life of rizal (english)

8/8/2019 Life of Rizal (English)

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos_Rizal

Jos RizalFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jos Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda

Jos Rizal, the national hero of the Philippines.

Date of birth: June 19, 1861

Place of birth: Calamba,Laguna,Philippines

Date of death: December 30, 1896 (aged 35)

Place of death: Bagumbayan (now Rizal Park),Manila,Philippines

Major

organizations:

La Solidaridad,La Liga Filipina

Major

monuments:

Rizal Park, Manila

Alma mater: Ateneo Municipal de Manila,University of SantoTomas,Universidad Central de Madrid,University of

Paris,Ruprecht Karl University of Heidelberg

Dr. Jos Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda [1] (June 19, 1861 December 30, 1896,

Bagumbayan), was a Filipinopolymath, nationalist and the most prominent advocate for reforms in

the Philippines during the Spanish colonial era. He is considered anational hero of the Philippines,
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[2] and the anniversary of Rizal's death is commemorated as a Philippine holiday called Rizal Day.

Rizal's 1896 military trial andexecution made him a martyrof the Philippine Revolution.

The seventh of eleven children born to a wealthy family in the town ofCalamba, Laguna, Rizal

attended theAteneo Municipal de Manila, earning a Bachelor of Arts. He enrolled in Medicine and

Philosophy and Letters at the University of Santo Tomas and then traveled alone toMadrid,Spain,

where he continued his studies at theUniversidad Central de Madrid, earning the degree ofLicentiate

in Medicine. He attended theUniversity of Paris and earned a second doctorate at theUniversity of

Heidelberg. Rizal was apolyglotconversant in at least ten languages. [3][4][5][6]He was a prolific poet,

essayist, diarist, correspondent, and novelist whose most famous works were his two novels,Noli me

TangereandEl filibusterismo.[7] These are social commentaries on the Philippines that formed the

nucleus of literature that inspired dissent among peaceful reformists and spurred the militancy of

armed revolutionaries against the Spanish colonial authorities.

As a political figure, Jose Rizal was the founder ofLa Liga Filipina, a civic organization that

subsequently gave birth to theKatipunan[8] led byAndrs Bonifacio andEmilio Aguinaldo. He was a

proponent of institutional reforms by peaceful means rather than by violent revolution. The general

consensus among Rizal scholars, however, attributed his martyred death as the catalyst that

precipitated thePhilippine Revolution.

Contents

[hide]

1 Family

2 Education

3 Rizal's romantic attachments

4 Writings of Rizal

5 Persecutions

6 Exile in Dapitan

7 Last days

8 Execution

9 Aftermath

o 9.1 Retraction controversy

o 9.2 "Mi ltimo adis"

o 9.3 Josephine Bracken

o 9.4 Camilo de Polavieja
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te_note-Laubach-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_note-4%23cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_note-5%23cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noli_Me_Tangere_(novel)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noli_Me_Tangere_(novel)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_filibusterismohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_note-6%23cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_figurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Liga_Filipinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katipunanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_note-7%23cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifaciohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#%23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#Family%23Familyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#Education%23Educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#Rizal.27s_romantic_attachments%23Rizal.27s_romantic_attachmentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#Writings_of_Rizal%23Writings_of_Rizalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#Persecutions%23Persecutionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#Exile_in_Dapitan%23Exile_in_Dapitanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#Last_days%23Last_dayshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#Execution%23Executionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#Aftermath%23Aftermathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#Retraction_controversy%23Retraction_controversyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#.22Mi_.C3.BAltimo_adi.C3.B3s.22%23.22Mi_.C3.BAltimo_adi.C3.B3s.22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#Josephine_Bracken%23Josephine_Brackenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#Camilo_de_Polavieja%23Camilo_de_Polavieja


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10 Criticism

11 Legacy

o 11.1 Rizal in popular culture

12 See also

13 References

14 Further reading

15 External links

[edit]Family

Francisco Engracio Mercado II (18181898)

Jos Rizal's parents, Francisco Engracio Rizal Mercado y Alejandro (18181898)[9]and Teodora

Morales Alonzo Realonda y Quintos (18261911), [9] were prosperous farmers who were granted lease

of ahacienda and an accompanying rice farm by theDominicans. Rizal was the seventh child of their

eleven children namely: Saturnina (Neneng) (18501913),Paciano (18511930), Narcisa (Sisa)

(18521939), Olympia (Ypia) (18551887), Lucia (18571919), Mara (Biang) (18591945), Jos

Protasio (18611896), Concepcion (18621865), Josefa (Panggoy) (18651945), Trinidad (1868

1951) and Soledad (Concha)(18701929).

