IN WINTER, THEY ALLOW THE SUN TO HEAT THE BUILDINGS IN WATER.

BUILDING FORM/ SURFACE-TO- VOLUME

RATIO

LOCATION OF WATER BODIES

THE VOLUME OF SPACE INSIDE A BUILDING

THAT NEEDS TO BE HEATED OR COOLED

AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH THE AREA OF

THE ENVELOPE ENCLOSING THE VOLUME

AFFECTS THE THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF

THE BUILDING.

IT TAKES UP A LARGE AMOUNT OF HEAT IN

EVAPORATION AND CAUSES SIGNIFICANT

COOLING ESPECIALLY IN A HOT AND DRY

CLIMATE. ON THE OTHER HAND, IN HUMID

CLIMATES, WATER SHOULD BE AVOIDED AS

IT ADDS TO HUMIDITY.

ORIENTATION

BUILDING ORIENTATION IS A SIGNIFICANT DESIGN CONSIDERATION, MAINLY WITH REGARD TO

SOLAR RADIATION AND WIND.

FOR A COLD CLIMATE, AN ORIENTATION SLIGHTLY EAST OF SOUTH IS FAVORED (ESPECIALLY 15

DEGREE EAST OF SOUTH), AS THIS EXPOSES THE UNIT TO MORE MORNING THAT AFTERNOON SUN

AND ENABLES THE HOUSE TO BEGIN TO HEAT DURING THE DAY.

BUILDING ENVELOPE AND FENESTRATION

THE BUILDING ENVELOPE AND ITS COMPONENTS ARE KEY DETERMINANTS OF THE AMOUNT OF HEAT

GAIN AND LOSS AND WIND THAT ENTERS INSIDE.

MATERIAL STUDY

THE ENTIRE BUILDING ENVELOPE HAS BEEN OPTIMIZED BY CHOICE OF MATERIALS AND

PROVIDING INSULATION WHEREVER APPLICABLE. THE THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS OF

ENVELOPE ARE AS FOLLOWS:-

WALL CONSTRUCTION: AERATED CONCRETE BLOCKS ON EXPOSED SURFACES WITH LOW

OVERALL THERMAL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT.

INSULATED ROOF USING 65MM THICK EXTRUDED POLYSTYRENE TO ACHIEVE OVERALL LOW

THERMAL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT.

DOUBLE INSULATED GLASS

PROVISION OF AMPLE NATURAL LIGHTING TO OPTIMIZE ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING.

LOW-E-ENERGY EFFICIENT GLASS FOR THE EXTERNAL FAADE.

STEEL CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL WITH RESPECT TO MULTI-STOREY BUILDING I.E. STEEL

COLUMN, BEAMS AND FRAMES.

R.C.C. WITH RESPECT TO MULTI-STOREY BUILDINGS AND OTHER CONSTRUCTION I.E. COLUMN

AND BEAM.

ACOUSTICAL MATERIALS STUDY FOR CONFERENCE ROOMS AND AUDITORIUM WALL

CLADDING.

METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION AND STRUCTURE SYSTEM

FOR THIS TYPE OF BUILDINGS GENERALLY THE FRAMED STRUCTURE SYSTEM TO BE PREFERRED.

TRUSS FOR MAKING THE ROOF OF THE AUDITORIUM.

STEEL STRUCTURE, REINFORCED CEMENT CONCRETE OR MIXED FOR THE WHOLE STRUCTURE

CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUE.

