life cycle ghg emission and energy consumption of ... · 4mechanical and biosystem of dept., bogor...

Life Cycle GHG Emission and Energy

Consumption of Biodiesel Production From

Crude Palm Oil in Aceh Province

by : Kiman Siregar1*, Syafriandi2, Andriani Lubis3, Armansyah H.Tambunan4

1,2,3Agricultural Engineering of Dept., Syiah Kuala University (Unsyiah), Banda Aceh

4Mechanical and Biosystem of Dept., Bogor Agricultural University (IPB), Bogor *Corresponding author : [email protected]

@Workshop on LCA Research In Indonesia- Puspitek, Nop 24-25 2015, Serpong

1Founding member of ILCAN (Indonesian Life Cycle Assessment Network)

www.ilcan.or.id

Presented at Workshop on Life Cycle Assessment Research in Indonesia, Puspiptek-Serpong, 24-25 November 2015. Available in http://www.ilcan.or.id Copyright @ the respective author(s).

mailto:[email protected]

http://www.ilcan.or.id/

2

OUTLINE :

1. Introduction

2. Methodology

3. Result and Discussion

4. Conclusion

5. Acknowledgement


CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION

Energy sector plays an important role for Indonesia in achieving its economic

development goal

Fossil fuels demand increase, while their reserve decrease by year,

Indonesia is still heavily dependent on fossil based energy, which is accounted

for more than 90% of its energy mix (including oil, gas and coal)

Imbalance between average fossil fuel demand increasing and supply of energy

per year,

Renewable energy have been underutilized

Some Issues On Energy Development In Indonesia :

BIOENERGY = ONE OF SOLUTIONS ?

Biofuel target 5% by

2025 from the national

energy mix.


World vegetable oil consumption

Sources: www.soystat.com

(2011)

Sources: www.oil world.de

Vegetables oil producer

Bogor Agricultural University


Palm oil production

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

1995 2000 2005 2009 2010 2015 2020

M T

on

Indonesia Malaysia World

Source : Oil World (2010) and IPOA (2011)

Importers of palm oil

Sources: RSPO



(*as of April’ 2013)

INDONESIA BIODIESEL PRODUCTION 2009 - 2013

Sources: ESDM, 2013



Top 10 Producers of Biodiesel in the world

Source US Energy Information Administration (2011) in Pehnelt et al. (2012)

Although a few facilities for esterification/biodiesel production have been

established in the countries of origin in South-East Asia, the process of

esterification usually takes place in facilities in the importing countries. Note that

the first country that grows oil palms in a significant manner, Thailand, ranks 6th,

far behind countries in Europe and America. The actual biodiesel production of

Malaysia, as the second largest producer of crude palm oil in the world,

significantly falls behind those on top of the list. Indonesia, the world’s

largest palm oil producer, does not even appear on this list.


EPA Issues Notice of Data Availability Concerning Renewable

Fuels Produced from Palm Oil Under the RFS Program

“The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is issuing a Notice of

Data Availability (NODA) to release its lifecycle greenhouse gas (GHG)

analysis of palm oil used as a feedstock to produce biodiesel and

renewable diesel under the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) program.

The release of the NODA provides the public an opportunity to

comment on EPA’s analysis”

“EPA’s analysis shows that biodiesel and renewable diesel produced

from palm oil do not meet the minimum 20% lifecycle GHG reduction

threshold needed to qualify as renewable fuel under the RFS program”

Pathway Determinations

“EPA’s analysis found that biodiesel and renewable diesel produced from

palm oil have estimated lifecycle GHG emissions reductions of 17% and

11%, respectively, compared to the baseline petroleum diesel fuel they

replace. These biofuels therefore fail to meet the minimum 20% GHG

emissions reduction threshold required by EISA for renewable fuel made in

facilities that commenced construction after December 19, 2007”


Trade policies US Sustainnability Criterion EU Sustainnability Criterion

Requires a 20% reduction in GHG

emmision from conventional sources

Biofules or feedstocks cannot come

from land with high biodiversity status as

of 2008

Advanced biofuels must have 50%

reduction in GHG emmision

Biofuels must have a GHG savings of at

least 35% (rising to 50% in 2017 and

60% for new facilities starting after

2016)

