life processes - amoeba
DESCRIPTION
KINGDOM: Protista PHYLUM: Sarcodina CLASS: Sarcodina GENUS: Amoeba SPECIES: Amoeba proteus. Life Processes - Amoeba. Amoeba. Movement. Amoeboid movement Pseudopodium - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
LIFE PROCESSES - AMOEBA
KINGDOM: ProtistaPHYLUM: Sarcodina
CLASS: SarcodinaGENUS: Amoeba
SPECIES: Amoeba proteus
Amoeba
Movement Amoeboid movement
Pseudopodium○ Endoplasm will stream toward a portion of the
plasma membrane, causing a bulge to form. This bulge is gradually extended into a long pseudopod. The cytoplasm then flows into the pseudopod and draws the plasma membrane with it.
Oozes
Body Covering Plasma membrane
outer layer that helps in filteringFlexibleAllows organism to constantly change shape
CystIn unfavorable conditions (dryness, lack of
food) the amoeba will protect itself by becoming a cyst
Support Ectoplasm
Clear fluid just inside the plasma membrane Endoplasm
cytoplasm inside the organism that contains all of the cytoplasmic organelles
Nutrition Phagocytosis
Pseudopodia engulf the food particles sealing it into a food vacuole
Respiration• Exchange dissolved gases with environment
Circulation Open circulatory system within the
organism Contractile vacuole – expels extra water
Excretion Soluble wastes diffuse to environment
Responses Cyst – response to harsh environmental
conditions; metabolic rates slows and forms a hard exterior coating for protection
Reproduction Asexual
Binary FissionConjugation
LIFE PROCESSES – PARAMECIUM
Phylum:CiliophoraClass:Ciliatea
Genus:Paramecium
Paramecium
Movement Cilia
Small hair-like structures that beat rhythmically to either propel the organism toward the food or to move the food toward the organism.
Completely surrounding the organism
Body Covering Pellicle
Firm, flexible protein-rich covering that is external to the cell membrane
Slipper-shaped
Support Pellicle is firm and maintains shape Cytoplasm helps to maintain shape
Nutrition Oral groove – funnel-shaped indentation
lined with cilia that will sweep food into the mouth pore
Mouth pore – opening to the gullet Gullet – short tube connecting the gullet
to the food vacuole Food vacuole – will travel through
cytoplasm allowing enzymes from lysosomes will digest food.
Respiration• Exchange dissolved gases with environment
Circulation Open circulatory system within the
organism
Excretion Contractile Vacuole (2) –
Star-shapeduses pinocytosis to injest or expel water that
has dissolved nutrientsSoluble wastes diffuse to environment
through plasma membrane Anal pore
expels insoluble wastes
Responses Taxes
Generally respond to touchGenerally a change in speed or direction
TrichocystsTiny organelles under the pellicle that
discharge stiff filaments into the water as a defense mechanism
Reproduction Asexual
Binary Fission○ Micronucleus divides by mitosis ○ Macronucleus, containing multiple copies of DNA,
enlarges and divides in half○ Body elongates and a second gullet forms○ Finally, a furrow forms dividing the organism in two○ Each daughter cell has identical organelles
Reproduction Sexual
Conjugation○ Two paramecia attach to each other by their oral
surfaces.○ Genetic material is exchanged○ The paramecia will also go through nuclear changes
within themselves.○ Paramecia separate and each paramecia will go
through division to form two similar organisms (a total of four)
LIFE PROCESSES - EUGLENA
Phylum EuglenophycotaClass Euglenophyceae
Genus Euglena
Euglena
Movement Flagella – two – one very long, one very
shortUses a whip-like motion with the flagella to
PULL themselves through the water Euglenoid Movement
○ Modified Amoeboid movement○ Pulls the cytoplasm in so shape becomes
round, then re-extends itself forward.○ Worm-like motion
Body Covering Pellicle
Maintains shape
Support Pellicle Cytoplasm
Nutrition Autotrophic
Photosynthesis○ Chloroplasts – contain Chlorophyll a and b
and carotenoids Saprophytic
Absorbs dissolved nutrients in low light or darkness
Respiration• Exchange dissolved gases with environment
Circulation Open circulatory system
Gullet – exterior opening near flagellaResevoir – section at end of gullet
Excretion Soluble wastes diffuse to environment Contractile vacuole
Maintains water balance by expelling excess water into the reservoir
Responses Eyespot
Small red spot that is light-sensitive
Reproduction Asexual
Binary Fission○ Once per day under ideal conditions
Sexualunknown
Classification Euglena could be classified as either a
protozoa or an algal.