The primary elements affecting the performance of a building envelope are:-

MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES

ROOF

WALLS

FENESTRATION AND SHADING

FINISHES

METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION

SR.NO ITEM DESCIPTION APPROVED BRANDS/MANUFACTURERS

1 CEMENT 53 GRADE OF ACC, JK, SHREE , OPC

2 REINFORCEMENT(STEEL) RATHI,KAMDHENU,TATA,SAIL

3 COARSE SAND (WASHED) NARNAUL/KOTPUTLI, GAGGAR

4 FINE SAND JAMUNA

5 COARSE AGGREGATE SOHNA

6 BRICKS CONFIRMING TO MINIMUM

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF 75

KG/SQ.CM

7 STRUCTURAL STEEL TATA, SAIL, RAKHI STEEL FE 500

8 WATER PROOFING FOSROC OR EQUIVALENT

9 CERAMIC TILES SPARTEK, NAVEEN, KAJARIA, BELL

10 VITRIFIED CERAMIC TILES NAVEEN, JOHNSON, BELL ,KAJARIA

11 CONDUIT PIPES BEC, AKG, POLYPACK

USE NO MATERIAL WITHOUT ENGINEERS APPROVAL, REMOVE FROM SITE IMMEDIATELY

MATERIALS CONDEMNED BY THE ENGINEER.

CEMENT: ORDINARY PORTLAND, CONFIRMING TO IS:269 AND OF MAKE AS STATED IN THE LIST

OF APPROVED MAKE OF MATERIALS.

1. TREATMENT FOR MASONRY FOUNDATION AND BASEMENT: a) THE BOTTOM SURFACE AND THE SIDES (UP TO A HEIGHT OF 300 MM) OF THE

EXCAVATIONS MADE FOR MASONRY FOUNDATIONS AND BASEMENTS SHALL BE

TREATED WITH THE CHEMICAL.

b) AFTER THE MASONRY FOUNDATION AND THE RETAINING WALL OF THE BASEMENTS

COME UP, THE BACKFILL IN THE IMMEDIATE CONTACT WITH THE FOUNDATION

STRUCTURE SHALL BE TREATED OF THE VERTICAL SURFACE OF THE SUBSTRUCTURE FOR

EACH SIDE. IF WATER IS USED FOR RAMMING THE EARTH FILL, THE CHEMICAL

TREATMENT SHALL BE CARRIED OUT AFTER THE RAMMING OPERATION IS DONE BY

RODDING THE EARTH AT 150MM CENTERS TO THE WALL SURFACE AND SPRAYING THE

CHEMICAL WITH THE ABOVE DOSAGE.

2. TREATMENT FOR RCC FOUNDATION AND BASEMENTS: IN THE CASE OF RCC FOUNDATIONS, THE CONCRETE MIX IS DENSE (BEING 1:2:4 OR RICHER).

IT IS THEREFORE, UNNECESSARY TO START THE TREATMENT FROM THE BOTTOM OF

EXCAVATIONS. THE TREATMENT SHALL START AT THE DEPTH OF 100MM SHALL BE DETERMINED

FROM THE NEW SOIL LEVEL RESULTING FROM THE FILLING OR CUTTING MENTIONED ABOVE

AND SOIL IS IMMEDIATE CONTACT WITH VERTICAL SURFACES OF RCC FOUNDATIONS.

3. TREATMENT OF TOP SURFACE OF PLINTH FILLING: THE TOP SURFACE OF THE FILLED EARTH WITHIN THE PLINTH WALLS SHALL BE TREATED WITH

CHEMICAL EMULSION OF THE SURFACE BEFORE THE SAND/ SUB GRADE IS LAID.

STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS OF TALL BUILDINGS CAN BE DIVIDED INTO TWO BROAD CATEGORIES:

INTERIOR STRUCTURES

EXTERIOR STRUCTURES.

A SYSTEM IS CATEGORIZED AS AN INTERIOR STRUCTURE WHEN THE MAJOR PART OF THE

LATERAL LOAD RESISTING SYSTEM IS LOCATED WITHIN THE INTERIOR OF THE BUILDING.

LIKEWISE, IF THE MAJOR PART OF THE LATERAL LOAD-RESISTING SYSTEM IS LOCATED AT THE

BUILDING PERIMETER, A SYSTEM IS CATEGORIZED AS AN EXTERIOR STRUCTURE.