This condition could make barrier to Indonesia as one of the world’s largest

CPO producer

Global Issues

US EPA-NODA states that palm oil based biodiesel can only reduce

GWP emission by 17% compared to fossil-fuel based

EU introduced RED, threshold 35% emission saving, palm biodiesel

only 19%


LCI database related to LCA agri-food

Type of database

Country Institution LCI database Format/Software

Agricultural

LCI

database

Denmark DIAS (Aarhus University) LCA Food SimaPro

France INRA Agri-BALYSE ILCD

Japan NARO JALCA (NARO LCI) SimaPro (EcoSpold)

Switzerland ART SALCA TEAM, SimaPro

USA USDA Digital Commons EcoSpold

World ART, Quantis World Food LCA

Database EcoSpold

LCI

database

with

agricultural

production

processes

Australia ALCAS AusLCI n.a.

Germany PE GaBi Databases GaBi

Japan AIST (JEMAI) IDEA (MiLCA) Special format

Malaysia National Project MY-LCID ILCD

Netherlands University of Amsterdam IVAM LCA Data SimaPro

Switzerland ecoinvent Center ecoinvent EcoSpold

Switzerland ESU-services ESU database EcoSpold

Thailand National Project Thai National LCI

USA NREL USLCI EcoSpold

Indonesia hasn't done nationally, but some researchers have

already done it


WHAT LCA IS ?

The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is compilation and evaluation of the

inputs, outputs and the potential environmental impacts of a product

system throughout its life cycle (ISO 14044:2006)

FOUR STAGES INVOLVED IN LCA :

(1) Goal & Scope definition

(ISO 14041)

-The objective of LCA application

- The background of the research

- The consumer

(3) Life Cycle Impact Assessment

(ISO 14042)

- Category impact selection

- Characterization

(2) Life Cycle Inventory (ISO 14041)

- Data collection

- Data validation

- Data processing to thr procession unit

- AlLocation and release

(4) Interpretation

(ISO 14043)

Identification on significant

issue

Evaluatin through :

- Completeness check

- Sensitivity check

- Consistency check

- Other check

Conclusion

Recomendation

Report


INTRODUCTION

Two important issues of biodiesel from oil palm plantation

development :

(1) Global warming

(2) Energy security

Global warming issue can be analyzed by Life Cycle Assessment

(LCA)

LCA can be used to ensure that environmental impact has been

considered in decision making

The result of LCA is highly influenced by the reliability and

sufficiency of data inventory of the assessed objects

Accessibility of data for LCA in Aceh Province and Indonesia still

very limited and need to be improved

Crude Palm oil (CPO) is the main biodiesel feedstock in

Indonesia


INTRODUCTION

The following questions have been formulated from the previous

problem in systematic and structured study to provide good result :

1. What is the emission distribution for planting, harvesting and post-

harvesting of palm oil based biodiesel? Which stage has

significant effect? What kind of material input is the most

siqnificant increasing the GHG emission value?

2. How are the energy consumption, net energy balance, net energy

ratio, and renewable index of biodiesel production from crude

palm oil?

3. How potential in reducing GHG emission generated from crude

palm oil based biodiesel compared to diesel-fuel?

It is expected that the research could give solution and describe the GHG

emission and energy consumption for further development of biodiesel

processing.


Riset Fundamental Ditjen Dikti (2 Tahun)

Kajian Perubahan Metode Analisa Life Cycle

Assessment (LCA) Menjadi Exergetic Life

Cycle Assessment (ELCA) Pada Produksi

Biodiesel Secara Katalis Dari Bahan Baku

Kelapa Sawit

Dibiayai oleh Direktorat Penelitian Pengabdian kepada Masyarkat, Direktorat Jenderal

Pendidikan Tinggi, Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, sesuai dengan Surat Perjanjian

Penugasan Pelaksanaan Hibah Penelitian bagi Dosen Perguruan Tinggi Batch-I Universitas

Syiah Kuala Tahun Anggaran 2015 : 035/SP2H/PL/Dit.Litabmas/II/2015 tanggal 5 Pebruari