Scientists tend to lean toward algal because it appears more plantlike due to the photosynthetic structures using photosynthesis as a first source of nutrition.
LIFE PROCESSES
PlanariaPhylum: Platyhelminthes
Classification Kingdom: Animalia
Subkingdom: EumetazoaSuperphylum: PlatyzoaPhylum: PlatyhelminthesClass: TurbellariaOrder: SeriataSuborder: TricladidaFamily: Planariidae
Movement Special cells – produce slime on ventral
side Ciliated cells – propel worm over slime
layer Contractions of the muscle layers
beneath the epidermis help with larger movements
Body Covering Three layers
Epidermis – slime layerMesoderm – organs and systems develop
from these cellsGastroderm – lines the digestive tract
Support Intestine structure
Nutrition Scavenge pieces of decayed animal or
plant matter Mouth – small opening on ventral side to
allow pharynx to exit Pharynx – straw-like structure that takes
up food particles Food is broken down in the intestine
structure then digested by cells and diffused
Respiration• Diffusion
Circulation Diffusion
Excretion Diffusion Flame cells – assists in diffusion; hollow
bulbs containing a tuft of cilia that help to maintain current flow throughout the tubules systems
Responses Elaborate nervous system Group of nerve cells called the “brain” Sensory nerves for taste, touch, and
smell located in the anterior portion of animal
Two longitudinal nerves run alone the length of animal and are connected by transverse nerves
Eyespots – react to light intensity
Reproduction Asexual
Regeneration
SexualHermaphroditic – male and femaleOnly uses cross-fertilization
LIFE PROCESSESYellow Perch
Classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Superclass: Osteichthyes Class: Actinopterygii Subclass: Neopterygii Infraclass: Teleostei Order: Perciformes Family: Percidae Genus: Perca
Movement Swim Bladder – helps the fish to control
depth Paired fins
Pectoral – side fins toward the headPelvic - below and behind pectoral
Unpaired finsAnterior dorsal – front, topPosterior dorsal – back, topAnal – ventral, behind pelvicCaudal (tail) – extreme back of fish
Support Bony skeleton containing a vertebral
column and skull bones Body covering
ScalesMucus – secreted by glands beneath the
scales; coats the scales with a waterproof coating
Countershading – top half darker than bottom half so that from whichever direction fish is camouflaged; protection device
Nutrition Feed on plankton, worms, insects, plants,
other fish, and even some mammals Mouth – biting and holding prey Pharynx and esophagus – flexible and food
passes from mouth to stomach through these
Tube-like stomach – storage Pyloric ceca – located at junction of stomach
and intestine; secretes digestive enzymes
Nutrition Liver – large, secretes bile that helps
with the digestion of fats Gallbladder – stores excess bile Pancreas – secretes other digestive
enzymes
Respiration Operculum – inconspicuous plate behind the
eye; Gills – two rows of thin filaments
Operculum closes forcing water into the mouth, operculum then opens and draws water over the gills; oxygen that dissolved in the water is exchanged through the gill membrane into the many blood vessels; waste carbon dioxide is exchanged out to the water
Circulation Heart
Atrium – receives blood from body tissuesVentricle – pumps blood from atrium to the
arteries Arteries – carry blood to organs Veins – carry blood back to heart
Response Brain – lobed Spinal cord – Ten pairs of cranial nerves branch from the
brain to many pair of spinal nerves Olfactory nerve – sense of smell is one of
the best senses for the fish Olfactory sacs – small pouches behind
nostrils on the fish’s snout; can detect minute amounts of stuff in water; smells guide some fish during migration
Response Tongue – used for taste (dull sense) and
touch Sound vibrations detected through skull Lateral line – sensory canal – allows fish
to detect changes in water pressure and movement beneath them; very sensitive
Reproduction Oviparous – eggs are laid then fertilized Females – ovaries; eggs Males – testes; sperm
Females spawn (deposit eggs) then males cover with milt (substance containing sperm)
Yolk – food material