INTERIOR STRUCTURES

1. MOMENT-RESISTING FRAMES THE MOMENT-RESISTING FRAME (MRF) CONSISTS OF HORIZONTAL (GIRDER) AND VERTICAL

(COLUMN) MEMBERS RIGIDLY CONNECTED TOGETHER IN A PLANAR GRID FORM.

SUCH FRAMES RESIST LOAD PRIMARILY THROUGH THE FLEXURAL STIFFNESS OF THE MEMBERS

THE SIZE OF THE COLUMNS IS MAINLY CONTROLLED BY THE GRAVITY LOADS THAT

ACCUMULATE TOWARDS THE BASE OF THE BUILDING GIVING RISE TO PROGRESSIVELY

LARGER COLUMN SIZES TOWARDS THE BASE FROM THE ROOF.

THE SIZE OF THE GIRDERS, ON THE OTHER HAND, IS CONTROLLED BY STIFFNESS OF THE FRAME

IN ORDER TO ENSURE ACCEPTABLE LATERAL SWAY OF THE BUILDING.

MRFS CAN BE LOCATED IN OR AROUND THE CORE, ON THE EXTERIOR, AND THROUGHOUT

THE INTERIOR OF THE BUILDING ALONG GRID LINES.

2. BRACED FRAMES BRACED FRAMES ARE LATERALLY SUPPORTED BY VERTICAL STEEL TRUSSES, ALSO CALLED

SHEAR TRUSSES, WHICH RESIST LATERAL LOADS PRIMARILY THROUGH AXIAL STIFFNESS OF THE

MEMBERS.

THESE ACT AS VERTICAL CANTILEVER TRUSSES WHERE THE COLUMNS ACT AS CHORD

MEMBERS AND THE CONCENTRIC K, V, OR X BRACES ACT AS WEB MEMBERS.

BRACED FRAMES ARE GENERALLY LOCATED IN THE SERVICE AND ELEVATOR CORE AREAS OF

TALL BUILDINGS. THE FRAME DIAGONALS ARE ENCLOSED WITHIN THE WALLS.

3. REINFORCED CONCRETE PLANAR SOLID OR COUPLED SHEAR WALLS THESE SYSTEMS HAVE BEEN ONE OF THE MOST POPULAR SYSTEMS USED FOR HIGH-RISE

CONSTRUCTION TO RESIST LATERAL FORCES CAUSED BY WIND AND EARTHQUAKES.

SHEAR WALLS ARE TREATED AS VERTICAL CANTILEVERS FIXED AT THE BASE.

WHEN TWO OR MORE SHEAR WALLS IN THE SAME PLANE ARE INTERCONNECTED BY BEAMS

OR SLABS, THE TOTAL STIFFNESS OF THE SYSTEM EXCEEDS THE SUM OF THE INDIVIDUAL WALL

STIFFNESSES.

THIS IS SO BECAUSE THE CONNECTING BEAM FORCES THE WALLS TO ACT AS A SINGLE UNIT BY

RESTRAINING THEIR INDIVIDUAL CANTILEVER ACTIONS.

THESE ARE KNOWN AS COUPLED SHEAR WALLS.

SHEAR WALLS USED IN TALL OFFICE BUILDINGS ARE GENERALLY LOCATED AROUND SERVICE

AND ELEVATOR CORES, AND STAIRWELLS.

4.SHEAR WALL FRAME INTERACTION SYSTEMS. RIGID FRAMES + VERTICAL STEEL TRUSSES / REINFORCED CONCRETE SHEAR WALLS IS SHEAR

WALL FRAME INTERACTION SYSTEM.

RIGID FRAME SYSTEMS ARE NOT EFFICIENT FOR BUILDINGS OVER 30 STORIES IN HEIGHT, ON

THE OTHER HAND, CONCRETE SHEAR WALLS ALONE MAY PROVIDE RESISTANCE FOR

BUILDINGS UP TO ABOUT 10 OR 35 STORIES.

THIS TYPE OF SYSTEM HAS WIDE APPLICATIONS FOR BUILDINGS UP TO ABOUT 40 TO 70 STORIES

IN HEIGHT.