2015


OBJECTIVE

The objective of this study is to analysis of life

cycle assessment of biodiesel production

using catalyst from Crude Palm Oil (CPO) in

Aceh Province


METHODOLOGY

Boundary of research

１．Goal and Scope Definition

cradle to gate for oil palm

land

preparationplanting harvesting palm oil

mills

biodiesel

plant 1 ton

BDF

kernel

CPOFFB

shell

empty fruit bunches

(EFB)

fibers

plant ready

to harvest

seedling

to be plantedse

ed

fertilizing

protection

fert

iliz

er

pes

tici

des

& h

erb

icid

es

emission

(Es)(Es) (Es) (Es) (Es)

(Es)

(Es)

(Es)

mass, energy

tra

ns

po

rta

tio

n (

T)

TT

T

T

mass, energy mass, energy

mass, energy

mass, energy mass, energy mass, energy mass, energy

Shell, EFB

The objective of LCA applications is to assess the life cycle from cradle

to gate of biodiesel production using CPO under catalytic process.

Overall, this research is expected to result: global warming potential,

acidification, eutrophication, waste landfill volume, energy consumption,

and energy ratio, the amount of emissions to air, water and soil.


METHODOLOGY

Research boundary

1. Land preparation

2. Seedling

3. Planting

4. Fertilizing

5. Protection

6. Harvesting

7. Palm oil mills

8. Biodiesel production


Life Cycle Impact Assesment (LCIA)

1. Environmental Impact

LCIA was conducted using the software released by MiLCA-JEMAI

ver.1.1.2.50

Point of interest for environmental impacts in this study :

1. Global warming potential (GWP), 100-year, IPCC,2007 (kg-CO2eq.)

2. Acidification, DAF, LIME 2006 (kg-SO2eq.)

3.Waste, landfill volume, LIME 2006 (m3)

4.Eutrophication, EPMC, LIME 2006 (kg-PO4eq.)

2. Energy consumption, NEB, NER, & RI

input

output

Energy

EnergyNERRatioEnergyNet )(

prosesoutput EnergiEnergiNEBBalanceEnergyNet )(

1)(Re

proses

renewable

Energi

EnergiRIIndexnewable


METHODOLOGY

1.Primary data

Data for oil palm plantation, harvesting and palm oil mills were collected

from PTPN 1 Lhoksukon-Aceh Timur, and private company national in

Aceh Province, i.e.: PT.SPS 1 and 2 in Nagan Raya, PT.Soxfindo in

Nagan Raya, PT.Kurnia Tanah Subur in Meulaboh, PT.PKS in Biureun,

and oil palm plantation from people, i.e.: Kabupaten Nagan Raya,

Kabupaten Aceh Barat, Kabupaten Aceh Timur, Kabupaten Biureun,

dan Kabupaten Lhokseumawe. So used data primer from PTPN VIII

Unit Kebun Kertajaya Lebak Banten Catalytic transesterification experiment was conducted in a facility owned

by Agency for Technology Assessment and Application of Indonesia

(Capacity = 1 ton BDF/day)

Electricity Indonesia data (Statistics PLN 2013)

2. Secondary data

Scientific journal, research report published by research institutions as

follow ; Syiah Kuala University, Bogor Agricultural University, Institute of

Technology Bandung, Indonesian Oil Palm Research Institute, private

company with core business in CPO and biodiesel processing

Data Source


Restrictions and the assumption of this research

1. The functional unit (FU) of this study is 1 ton of Bio Diesel

Fuel (BDF)

2. To produced 1 ton BDF from CPO required plantation area :

0.246 ha for oil palm.

3. Inluding transportation from seedling to plantation area and

from plantation to palm oil mills and from palm oil mills to

biodiesel plant.

4. Oil palm will start to produce at the age of 30 months, but the

production will be stable after 5 years.

5. Productivity of oil palm used in this research is 21 tonnes per

ha, eventhough the productivity range from 12 tonnes per ha

by farmers to 30 tonnes per ha by private plantation

Scenario 1



7. Life cycle of oil palm is about 25 years.

8. Calculation divided in two stages : before stable productivity

(1-5 years), after stable productivuty (6-25 years)

9. Palm oil mills assumed have implemanted methane capture

10. Excluding land use change

11. Calculation of methanol only for methanol that reacted with

the triglyceride

12. Impact evaluation was made and analyzed in 2 scenarios


• Scenario 1 : Using primary data from PTPN 1 Lhoksukon-

Aceh Timur, and private company national in Aceh Propince,

i.e.: PT.SPS 1 and 2 in Nagan Raya, PT.Soxfindo in Nagan

Raya, PT.Kurnia Tanah Subur in Meulaboh, PT.PKS in

Biureun, and oil palm plantation from people, , i.e.: Kabupaten

Nagan Raya, Kabupaten Aceh Barat, Kabupaten Aceh Timur,

Kabupaten Biureun, dan Kabupaten Lhoksemumawe. So used

data primer from PTPN VIII Unit Kebun Kertajaya Lebak

Banten

• Scenario 2 : The same data but the calculation was

conducted before stable production (1-5 years), and did not

calculate the transportation to transport material used from the

store to the location of the material used.



