Life is CellularSPI.1.1 Identify the cellular

organelles associated with major cell processes.

 SPI.1.2 Distinguish between

prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

The Cell Theory• All living things are composed of cells• Cells are the basic units of structure

& function in living things• New cells are produced from existing

cells

Prokaryotic Vs. Eukaryotic

• Prokaryotic– No Nucleus– No

Membrane Covered Organelles

– Circular DNA

• Eukaryotic–Nucleus–Membrane

covered organelles

–Linear DNA

Prokaryotic Cell

Eukaryotic Cell

Two Types of Eukaryotic Cells• Animal

–Cell membrane

–Mitochondria–Small to no

vacuole

• Plant–Cell wall &

membrane –Chloroplast &

Mitochondria–Large

Vacuole

Eukaryotic Components• Cell Membrane (& Cell Wall)• Nucleus• Ribosomes• Endoplasmic Reticulum • Mitochondria (& Chloroplast)• Golgi Complex• Vesicle• Vacuole• Lysosome

Cell Membrane• Made of phospholipids

–Hydrophobic vs. Hydrophilic

Cell Membrane• Functions:

–Keep in cytoplasm–Allow in nutrients–Excrete waste

Cell Wall• Found in plants and algae• Made of cellulose

–Carb

Cell Wall• Functions

–Strength–Support

• Prevents the tearing of thecell membrane

Nucleus • Functions:

–Control center–Stores genetic info–Instructs protein synthesis

• Contains DNA• Contains Nucleolus

–Make ribosomes

Ribosomes• Makes proteins

–Proteins = amino acids• Smallest organelle• No membrane

–Made of RNA

Cytoskeleton• Network of filaments & tubes that

cross in the cytosol• Functions

–Give shape (tent)–Tracks to move items

Endoplasmic Reticulum• AKA – ER• Functions as the

intracellular highway• Two types

–Rough ER–Smooth ER

Rough ER• Flattened sacs covered with ribosomes• Produces:

–Phospholipids–Proteins

• Most abundant: –Digestive–Antibody producing

Smooth ER• No ribosomes on surface • Less than rough ER• Functions

–Produces estrogen & testosterone–Detoxifies in liver & kidney

Chloroplast • Plants and algae• Contains chlorophyll

–Traps sunlight

• Performs photosynthesis

Mitochondria• Where most of the ATP is produced

–Produced in the inner membrane–ATP= energy–Needs oxygen

Endosymbiotic Theory• Mitochondria & chloroplast originated from a

symbiotic relationship b/t prokaryotic & eukaryotic cells

• Prokaryotic cells

–Mitochondria = aerobic bacteria–Chloroplast = cyanobacteria

Endosymbiotic Theory• Evidence

–Own DNA–Double membrane–Binary Fission (independent)–Size–Own ribosomes

Golgi Apparatus• Process and ships out proteins & other

materials out of the cell• Close to cell membrane• Modify the ER products

–Add carb labels =

direction to other cells

Lysosomes • Special vesicles that contain enzymes• Originate from Golgi• Functions

–Break down carbs, lipids, & proteins from food

–Destroy worn out organelles–Rid cell of waste

Vacuoles • Store water for the cell• Large in plant cells

–Supports the cell• Wilting

Movement Through Membranes

SPI.1.7 Predict the movement of water and other molecules across selectively permeable

membranes. 

SPI.1.8 Compare and contrast active and passive transport

Cell Membrane• Lipid Bilayer

–phospholipids• Protein channels

–Allows molecules to pass

• Carbohydrate chains–Cell to cell recognition

Selectively Permeable • Selective = picky

• Permeable = allows things to pass through

Selectively Permeable

Solutions• A homogenous mixture in a liquid form• Mixture = solute + solvent• Solute – dissolved particles• Solvent – dissolving liquid

–Usually water

• Solutions are formed by diffusion

Solutions

Solutes

Solvent Solution

The Formation of a Sugar-Water Solution

Concentrations__Mass of Solute__Volume of Solution

Concentration of Solution

=

Example: If you dissolve 12 grams of salt in 3 liters of water, what is the concentration?

4 g/L

Movement Across Membranes

• Passive – NO energy required– Diffusion – Osmosis– Facilitated diffusion– Ion Channels

• Active – Energy Required– Pumps– Endocytosis– Exocytosis

Diffusion• Movement of particles across

membranes• Move by concentration gradient• High conc. Low conc.• No energy required• Goal = Equilibrium• Rate determined by steepness of

gradient

Diffusion Demonstration• Dialysis tubing = selectively

permeable membrane• Phenolthalien - Indicator

– Base – pink

• Iodine – indicator –Starch - black

Osmosis• The diffusion of water across a membrane• Movement determined by solute

concentrations– Hypotonic– Hypertonic– Isotonic

Hypotonic Solutions• LOWER concentration of solutes

Hypertonic Solutions• HIGHER concentration of solutes

Isotonic Solutions• Equal concentrations of solutes

Water Movement (Osmosis)–Water moves from hypotonic to

hypertonic solution–Isotonic water moves both ways

Effects of Osmosis

Osmosis in Blood Cells

Facilitated Diffusion• Movement of specific molecules

across the cell membrane by protein channels

• No energy required• Moved by concentration

gradients• Ex: Glucose

Active Transport• Movement of particles through proteins

against the normal direction of diffusion• Lower conc. higher conc.

Ion Pumps• Similar to channels but move AGAINST the conc. gradient

• Na-/K+ pumps– 3 Na- ions (inside) bind to carrier protein– ATP opens protein by changing channel shape– Na- released to outside and 2 K+ (outside) bind– Protein resumes its original shape – releasing K+

into cell

Endocytosis• Cells surround a particle and

encloses it in a vesicle to bring it into the cell

Exocytosis • Vesicles formed in the ER or Golgi

complex carry particles out of the cell by fusing membranes

Organization of LifeChapter 7Section 4

Unicellular Organisms• Single celled organism• Prokaryotes

–Bacteria

• Eukaryotes–Yeast

• Colonial–Volvox

Multicellular Organisms• Organisms composed of many cells• Cells work as groups for specialized

functions

Specialized Cells • They will have specialized functions• Examples

–Bone–Blood–Skin

Organization • Cell• Tissues • Organs• Organ Systems• Organism

Tissues • Examples

Organs• Animal

–Stomach

• Plants –Roots

Organ Systems• Failure of one part can affect the

others in the system• Digestive

Organism • Unicellular • Multicellular

After Organisms?• Populations• Communities • Ecosystem