lidar and its use in the identification of faults, fractures and sub surface structures

Knox Geological LLC 6402 Old Trail Rd. Fort Wayne, IN 46809 (260) 466-2422 [email protected]

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LiDAR and its Use in the Identification of Faults, Fractures and Sub Surface Structures in Drift Covered Areas

IOGA 2016 Annual Meeting 3/03/16 Chuck Knox, Knox Geological LLC


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LiDAR, which stands for Light Detection and Ranging, is a remote sensing method that uses

light in the form of pulsed laser to measure ranges (variable distances) to the Earth. These light

pulses-combined with other data recorded by the airborne system-generate precise, three-

dimensional information about the shape of the Earth and its surface characteristics.

Noaa.gov/facts/lidar.html


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Collecting LiDAR Point Cloud Data


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Working with Digital LiDAR Data

Point Cloud Data is Stored as an LAS FileMillions of Point Cloud Points Creates Computer Processing IssuesOnly Using Last or Bare Earth Returns Reduces the Amount of Data Needing to be ProcessedArcGIS is a Good Program to Convert Point Cloud Data Into Useable InformationTwo Methods for the Reduction of Point Cloud Data in ArcGIS

LAS Data SetsTerrain Data Sets


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LAS Data Sets

The Data is Stored Digitally and Can be Used in QueriesIn ArcGIS More Tools are Available for Modeling of the SurfaceEach Point of the Point Cloud is Used in Surface ModelingTakes a Stupendous Amount of Computer StorageNeeds Powerful Computer Processing Ability to Reduce the Point Cloud into Useable DataCan Create 3D Images of the Bare Earth Returns


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Terrain Data Sets

Point Cloud Data is Reduced into a Pyramid System for Ease of DisplayPyramid System Reduces the Amount of Computer Processing Power Needed to Create Visual DisplaysCounty Wide Point Cloud Data Can be Reduced With Minimal Processing PowerTerrain Data Sets Cannot be Used in QueriesVery Good Tool For Scalable Visualization of the Bare Earth surface


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LiDAR Study of the Unionport Gas Storage Project, Randolph County,

Indiana“The Post Knox Unconformity provided the Principal Trapping Conditions for the Underground Gas Storage at Unionport”“Erosional Remnants of the Porous Knox Dolomite Protrude Upward into the Overlying Impermeable Black River Limestone”“Petroleum Has Been Produced in Indiana, Ohio, Kentucky and Southern Ontario from Knox Erosional Remnants”

Keller and Abdulkareem 1980


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Unionport Gas Storage Project Randolph County, Indiana



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Generalized Stratigraphic Section for the Unionport Area


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Location of the Gas Storage Wells in the Unionport Area



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Structure Map on the Top of the Knox Dolomite in the Unionport Gas Storage Project, Contours Are Every 10’



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Structure Map of the Trenton Utica Contact in the Unionport Gas Storage Project, Contours Are Every 10’



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Cross Sections At Unionport



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The Unionport LiDAR Study Mosaic Tile LAS Data Set Compiled over the Unionport Gas Storage ComplexOnly Last or Bare Earth Returns Used in Data Set3D Digital Elevation Model of Surface Built with Combined Hillshade and Transparent Red to Green Color Ramp Raster ImageTerrain Data Set Also CreatedElevation Contours, Slope Angles, Stream Flow and Aspect Maps Created from LAS Data SetSlope Angle Maps Created From Terrain Data Set


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Unionport Area Google Earth Image With Wells, 1:30,000


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Unionport Gas Storage Project with 9 Mosaic Tile LAS Data Set, 1:30,000


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Unionport Gas Storage Project with Raster Image Derived from LAS Data Set


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Unionport Gas Storage Project with Hillshaded Image Derived from LAS Data Set


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Unionport Raster Image with Red to Green Color Ramp from LAS Data Set


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Unionport With Combined Raster and Hillshade From 9 Tile LAS Data Set


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Unionport With Combined Raster and Hillshade With Wells


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Combined Raster and Hillshade 1:15,000


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Combined Raster and Hillshade 1:15,000


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LiDAR Derived Surface Contours 10’ Intervals


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Unionport Area Digitally Derived Flow Accumulation


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Unionport LAS Data Set Digitally Derived Slope Angles


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Unionport LAS Data Set Digitally Derived Slope Angles With Wells


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Unionport Terrain Data Set Derived Slope Angles


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Unionport Terrain Data Set Derived Slope Angles With Wells


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Northern Unionport DEM 1:3,000


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Northern Unionport LAS Data Set Slope Angle


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Northern Unionport Terrain Data Set Slope Angle


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Northern Unionport LAS Data Set Aspect Map


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Results of The Unionport LiDAR Study

Differential Compaction of the Trenton, Utica and Silurian Limes Over the Known Knox Erosional Remnants at Unionport Appears to Extend to the SurfaceLiDAR Derived Digital Elevation Models Show an Area of Higher Elevation Over the Known Knox Erosional RemnantsLiDAR Derived Flow Accumulation Map Shows Stream Flow Radiating Away From Area Above Known Knox Erosional RemnantsSlope Angle Maps, Both LAS Data Set and Terrain Data Set Show Higher Slope Angles Over the Known Knox Erosional Remnant

Knox Geological LLC 260-466-2422 35

The 2nd Trenton Oil Pay of Madison and Grant Counties of

Indiana• 1897 the Ohio Oil Co. discovers oil at Alexandria in the middle of the giant Indiana gas Field

•The oil is in a 2nd pay 65’-100’ below the Trenton/Utica contact and approximately 1,000’ to 1,050’ from the surface

•Development of the 2nd oil pay was limited by the States anti-gas waste laws (flaring) and was mostly abandoned by 1906 as operators left for Illinois, Mid-Continent, Texas and California oil regions

•Faults and fractures have a postive influence on 2nd pay dolomite and porosity development

•A high percentage of 2nd pay oil wells are in areas of >1.3 degrees of slope

Knox Geological LLC Booth 1866 36

Area of Known 2nd Pay Oil Development (Trenton)

Area of Known 4th Pay Oil Development (Black River)

Area of 5th Pay Oil Development (Knox)

Area of 1st Pay Oil Development (Trenton)

The Phoenix Project

1906 Map of the Main Trenton Rock Oil Field of IndianaRegional Map of IndianaFractures and the 2nd Oil Pay

The Phoenix Project


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LiDAR Study of the Terre Haute Reef Bank

•There has been some geological speculation that differential compaction of sediments above Silurian reefs extends to the surface

•This study uses LiDAR to see if evidence of the compaction can indeed be measured on the surface

•A terrain dataset was created over 10 counties located above the reef bank

• A detailed LAS Dataset was created over the Glen Ayr oil field and parts of Vigo County


Terrain Datset Slope Angle Map Using Quantile MeasurementReef PolygonsPolygons with Reef

Points



Vigo County



Glen Ayr oil field


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Illinois LiDAR Data

A Preliminary Study Of Macon County, Illinois


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Macon County


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LiDAR“Accuracy to a Gnats Tad”

A Very Special Thank You to the Illinois Oil and Gas Association for the Opportunity to Speak

Only the Beginning

lidar and its use in the identification of faults, fractures and sub surface structures

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