RESULT AND DISCUSSION : 2. Life Cycle Inventory (LCI)

A kind of a power plant and

a source of fuel Percentage (%)

Hydropower (PLTA) 7.23

Fossil fuel-HSD 22.46

Fossil fuel-IDO 0.03

Fossil fuel-MFO 6.83

Geothermal (PLTP) 2.44

Coal 38.5

Natural Gas 22.52%

Solar power plant 0.0005

GWP (per kWh) Acidification (per kWh) Waste (per kWh) Eutrophication (per kWh) Energy consumption (per kWh)

Urut

Jenis

PembangkitEutrophication

kg-PO4e Urut

Jenis

PembangkitEnergy

Consm.(MJ)

1 Coal 0.337 1 Fossil fuel-IDO 0.003 1 Hydropower 2.8E-06 1 Nuclear 3.9E-07 1 Geothermal 10.062

2 Fossil fuel-IDO 0.308 2 Natural gas 0.0004 2 Nuclear 2.2E-06 2 Geothermal 2.4E-07 2 Nuclear 7.535

3 Fossil fuel-HSD 0.287 3 Coal 0.0002 3 Geothermal 5.2E-08 3 Hydropower 5.40E-08 3 Hydropower 4.355

4 Fossil fuel-MFO 0.278 4 Fossil fuel-HSD 0.00016 4 Coal 1.2E-09 4 Coal 1.3E-10 4 Fossil fuel-IDO 3.993

5 Natural gas 0.186 5 Fossil fuel-MFO 0.00014 5 Fossil fuel-MFO 1.4E-10 5 Fossil fuel-MFO 1.21E-12 5 Fossil fuel-MFO 3.842

6 Nuclear 0.039 6 Nuclear 0.00013 6 Fossil fuel-IDO 1.3E-10 6 Fossil fuel-IDO 1.10E-12 6 Fossil fuel-HSD 3.743

7 Hydropower 0.007 7 Hydropower 0.00006 7 Fossil fuel-HSD 1.2E-10 7 Fossil fuel-HSD 1.03E-12 7 Coal 3.616

8 Geothermal 0.003 8 Geothermal 0.000005 8 Natural gas 0.0E+00 8 Natural gas 0.0E+00 8 Natural gas 3.545

A kind of a power plant and a

source of fuel Persentasi (%)

Hydropower (PLTA) 9.6

Coal 18.4

Fossil fuel 9.2

Natural gas 26.4

Nuclear 34.3

Others 2.1


Urut Eutrophication

kg-PO4e Urut

Jenis

PembangkitEnergy

Consm.(MJ)









A composition of electricity

Indonesia(Statistik PLN, 2013) A composition of electricity Japan

(Widiyanto et al. 2003)


Urut

Jenis

PembangkitGWP

kg-CO2e Urut

Jenis

PembangkitAcidification

kg-SO2e Urut

Jenis

Pembangkit

Waste

m3

Urut

Jenis

PembangkitEutrophication

kg-PO4e Urut

Jenis

PembangkitEnergy

Consm.(MJ)











Materials and energy used at each activity to produce 1 ton BDF

Oil palm land preparation uses

more pesticides, diesel fuel is used

for machinerry (tractor)