Rizal was a 5th-generation patrilineal descendant of Domingo Lam-co (Chinese:; pinyin: Ke

Yinan), a Chinese immigrant entrepreneur who sailed to the Philippines from Jinjiang, Quanzhou in the

mid-17th century.[10] Lam-co married Inez de la Rosa, aSangley native of Luzon. To free his

descendants from the Sinophobic animosity of the Spanish authorities, Lam-co changed the surname

to the Spanish "Mercado" (market) to indicate their Chinese merchant roots. In 1849, Governor-

General Narciso Claveria ordered all native families in the Philippines to choose new surnames from

a list of Spanish family names. Jos's father Francisco[9]adopted the surname "Rizal" (originally
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Ricial, the green of young growth orgreen fields), which was suggested to him by a provincial

governor, or as Jos had described him, "a friend of the family". However, the name change caused

confusion in the business affairs of Francisco, most of which were begun under the old name. After a

few years, he settled on the name "Rizal Mercado" as a compromise, but usually just used the original

surname "Mercado". Upon enrolling at the Ateneo Municipal de Manila, Jos dropped the last three

names that make up his full name, at the advice of his brother,Paciano Rizal Mercado, and the Rizal

Mercado family, thus rendering his name as "Jos Protasio Rizal". Of this, Rizal writes:"My family

never paid much attention [to our second surname Rizal], but now I had to use it, thus giving me the

appearance of an illegitimate child!"[11]This was to enable him to travel freely and disassociate him from

his brother, who had gained notoriety with his earlier links with native priests who were sentenced to

death as subversives. From early childhood, Jos and Paciano were already advancing unheard-of

political ideas of freedom and individual rights which infuriated the authorities.[12][13] Despite the name

change, Jos, as "Rizal" soon distinguishes himself in poetry writing contests, impressing hisprofessors with his facility with Castilian and other foreign languages, and later, in writing essays that

are critical of the Spanish historical accounts of the pre-colonial Philippine societies. Indeed, by 1891,

the year he finished hissunset, this second surname had become so well known that, as he writes to

another friend, "All my family now carry the name Rizal instead of Mercado because the name Rizal

means persecution! Good! I too want to join them and be worthy of this family name..."[11] Jos became

the focal point by which the family became known, at least from the point of view of colonial

authorities.

Aside from Chinese ancestry, recent genealogical research has found that Jos had traces ofSpanish,

andJapanese ancestry. His maternal great-great-grandfather (Teodora's great-grandfather) was

Eugenio Ursua, a descendant of Japanese settlers, who married a Filipina named Benigna (surname

unknown). They gave birth to Regina Ursua who married a Tagalog Sangley mestizo from Pangasinn

named Manuel de Quintos, Teodora's grandfather. Their daughter Brgida de Quintos married a

Spanish mestizo named Lorenzo Alberto Alonso, the father of Teodora. Austin Craig mentions

Lakandula, Rajah ofTondo at the time of the Spanish incursion, as an ancestor.

[edit]Education
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Rizal as a student at the University of Santo Tomas.

Rizal first studied under the tutelage of Justiniano Aquino Cruz in Bian, Laguna. He was sent

toManila and enrolled at theAteneo Municipal de Manila. He graduated as one of the nine students in

his class declared sobresaliente or outstanding. He continued his education at the Ateneo Municipal

de Manila to obtain a land surveyor and assessor's degree, and at the same time at the University of

Santo Tomas Faculty of Arts and Letters where he studied Philosophy and Letters. Upon learning that

his mother was going blind, he decided to study medicine specializing inophthalmology at

theUniversity of Santo Tomas Faculty of Medicine and Surgerybut did not complete the program

claiming discrimination made by the Spanish Dominicanfriars against the native students.[14]

Rizal, 11 years old, a student at the Ateneo Municipal de Manila.
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Without his parents' knowledge and consent, but secretly supported by his brotherPaciano, he

traveled alone to Europe:Madridin May 1882 and studied medicine at the Universidad Central de

