life cycle assessment of electric vehicles · journal of life cycle assessment. majeau-bettez, m.,...
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Life cycle assessment
of electric vehicles
Linda Ager-Wick Ellingsen
Anders Hammer Strømman
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Energy
Transport
Emissions
Waste products
Life cycle assessment (LCA)
Extraction & processing
Manufacture& assembly
Use
Recycling
Materials
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The ReCiPe characterization method
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Life cycle assessment of vehicles
Vehicle production
• Extraction and processing• Component manufacture
and assembly
Vehicle operation
• Energy use• Maintenance
End-of-life vehicle
• Recycling/recovery• Waste management
Vehicle life cycle
Energy extraction
Energy distribution
Energy conversion
Energy value chain
Complete life cycle
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We have good knowledge of the environmental
impacts of conventional vehicles
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Example of typical LCA results:
Mercedes A class
DaimlerChrysler AG, Mercedes Car Group
Im
pa
ctp
ote
ntials
S
tre
sso
rs
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GHGs over the whole life cycle
- high end of the range as of 2010
References: Daimler AG (2009, 2009, 2012), Volkswagen AG (2010, 2012)
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GHGs over the whole life cycle
- low end of the range as of 2010
References: Daimler AG (2009, 2010, 2012,2013,2014), Volkswagen AG (2010, 2012,2013,2014)
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GHGs over the whole life cycle
- low end of the range as of 2014
References: Daimler AG (2009, 2010, 2012,2013,2014), Volkswagen AG (2010, 2012,2013,2014)
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10References: Daimler AG (2009, 2010, 2012,2013,2014), Volkswagen AG (2010, 2012,2013,2014)
Car size, fuel type, model year, and
horsepower matter
3x
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11References: Daimler AG (2009, 2009, 2012,2013,2014), Volkswagen AG (2010, 2012,2013,2014)
Can electric vehicles get us below the
fossil envelope?
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Zero emission vehicle?
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BEVs have indirect operational emissions
associated with the energy value chain
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NTNU’s latest LCA study on battery
electric vehicles published in 2016
Ellingsen et al. (2016)
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Size selection based on commercially
available BEVs
0
50
100
150
200
250
800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200
NED
C e
ne
rgy
req
uir
eme
nt
(Wh
/km
)
Vehicle curb weight (kg)
mini car medium car large car luxury car
A - segment B - segment C - segment D - segment E - segment F - segment
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Electric vehicle parameters
Segment Curb weight
(kg)
Battery size
(kWh)
Driving range
(km)
EV energy consumption
(Wh/km)
A - mini car 1100 17.7 133 146
C - medium car 1500 26.6 171 170
D - large car 1750 42.1 249 185
F - luxury car 2100 59.9 317 207
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Production inventories
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Use phase assumptions
• Average European electricity mix (521 g CO2/kWh at plug, 462 g CO2/kWh at plant)
• 12 years and a yearly mileage of 15,000 km, resulting in a total mileage of 180,000 km
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End-of-life treatment
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Production and use phase
from LCA reports
End-of-life inventory from
Hawkins et al. 2012
Conventional vehicles
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Results
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A
C
D
F
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50Em
issi
on
(to
n C
O2-e
q)
Driving distance (km)
Fossil envelope-average new ICEVs as of 2015
Ellingsen et al. 2016
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Fossil envelope-average ICEVs
A
C
D
F
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50Em
issi
on
(to
n C
O2-e
q)
Driving distance (km)
A - mini car C - medium car D - large car F - luxury car
Ellingsen et al. 2016
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Sensitivity analysis
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Sensitivity analysis - coal
World average coal (1029 g CO2-eq/kWh)
Ellingsen et al. 2016
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Sensitivity analysis – natural gas
World average natural gas (595 g CO2-eq/kWh)
Ellingsen et al. 2016
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Sensitivity analysis – wind
Wind (21 g CO2-eq/kWh)
Ellingsen et al. 2016
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Sensitivity analysis – all wind
Ellingsen et al. 2016
Wind in all value chains (17 g CO2-eq/kWh)
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Differences in emissions due to size
decrease with lower carbon intensity
Ellingsen et al. 2016
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NTNU Publications on e-mobility
May 2016
Ellingsen. L. A-W., Hung, R. H., & Strømman, A. H. Identifying key assumptions and differences in life cycle assessment studies of lithium-ion traction batteries (In review 2017). Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment.
Ellingsen. L. A-W., Majeau-Bettez, M., & Strømman, A. H. (2015). Comment on “The significance of Li-ion batteries in electric vehicle life-cycle energy and emissions and recycling's role in its reduction” in Energy & Environmental Science. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment.
Singh, B., Ellingsen. L. A-W., & Strømman, A. H. (2015). Pathways for GHG emission reduction in Norwegian road transport sector: Perspective on consumption of passenger car transport and electricity mix. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment.
Singh, B., Guest, G., Bright, R. M., & Strømman, A. H. (2014) Life Cycle Assessment of Electric and Fuel Cell Vehicle Transport Based on Forest Biomass. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment.
Singh, B., & Strømman, A. H. (2013). Environmental assessment of electrification of road transport in Norway: Scenarios and impacts. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment.
Hawkins, T. R., Gausen, O. M., & Strømman, A. H. (2012). Environmental impacts of hybrid and electric vehicles—a review. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment.
Majeau-Bettez, M., Hawkings, T., & Strømman, A. H. (2011) Life Cycle Environmental Assessment of Lithium-ion and Nickel Metal Hydride Batteries for Plug-in Hybrid and Battery Electric Vehicles
October 2012 November 2013
December 2016