Oil palm seedlings takes longer

time (about 12 months), hence oil

palm need more materials and

energy

At this sub process of planting,

need a little chemical fertilizer to oil

palms. And there are number of

plants per hectare for oil palms is

136 trees

At this sub process of fertilizing :

need more the materials and

energy utilization for oil palms and

this is a fact of due to inheritance

nature of oil palms

Input

activities Input names Unit

Oil

Palm

Jatropha

curcas

Herbicide kg 0.861 0.624

Diesel fuel for toppling & clearing L 0.703 1.208

(2) Seedling Fungicides kg - 0.852

Insecticides kg 0.00018 0.0057

Chemical fertilizer Urea 0.2 % kg 0.00492 -

Organic fertilizer kg 8.367 9.377

Kieserite (MgSO4) kg 2.008 -

Urea kg 0.00007 -

Herbicide kg 0.974 -

Dolomite kg 2.949 -

Compound fertilizer kg 4.686 -

Electricity for Pump Water kWh 0.436 -

Pesticides kg 0.004 -

Transportation Diesel fuel for truck 5 ton L 1.004 1.189

(3) Planting TSP/SP36 kg 13.387 79.562

Organic fertilizer kg - 994.524

Rock Phosphate kg 22.887 -

KCl - 15.912

(4) Fertilizing Compound fertilizer kg 9.844 -

for five years Rock Phosphate kg 252.492 -

ZA/Urea kg 279.464 87.518

HGF Borate kg 3.347 -

TSP/SP36 kg 117.140 278.467

MOP (K)/KCl kg 245.995 95.474

Kieserit kg 184.078 -

HGF Borate kg 3.347 -

Organic fertilizer kg - 994.524

(1) Land

preparation



Materials and energy used at each activity to produce 1 ton BDF

At this sub process of protection

: need more the materials and

energy utilization for oil palms

At the stage of harvesting sub-

process, the transport energy

use for oil palms. The yield of oil

palms is abou 21 ton per hectars

per year

In the case of palm oil mills, need

more materials and energy

At the stage of biodesel

production sub-process, due to

high average value of free fatty

acids (FFA) on Crude Palm Oil, it

needs esterification stage before

trans-esterification. Consequently,

needs more materials and energy

Input

activities Input names Unit

Oil

Palm

Jatropha

curcas

(5) Protection Herbicide kg 56.317 -

for five years Insecticides (liquid & powder) kg 1.323 -

Pesticides kg 0.801 2.955

Diesel for power sprayer & fogging L 0.554 -

(6) Harvesting

Transportation Diesel fuel for truck 10 ton L 5.027 2.468Electricity kWh 34.39 14.833

Steam consumption kg 1325.40 -

Water consumption m3

3.968 -

PAC kg 0.125 -

Flokulon kg 0.00053 -

NaOH kg 0.107 -

H2SO4/HCl kg 0.109 -

Tanin Consentrate kg 0.045 -

Poly Perse BWT 302 kg 0.045 -

Alkaly BWT 402 kg 0.043 -

Shell consumption kg 133.862 -

Transportation Diesel fuel for truck 10 ton L 2.540 1.890

Methanol ton - 0.449

H2SO4 ton - 0.027

Esterification Electricity kWh - 1.285

Methanol ton 0.269 -

Electricity kWh 15.645 15.645

NaOH ton 0.080 0.080

Water consumption L 1700.68 1719.180

Diesel fuel for Boiler L 14.00 16.00

(7) Palm oil

mills vs Oil

extraction

(8) Biodiesel

production

Trans-

esterification


RESULT AND DISCUSSION : 3. Life Cycle Impact Assessment

Calculation for GWP of plants for the first 5 years of each sub-processes

The GWP value for LCA oil palms is higher at fertilizing sub-process and

biodiesel production stages both at scenario 1 and scenario 2

The most significant environmental impact based on GWP value is caused

by fertilizing and biodiesel production stages for scenario 1 and scenario 2

11.2 15.7

23.5

902.9

393.4

31.7

588.3

602.1

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

Global Warming Potential

100-year GWP (IPCC,2007) of Palm Oil

Land

preparation

Seedling

Planting

Fertilizing

Protection

Harvesting

Palm oil

mills

Biodiesel

production

kg

-CO

2eq

./to

nB

DF

Scenario 1

Scenario 2

15.52 29.14 11.71

1,408

159.35

1.7394.39

580.40

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

GHG Emission

Land

preparation

Seedling

Planting

Fertilizing

Protection

Harvesting

Palm oil mills

Biodiesel

production

kg

-CO

2e

q./to

nB

DF


On Scenario 1 The percentage of fertilizing sub-process

and biodiesel production are 35.15% and

23.44%,respectively

On Scenario 2 The percentage of fertilizing sub-process

and biodiesel production are 61.21% and

25.23%,respectively

On Scenario 1 The percentation of proportion of each stage

including pre-harvest, harvest and post-harvest is 52.42 %,

1.23 %, and 46.34 %, respectively

On Scenario 2 The percentation of proportion of each stage

including pre-harvest, harvest and post-harvest is 70.59 %,

0.08 %, and 29.34 %, respectively

RESULT AND DISCUSSION : 3. Life Cycle Impact Assessment


before stable productivity : the average of GWP emission for oil palm is

2575.48 kg-CO2eq./ton-BDF_CPO (Scenario 1)