Madrid where he earned the degree, Licentiate in Medicine. His education continued at theUniversity

of Parisand theUniversity of Heidelberg where he earned a second doctorate. In Berlin he was

inducted as a member of the Berlin Ethnological Society and the Berlin Anthropological Society under

the patronage of the famouspathologistRudolf Virchow. Following custom, he delivered an address in

German in April 1887 before the anthropological society on the orthography and structure of

the Tagalog language. He leftHeidelberga poem, "A las flores del Heidelberg," which was both an

evocation and a prayer for the welfare of his native land and the unification of common values between

East and West.

At Heidelberg, the 25-year-old Rizal, completed in 1887 his eye specialization under the renowned

professor, Otto Becker. There he used the newly inventedophthalmoscope(invented byHermann von

Helmholtz) to later operate on his own mother's eye. From Heidelberg, Rizal wrote his parents: I

spend half of the day in the study of German and the other half, in the diseases of the eye. Twice a

week, I go to the bierbrauerie, or beerhall, to speak German with my student friends. He lived in a

Karlstrae boarding house then moved to Ludwigsplatz. There, he met Reverend Karl Ullmer and

stayed with them in Wilhelmsfeld, where he wrote the last few chapters of "Noli Me Tangere".

A plaque marks the Heidelberg building where he trained with Professor Becker, while in Wilhemsfeld,

a smaller version of the Rizal Parkwith his bronze statue stands and the street where he lived was

also renamed after him. Asandstonefountain in Pastor Ullmers house garden where Rizal lived

inWilhelmsfeld, stands.[15]

Rizal's multifacetedness was described by his German friend, Dr.Adolf Meyer, as "stupendous."[16]

[17] Documented studies show him to be apolymathwith the ability to master various skills and subjects.

[3][4][16]He was anophthalmologist,sculptor, painter,educator,farmer,historian, playwright

andjournalist. Besidespoetry and creative writing, he dabbled, with varying degrees of expertise,

in architecture, cartography,economics,ethnology,anthropology,sociology,dramatics,martial

arts, fencing and pistol shooting. He was also aFreemason, joining Acacia Lodge No. 9 during his

time in Spain and becoming a Master Mason in 1884.[18]

[edit]Rizal's romantic attachments
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g/wiki/Ophthalmoscopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelmsfeldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noli_Me_Tangere_(novel)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rizal_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandstonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelmsfeldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_note-14%23cite_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Bernard_Meyerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_note-joserizal1-15%23cite_note-joserizal1-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_note-16%23cite_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_note-Craig-2%23cite_note-Craig-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_note-Laubach-3%23cite_note-Laubach-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_note-joserizal1-15%23cite_note-joserizal1-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophthalmologisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sculptorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paintinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_writinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramaticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_artshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_artshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pistol_shootinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freemasonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_note-17%23cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Rizal&action=edit&section=3


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Business Card shows Dr. Jose Rizal is an Ophthalmologist in Hong Kong

Hong Kong Government erected a plaque beside Dr. Jose Rizal residence in Hong Kong

Rizal's life is one of the most documented of the 19th centurydue to the vast and extensive records

written by and about him.[19]Most everything in his short life is recorded somewhere, being himself a

regular diarist and prolific letter writer, much of these material having survived. His biographers,

however, have faced the difficulty of translating his writings because of Rizal's habit of switching from

one language to another. They drew largely from his travel diaries with their insights of a young Asian

encountering the west for the first time. They included his later trips, home and back again

toEuropethrough Japan and the United States, and, finally, through his self-imposed exilein Hong

Kong. During December,1891to June,1892, Dr. Jos Rizal lived with hisfamily in Number2 of

Rednaxela Terrace, 5 D'Aguilar Street, Central district, Hong Kong island, thishousewas also used as

his ophthalmologistclinic from 2 p.m. to 6 p.m.. This period of his education and his frenetic pursuit of

life included his recorded affections. Historians write of Rizal's "dozen women", even if only nine were

identified. They were Gertrude Becket of Chalcot Crescent (London), wealthy and high-minded Nelly

Boustead of the English andIberian merchant family, last descendant of a noble Japanese family Usui

Seiko, his earlier friendship with Segunda Katigbak and eight-year romantic relationship with his first

cousin, Leonor Rivera. The others were: Leonor Valenzuela (Filipina), Consuelo Ortiga y Rey

(Spanish), Suzanna Jacoby (Belgian),and Josephine Bracken (Irish).