EXTERIOR STRUCTURES

THE NATURE OF BUILDING PERIMETERS

MORE STRUCTURAL SIGNIFICANCE IN TALL BUILDINGS DUE TO THEIR VERY TALLNESS,

WHICH MEANS GREATER VULNERABILITY TO LATERAL FORCES, ESPECIALLY WIND

LOADS.

THUS, IT IS QUITE DESIRABLE TO CONCENTRATE AS MUCH LATERAL LOAD-RESISTING SYSTEM

COMPONENTS AS POSSIBLE ON THE PERIMETER OF TALL BUILDINGS TO INCREASE THEIR

STRUCTURAL DEPTH, AND, IN TURN, THEIR RESISTANCE TO LATERAL LOADS.

1. TUBE STRUCTURES IT IS DEFINED AS A THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURAL SYSTEM UTILIZING THE ENTIRE BUILDING

PERIMETER TO RESIST LATERAL LOADS.

THE EARLIEST APPLICATION OF THE TUBULAR NOTION IS ATTRIBUTED TO FAZLUR KHAN, WHO

THOUGHT OF THIS CONCEPT IN 1961 (ALI, 2001)

IN THE TUBE SYSTEM THE BUILDING PERIMETER, RATHER THAN THE CENTRAL CORE, IS USED FOR

THE LATERAL SYSTEM.

THE TUBE IS THE NAME GIVEN TO THE SYSTEMS WHERE IN ORDER TO RESIST LATERAL LOADS

(WIND, SEISMIC, ETC.) A BUILDING IS DESIGNED TO ACT LIKE A THREE-DIMENSIONAL HOLLOW

TUBE, CANTILEVERED PERPENDICULAR TO THE GROUND.

2. DIAGRID SYSTEMS EARLY DESIGNS OF TALL BUILDINGS RECOGNIZED THE EFFECTIVENESS OF DIAGONAL

BRACING MEMBERS IN RESISTING LATERAL FORCES.

MOST OF THE STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS DEPLOYED FOR EARLY TALL BUILDINGS WERE STEEL

FRAMES WITH DIAGONAL BRACINGS OF VARIOUS CONFIGURATIONS SUCH AS X, K, AND

CHEVRON.

HOWEVER, WHILE THE STRUCTURAL IMPORTANCE OF DIAGONALS WAS WELL RECOGNIZED,

THE AESTHETIC POTENTIAL OF THEM WAS NOT APPRECIATED SINCE THEY WERE CONSIDERED

OBSTRUCTIVE FOR VIEWING THE OUTDOORS.

THUS, DIAGONALS WERE GENERALLY EMBEDDED WITHIN THE BUILDING CORES WHICH WERE

USUALLY LOCATED IN THE INTERIOR OF THE BUILDING.

BUT TRUSSED TUBE STRATEGY AS IN JOHN HANCOCK IS MUCH MORE EFFECTIVE THAN

CONFINING DIAGONALS TO NARROWER BUILDING CORES.

HOWEVER, RECENTLY THE USE OF PERIMETER DIAGONALS THUS THE TERM DIAGRID FOR

STRUCTURAL EFFECTIVENESS AND LATTICE-LIKE AESTHETICS HAS GENERATED RENEWED

INTEREST IN ARCHITECTURAL AND STRUCTURAL DESIGNERS OF TALL BUILDINGS.

3. SPACE TRUSSES, SPACE TRUSS STRUCTURES ARE MODIFIED BRACED TUBES WITH DIAGONALS CONNECTING THE

EXTERIOR TO INTERIOR. IN A TYPICAL BRACED TUBE STRUCTURE, ALL THE DIAGONALS, WHICH

CONNECT THE CHORD MEMBERS ARE LOCATED ON THE PLANE PARALLEL TO THE FACADES.

HOWEVER, IN SPACE TRUSSES, SOME DIAGONALS PENETRATE THE INTERIOR OF THE BUILDING.