before stable productivity : the average of GWP emission for oil palm is


after stable productivity : the average of GWP emission for oil palm is


after stable productivity : the average of GWP emission for oil palm is


The declining trend also occurred in acidification, eutrophication and

energy consumption

3. LIFE CYCLE IMPACT ASSESSMENT

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

18000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

kg-C

O2

e/t

on

BD

F

Year of

GWP, 100-year GWP(IPCC, 2007)


0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

m3

/to

n B

DF

Year of

Waste,landfill volume(LIME,2006)

Palm oil Jatropha curcas

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.001

0.001

0.001

0.001

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

kg

-PO

4e

/to

n B

DF

Year of

Eutropication, EPMC(LIME,2006)


0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

140000

160000

180000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

MJ/

ton

BD

F

Year of

Energy consumption,HHV(fossil fuel)


0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

kg

-SO

2e

/to

n B

DF

Year of

Acidification, DAF(LIME,2006)


3. LIFE CYCLE IMPACT ASSESSMENT (Scenario 1) Presented at Workshop on Life Cycle Assessment Research in Indonesia, Puspiptek-Serpong, 24-25 November 2015. Available in http://www.ilcan.or.id Copyright @ the respective author(s).

• The emission reduction in CO2eq. emissions is higher

at stable productivity due to lower input energy and

mass which only used for maintenance, fertilizing and

harvesting. The sub-processes of land preparation,

seedling, and planting are not carried out in this phase

• On scenario 1 The combination values of

CO2eq.emission before and after stable production for

biodiesel fuel from crude palm oil (BDF-CPO) is 37.83

%.

• On scenario 2 The combination values of CO2eq.

emission before and after stable production for crude

palm oil (BDF-CPO) is 49.96 %.

3. LIFE CYCLE IMPACT ASSESSMENT

CO2eq. emission reduction vs conventional diesel fuel


COMPARISON OF EMISSION AND ENERGY FOR BIODIESEL

PRODUCTION FROM OIL PALM (Elaeis guineensis) AND

JATROPHA CURCAS (Jatropha curcas L.) BASED ON LIFE

CYCLE ASSESSMENT (LCA) IN INDONESIA

Advisory Committee :

Prof.Dr.Ir.Armansyah H.Tambunan Dr.Ir.Abdul K. Irwanto,M.Sc Dr.Ir.Soni S. Wirawan,M.Eng

Dr.Tetsuya Araki

The external assessor :

Dr.Ir.Prastowo,M.Eng Dr.Ir.Dadan Kusdiana,M.Sc

by :

Kiman Siregar_F164090031

Doctoral Student of Agricultural Engineering Science

@Open Examination of The Graduate School-IPB, Bogor, Sept 09 2013


ENERGY ANALYSIS

renewablefosilproses EnergyEnergyEnergy

input

output

Energy

EnergyNERRatioEnergyNet )(

NEB, NER, RI

outputprocessinput EnergyEnergyEnergy

21 E

NaOHMeOH

E

CPO

E

input EnergyEnergyEnergyEnergy

in

CPOinput EnergyEnergy

residualoutEettoutout

residualMeOHglyerol

E

biodiesel

E

output EnergyEnergyEnergyEnergy

_arg_

_

olglycerbiodieseloutput EnergyEnergyEnergy

thermalmechanicalyelectricitfossilnonfossilpr EnergyEnergyEnergyEnergyEnergyE

1)(Re

process

renewable

Energy

EnergyRIIndexnewable

processoutput EnergyEnergyNEBBalanceEnergyNet )(


ENERGY ANALYSIS : NEB, NER, RI

-300000

-250000

-200000

-150000

-100000

-50000

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

MJ/

ton

BD

F

Year of

Net Energy Balance (NEB)