His European friends kept almost everything he gave them, including doodlings on pieces of paper. In

the home of a Spanish liberal, Pedro Ortiga y Prez, he left an impression that was to be remembered

by his daughter, Consuelo. In her diary, she wrote of a day Rizal spent there and regaled them with his

wit, social graces, and sleight-of-hand tricks. In London, during his research on Morga's writings, he

became a regular guest in the home of Dr. Reinhold Rost of theBritish Museum who referred to him as

"a gem of a man."[19][20] The family of Karl Ullmer, pastor ofWilhelmsfeld, and the Blumentritts saved

even buttonholes and napkins with sketches and notes. They were ultimately bequeathed to the Rizal

family to form a treasure trove of memorabilia.
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In 1890, Rizal, 29, leftParisforBrussels as he was preparing for the publication of his annotations

ofAntonio de Morgas Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas. There, he lived in the boarding house of the two

Jacoby sisters, Catherina and Suzanna who had a niece also named Suzanna ("Thill"), 16.

Historian Gregorio F. Zaide states that Rizal had his romance with Suzanne Jacoby, 45, the petite

niece of his landladies. Belgian Pros Slachmuylders, however, believed that Rizal had a romance with

the niece, Suzanna Thill, in 1890. Rizal's Brussels' stay was short-lived, as he moved to Madrid,

leaving the young Suzanna a box of chocolates. Suzanne replied in French: After your departure, I did

not take the chocolate. The box is still intact as on the day of your parting. Dont delay too long writing

us because I wear out the soles of my shoes for running to the mailbox to see if there is a letter from

you. There will never be any home in which you are so loved as in that in Brussels, so, you little bad

boy, hurry up and come back (Oct. 1, 1890 letter). Slachmuylders group in 2007 unveiled a

historical marker commemorating Rizals stay in Brusells in 1890.[21]

[edit]Writings of Rizal

Rizal's sculpture The Triumph of Science over Death

Jos Rizal's most famous works were his two novels, Noli me Tangere and El Filibusterismo. These

writings angered both the Spaniards and the hispanicized Filipinos due to their insulting symbolism. He

made the Triumph of science over death and give the sculpture to Ferdinand Blumentritt. He made this

sculpture for the sake of Filipino women. He gave this sculpture to Blumentritt to show how Filipino

women were abused by the Spaniards. They are highly critical of Spanish friars and the atrocities

committed in the name of the Church. Rizal's first critic was Ferdinand Blumentritt, a Czech professor

and historian whose first reaction was of misgiving. Blumentritt was the grandson of the Imperial

Treasurer atVienna in the formerAustro-Hungarian Empire and a staunch defender of the Catholic

faith. This did not dissuade him however from writing the preface ofEl filibusterismo after he had

translated Noli me Tangere into German. Noliwas published inBerlin(1887) and FiliinGhent(1891)

with funds borrowed largely from Rizal's friends. As Blumentritt had warned, these led to Rizal's

prosecution as the inciter of revolution and eventually, to a military trial and execution. The intended
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consequence of teaching the natives where they stood brought about an adverse reaction, as

the Philippine Revolution of 1896 took off virulently thereafter. As leader of the reform movement of

Filipino students in Spain, he contributed essays,allegories,poems, andeditorialsto the Spanish

newspaperLa Solidaridad inBarcelona. The core of his writings centers on liberal and progressive

ideas of individual rights and freedom; specifically, rights for the Filipino people. He shared the same

sentiments with members of the movement: that the Philippines is battling, in Rizal's own words, "a

double-faced Goliath"--corrupt friars and bad government. His commentaries reiterate the following

agenda:[22]

Leaders of the reform movement in Spain: L-R: Rizal, del Pilar, and Ponce

That the Philippines be a province of Spain

Representation in the Cortes

Filipino priests instead of Spanish friars--Augustinians,Dominicans, and Franciscans--in

parishes and remote sitios

Freedom of assembly and speech

Equal rights before the law (for both Filipino and Spanish plaintiffs)

The colonial authorities in the Philippines did not favor these reforms even if they were more openly

endorsed by Spanish intellectuals like Morayta, Unamuno,Pi y Margall, and others.