4. SUPER FRAMES A SUPER-FRAME IS COMPOSED OF MEGA COLUMNS COMPRISING BRACED FRAMES OF

LARGE DIMENSIONS AT BUILDING CORNERS, LINKED BY MULTISTORY TRUSSES AT ABOUT EVERY

15 TO 20 STORIES.

THE CONCEPT OF SUPERFRAME CAN BE USED IN VARIOUS WAYS FOR TALL BUILDINGS, SUCH

AS THE 56-STORY TALL PARQUE CENTRAL COMPLEX TOWERS OF 1979 IN CARACAS,

VENEZUELA.

5. EXOSKELETON. IN EXOSKELETON STRUCTURES, LATERAL LOAD-RESISTING SYSTEMS ARE PLACED OUTSIDE THE

BUILDING LINES AWAY FROM THEIR FACADES. EXAMPLES INCLUDE HOTEL DE LAS ARTES IN

BARCELONA.

DUE TO THE SYSTEMS COMPOSITIONAL CHARACTERISTICS, IT ACTS AS A PRIMARY BUILDING

IDENTIFIER ONE OF THE MAJOR ROLES OF BUILDING FACADES IN GENERAL CASES.

FIRE PROOFING OF THE SYSTEM IS NOT A SERIOUS ISSUE DUE TO ITS LOCATION OUTSIDE THE

BUILDING LINE.

HOWEVER, THERMAL EXPANSION/CONTRACTION OF THE SYSTEM, EXPOSED TO THE EVER-

CHANGING OUTDOOR WEATHER, AND THE SYSTEMIC THERMAL BRIDGES SHOULD BE CAREFULLY

CONSIDERED DURING DESIGN

MULTI-LEVEL SECURITY 24X7 MONITORING BY THE CENTRAL COMMAND CENTER.

SMOKE DETECTOR IN PUBLIC AREAS.

PANIC ALARM SYSTEM

ELECTRONIC ACCESS CONTROL SYSTEM.

CONTROLLED ACCESS TO PARKING AREAS.

LATEST AUDIO/VISUAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEM.

LATEST LANGUAGE TRANSLATOR SYSTEM (TO BE BROADLY STUDIED IN CASE STUDIES)

ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECT

ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT CAN BE DEFINED AS: THE PROCESS OF IDENTIFYING,

PREDICTING, THE BIOPHYSICAL, SOCIAL AND OTHER RELEVANT EFFECTS OF DEVELOPMENT

PROPOSALS PRIOR TO MAJOR DECISIONS BEING TAKEN AND COMMITMENTS MADE.

THE PURPOSE IS TO ENSURE THAT DECISION MAKERS CONSIDER ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

BEFORE DECIDING NEW PROJECTS.

ENVIRONMENTAL RECOMMENDATIONS:

THE BUILDING SHOULD HAVE DISORDERS LIKE:

ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION

CREATING IMBALANCE IN MICROCLIMATE OF THE AREA

CREATING IMBALANCE OF HYDROLOGY OF SITE

CREATING MISMANAGEMENT OF ENVIRONMENT ASPECTS.

FAVORABLE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ARE LISTED BELOW:

1. TRAFFIC CONGESTION

2. LESS ENERGY CONSUMPTION

3. REDUCTION IN AIR POLLUTION

4. BETTER CIRCULATION

5. OPTIMUM UTILIZATION OF PREVAILING LAND USE

6. QUICK SERVICE AND SAFETY

7. RETAINING OF PREVAILING LAND USE

8. NO OBSTRUCTION TOWARDS THE VISUAL IMPACTS

9. ENVIRONMENT AROUND SHOULD BE PEACEFUL.

10. PROPER AIR MOVEMENT SHOULD BE THERE.

11. THERE SHOULD BE GREENERY AROUND.

12. IN RECREATIONAL AREAS THERE SHOULD BE PROPER OUTSIDE VIEW.

13. IN MEETING ROOMS THERE IS NO NEED OF SUCH OUTSIDE VIEW.

14. AS THE SITE IS LOCATED ON MAIN AIRPORT ROAD, AND HENCE CERTAIN BARRIERS HAVE TO

BE USED FOR POLLUTION.