Oil palm Jatropha curcas

0.150

0.200

0.250

0.300

0.350

0.400

0.450

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

MJ/

ton

BD

F

Year of

Renewable Index (RI)


1.0400

1.0405

1.0410

1.0415

1.0420

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

MJ/

ton

BD

F

Year of

Net Energy Ratio (NER)



Energy Analysis of NEB, NER, RI for Scenario 4

• NER value for oil palm and Jatropha curcas i.e. 1.041 and 1.042, respectively. It

turns that NER value appears to have constant value due to increased output

value will increase the input value, although the NER value can reach higher

value if the produced biomass energy is calculated as output energy.

• The NER value of oil palm and Jathropa curcas is 2.97 and 1.98, respectively for

Scenario 2. NER value of oil palm is higher as its produced biomass is higher

than Jatropha curcas.

Energy

parameter

Scenario 2 Scenario 3 Scenario 4

Oil palm Jatropha

curcas

Oil palm Jatropha

curcas

Oil palm Jatropha

curcas

NEB 408750.58 365350.47 146948.08 39334.79 155041.89 42649.83

NER 2’97 1.98 1.041 1.042 1.041 1.042

RI 0.80 0.41 0.162 0.270 0.06 0.116 0.45 0.74

Sources NER

BDF-CPO BDF-CJCO BDF-Rapeseed

Lam et al. (2009) 2.27 1.92

Yee et al. (2009) 3.53 1.44


Emission Reduction of CO2eq. Biodiesel vs Diesel Fossil

For Scenario 3 after stable productivity before stable productivity

Total life

cycle

3.400

2.575

3.058

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

Fuel source

CO2 emissions reduction value of the fossil fuelBefore stable productivity

Diesel oil BDF-Palm oil BDF-Jatropha curcas

kg

-CO

2/k

g

24.251 % reduction

10.07 % reduction 3.400

1.512

0.381

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

Fuel source

CO2 emissions reduction value of the fossil fuelAfter stable productivity


kg

-CO

2/k

g

55.531 % menurun

88.81 % menurun

3.400

1.725

0.916

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

Fuel source

CO2 emissions reduction value of the fossil fueltotal productivity


kg

-CO

2/k

g

49.27 % reduction

73.06 % reduction

Sheehan et al. (1998) : BDF-

soybean can reduce CO2eq. of

emission = 78.45% (B100), dan

15.66% (B20) vs fossil fuel

US EPA NODA palm oil

biodiesel = 17%

EU-RED palm oil biodiesel =

19%


INTERPRETATION

Conclusion-Recomendation

Conclusion

The utilization of agro-chemical in form of fertilizer and plant protection generate

significant contribution to environmental impact of biodiesel production from CPO ,

which is 50.46 % for scenario 1 and 68.14 % for scenario 2.

The characteristics of GHG emission value before stable productivity is 2568.82

kg-CO2eq./ton-BDF-CPO for scenario 1 and 2300.24 kg-CO2eq./ton-BDF-CPO for

scenario 2.

The GWP at the stable production is 1658.50 kg-CO2eq./ton-BDF_CPO and

1711.96 kg CO2eq.-/ton-BDF-CJCO for scenario 1 and scenario 2,

respectively.

Reduction in emission of CO2eq. when compared to diesel oil is 37.83 % for

Scenario 1 and 49.96% for Scenario 2.

Recomendation

Utilization of organic fertilizer is recommended instead of chemical fertilizer


ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This research was supported by DGHE, Ministry of Education

and Culture of Indonesia, under Fundamental Research

Scheme with Syiah Kuala University

(No.035/SP2H/PL/Dit.Litabmas/II/2015, 15 February 2015).

Thank you very much to Prof.Dr.Ir.Armansyah

H.Tambunan,M.Agr, Dr.Ir.Abdul Kohar,M.Sc, Dr.Ir.Soni

Solistia Wirawan,M.Ec, and Prof.Tetsuya Araki,Ph.D


Thank you for your attention...

Contact person :

Dr.Kiman Siregar

Agricultural Engineering Department of Syiah Kuala University

E-mail : [email protected]

Mobile phone :+628128395848

[email protected]; cell : 0812-8395848




life cycle ghg emission and energy consumption of ... · 4mechanical and biosystem of dept., bogor...

Documents