Upon his return to Manila in 1892, he formed a civic movement called La Liga Filipina. The league

advocated these moderate social reforms through legal means, but was disbanded by the governor. At

that time, he had already been declared an enemy of the state by the Spanish authorities because of

the publication of his novel.
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[edit]Persecutions

Wenceslao Retana, a political commentator in Spain, had slighted Rizal by a reference to his parents

and promptly apologized after being challenged to a duel. Aware that Rizal was a better swordsman,

he issued an apology, became an admirer, and wrote Rizal's first European biography.

[23]

The painfulmemories of his mother's treatment (when he was ten) at the hands of the civil authorities explain his

reaction to Retana. The incident stemmed from an accusation that Rizal's mother, Teodora, tried to

poison the wife of a cousin when she claimed she only intervened to help. With the approval of the

Church prelates, and without a hearing, she was ordered to prison inSanta Cruz in 1871. She was

made to walk the ten miles (16 km) from Calamba. She was released after two-and-a-half years of

appeals to the highest court.[3]

In 1887 Rizal wrote a petition on behalf of the tenants of Calamba, and later that year led them to

speak out against the friars' attempts to raise rent. They initiated a litigation which resulted in the

Dominicans evicting them from their homes, including the Rizal family. General Valeriano Weylerhad

the buildings on the farm torn down.

[edit]Exile in Dapitan

Rizal was implicated in the activities of the nascent rebellion and in July 1892, was deported

toDapitanin the province ofZamboanga, a peninsula ofMindanao.[24]There he built a school, a

hospital and a water supply system, and taught and engaged in farming and horticulture.[citation

needed]Abaca, then the vital raw material for cordage and which Rizal and his students planted in the

thousands, was a memorial.[citation needed]

The boys' school, in which they learned English, considered a prescient if unusual option then, was

conceived by Rizal and antedatedGordonstounwith its aims of inculcating resourcefulness and self

sufficiency in young men.[citation needed] They would later enjoy successful lives as farmers and honest

government officials.[citation needed] One, aMuslim, became a datu, and another, Jos Aseniero, who was

with Rizal throughout the life of the school, becameGovernorofZamboanga.[citation needed]

In Dapitan, the Jesuits mounted a great effort to secure his return to the fold led by Fray Snchez, his

former professor, who failed in his mission. The task was resumed by Fray Pastells, a prominent

member of the Order. In a letter to Pastells, Rizal sails close to the ecumenism familiar to us today.[25]

"We are entirely in accord in admitting the existence of God. How can I doubt his when I am convinced

of mine. Who so recognizes the effect recognizes the cause. To doubt God is to doubt one's own

conscience, and in consequence, it would be to doubt everything; and then what is life for? Now then,

myfaithin God, if the result of a ratiocination may be called faith, is blind, blind in the sense of

knowing nothing. I neither believe nor disbelieve the qualities which many attribute to him; before
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theologians' and philosophers' definitions and lucubrations of this ineffable and inscrutable being I find

myself smiling. Faced with the conviction of seeing myself confronting the supreme Problem, which

confused voices seek to explain to me, I cannot but reply: 'It could be; but the God that I foreknow is

far more grand, far more good: Plus Supra!...I believe in (revelation); but not in revelation or

revelations which each religion or religions claim to possess. Examining them impartially, comparing

them and scrutinizing them, one cannot avoid discerning the human 'fingernail' and the stamp of the

time in which they were written... No, let us not make God in our image, poor inhabitants that we are of

a distant planet lost in infinite space. However, brilliant and sublime our intelligence may be, it is

scarcely more than a small spark which shines and in an instant is extinguished, and it alone can give

us no idea of that blaze, that conflagration, that ocean of light. I believe in revelation, but in that living

revelation which surrounds us on every side, in that voice, mighty, eternal, unceasing, incorruptible,

clear, distinct, universal as is the being from whom it proceeds, in that revelation which speaks to us

and penetrates us from the moment we are born until we die. What books can better reveal to us thegoodness of God, his love, his providence, his eternity, his glory, his wisdom? 'The heavens declare

the glory of God, and the firmament showeth his handiwork'."[19]

Bust in clay, by Rizal

As a gift to his mother on her birth anniversary he wrote the other of his poems of maturity, "Mi Retiro,"

with a description of a calm night overlaid with a million stars.[citation needed] The poem, with its concept of a

spontaneous creation and speaking ofGodas Plus Supra, is considered his accommodation of

evolution.[citation needed]

...the breeze idly cools, the firmament glows,

the waves tell in sighs to the docile wind

timeless stories beneath the shroud of night.