15. TO CUT OFF NOISE/ TO REDUCE NOISE (VEHICULAR NOISE) BARRIER WITH TREES TO BE USED.

16. AS THE SITE IS BY MAIN ROAD AS IT NEEDS GOOD APPROACH BEING WORLD TRADE CENTRE

SO FOR REDUCING NOISE CONCRETE REFLECTORS TO BE USED.

ORIENTATION AND STREET WIDTH

THE AMOUNT OF DIRECT RADIATION RECEIVED BY A BUILDING AND THE STREET IN AN URBAN AREA IS

DETERMINED BY THE STREET WIDTH AND ITS ORIENTATION. SOLAR RADIATION CAN EFFECTIVELY BE

CONTROLLED BY MODULATING THEM. THIS POINT NEEDS TO BE CONSIDERED WHEN DESIGNING A

LARGE COMPLEX AS WELL AS AT THE TOWN PLANNING LEVEL.

OPEN SPACES AND BUILT FORM

OPEN SPACES AND BUILT FORM ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE DIFFERENT PATTERNS OF AIR FLOW IN

AND AROUND A BUILDING, AFFECTING HEAT GAIN AND LOSS. BOTH TOGETHER CAN MODIFY THE

MICRO CLIMATE OF THE SITE. OPEN SPACES SUCH AS COURTYARDS CAN BE DESIGNED SUCH THAT

SOLAR RADIATION INCIDENT ON THEM DURING DAYTIME CAN BE REFLECTED ON TO BUILDING

FACADES FOR AUGMENTING SOLAR HEAT. COURTYARD CAN ALSO BE DESIGNED TO ACT AS HEAT

SINK. IF IT IS COVERED BY GRASS AND VEGETATION IT WOULD PROVIDE A GOOD

ENVIRONMENT.WATER SPRAYED ON THE COURTYARDS WOULD CAUSE COOLING EFFECT.

BUILDING ORIENTATION

ORIENTATION REFERS TO THE LOCATION OF THE BUILDING WITH RESPECT TO THE CARDINAL

DIRECTION I.E. NORTH SOUTH AND EAST WEST. BUILDING ORIENTATION IS AN IMPORTANT

PARAMETER OF DESIGN.

CATEGORY % SAVINGS COMPARED TO

CONVENTIONAL BUILDINGS

COMMENTS

ENERGY SAVINGS 35-70% DIRECT SAVING FROM

REDUCED ELECTRICITY & FUEL

CONSUMPTION

GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS 35-50% REDUCTION OF GHG

EMISSIONS BY USING ENERGY

EFFICIENT TECHNOLOGIES

AND PRACTICES.

WATER SAVINGS 35-50% WATER SAVINGS ARE

ACHIEVED BY STP, RAIN

WATER HARVESTING ETC.

OPERATIONS AND

MAINTENANCE SAVINGS

20-30% REDUCTION IN LIFETIME

OPERATING COSTS

ENHANCES BUILDINGS ASSET VALUE.

PRODUCTIVITY GAINS AND

HEALTH BENEFITS

2-18% SIGNIFICANT PRODUCTIVITY

GAINS AND HEALTH BENEFITS

HAVE BEEN OBSERVED IN

GREEN BUILDINGS DUE TO THE

SUSTAINABLE DESIGN.

