Life in the Cities

IndustrialismMainly starts in England during this time.

why? France focuses on finer goods and farming Germany lacks unity, but has lots of resources Belgium and US become big industrial countries

Inventions Railroads and canals Iron and steel Crystal Palace will be built to symbolize English

technology and progress Factories will be developed and factory cities will

become huge

Population & EconomicsThomas Mathis- wrote ‘Essay on Human

Population’ David Ricardo- wrote ‘Iron Law of Wages’ Population-

In England, within 100 years (1750-1850) population will increase from 10 to 30 million people, mainly in industrial cities like Manchester (20.000-500.000)

Working class miseriesWork faster for longer hours, 14-16

hours @ $5 a dayWomen and children (cheap labor)Engels’ Condition of the Working Class

in England class conflict middle class (business owners) =

murderers and thieves

Social class shiftsUpper middle class (factory owners)

merge with existing aristocracy New money joins the old money

New “labor aristocracy” is formed Skilled workers Supervisors or foremen Represent the “upper working class”

Women New opportunities outside the home No professional careers

Improvements begin about 1820More good “stuff”, less bad

cheaper goods available improved diets laws restrict hours for women, children

Reform Act of 1832 & Factory Act of 1833- Improved representation and helped improve child labor

Railroads changed many aspects of social life did not change class divisions

“Taming the City”Rural vs. Urban livingNew developments improve life for

city dwellers Modern sewer systems Public transportation Widened streets (less crowding) Sanitary Condition of Laboring

Population (1848)- Must improve sewage system

The New ParisNapoleon III believed wider streets

and better design would Allow control of rebellious crowds Improve city life Glorify France Increase economy and employment

“Taming the City”New developments improve life for

city dwellers Louis Pasteur

“Germ” theory Joseph Lister

Sterilization techniques Edwin Chadwick

Death and disease from poor living conditions caused poverty in cities

Organization of laborCombination Acts (1799)

Outlawed unions Repealed 1824

Robert Owen – wealthy but concerned (socialist!) Built “utopia” factory town in Scotland Less use of children Advocated large unions Provided benefits Paid high wages

Chartists – universal male suffrage

SocialismEarly 1800’s starts in France & EnglandUtopian Socialist- Ideal society

Economy shapes history and culture Class struggles haves vs. have nots capitalism

exploits workers Inevitability of a revolution working class will

revolt in bad times Surplus Value (Profits) difference between wage

and price of goods. Contributes to class struggle

Retreat from Laissez FaireEARLY SOCIALISTS Jeremy Bentham- (1748-1832) wrote

‘’Principles of Morals and Legislation’. happiness is the presence of pleasure and absence

of pain. Gov’t should assure happiness for most people by creating a welfare state.

John Stuart Mill- (1806-73) said gov’t should have some control on economy. Labor unions are good to protect workers…also discussed redistribution of wealth

SocialismSocialismGENERAL FEELINGS…Called for state ownership of private

production to protect interest of all peopleTeach people to cooperate, not being

competitiveDIFFERENCE:Robert Owen- In Scotland, was successful

w/o exploiting workersLouis Blanc- In France, wrote Organization

of Work that said use competition to eliminate competition….!?!?!?!?!?!?!?!

Blanc’s steps to SocialismCreate a French republic with universal

suffrage & a workers political partyNationalize trainsCreate social workshops Bankrupt factories taken over by state

‘…from each according to his abilities, to each according to needs.’

MarxismKarl Marx & Friedrich Engles- wrote

Communist Manifesto (1848) about ‘scientific socialism’

Workers should rebelProfit is the theft of the workersProletariat should unite against the

aristocrats and bourgeoisieReligion is the ‘opium for the masses’Das Kapital- criticize capitalism

Socialist ism’sSocialist ism’sRevisionism- socialism through democratic

reformsAnarchism- called for the destruction of the

state with use of violence and assassinations Leaders of Italy, Russia, Austria, France and United

States were assassinated by them

Christian Socialism- reforms due to ‘brotherly love’