Say that they tell of the world, the first dawn

of the sun, the first kiss that his bosom inflamed,
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12/21

when thousands of beings surged out of nothing,

and peopled the depths, and to the heights mounted,

to wherever his fecund kiss was implanted.[26]

Rizal's pencil sketch of Blumentritt

His best friend, professorFerdinand Blumentritt, kept him in touch with European friends and fellow-

scientists who wrote a stream of letters which arrived in Dutch, French, German and English and which

baffled the censors, delaying their transmittal. Those four years of his exile coincided with the

development of thePhilippine Revolutionfrom inception and to its final breakout, which, from the

viewpoint of the court which was to try him, suggested his complicity in it.[19]He condemned the

uprising, although all the members of the Katipunan had made him their honorary president and had

used his name as a cry for war, unity, and liberty.[27]

Near the end of his exilehe met and courted the stepdaughter of a patient, an Irishwoman

named Josephine Bracken. He was unable to obtain an ecclesiastical marriage because he would not

return to Catholicism and was not known to be clearly against revolution.

[citation needed]

He nonethelessconsidered Josephine to be his wife and the only person mentioned in the poem, Farewell, sweet

stranger, my friend, my joy...[28]

[edit]Last days

Main article: Philippine Revolution

By 1896, the rebellion fomented by theKatipunan, a militant secret society, had become a full-blown

revolution, proving to be a nationwide uprising and leading to the first proclamation of a democratic

republic in Asia. To dissociate himself, Rizal volunteered and was given leave by the Governor-

General, Ramn Blanco, to serve in Cuba to minister to victims ofyellow fever. Blanco later was to

present his sash and sword to the Rizal family as an apology.

About two weeks before he left Dapitan, Rizal met Dr. Pio Valenzuelaan emissary from the Katipunan,

to whom Rizal expressed his doubts of an insufficiently armed revolution. Rizal argued that the

revolution cannot succeed until sufficient arms can be assured and the support of the wealthy Filipinos

had been won over.[3]
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13/21

Rizal was arrested en route to Cuba, imprisoned in Barcelona, and sent back to Manila to stand trial.

He was implicated in the revolution through his association with members of the Katipunan. During the

entire passage, he was unchained, no Spaniard laid a hand on him, and had many opportunities to

escape but refused to do so. While imprisoned in Fort Santiago, he issued a manifesto disavowing the

revolution and declaring that the education of Filipinos and their achievement of a national identity

were prerequisites to freedom; he was to be tried before a court-martial forrebellion,sedition,

andconspiracy. Rizal was convicted on all three charges and sentenced to death. Blanco, who was

sympathetic to Rizal, had been forced out of office, and the friars had intercalated Camilo de Polavieja

in his stead, sealing Rizal's fate.

His poem, undated and believed to be written on the day before his execution, was hidden in an

alcohol stove and later handed to his family with his few remaining possessions, including the final

letters and his last bequests. Within hearing of the Spanish guards he reminded his sisters in English,

"There is something inside it," referring to the alcohol stove given by the Pardo de Taveras which was

to be returned after his execution, thereby emphasizing the importance of the poem. This instruction

was followed by another, "Look in my shoes," in which another item was secreted. Exhumation of his

remains in August, 1898, under American rule, revealed he had been uncoffined, his burial not on

sanctified ground granted the 'confessed' faithful, and whatever was in his shoes had disintegrated.[3]

In his letter to his family he wrote: "Treat our aged parents as you would wish to be treated...Love them

greatly in memory of me...December 30, 1896."[19]

In his final letter, to Blumentritt - Tomorrow at 7, I shall be shot; but I am innocent of the crime of

rebellion. I am going to die with a tranquil conscience.[19] He had to reassure him that he had not turned

revolutionary as he once considered being, and that he shared his ideals to the very end. He also

bequeathed a book personally bound by him in Dapitan to his 'best and dearest friend.' When

Blumentritt received it in his hometownLitomice (Leitmeritz) he broke down and wept.