ENERGY EFFICIENCY

SIMPLE TECHNIQUES

THESE TECHNIQUES CAN BE EASILY INCORPORATED IN THE BUILDING WITHOUT MUCH ADDITIONAL

COST. IT IS NECESSARY TO UNDERSTAND THESE TECHNIQUES FOR THESE EFFECTIVE UTILIZATION. THEY

REFER TO DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS INVOLVING:

SITE CONDITIONS

BUILDING ORIENTATION

PLAN FORM

BUILDING ENVELOPE

SITE- OF THE VARIOUS FACTORS INFLUENCING THE BUILDING DESIGN, SITE CONDITIONS OCCUPY AN

IMPORTANT POSITION. CAREFUL SELECTION OF THE SITE CAN HELP SAVE CONSIDERATION AMOUNT

OF ENERGY AND ALSO PROVIDE A FAIRLY SATISFACTORY INDOOR ENVIRONMENT THROUGHOUT

THE YEAR. SITE CONSIDERATIONS INVOLVE THE FOLLOWING CONDITION:

MACROCLIMATE

MICROCLIMATE

MICROCLIMATE

THE MICROCLIMATE OF THE SITE IS EFFECTED BY THE FOLLOWING FACTORS:

LANDFORM

VEGETATION

WATER BODIES

STREET WIDTH AND ORIENTATION

OPEN SPACE AND BUILT FORM

AN UNDERSTANDING OF THESE FACTORS GREATLY HELPS IN THE PREPARATION OF THE SITE LAYOUT

PLAN.

LANDFORM

LANDFORM REPRESENTS THE TOPOGRAPHY OF THE SITE. IT MAY BE FLAT, UNDULATING OR SLOPING.

MAJOR LANDFORMS AFFECTING THE SITES ARE MOUNTAINS, VALLEYS AND PLAINS. EACH OF THEM

HAS VARYING EFFECT ON THE MICROCLIMATE AND HAVE TO BE PLANNED FOR ACCORDINGLY.

THUS, THE POSITION OF THE BUILDING WITH RESPECT TO THE LANDFORM SHOULD BE CAREFULLY

CONSIDERED.

WATER BODIES

THE WATER BODIES CAN BE LARGE, IN THE FORM OF SEA, LAKE OR RIVER OR THEY CAN BE SMALL IN

THE FORM OF POND, FOUNTAIN, ETC. SINCE WATER HAS RELATIVELY HIGH LATENT HEAT OF

VAPORIZATION, IT USES UP A LARGE AMOUNT OF HEAT IN EVAPORATING AND CAUSES SIGNIFICANT

COOLING EFFECT.

ENERGY EFFICIENT DESIGN

PRINCIPAL OF SOLAR PASSIVE ARCHITECTURE

INTRODUCTION

SOLAR PASSIVE DESIGN INVOLVES METHODS OF COLLECTING, STORING, DISTRIBUTING AND

CONTROLLING THERMAL ENERGY FLOW BY MEANS OF NATURAL PRINCIPLES OF HEAT

TRANSFER.

PASSIVE SYSTEMS HAVE NO SEPARATE DEVICES FOR COLLECTING ENERGY, OR STORAGE

UNITS, OR MECHANICAL MEANS FOR TRANSPORTING HEAT, INSTEAD, THESE MAKE USE OF

ENERGY AVAILABLE IN ITS IMMEDIATE ENVIRONMENT AND EFFECT ENERGY EXCHANGES

THROUGH NATURAL PROCESSES.

IN FACT, THE FLOW CAN BE REASONABLY REGULATED BY CONTROLS SUCH AS DAMPERS,

OPEN ABLE WINDOWS, MOVABLE INSULATION OR SHADING DEVICES. IN ANY DESIGN, ONE

EMPLOYS SIMPLE TECHNIQUES SUCH AS ORIENTATION, SHADING OF WINDOWS, COLOR,

VEGETATION ETC.

INTELLIGENT USE OF SUCH TECHNIQUES CAN CONSIDERABLY MINIMIZES THE LEVEL OF

DISCOMFORT INSIDE THE BUILDING. THIS, IN TURN, REDUCES THE CONSUMPTION OF ENERGY

REQUIRED TO MAINTAIN COMFORTABLE CONDITION.

IN EXTREME CLIMATES, COMFORTABLE INDOOR CONDITIONS CANNOT BE COMPLETELY

ACHIEVED BY LIMITED ONE TO SIMPLE TECHNIQUES.