[edit]Execution

A photographic record of Rizal's execution in what was thenBagumbayan.
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14/21

Moments before his execution by a firing squad of nativeinfantryof the Spanish Army, backed by an

insurance force of Spanish troops, the Spanish surgeon general requested to take his pulse; it was

normal. Aware of this, the Spanish sergeant in charge of the backup force hushed his men to silence

when they began raising 'vivas!' with the partisan crowd. His last words were those ofJesus Christ:

"consummatum est",--it is finished.[4][29][30]

He was secretly buried in PacCemetery in Manila with no identification on his grave. His sister

Narcisa toured all possible gravesites and found freshly turned earth at the cemetery with guards

posted at the gate. Assuming this could be the most likely spot, there never having any ground burials,

she made a gift to the caretaker to mark the site "RPJ", Rizal's initials in reverse.

Rizal's tomb inPaco Park(formerly Paco Cemetery).

A national monument

Main article: Rizal Park

A monument, with his remains, now stands near the place where he fell, designed by the

SwissRichard Kissling of the famed William Tellsculpture.[31] The statue carries the inscription "I want

to show to those who deprive people the right to love of country, that when we know how to sacrifice

ourselves for our duties and convictions, death does not matter if one dies for those one loves for his

country and for others dear to him."[19]

[edit]Aftermath

[edit]Retraction controversy

There is controversy on whether Rizal actually wrote a document of retraction which stated: "I retract

with all my heart whatever in my words, writings, publications and conduct have been contrary to my

character as a son of the Catholic Church."[32] That his burial was not on holy ground led to doubts

about his retraction. Then there is no certificate of Rizal's marriage to Josephine Bracken.[33] Anti-

retractionists also point to "Adis": "I go where there are no slaves, no hangmen or oppressors, where

faith does not kill," which they refer to the Catholic religion.[34] Also there is an allegation that the

retraction document was a forgery.[35]After analyzing 6 major documents of Rizal, Ricardo Pascual
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concluded that the retraction document, said to have been discovered in 1935, was not in Rizal's

handwriting. SenatorRafael Palma, a former President of theUniversity of the Philippines and a

prominent Mason, argued that a retraction is not in keeping with Rizal's character and mature beliefs.

[36] He called the retraction story a "pious fraud."[37] Others who deny the retraction areFrank Laubach,

[4] a Protestant minister,Austin Coates,[29] a British writer, andRicardo Manapat, director of the National

Archives.[38]

On the other side of the debate are Catholic church leaders, and historians such as Austin Craig,

[3]Gregorio Zaide,[39]Ambeth Ocampo,[38]Nick Joaquin,[40]and Nicolas Zafra ofUP.[41]They state that

the retraction document was deemed authentic by Rizal expert,Teodoro Kalaw(a 33rd degree Mason)

and "handwriting experts...known and recognized in our courts of justice," H. Otley Beyerand Dr. Jos

I. Del Rosario, both of UP.[41]They also refer to the 11 eyewitnesses present when Rizal wrote his

retraction, signed a Catholic prayer book, and recited Catholic prayers, and the multitude who saw him

kiss the crucifixbefore his execution. A great grand nephew of Rizal, Fr. Marciano Guzman, cites that

Rizal's 4confessionswere certified by 5 eyewitnesses, 10 qualified witnesses, 7 newspapers, and 12

historians and writers including Aglipayan bishops, Masons and anti-clericals.[42] One witness was the

head of the Spanish Supreme Court at the time of his notarized declaration and was highly esteemed

by Rizal for his integrity.[43] Because of what he sees as the strength these direct evidence have in the

light of thehistorical method, in contrast with merely circumstantial evidence, UP professoremeritusof

history Nicolas Zafra called the retraction "a plain unadorned fact of history."[41] Fr. Guzman attributes

the denial of retraction to "the blatant disbelief and stubbornness" of some Masons.[42]

Supporters see in it Rizal's "moral courage...to recognize his mistakes,"[39][44]

hisreversionto the "true

faith," and thus his "unfading glory,"[43] and a return to the "ideals of his fathers" which brings his

stature as a patriot to the level of greatness.[45] On the other hand, senatorJose Dioknostated: "Surely

whether Rizal died as a Catholic or an apostate adds or detracts nothing from his greatness as a

Filipino... Catholic or Mason, Rizal is still Rizal: the hero who courted death 'to prove to those who

deny our patriotism that we know how to die for our duty and our beliefs'." [46]

[edit]"Mi ltimo adis"

Main article: Mi ltimo adis

The poem is more aptly titled, "Adis, Patria Adorada" (literally "Farewell, Beloved Fatherland"), by

virtue of logic and literary tradition, the words coming from the first line of the poem itself. It first

appeared in print not in Manila but inHong Kong in 1897, when a copy of the poem and an

accompanying photograph came to J. P. Braga who decided to publish it in a monthly journal he

edited. There was a delay when Braga, who greatly admired Rizal, wanted a good job of the

photograph and sent it to be engraved in London, a process taking well over two months. It finally
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3%A9_Rizal#cite_note-AO-37%23cite_note-AO-37http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Craighttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_note-Craig-2%23cite_note-Craig-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorio_Zaidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_note-GZ-38%23cite_note-GZ-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambeth_Ocampohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_note-AO-37%23cite_note-AO-37http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Joaquinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_note-39%23cite_note-39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Zafrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_note-NZ-40%23cite_note-NZ-40http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teodoro_Kalaw&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._Otley_Beyerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_note-NZ-40%23cite_note-NZ-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucifixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marciano_Guzmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrament_of_Penance_(Catholic_Church)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certifyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_note-MG-41%23cite_note-MG-41http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Courthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_note-Cav-42%23cite_note-Cav-42http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_evidencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_methodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumstantial_evidencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emeritushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_note-NZ-40%23cite_note-NZ-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_note-MG-41%23cite_note-MG-41http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_note-GZ-38%23cite_note-GZ-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_note-43%23cite_note-43http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deathbed_conversionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_note-Cav-42%23cite_note-Cav-42http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_note-44%23cite_note-44http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jose_Dioknohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_note-45%23cite_note-45http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Rizal&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi_%C3%BAltimo_adi%C3%B3shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong


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appeared under 'Mi ltimo pensamiento,' a title he supplied and by which it was known for a few years.

Thus, when theJesuitBalaguer's anonymous account of the retraction and the marriage to Josephine

was appearing in Barcelona, no word of the poem's existence reached him in time to revise what he

had written. His account was too elaborate that Rizal would have had no time to write "Adis."

Six years after his death, when thePhilippine Organic Act of 1902 was being debated in the United

States Congress, Representative Henry Cooper of Wisconsin rendered an English translation of

Rizal's valedictory poem capped by the peroration, "Under what clime or what skies has tyranny

claimed a nobler victim?"[47]The Americans, however, would not sign the bill into law until 1916 and did

not grant full autonomy until 1946fifty years after Rizal's death.

[edit]Josephine Bracken

Josephine Bracken promptly joined the revolutionary forces in Cavite province, making her way

through thicket and mud, and helped operate a reloading jig forMausercartridges at the arsenal

atImus. The short-lived arsenal under the Revolutionary General Pantalen Garca had been

reloading spent cartridges again and again and the reloading jig was in continuous use, but Imus was

under threat of recapture that the operation had to move, with Josephine, to Maragondon, the

mountain redoubt in Cavite. She witnessed the Tejeros Conventionprior to returning to Manila and

was summoned by the Governor-General, but owing to her stepfather's American citizenship she could

not be forcibly deported. She left voluntarily, returning to Hong Kong. She later married another

Filipino, Vicente Abad, a mestizo acting as agent for the Philippine firm of Tabacalera. She died in

Hong Kong in 1902, a pauper's death, buried in an unknown grave, and never knew how a line of

verse had rendered her immortal.[48]

[edit]Camilo de Polavieja

Polavieja faced condemnation by his countrymen after his return to Spain. While visiting Giron,

in Catalua, circulars were distributed among the crowd bearing Rizal's last verses, his portrait, and

the charge that Polavieja was responsible for the loss of the Philippines to Spain.

[edit]Criticism
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life of rizal (english)

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