IN SUCH SITUATION, ADVANCED PASSIVE TECHNIQUES SUCH AS WIND TOWERS, ROOF

PONDS, EVAPORATIVE COOLING ETC. MAY NEED TO BE EMPLOYED.

PASSIVE SYSTEMS OFFER A NUMBER OF ADVANTAGES.

COMMON MATERIALS CAN BE USED IN CONSTRUCTIONS AND SUBSEQUENTLY MAINTAIN BY

PEOPLE.

CLIMATIC CONSIDERATIONS

IT HAS A HUMID SUBTROPICAL CLIMATE CHARACTERISED BY A SEASONAL RHYTHM: VERY HOT

SUMMERS, MILD WINTERS, UNRELIABLE RAINFALL AND GREAT VARIATION IN TEMPERATURE

(1 C TO 46 C OR 30.2 F TO 114 F).

THE AVERAGE ANNUAL RAINFALL IS 1110.7 MM. THE CITY ALSO RECEIVES OCCASIONAL

WINTER RAINS FROM THE WESTERN DISTURBANCE ORIGINATING OVER THE MEDITERRANEAN

SEA.

THE WESTERN DISTURBANCES USUALLY BRINGS RAIN PREDOMINANTLY FROM MID-DECEMBER

TILL END OF APRIL WHICH CAN BE HEAVIER SOMETIMES WITH STRONG WINDS AND HAILS IF

THE WEATHER TURNS COLDER (DURING MARCHAPRIL MONTHS) WHICH USUALLY PROVES

DISASTROUS TO THE CROPS.

THE CITY EXPERIENCES THE FOLLOWING SEASONS AND THE RESPECTIVE AVERAGE TEMPERATURES:

SPRING: THE CLIMATE REMAINS THE MOST ENJOYABLE PART OF THE YEAR DURING THE SPRING

SEASON (FROM FEBRUARY-END TO EARLY-APRIL). TEMPERATURES VARY BETWEEN (MAX) 13 C TO

20 C AND (MIN) 5 C TO 12 C.

AUTUMN: IN AUTUMN (FROM SEPTEMBER-END TO MID NOVEMBER.), THE TEMPERATURE MAY RISE

TO A MAXIMUM OF 30 C. TEMPERATURES USUALLY REMAIN BETWEEN 10 TO 22 IN AUTUMN. THE

MINIMUM TEMPERATURE IS AROUND 6 C.

SUMMER: THE TEMPERATURE IN SUMMER (FROM MID-APRIL TO JUNE-END) MAY RISE TO 44 C. THE

TEMPERATURES MIGHT SOMETIME RISE TO 44 C IN MID-JUNE. TEMPERATURES GENERALLY VARY

BETWEEN 40 TO 42 C.

MONSOON: DURING MONSOON (FROM EARLY-JULY TO MID-SEPTEMBER), IT RECEIVES

MODERATE TO HEAVY RAINFALL AND SOMETIMES HEAVY TO VERY HEAVY RAINFALL (GENERALLY

DURING THE MONTH OF AUGUST OR SEPTEMBER).

WINTER: WINTERS (NOVEMBER-END TO FEBRUARY-END) ARE MILD BUT IT CAN SOMETIMES GET

QUITE CHILLY IN CHANDIGARH. AVERAGE TEMPERATURES IN THE WINTER REMAIN AT (MAX) 5 C

TO 14 C AND (MIN) -1 C TO 5 C. RAIN USUALLY COMES FROM THE WEST DURING WINTERS

AND IT IS USUALLY A PERSISTENT RAIN FOR 23 DAYS WITH SOMETIMES HAILSTORMS. THE CITY

WITNESSED BONE-NUMBING CHILL AS THE MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE ON MONDAY, 7 JANUARY

2013 PLUNGED TO A 30-YEAR LOW TO SETTLE AT 6.1 DEGREES CELSIUS.